Prepared by Rai Shafqat Ali Animal Science Division NIAB, Faisalabad
Prepared by
Rai Shafqat Ali
Animal Science Division
NIAB Faisalabad
Metabolic disorders relates to disturbances of
one or more metabolic processes in the
animalorganisms
In dairy animals the time of disease is important
---- 3weeks before and after parturition
Influencing factors are
a Hormonal changes
b Moving from non-lactating to lactating stage
c Changing of diet from roughages to highly
fermentable CHO
Metabolism is sum of
Physical
Chemical
Metabolic processes
relating to absorbance and breakdown or
synthesis of necessary organic molecules in
body
Disturbance of one or more metabolic
processes related to regulation of a certain
metabolites in the body fluids is known as
metabolic disorders
Traditionally it is the period from dry off
until parturition
More correctly identified as these 4
separate physiological states the cow
undergoes
ndash Late Lactation
ndash Dry period
ndash Parturition
ndash Early Lactation
Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in
nutrient density
raquo No production requirement
When cows freshen they are introduced
immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)
ration
This will lead to many problems if not
handled properly
Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition
i Sub acute or acute acidosis
ii Laminitis
iii Ketosis
iv Fatty liver
v LDA
vi Milk fever
vii Downer cow
viii Retained placenta
ix Liver abscesses
x Matritis
xi Mastitis
xii Bloat
xiii Grass tetany
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Metabolic disorders relates to disturbances of
one or more metabolic processes in the
animalorganisms
In dairy animals the time of disease is important
---- 3weeks before and after parturition
Influencing factors are
a Hormonal changes
b Moving from non-lactating to lactating stage
c Changing of diet from roughages to highly
fermentable CHO
Metabolism is sum of
Physical
Chemical
Metabolic processes
relating to absorbance and breakdown or
synthesis of necessary organic molecules in
body
Disturbance of one or more metabolic
processes related to regulation of a certain
metabolites in the body fluids is known as
metabolic disorders
Traditionally it is the period from dry off
until parturition
More correctly identified as these 4
separate physiological states the cow
undergoes
ndash Late Lactation
ndash Dry period
ndash Parturition
ndash Early Lactation
Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in
nutrient density
raquo No production requirement
When cows freshen they are introduced
immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)
ration
This will lead to many problems if not
handled properly
Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition
i Sub acute or acute acidosis
ii Laminitis
iii Ketosis
iv Fatty liver
v LDA
vi Milk fever
vii Downer cow
viii Retained placenta
ix Liver abscesses
x Matritis
xi Mastitis
xii Bloat
xiii Grass tetany
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Metabolism is sum of
Physical
Chemical
Metabolic processes
relating to absorbance and breakdown or
synthesis of necessary organic molecules in
body
Disturbance of one or more metabolic
processes related to regulation of a certain
metabolites in the body fluids is known as
metabolic disorders
Traditionally it is the period from dry off
until parturition
More correctly identified as these 4
separate physiological states the cow
undergoes
ndash Late Lactation
ndash Dry period
ndash Parturition
ndash Early Lactation
Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in
nutrient density
raquo No production requirement
When cows freshen they are introduced
immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)
ration
This will lead to many problems if not
handled properly
Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition
i Sub acute or acute acidosis
ii Laminitis
iii Ketosis
iv Fatty liver
v LDA
vi Milk fever
vii Downer cow
viii Retained placenta
ix Liver abscesses
x Matritis
xi Mastitis
xii Bloat
xiii Grass tetany
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Traditionally it is the period from dry off
until parturition
More correctly identified as these 4
separate physiological states the cow
undergoes
ndash Late Lactation
ndash Dry period
ndash Parturition
ndash Early Lactation
Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in
nutrient density
raquo No production requirement
When cows freshen they are introduced
immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)
ration
This will lead to many problems if not
handled properly
Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition
i Sub acute or acute acidosis
ii Laminitis
iii Ketosis
iv Fatty liver
v LDA
vi Milk fever
vii Downer cow
viii Retained placenta
ix Liver abscesses
x Matritis
xi Mastitis
xii Bloat
xiii Grass tetany
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in
nutrient density
raquo No production requirement
When cows freshen they are introduced
immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)
ration
This will lead to many problems if not
handled properly
Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition
i Sub acute or acute acidosis
ii Laminitis
iii Ketosis
iv Fatty liver
v LDA
vi Milk fever
vii Downer cow
viii Retained placenta
ix Liver abscesses
x Matritis
xi Mastitis
xii Bloat
xiii Grass tetany
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition
i Sub acute or acute acidosis
ii Laminitis
iii Ketosis
iv Fatty liver
v LDA
vi Milk fever
vii Downer cow
viii Retained placenta
ix Liver abscesses
x Matritis
xi Mastitis
xii Bloat
xiii Grass tetany
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Important point is that all the metabolic
diseases are related to one another
Animals affected from milk fever is more
prone to
Mastitis
Left Displacement of abomasam
Dystokia
Udder odema
Ketosis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis
LDA
Milk fever
Mastitis
Fatty liver
Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis
LDA
Ketosis
Trying to trace single factor
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Disease of high producing animals
Etiology
ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)
Normal10mgdL
MF 5 mgdL
ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often
--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml
ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites
ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed
ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases
bull Cows with previous experience
ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after
calving
ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before
calving sc
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows
---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option
Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn
silage (ration with lt 2 K+)
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during
periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated
Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of
ketones ndash aceto acetate and
beta-hydroxy butyrate
Mobilization of body reserves ensues
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Etiology
ndash Occurs during the ------------------------
postpartum
ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid
ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are
over conditioned during dry period
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)
ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)
ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)
7 days before calving
PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt
reduces fat mobilization
Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones
Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving
Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases
(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)
Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall
ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow
of digesta
ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance
bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow
near the last rib and listening on the left flank
ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)
Most are left sided
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Symptoms
ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum
ndash Drastic decrease in milk
ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless
Most often diagnosed within 14 days
postpartum
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride
ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from
abomasum toggle
ndash May only provide temporary relief
Surgical treatment
ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it
surgically to body wall
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
bull Prevention
Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence
Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)
Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially
bull Due to
bull High stress Twins etc
bull 12x as likely to retain placenta
bull 49x as likely to have metritis
bull Most often accompanied by the cascade
of fresh problems
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts
It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation
Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function
bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense
rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet
bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled
from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours
ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of
retained placenta
ndash More common in older cows
ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome
and hypocalcemia among other things
RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP
Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)
The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism
When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower
Avitaminosis of vitamin A
and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
bull Prevention
Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium
Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber
Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk
Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
Characterized by excessive accumulation
of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland
Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents
Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema
A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
It is most often associated with cows in early lactation
grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium
The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia
For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany
Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates
For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis
The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis
Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis