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METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

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Page 1: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

METABOLIC DISORDERS

Page 2: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

METABOLISM

METABOLISM IS THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL

THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE

PROCESS OF BREAKDOWN AND

RENEWAL OF THE BODY TISSUES

Page 3: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

METABOLISM

Enzymes play the main role in the process

of converting one chemical metabolite to

another

Enzyme – protein.

Mutations may affect enzyme activity –

amount- defect enzyme production, rapid

breakdown,impaired activity

Page 4: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

A B

E

Page 5: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

A B

E

A B

A BC D

Page 6: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Phenylketonuria

Page 7: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes
Page 8: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic disorders

Mutation – protein synthesis defect

Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump

Complete vs partial changes – severity of the disorder : mild to death

Crisis during stress : starvation, dehydration, fever , vomiting, etc.

Inheritance: dominant, recessive, x-linked, mithochondrial

Page 9: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic disorders

Metabolite deficiency

Metabolite accumulation or storage

Toxic metabolites

Transport defects

Page 10: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic disorders

Neurological anomalies

Neonatal catastrophe – crisis

Liver dysfunction

Acid-base disorders

Storage disorders- dysmorphism

Page 11: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neurological syndrome

Chronic encephalopathy

Acute encephalopathy

Myopathy

Movement disorder

Psychiatric or behavioral abnormalities Neurologic disorders

Page 12: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neurological syndromeCHRONIC

Global developmental delay

Severe irritability, hyperactivity,

aggressiveness impulsivity

Progressive deterioration

Associated with other neurological

dysfunction- seizures, extra pyramidal

deficits,

Page 13: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neurological syndromeacute encephalopathy

Emergency

Previous healthy infant/child

Deterioration of consciousness

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Neurological syndromeacute encephalopathy

Page 15: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neurological syndromeacute encephalopathy

Urea cycle disorders

Organic acidopathies(MMA, PA, IVA,GA)

MSUD

Fatty acid oxidation defects

NKHG

Energy defects

Page 16: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neurologic disorders

Represents toxic effect of the brain

Neurological deterioration

Progressive muscle weakness – hypotonic

Myoglobinuria - elevated cpk

Hyper/hyporeflexia

Convulsions generalized, focal, myoclonic

Movement disorders- dystonia, ataxia choeoathetosis,

Apathy- lethargy

Page 17: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neurologic disorders

Learning disorders

Behavioral changes – hyperactivity

Psychiatric changes

Vascular events

MRI/CT changes

Sensory neural deafness

Peripheral neuropathy

Optic atrophy, ophtalmoplegia, retinitis pigmentosa

Page 18: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neonatal crisis

Usually normal newborn- sometimes

intrauterine disease

Maternal-placental fetal unit normal

metabolites delivery with toxic metabolites

evacuation

After delivery – infant self metabolism

Normal infant in the first few days

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Neonatal crisis

Poor feeding and sucking

Vomiting

Apathy irritability lethargy

Muscle tone changes – hypotonic

Respiratory changes – tachypnea – apnea

Convulsions, loss of conscious- coma

Page 20: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neonatal crisis

Differential diagnosis :

sepsis,

cyanotic heart disease

Milk allergy

Pyloric stenosis

Endocrinological disorder

Page 21: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neonatal crisis

Hypoglycemia

• Glycogen storage disease

• Gluconeogenesis disorder

• Fatty oxidation disorders

• Organic acidurias

• Mitochondrial disorders

• Hyperamonemia

• Acidosis

Page 22: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Neonatal crisis

Jaundice

• Galactosemia

• Tyrosinemia

Dysmorphic features

Peroxisomal disorders

Cholesterol synthesis disorders

Page 23: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Acid base balance disorders

Acidosis

Tachypnea - bradypnea - apnea

Palor – cyanosis

decreased perfusion – cutis marmorata

Increased anion gap (Na+k) – (Cl+Hco3)

Organic metabolites - lactate

Page 24: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Acid base balance disorders

Hyperamonemia

Urea cycle disorders – organic acidurias

Stimulatory effect on CNS

Respiratory alkalosis

Page 25: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Chronic metabolic acidosis

Failure to thrive

Feeding difficulties

Recurrent vomiting

Developmental delay

During infancy or late childhood

Partial enzymatic deficiency

Page 26: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Acid base balance disorders

