Metallurgical Consumables Catalogue - · PDF fileMetallurgical Consumables Catalogue . ... ELASTIC CUT-OFF WHEELS FOR METALLOGRAPHY – STANDARD SERIES - TYPE OF ABRASIVE SILICON CARBIDE

Metallurgical Consumables

Catalogue

INDEX INDEX CCUTTINGUTTING .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ............ ........ ........ ............ ........ ........ .... PAGPAG. . 1 1 -- 2 2

MMOUNTINGOUNTING .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .... PAGPAG.. 3 3 -- 4 4 -- 5 5

GGRINDINGRINDING ANDAND P POLISHINGOLISHING .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... PAGPAG.. 6 6 -- 7 7 -- 8 8 -- 9 9 -- 10 10

DDRAWBACKSRAWBACKS ANDAND R REMEDIEEMEDIESS .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .... PAGPAG.. 11 11 -- 12 12

Optical microscopy or electron microscopy, for structural observations, are nowadays indispensible in research and in quality control of many industrial sectors; it is now an indispensible tool for knowing mechanical, physical and technological properties of many ma-terials. Such analyses require the p reparations of specimens with a method that, being valid for all solid materials (plastics, compos-ites, metals, ceramics, minerals, glass, biological materials, etc), we have named

“SOLIDOGRAPHY” To prepare a solidographic sample means, starting from the init ial item, to obtain a specimen with a perfectly specular surface, ready for microscopic observation, without introducing any thermal or structural alteration. Such a procedure is divided in three fundamental phases: - drawi ng of a sample by a cutter - mounting - grinding and polishing The purpose of this operation is to show the real structure of any specimen in a very short time. The preparation of solidographic specimens is now integrant part of the quality control system of many production processes and it is therefore important the concept of economic production of these specimens. This purpose is achievable with the following factors: - equipment - quality of consumable supplies - preparation methods It is more and more frequent the use of automatic machines, advantageous for the reduction of costs and the perfect reproducibility. It is very important the choise of consumable products for having a good balance quality-price. A low price product does not always means economic specimens, because the use of inadequate products may increase the preparation t ime and affect the constant quality of the final result. Another fundamental step is the right preparation methodology, taylored to the needs of each customer for maximum achievable re-sults in the shortest time. The ample gamut and high qua lity o f Remet consumable products are adequate for all the preparation needs in different sectors; ra-pidity and absolute guarantee of achievable performances are Remet characteristics along with constant high quality.

CCUTUT--OFFOFF Cut-off is the f irst step for a solidographic preparation that has to guarantee the representat iveness of the item under examination. This step must not induce any structural alterat ion in the taken specimen; no ther-mal alterat ion and minimal plastic deformation. The final result is a flat surface with low roughness, free from burns and with minimal mechanic defo rma-tion. The cut-off is performed by abrasive wheels with plenty o f cooling to take away heat and residues of the cut. The type of material to be cut determines the choice of the abrasive wheel: - Corundum and silicon carbide are used for metal and plastics etc. - Diamond is generally used for very hard substances (glass, ceramics, minerals etc.).

ELASTIC WHEELS FOR METALLOGRAPHY are divided in: STANDARD : economic wheels for general purpose EXTRA : wheels for difficult cuts: for example induction tempered items requiring perfect cooling and

very good surface of the f inished specimen. The abrasive may be: CORUNDUM : for cutting ferrous and non-ferrous metals (aluminium and copper alloys) SILICION CARBIDE : for cutting non-ferrous ductile and tough metals, composites and plastics. The bonding agent is of the resino id type and determines the wheels hardness. As a general rule soft materials have to be cut with wheels having hard bond ing agent (the abrading grains remain effective for a long time), while hard materials require softer bonding agents (easily wearable and therefore fastly re-newable grains). Hardness is ind icated on wheels with a letter. Hardness increases with the alphabetic order.

