Memoirs Queensland Museum 3 W - Forgotten Books

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI.

MEMO IRS

QUEENSLAND MUSEUM3 W

WITH PLATES AN D FIGURES IN THE TEXT .

EDITED BY THE DIRECTO R ,

HEBER A . LO NGM AN . F .L .S .

IS SUED DECEMBER I9 . 1 9 1 8 .

E DITORIAL N o r a—Owing to the exigencies 0/ war tirize,the publication 0/ these M emoirs has been in abeyance.

S everal of the articles here printed were received early in 1 9 1 7 .

BY AUTHO RITY

ANTHO NY JAM ES CUMM INC . GOVERNM ENT PRINTER .

BR ISBAN E .

CONTENTS .

N o tes on Certa in Hum an Crania in th e Qu een sland M useum

Plates I t o V

Qu een slan d E thn o logica l No tes—Plates VI t o X

O n Messages an d M essage S t icks em ployed am on g t he

Qu een slan d Abor igin es

N otes on Som e Qu een slan d and Papu an R ept i les—P lates X It o XV

E d ible Fishes -

of Queen slan d—Plates XVI t o XXVI

F e n; Queen slan d Fishes— Pla tes xxvn t o xxx

Ichthyo logica l Notes (N o . 4 )

E n tom o logica l Con tr ib u t ion s Plates XXXI an d XXXII

S om e Bees Co ll ected in Qu een slan d

N ew Gen era an d Species o f Au stral ian Thysan optera

Au stra l ian B latt idae

The E n doparasites of the D om estic Pigeon in Queenslan d

Heber A . Lon gm an , F .L .S .

R . Ham lyn - Harr is, D .Sc .

R . Ham lyn - Ha rr is, D .Sc .

Hebe r A . Lon gm an , F .L .S .

J . D ouglas Ogi lby

Allan R . M cCuIIoch

J . D ou glas Ogi lby

Hen ry Hacker , F .E . S .

T . D . A . Cockerel l (University of

Co lorado )Ca pt . J . D ou glas Hood

E lan d Shaw , F .E .S .

T . Ha rvey Johnston , M .A . ,B .se . l l

LIST O F PLATES .

Queen slan d M u seum , B r isbane (Gregory Te rrace Fron t-age ) .Hum an Cran ia

Qu eens land E thn o logyN ephr u rus asp er G u ntherL la lis bu rlon ii G rayE gern ia b u n yana, D e is

Pseud elap s ha rr iettaz (Krefi t )

F u r ina am m la ta (G ray )Pa ra/p lesiops blacker i (Gi

‘

m the r )

Pa-

ra-p lesiop s jo lli/f ei Ogi lbylPa rap lesiop s p ower i Ogilby

N em ip teru s theodorei OgilbyO lol -ithu s a rgcn teu s Cu vie r Va len cien nesS c icena a n tar ct-ica Caste ln a uS c icena au stra l is (Gun the r )S c icena novae- hollandiae S teindachn er

S ciaena soltlado (Lacepede )S cicena lep tolep is Ogil byC'a n ther in es m ayn ardi Ogi lbyPom acen tru s a p ica lis D e Vis

Teu this gram m op lilus R icha rdson

N o togra'p tu s gu tta tu s G un the r

C'a n ther in es bru n n eu a (Cast-Ira n au )

fi/Ion crebia, cp hip p im n Fa b r .

Les t bmnbyla ns Sm .

MEMOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND MUSE UM—VOL . VI.,PLATE I.

ABORIGIN AL CRAN IUM , Q. E . 1 1 57.

The specim en is t i lted sl ightly from the basa l plane .

Face page 1 .

NOTES ON CERTAIN.

HUMAN CRAN IA IN

THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM .

BY HEBE R A. LONGMAN , D IRECTO R .

(Plates I to V . )

ALTHOUGH no specia l atten t ion has been given in the past to th e col lect ionof abor iginal an d other cran ia in the Qu eensland Mu seum

,a considerable

num ber of specim ens have been acqu ired . N o oppor tun ity of secu r in g addit ionalm ater ial is n ow bein g lost, and it is hoped that the col lect ion w i l l be largelyau gm en ted as t im e goes on .

D u r ing the re - r egistrat ion of ou r cran ia,each has been car efu l ly exam in ed

for unusu al f eatu r es, and cer ta in m easurem ents, m ain ly those involvin g cephal icand vert ica l indices and the cubic capacities, have been tabu lated . Som e of thepecim ens are of su ch in ter est that it is desirable to r ecord a few notes r egarding them w ith the il lustrat ions now publ ished . L ater on

,perhaps w ith the

assistan ce of other workers, it is hoped that ou r ser ies w i l l be dealt w ith in theadequate way that Professor R . J . A . Ber ry and D r . A . W . D . Rober tson havetreated Austra l ian and Tasm an ian abor igina l sku l ls, descr iption s being su pplem en ted by diopt rographic trac ings in var ious norm ze .