Amino acid metabolism disorders – MSUD

Organic acidurias – isovaleric acidemia,

methylmalonic acidemia

Glycogen storage diseases

Gluconegenesis disorders

Fatty acid oxidation defects

Lactate-pyruvate metabolism defects

respiratory chain defects

Page 27: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Liver diseases

Hepatomegaly

Direct hyperbilirubinemia

Liver function disorders

Coagulation defects

Hypoglycemia- utilization of liver glycogen

Page 28: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Table 3

Page 29: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Liver diseases

Chronic

Storage disease

Mitochondrial

disorders

Galactosemia

tyrosinemia

Acute

Urea cycle disorders

Fatty acid oxidation

Galactosemia

Fructosemia

Tyrosinemia

Mitochondrial liver

disease

Page 30: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Storage diseases

Cherry red spots

Deafness

Mental retardation

Developmental delay

Neurological

deterioration

Hepatosplenomegaly

Dysmorphic features

Coarse face

Skeletal disorders

Corneal opacity

cardiomyopathy

Page 31: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Storage diseases

Lysosomal

Peroxisomal

Cholesterol metabolism

Glycolisation defects

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Page 35: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Dysmorphism

Zellweger syn

Page 36: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

הפרוקסיזום

Page 37: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

הפרוקסיזום

אברון הקיים בכל התאים פרט לאריתרוציטים בוגרים

מיקרון 0.5-1.5קוטר של

< עד 100> )בתאים שונים מספר משתנה 1000 )

מוקף ממברנה בודדת

אנזימים זוהו 80יותר מ

Page 38: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

תפקידים

β אוקסידציה של חומצות שומן ארוכות מאד

α אוקסידציה של חומצות שומן

(פלסמלוגנים)ייצור אתרפוספוליפידים

מטבוליזם של פרוקסיד החמצן

כולסטרול , מטבוליזם חומצות מרה

Page 39: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

מסלולים מטבולים בפרוקסיזום

Page 40: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

PEROXISOMAL BIOGENESIS

רוב האנזימים הפרוקסיזומלים מיוצרים בריבוזום ומכוונים לפרוקסיזום

הביוגנזה היא התהליך בו נוצרות ממברנות הפרוקסיזום וחלבוני

המטריקס עוברים מהציטוזול לתוך האורגנלה

Peroxinsהחלבונים הקשורים בביוגנזה של הפרוקסיזום נקראים

PEX genesי "מקודדים ע -Peroxinsה

Page 41: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

PEX GENES

Page 42: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Smith lemli opitz

Page 44: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Abnormal odors

Glutaric aciduria sweaty feet

Isovaleric acidemia sweaty feet

Maple syrup urine disease maple syrup

Phenylketonuria mousy

Trimethylaminuria rotten fish

Tyrosinemia cabbage

Methionine malabsorption cabbage like

Page 45: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Other systems disorders

Cardiomyopathy

Renal tubular acidosis

Diarrhea – villous atrophy

Diabetes mellitus, dwarfism,

hypoparathyroidism, diabetes insipidus.

Neutropenia,

thrombocytopenia,sideroblastic anemia

Pancreatic insufficiency

Page 46: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes
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Page 53: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Fig 1

Page 54: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic acidosis

Page 55: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic acidosis

Page 56: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Organic acidurias

Page 57: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes
Page 58: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

COOH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

COOH

CH2

w - oxidation

MICROSOME

dicarboxylicn

monocarboxylicn

monocarboxylicn - 2

COOH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

COOH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2b - oxidation

MITOCHONDRIA

b Xw

C6:0 DCA adipicC8:0 DCA subericC10:0DCA sebacic

ketosis

Page 59: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

CELL

Page 60: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes
Page 61: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA ARE INTRACELLULAR

ORGANELLES MAINLY CONCERNED

WITH ENERGY PRODUCTION USED TO

SUPPORT THE CELL’S BIOCHEMICAL

AND MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS

Page 62: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondria

Page 63: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondria

Page 64: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondria

Page 65: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

מעגלי אנרגיה

Page 66: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes
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Page 68: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