ELASTIC CUT-OFF WHEELS FOR METALLOGRAPHY – STANDARD SERIES - TYPE OF ABRASIVE SILICON CARBIDE

DIMENSION mm (outside Ø X hole Ø

x thickness)

TYPE J for very hard

steels

TYPE L for medium-hard steels

and for general use

TYPE M for non ferrous metals,

soft and stain less steels

TYPE K for Titanium,

composite, plastics etc.

125 x 20 x 0.5 - M125L - -

150 x 20 x 1 M150J M150L M150M M150K

200 x 20 x 1.5 M200J M200L M200M M200K

230 x 32 x 1.6 M230J M230L M230M M230K

250 x 32 x 1.8 M250J M250L M250M M250K

300 x 32 x 2 M300J M300L M300M M300K

350 x 32 x 2.5 M350J M350L M350M M350K

400 x 32 x 3 M400J M400L M400M M400K

450 x 32 x 3,5 M400J M450L M450M M450K

CORUNDUM

ELASTIC CUT-OFF WHEELS FOR METALLOGRAPHY - EXTRA SERIES - TYPE OF

ABRASIVE SILICON CARBIDE

DIMENSION

mm (outside Ø X hole Ø

x thickness

TYPE J for very hard

steels

TYPE L for medium-hard teels

and for general use

TYPE M for non ferrous metals, soft and stainless steels

For induction tempered items

TYPE K for Titanium,

composite, plastics etc.

150 x 20 x 1 ME150J ME150L ME150M - ME150K

200 x 20 x 1,5 ME200J ME200L ME200M ME200TI ME200K



300 x 32 x 2 ME300J ME300L ME300M ME300TI ME300K





CORUNDUM

Cut-off diamond wheels are suitable for cutting hard and fragile materials like ceramics, refractories, glass, composites, minerals etc. The diamond wheels are made of metallic discs having different thick-nesses; a layer of diamond grains is laid on the peripheral area . The used bonding agent, to fasten diamonds, determines the wheels choice according to the material to be cut. SINTERED DIAMOND WHEELS: WITH METAL BONDING AGENT : for cutting hard and fragile materials (ceramics, minerals, glass). WITH RESINOID BONDING AGENT: for cutting materials with hard and soft phases (hard metals, composites, sintered materials).

SINTERED DIAMOND WHEELS FOR

THIN SECTIONS

These are extremely thin wheels to be

used when a minimal loss of materials

is allowed.

ELECTRODEPOSITED DIAMOND

WHEELS FOR PLASTICS

The wheels have high roughness, al-

lowing complete removal of shavings

when cutting soft materials like plastics

DIMENSION mm (outside Ø x hole Ø x wheel thickness x diamond band)

Sintered

METALLIC BONDING AGENT

For hard and fragile materials

(ceramic, minerals)

Sintered

RESINOID BONDING AGENT

For hard and though materials (synthesized material, composites)

DIMENSION mm (outside Ø x hole Ø x wheel thick-ness x diamond band)

Sintered

FOR THIN SECTION

Electrodeposited FOR PLASTICS

AND COMPOSITES

75x20x1 x5 MDM75 MD75 75x20x0,20x5 MDS75

100x20x1 x5 MDM100 MD100 3”x12,7x0,20 x 5 MDS76

125x20x1 x5 MDM125 MD125 100x20x0,33 x5 MDS100

150x20x1,2x5 MDM150 MD150 4”x12,7x0,33x5 MDS101

200x20x1,2x5 MDM200 MD200 125x20x0,38 x5 MDS125

250x32x1,5x7 MDM250 MD250 5”x12,7x0,38x5 MDS127

300x32x2 x7 MDM300 MD300 150x20x0,51x5 MDS150

500x32x3.5x7 MDM500 MD500 6”x12,7x0,51x5 MDS152

200x20x0,6x3,2 MDS200

150x12,7x1,3x2 MDP150

200x32x1,5x 2 MDP200

250x32x1,7x2 MDP250

Dressing tool RAV.MD 300x32x2,2x2 MDP300

CUT-OFF DIAMOND WHEELS

C1 lt. packing - dose for 40 lt. of emulsion M00001

5 lt. packing - dose for 200 lt. of emulsion M00002

OIL FOR CUTTING To be solubilized in water (2,5%) , it is expecially studied for metallographic use.