ENERGY

1Mol GLUCOSE 38Mol ATP

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Mitochondria

200-500 mitochondria in every cell

Eye -80%, heart - 40% of cell volume

according to energy needs

Page 75: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondrial Disorders

The mitochondria are self duplicating and

contain their own DNA and RNA

Mitochondrial proteins are encoded by

both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA

Page 76: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Inheritance Pattern

Mitochondrial DNA is the only extranuclear

DNA in the cell

A circular double stranded molecule

containing 16569 base pairs

Contains only 37 genes

These genes code for: 13 proteins, 2

ribosomal RNA’s, 22 transfer RNA’s

Page 77: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes
Page 78: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Electron Transport Chain Subunits

VIVIIIIIIComplex

10108418Nuclear

Subunit

23107Mitochondrial

Subunit

12139425Total Subunits

Page 79: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Maternal Inheritance

The condition will be transmitted from the

mother to all her children

Only the females will pass the condition to

succeeding generations

Page 80: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

MATERNAL INHERITANCE

Page 81: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondrial heteroplasmy – each cell

contains a mixture of normal (wild type)

mtDNA and mutated mtDNA

Replicative segregation – during cell division

some cells may accumulate a greater or lesser

number of wild type mtDNA

Threshold effect – the cellular phenotype will

be determined by the more abundant type of

mtDNA

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A Mutation in the mtDNA is

Pathological if:

Does not exist in normals

It shows heteroplasmy

It produces an abnormal protein

There are affected maternal relatives

There is a correlation between the

percentage of the mutation and the

severity of the disease

Page 86: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondrial disease

Mitochondrial DNA point mutation

Mitochondrial DNA deletion

Mitochondrial DNA depletion

DNA nuclear mutation

Page 87: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Mitochondrial diseases derive from dysfunction of

organ systems that are highly dependent on aerobic

metabolism:

Nervous system: psychomotor retardation, deceleration of head growth, convulsions, impairment of hearing and vision, ataxia, myopathy, neuropathy

Heart: cardiomyopathy, conduction block

Kidney: renal tubular acidosis

Endocrine: short stature, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism

Hematology: sideroblastic anemia, neutropenia

Hepatic gastrointestinal

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Diagnostic criteria

Clinical

– multisystemic symptoms at least 3

– Family history

– Progressive course

Histology

Enzymology

Functional –ATP synthesis rate

Molecular

Page 90: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Biochemistry

Increased serum lactate

Increased CSF lactate

Pyruvate

Alanine – serum

Urinary Organic acids- lactate, krebs cycle

metabolites , specific- methylglutaconic

acids

MRI -leukodystrophies

Page 91: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Therapy

PDH – Ketogenic diet

Cofactors-

– Thiamine,riboflavin,biotin

Enzyme activators – dichloroacetate

Electron transporters –CoQ10 Idebenone , uridine

Radical scavengers –Vitamin C, E, K

L-carnitine

Creatine - high energy phosphate compounds

Page 92: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic evaluation

PRIMARY

Blood bicarbonate

Glucose

Electrolytes, CPK

Liver functions – coagulation

urinary reducing substances, ketones

Blood amonia, lactate,

Page 93: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic evaluation

Blood and urinary amino acids

CSF lactate and amino acids

Carnitine

pyruvate

Urinary organic acids

Acylcarnitines

VLCFA

Muscle, liver , skin fibroblasts

Genetics- DNA

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Treatment

IV glucose 10% -hydration catabolism

prevention

Improving hypoglycemia

Treatment of acidosis

Hyperamonemia – sodium benzoate ,

phenylbutitate

Treatment of the crisis precipitator-

infection, dehydration etc.

Page 96: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Treatment

Cofactors – carnitine,riboflavin thiamin etc.

Peritoneal dialysis

Hemodialysis

Diagnosis and treatment of the dying child

Page 97: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Metabolic disorders

Mitochondrial

disorders

Urea cycle

Amino acids

Carbohydrates

disorders

Purines and

pyrimidines

Neurotransmiters

Lysosomes

Peroxisomal

disorders

Cholesterol synthesis

disorders

Glycoproteins

porphyria

Page 98: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Summary

Acute / chronic presentation

Multisystemic expression

Metabolic presentation – hypoglycemia ,

acidosis, lactic acidemia,

hyperammonemia

Neurologic disorder

To think about

Page 99: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

THANKS

Page 100: METABOLIC DISORDERS - pediatrics.org.il · Metabolic disorders Mutation –protein synthesis defect Changes in enzymes, receptors, transporters, Na-k pump Complete vs partial changes

Galactosemia

חד סוכר שיחד עם גלוקוז יוצר את –גלקטוז

לקטוז–סוכר החלב

כשלון בהעברת גלקטוז לגלוקוז

Galactose-1-Phosphateחסר ב

Uridyltransferase

פוספט-1-הצטברות גלקטוז

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Galactosemia

FTTסרוב לאכול

ישנוניות ואפטיה

צהבת

ascites-הפטוספלנומגליה

מחלה כליתית טובולרית

היפוגליקמיה

קטרקט

חמרים מחזרים בשתן

פיגור-במחלה כרונית

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Galactosemia

איבחון

חמרים מחזרים בשתן–

ניר גטרי–חסר באנזים בכדוריות אדומות –

איבחון גנטי –

טיפול

אלימינציה של חלב ומוצריו–

הוצאת גלקטוז מהכלכלה–

ייעוץ גנטי–

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Galactosemia

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Phenylketonuria

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Phenylketonuria

הפרעה במטבוליזם פניל אלנין

בעיקר בגלל חסר בphenylalanine hydroxylase

400 12מחלה אוטוסומלית רצסיבית כרומוסום ,מוטציות

הצטברות פניל אלנין בנוזלי הגוף ובCNS

של האנזים ורמת חומרת המחלה לפי מידת החסרהפנילאלנין בדם

1:14000-1:20,000שכיחות

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Phenylketonuria

קליניקה

תינוק נורמלי בלידה

פיגור שכלי מתפתח בהדרגה בחדשים הראשונים

לחיים

ללא טיפול הפיגור עמוק

הקאה

תנועות לא , היפראקטיביות–ילדים גדולים יותר

.מכוונות ואתטוזיס

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Phenylketonuria

קליניקה

"תימנים בלונדיניים"–ילדים בהירים

פריחה סבוראית

ריח רע מהגוף

פירכוסים 25%

EEGהפרעות ב 50%מעל

טונוס גוף מגבר

מיקרוצפליה בולטת

הפרעה בגדילה

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Phenylketonuria

בכל הארצות screenאיבחון נאונטלי כ

המפותחות בניר גטרי

טיפול בפורמולה שמגבילה פניל אלנין

%מג 2-6ניטור רמת הפנילאלנין בדם בין

הגבלת דיאטה כדי –נשים עם פנילאלנין גבהה

למנע פגיעה מהעובר

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Isovaleric acidemia

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Isovaleric acidemia

organic aciduria

Isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenaseחסר ב

הצטברות חומצה איזוולרית

מחלה אוטוסומלית רצסיבית

15הגן מופה ונמצא על כרומוסום

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Isovaleric acidemia

קליניקה

מחלה חריפה עם חמצת קשה הקאה 50%

אפטיה לטרגיה

comaפירכוסים

Sweaty feet odor

מחלה קלה יותר עם ביטוי מאוחר יותר וביטויים

חריפים קלים יותר

אנמיה לאוקופניה, טרומבוציטופניה

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Isovaleric acidemia

במעבדה–

ANION GAP>20חמצת מטבולית עם

בשתן רמה גבהה של חומצה איזוולרית

ומטבוליטים נוספים כמו איזוולרילגליצין

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Isovaleric acidemia

טיפול:

מניעת מצב קטאבולי

הידרציה

תיקון חמצת

טיפול בקרניטין וגליצין

דיאליזה

לאחר מצב חריף

דיאטה דלת לאוצין

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מחלות אגירה

אגירה של סובסטרטים של שומנים בליזוזומים

מחלה נאורודגנרטיבית - CNSאגירה ב

הפרעות , הפטוספלנומגליה–אגירה ויסצרלית

.תסנינים ריאתיים, בשלד

, איבחון הדפקט האנזימתי בלאוקוציטים

פיברובלסטים

איבחון גנטי

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מחלות אגירה

Niemann-pick

בלידה נורמליים

צהבת ישירה ממושכת

חסר שיגשוג בינקות

הפטוספלנומגליה מסיבית

חדשים 6הדרדרות נוארדגנרטיבית מתקדמת מגיל

מות עד גיל שנתיים

acid sphingomyelinaseחסר פעילות ב

הצטברות ספינגומיאלין

11מחלה אוטוסומלית רצסיבית כרומוסום

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הפרעות במעגל האוריאה

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מעגלי אנרגיה

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METABOLIC DISORDERS

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Fig 1

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חמצת מטבולית

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Dysmorphism

Zellweger syn

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סיכום ביניים

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