It guarantees a perfect cooling, no foam, is anticorrosive and does not deteriorate with time.

MMOUNTINGOUNTING Mounting has various purposes: it protects fragile specimens or specimens having superficial coatings, it avoids the rounding of specimen edges, it makes easier the handling of very small specimens, It is useful in preparing standard specimens for automatic polishing. Two types of resin are avail able: for COLD MOUNTING and for HOT MOUNTING. RESINS FOR COLD MOUNTING The cold mounting is indispensible for specimens perishable at high temperatures and pressures: pressed circuits, plastics, silicon wafers etc. It is the ideal choice to produce small series of samples in a short time and for occasional mounting The cold resins are formed of two or three components that have to be mixed together to start polymerization. The metallographic specimen mounting is performed by pouring the mix in a reusable plastic mould. It is indispensible to get the complete packing at the ve ry beginning, while subsequent supplies require the renewal kits.

RESIN FOR COLD MOUNTING OF METALLOGRAPHIC SPECIMENS

PACKING TYPE

COMPLETE KIT (component + accessories)

RENEVAL KIT (components

only) COMPONENTS

ACCESSORIES (including use instructions)

CHARACTERISTICS

INPLEX * TRANSPARENT

1 Kg. Resin + 20 cc. hardening agent + 20 cc. acce le rant

beaker, ace tone, N.5 moulds, st irrer , dropper

Economic resin, transparent, with good hardness and adhesion to the edges. Fit for vacuum im-pregnation.

RIT001 RIT002

WHITE OPAQUE 4000

1 Kg. Powder + 500 ml. Liquid + 250 ml. Liquid


Resin without shrinkage, with high penetration, good adhesion and high abrasion resistance.

RBO001 RBO002

GREEN OPAQUE 4071

1 Kg. Powder + 500 ml. Liquid


ResinResin for quick mountings, with high hardness and abrasion resistance.

RVO001 RVO002

REPETITIONS YELLOW 3040



Resin for metallographic repeti-tions. High f lowability and pene-trat ion, no shrinkage

R RG001 R RG002

BLUE It expands during polymerization



ResiResin expanding during poly-merization, it has good ad-hesion to the edge and perfect filling of interstices.

RB001 RB002

TRASPARENT 4004



RTD001 RTD002

Resina trasparente per inglobamenti rapidi con elevata durezza e resistenza all’abrasione.

RESINS FOR HOT MOUNTING Hot mounting is the ideal method to get in a short time perfectly dimensioned specimens, using high hardness and abrasion resistant resins. These resins are thermoset or thermoplastic polymers. THERMOSET RESINS: pressure and temperature are required for final polymerization. These resins are usually harder than the thermoplastic ones. THERMOPLASTIC RESINS: They me lt at elevated temperatures, but solidify during cooling. Trasparency is their main characteristic. The resins for hot mounting require the use of a press.

* ACCESSORIES FOR INPLEX COLD MOUNTING RESIN: - Small bottle of hardening agent, dose for 1 Kg. of Inplex resin (cod. RIT101) - Small bottle of accelerating agent, dose for 1 Kg. of Inplex resin (cod. RIT102) - Durfix in 20 cc. small bott le (cod. RIT103) (DURFIX is a powder that, mixed to Inplex, gives high hardness and abrasion resistance, but the resin loses transparency). ACCESSORIES FOR COLD MOUNTING RESIN: - Acetone in 100 cc. small bott le (cod. RIT104) - Graduated beaker 50 ml. (cod. RIT105) - 10 Moulds packing, made with Moplen reusable Ø25 mm. (cod. R010025) - 10 Moulds packing, made with Moplen reusable Ø30 mm. (cod. R010030) - 10 Moulds packing, made with Moplen reusable Ø40 mm. (cod. R010040) - 3 Moulds packing, cylindrical, reusable Ø30 mm. (cod. R003030) - 3 Moulds packing, cylindrical, reusable Ø40 mm. (cod. R003040) The moulds in Moplen are in one piece with f lared walls to help the extract ion of the specimen, the cylindrical moulds have a movable bottom. - 100 Metallic pegs packing, for positioning specimens (cod. CPS00M) - 100 Plastic pegs packing, for posit ioning specimens (cod. CPS00P) Pegs are used to position metallog raphic samples according to defined angles, or to support unbalanced samp les (thin sheets, wires, electronic components). These pegs are suitable for hot and cold mounting.

CONDUCTIVE RESIN FOR MOUNTING SPARK SPECTROMETRY SAMPLES These resins are e lectroconductive because they include copper or iron in powder. They are suitable fo r mounting spark spectrome-try samples and specimens for electron-microscope observation. COLD RESIN WITH COPPER BASE - Complete Kit (1 Kg. powder + 500 ml. liquid + accessories) (Cod. RC0001) - Renewal kit (components only) (Cod. RC0002)

HOT RESIN - Copper base (1 Kg. powder) (Cod. RC0003) - Iron base (1 Kg. powder) (Cod. RC0004)

- Protective laquer, spray for metallographic specimens (Cod. LPS001) - Lubrificant wi th si licon for hot and cold moulding 500 ml. (Cod. SYL001)

RESIN FOR HOT MOUNTING OF METALLOGRAPHIC SPECIMENS

TYPE

PACKING 1 Kg 5 Kg 15 Kg

Melting temperature

CHARACTERISTICS

PHENOLIC BLACK

160÷180?C Thermoset. Economic resin for series of mounting.

RFN001 RFN002 RFN003

PHENOLIC RED


RFR001 RFR002 RFR003

PHENOLIC BLUE


RFB001 RFB002 RFB003

POLYSTYRENE IN BEADS

140÷160?C Thermoplastic. Economic resin for transparent moulding.

POL001 POL002 POL003

“TRANSOTTICA” POWDER

TRASPARENT STANDARD

130÷160?C

Thermoplastic. Economic resin for exceptionally transparent moulding. Good hardness and edge adhesion. Sensitive to alcohol.

TPT001 TPT002 TPT003

“TRANSOTTICA” POWDER

TRASPARENT EXTRA - LUCITE®

130÷160?C

Thermoplastic. Resin for exceptionally transparent moulding. Good hardness and edge adhesion. Resistant to alcohol.

TPTE01 TPTE02 TPTE03

EPOXY BLACK

160÷170?C

Thermoset. Resin for mountings requiring high edge adhesion. Acceptable hardness, very good fluid ity and very limited shrinkage.

REB001 REB002 REB003

DIALLYL- PHTALATE

GREEN FIBERGLASS

FILLED

160÷180?C RDV001 RDV002 RDV003

Thermoset. Fibe rglass filled resin with exceptional hardness and abrasion resistance, good edge adhesion. Normally used to cover specimens, mounting is completed with more economic resins.

P.S.A. (PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE) DIAMOND DISCS P.S.A. diamond discs are recommended for pre-grinding and polishing very hard materials like ceramics, sintered carbides, refractories, glass, mineralogic samples etc. Their main characterist ics are: - great abrading powder, due to the diamonds - reduced wear, due to the effect ive fixing of the diamond grains. These characteristics allow the achievement of rapid and reproducible preparation cycles, either automatic or manual. During the operation diamond discs have to be cooled with water.

GGRINDINGRINDING ANDAND P POLISHINGOLISHING The purpose of a sample p reparation is to obtain a glossy surface without scratches and deformations, starting from the surface ob-tained by cut-off with abrasive wheels; this result is achievable with a sequence of grinding and polishing with abrading agents having finer and finer granulometry. The double aim is to remove the deformed layers produced during cut-off and to reduce roughness for having metallographic specimens with perfectly specular surfaces.

P.S.A. DIAMOND DISCS FOR GRINDING – Nickel base

type 32 70 120 150 200 230 250 300

GREEN COLOUR For very strong abrasion GRAIN 60

I060032 I060070 I060120 I060150 I060200 I060230 I060250 I060300

BLACK COLOUR For strong abrasion GRAIN 120

I120032 I120070 I120120 I120150 I120200 I120230 I120250 I120300

RED COLOUR For average abrasion GRAIN 200

I200032 I200070 I200120 I200150 I200200 I200230 I200250 I200300

YELLOW COLOUR For finishing GRAIN 400

I400032 I400070 I400120 I400150 I400200 I400230 I400250 I400300

I600032 I600070 I600120 I600150 I600200 I600230 I600250 I600300

WHITE COLOUR For very good finishing GRAIN 600

P.S.A. DIAMOND DISCS FOR POLISHING – Resin base

WHIT E-YELLOW COLOUR For preliminar po lishing GR 10 MICRON

IR10032 IR10070 IR10120 IR10150 IR10200 IR10230 IR10250 IR10300

BLUE COLOUR For intermediate po lishing GR 5 MICRON



ORANGE COLOUR For f inal po lishing GR 2 MICRON

GGRINDINGRINDING ABRASIVE PAPER WITH SILICON CARBIDE FOR GRINDING The abrasive paper with silicon carbide is the most widely used product for metal-lographic grinding ; controlled granulometry, homogeneous distribution and perfect fixing of the abrasive agent to the paper allow the preparation of perfect specimens in a rapid and economic way. Abrasive papers are extremely economic compared to the diamond discs, but are more wearab le; in fact the abrasive papers have to be substituted after a limited number of grinding operations, when the degradation of silicon carbide grains affects the reproducibility of the grinding cycle. In most cases the metallographic preparation requires three grindings with abrasive papers having progressively f iner grain: P180, P320 e P600.

NORMS AND CORRESPONDANCE OF GRANULOMETRIES

FEPA P MESH (US) MICRONS

P 80 80 180

P 120 120 120

P 180 180 80

P 240 220 60

P 320 280 40

P 400 400 30

P 600 - 25

P 800 500 20

P 1000 600 15

P 1200 800 12

P 2000 - 9

P.S.A. DISCS P.S.A. abrasive papers have on the back an adhesive f ilm, allowing the fixing to the working discs of me tallographic polishers. This adhesive allows a perfect adhesion of the paper even after a long time. At the same time the used paper can be easily removed from the working disc without leaving any residue.

P.S.A. DISCS, water repellent GRAiN

D.mm P ack. P 80 P 120 P 180 P 240 P 320 P 400 P 600 P 800 P 1000 P 1200 P 2000 P 4000

32 25

CA32A80 CA32A120 CA32A180 CA32A240 CA32A320 CA32A400 CA32A600 CA32A800 CA32A1000 CA32A1200 CA32A2000 CA32A4000

70 25


120 25


150 25


200 25


200 100

CE200A80 CE200A120 CE200A180 CE200A240 CE200A320 CE200A400 CE200A600 CE200A800 CE200A1000 CE200A1200 CE200A2000 CE200A4000

230 25


230 100


250 25


250 100


300 25


300 100


400


25

NON ADHESIVE DISCS Non-adhesive abrasive papers have to be fixed to the working discs wi th an inox ring. The clamping happens pressing the fixing ring wi th the hands, the ring adapts to the lock slot of the working disc.

Spray adhesive for non-adhesive paper cod. BAS001

NON-P.S.A. DISCS, water repellent RAIN D. mm P ack P 80 P 120 P 180 P 240 P 320 P 400 P 600 P 800 P 1000 P 1200 P 2000 P 4000

200

CA200N80 CA200N120 CA200N180 CA200N240 CA200N320 CA200N400 CA200N600 CA200N800 CA200N1000 CA200N1200 CA200N2000 CA200N4000

200 100 CE200N80 CE200N120 CE200N180 CE200N240 CE200N320 CE200N400 CE200N600 CE200N800 CE200N1000 CE200N1200 CE200N2000 CE200N4000

230 25 CA230N80 CA230N120 CA230N180 CA230N240 CA230N320 CA230N400 CA230N600 CA230N800 CA230N1000 CA230N1200 CA230N2000 CA230N4000








25

SPECIAL SIZE GRAIN P 40 P 60 P 80 P 120 P 180 P 240 P 320 P 400 P 600 P 800

25 m rolls, 75 mm wide for manual grinding

CR180 CR240 CR320 CR400 CR600 CR800

Sheets 230 x 280 mm in 25 pieces packing

CF80 CF120 CF180 CF240 CF320 CF400 CF600 CF800

Ribbons with imperceptible connection 100mm wide 940 mm long in 25 pcs pack.

CN40 CN60 CN80 CN120 CN180 CN240 CN320 CN400

C1N40 C1N60 C1N80 C1N120 C1N180 C1N240 C1N320 C1N400

Ribbons with imperceptible connection 100mm wide 1000 mm

ZIRCONIUM OXIDE ABRASIVE DISCS FOR QUANTOMETRIC SAMPLE PREPARATION package of 25 pieces Without central hole or with central hole d. 20 / 40 mm

P 40 P 50 P 60 P 80 P 120

300 mm non P.S.A.

TZ300NA40 TZ300NA50 TZ300NA60 TZ300NA80 TZ300NA120

350 mm non P.S.A.


300 mm P.S.A.

TZ300A40 TZ300A50 TZ300A60 TZ300A80 TZ300A120

350 mm P.S.A.


DIAMETRO GRANA

NON ADHESIVE DISCS Non-adhesive abrasive papers have to be fixed to the working discs wi th an inox ring. The clamping happens pressing the fixing ring wi th the hands, the ring adapts to the lock slot of the working disc.

Spray adhesive for non-adhesive paper cod. BAS001

NON-P.S.A. DISCS, water repellent RAIN D. mm P ack P 80 P 120 P 180 P 240 P 320 P 400 P 600 P 800 P 1000 P 1200 P 2000 P 4000

200

CA200N80 CA200N120 CA200N180 CA200N240 CA200N320 CA200N400 CA200N600 CA200N800 CA200N1000 CA200N1200 CA200N2000 CA200N4000










25

SPECIAL SIZE GRAIN P 40 P 60 P 80 P 120 P 180 P 240 P 320 P 400 P 600 P 800

25 m rolls, 75 mm wide for manual grinding

CR180 CR240 CR320 CR400 CR600 CR800

Sheets 230 x 280 mm in 25 pieces packing

CF80 CF120 CF180 CF240 CF320 CF400 CF600 CF800

Ribbons with imperceptible connection 100mm wide 940 mm long in 25 pcs pack.

CN40 CN60 CN80 CN120 CN180 CN240 CN320 CN400

C1N40 C1N60 C1N80 C1N120 C1N180 C1N240 C1N320 C1N400

Ribbons with imperceptible connection 100mm wide 1000 mm

ZIRCONIUM OXIDE ABRASIVE DISCS FOR QUANTOMETRIC SAMPLE PREPARATION package of 25 pieces Without central hole or with central hole d. 20 / 40 mm

P 40 P 50 P 60 P 80 P 120

300 mm non P.S.A.


350 mm non P.S.A.


300 mm P.S.A.


350 mm P.S.A.


DIAMETRO GRANA

CLOTHS FOR POLISHING They are the physical support to diamond products and to oxides for lapping. The cloths allow, by the use of abrasives with f iner and f iner granulometry, to obtain a perfectly specular surface of the specimen. They are divided in HARD CLOTHS (Ghisalap, Durlap , Mediolap), to be used with coarse abrasives in the polishing phase just fol-lowing grinding, SOFT CLOTHS (Polilap, Microlap, OPS), for final polishing with fine abrasive, and FELTS(Alulap) for exclusive use with oxides for lapping. The soft cloths are preferred for polishing soft mate rials, but they lead to differential abrasion and formation of uneven surface in specimens with non-homogeneous hardness. It is advisable to use hard cloths for specimens with strong differences in hardness, or when perfect planarity is requested; only the last polishing step should be done with a soft cloth.

LUBRICATING OIL FOR LAPPING WITH DIAMOND PASTE I t is used with diamond products. It has t o be spread on cloths with t he proper dispenser, to solubize the

paste and keep the abrasi ve suspended. Soluble in water Non-oi ly

250 cc 1000 cc 5 lt 250 cc 1000 cc 5 lt

P L0001 P L0002 P L0003 PFN001 PFN002 PFN003

PLN001 Vaporizer for oil

OXIDES FOR LAPPING They are used for preliminar and final polishing of very soft and ductile materials or as a final step in the preparation of plasma additions, aluminum

alloys, stainless steels. Mg oxide OPS

suspended (500 cc package) GEL (200 cc package) concentrated 500 cc pack.) (500 cc pack.) N°1

for preliminar cleaning and for

hard metals

N°2 for intermetiate cleaning and for

average hard met-als

N°3 for final cleaning for non ferrous metals and sof t

alloys

N°1 for preliminar

cleaning and for hard metals

N°2 for intermetiate cleaning and for

average hard metals

N°3 for final cleaning for non ferrous metals and sof t

alloys

for final cleaning

of light alloys

for plasma sufac-ing titanium alloys

AL0010 AL0020 AL0030 AL0040 AL0050 AL0060 OSMG01 OPS01

ALUMINA

POLISHING CLOTHS in P.S.A. discs DIAMETER mm

TYPE OF CLOTHS 32 70 120 150 200 250 300 400

DURLAP - preliminar polishing with diamond paste 30÷6 μm or alumina N°1

DUR032 DUR070 DUR120 DUR150 DUR200 DUR250 DUR300 DUR400

MEDIOLAP - intermediate polishing with dia-mond paste 6÷1 μm or Alumina N°2

MED032 MED070 MED120 MED150 MED200 MED250 MED300 MED400

POLILAP - for final polishing with diamond paste 3÷0,1μm, Al. N° 2-3 and with Mg Oxide of soft steels and non-ferrous alloys.

POL032 POL070 POL120 POL150 POL200 POL250 POL300 POL400

MICROLAP– For final polishing with dia-mond paste 3÷0,1μm, Al. N°2-3 and with Mg Oxide of construction steel and hard metals.

MIC032 MIC070 MIC120 MIC150 MIC200 MIC250 MIC300 MIC400

GHISALAP - For preliminar polishing of cast iron with diamond paste 6 μm.

GHI032 GHI070 GHI120 GHI150 GHI200 GHI250 GHI300 GHI400

ALULAP - f or preliminar polishing with alu-mina N°1

ALU032 ALU070 ALU120 ALU150 ALU200 ALU250 ALU300 ALU400

OPS032 OPS070 OPS120 OPS150 OPS200 OPS250 OPS300 OPS400

OPS - for polishing with OPS of Plasma surfac-ing and titanium alloys.

DRAWBACKS AND REMEDIES IN LAPPING AND POLISHING METALLOGRAPHIC SPECIMENS

PROBLEM CAUSE REMEDY

SCRATCHES DURING GRINDING

Scratches due to abras ive grains.

- Increase the time of each operation - Clean the specimen - Substitute the disc , i f it is worn

SCRATCHES DURING POLISHING

Scratches due to abras ive grains.

- Increase the time of each operation - Clean the specimens also with the elec troli tic cell - Substitute or clean the cloth if it is contaminated - Control the quantity of abrasive and lubricant - Modify the abrasive: perhaps it is too hard for the material under treatment

ROUNDED EDGES Higher wear of the edge com-pared to the center of the specimen. It is more difficult the observation and the micro-hardness testing of surface layers.

- Mounting - Use a harder resin with better edge adhesion - Reduce preparation time - Reduce working pressure - Use a harder cloth or a diamond disc for polishing

RELIEF IN SPECI-MENS WITH PHASES HAVING DIFFERENT HARDNESS

Higher wear of the soft phases compared to the hard ones.

- Reduce preparation time - Reduce working pressure - Use a harder c loth or diamond disc for polishing

DEFORMATION LINES

The deformed layers, induced during each phase, were not removed. During the prepara-tion they are visible after etch-ing.

- If deformation lines are very evident, repeat polishing increasing time - If deformation lines are not very evident, repeat the last

phase of polishing. If they do not disappear, repeat all the polishing.

MATERIAL OVERLAPPING

Plastic deformation of the material that is not eliminated by abrasion.

- Use a cleaning cloth instead of a diamond disc for polishing - Use a harder cloth - Use a coarser abrasive - Increase the lubricant

PROBLEM CAUSE REMEDY

PULLED OUT INCLUSIONS

Very often inclusions are hard or fragile and are easily broken during preparation and then they are pulled out during cleaning. Graphite is soft and can be pulled out during po lishing.

- Check when the damage takes place and act accordingly - Do not use coarse abrasive and high pressure during grinding of materials with fragi le inclusions - Reduce preparation time programming the right number of

passages: it is better to use an extra passage, but greatly reducing the time of each passage

- Do not use too soft and hairy cloths that can pull out inclu-sions and graphi te.

COMET TAILS They are surface imperfec-tions related to inclusions and porosities. They are due to a wrong preparation tecnique; for example when the specimen movement is unidi rectional with the clean-ing cloth movement.

- During manual preparation do not always hold the specimen in the same position. Perform rotations of the cleaning cloth. - In automatic preparation with Remet equipments, this problem does not exist because relative speed between working disc and sample holder, together with the concordant rotation, perform a correct specimen preparation.

SOFT MATERIALS POROSITY

In soft and ductile materials, porosities tend to disappear due to plastic deformation of the specimen during the preparation.

- Frequently control the specimens to evaluate porosi ty variations: when the poros ity does not change any more the preparation is finished - Do not use high pressure - Use longer holding time on cloths, provided that the edge does not have problems.

HARD MATERIALS POROSITY (Plasma surfacing)

In hard and fragile materials, the apparent porosity is higher than the real one, because the preparation may cause breaks.

- Frequently control the specimens to evaluate porosi ty variations: when the poros ity does not change any more the preparation is finished - Do not use high pressure - Use longer holding time on cloths, provided that the edge does not have problems.

FRACTURES They are produced in fragi le materials and are due to excessive stress during the preparation; the specimen cannot absorb such a stress.

- Check that it is not due to the cut-off - Mounting with very fluid resins (epoxy)

STAINED SPECIMEN They are normally caused by lack of adhesion between specimen and mounting resin. Water or etching re-agents can penetrate the slit causing subacquent oxida-tion.

- Use the proper mounting procedure - Protect specimens by a bell glass or by protective laquers.

REMET s.a.s. Via Scarlatti 2 Tel. 0039 - 51 - 758888 Fax 0039 - 51 - 752893 40033 CERETOLO DI CASALECCHIO BO ITALY

9 Soi Petchkasem 26, Petchkasem Rd., Pakklong - Phasicharoen, Phasicharoen, Bangkok 10160, Thailand Tel : 0 2868 5112 - 4 Fax : 0 2457 4237

e - mail : [email protected]

EG

MEGA ADVANCE CO.,LTD.

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