A mal e abor igin a l cran ium (QE . from an u n known local ityu n fortunate ly— i l lustrates a palate w ith approxim ately para ll el sides

,r ecal l ing

those of the an thropo id apes (Plate I ) . This character ist ic has,of cou rse,

been previou sly noted for certain Au stral ian andTasm an ian cran ia, bu t in th is

Spec im en it is presen t to a su rpr ising degree . Th e palato - m axil lary r egion is

(lolichu ran ic ; the in cisors are in the on e straight l in e , and the m olar ser ies are

a lm ost paral l e l . The length from th e an ter ior alveolar border between them ed ian in c isors to the extr em ity of the poster ior nasal spin e (which is decidedlylon g ) is 70 mm . On each side th e m axil la extends 1 1 mm . beyond th e a lveolu sof the third m olar . Th e breadth of th e palate is 37 mm . between the secondpr emola rs

,and this on ly in creases to 40- 5 mm . between the third m olars. Th e

com bin ed len gth of the molars and premolars is 49 - 5 mm .on the r ight and 48on the le ft . The m asticatory ar ea is thu s above the average . The palate isunusual ly deep an t-er iorly ,

th e sides n ear the first m olar bein g 20 mm . Theexternal pterygoid plate is considerably extended ,

and on each side ther e aretraces of ossificat ions between it and processes from the border of the foram enspinosum . F or an abor iginal the m astoid processes are w el l developed .

A lthough th e den ta l ar cade is of unusu a l size,the area. in fron t of the

th ird m olars l ies with in the dim en sions of the cast of the Talgai cran ium , descr ibedby D r . S . A . Sm ith .

MEMOIR S OF THE QUE EN SLAN D MUS E UM.

The cran ium has a m axim um l en gth of 1 91 mm .

, a par ieta l breadth of

1 28,

and th e basi - br egm at ic height is 1 37 . Th e spec im en 1 s m arkedlyprognathous. Th e basion - nasion d iam eter is 1 02 and the basion - prosth ion 1 07

,

givin g a gnathic index of Th e d istan ce from th e br egm a to the prosth ionis no less than 2 1 6 m m . Ther e is a fron to- squ am osal ar t icu lat ion on the r ightside .

Plates II and III i l lu strate a m a l e sku l l (Q.E . discovered inth e sand - dun es at Pialba

,Qu een sland

,th e ou tstandin g featu r es of which are

the asymm etr ical condit ion of the foram en m agnum and th e br eadth of the

first u pper m olars. Klaatsch states : “ The or igin al power of n atu ra l r egen erat ion

,not yet distu rbed by th e for tun es of civil isation

,r enders in tel l igible the

oth erw ise alm ost in credibl e,r ecu perat ive powers of cran ial traum at ism s.

” 1 He

also quotes an exam ple of an abor igin al at the Yar rabah S tat ion w ith a scar inthe r egion of th e ver tex so deep that a. fin ger cou ld be in serted in it , and yethe l ived w ith no distu rban ce of health or of m en tal processes. A lthough wehave no know l edge of the condit ion in l ife of the abor igina l r epr esen ted byth e sku l l i l lustrated ,

yet it is eviden t that he l ived for years w ith the foram enm agnum in this abnorm a l condit ion

,probably w ith assoc iated partial degen era

t ion of the spinal colum n— appar en tly the r esu lt of osteo - ar thr it is.

The r ight condyle is en larged poster ior ly and is produ ced lateral ly almostto the sagittal p lan e . The ar ticu lar su r face is somewhat irr egu lar and is

sl ightly can eellou s.

"

An t er ior ly it som ewhat overhan gs the hypoglossal canal ,which in compar ison w ith its fel low is restr i cted . Th e lateral por t ions '

of th eocc ipital bon e are u nusual ly rugose , and the condyloid can a l has thr ee external.open in gs.

The labio - l in gu al su r face of the u pper den ta l arch is r em arkably obl iqu e ,the ou ter or labial facies being m u ch m or e worn than the inn er . Unf or tu

h ately,the in cisors and th e r ight can in e have been lost post m oi- tern . E viden t ly

t he mandibl e had a tran sverse movem en t throu gh a w ide arc . The crown s of

a ll the teeth have been worn away by m u tu al attr it ion . The excess in w idth of

th e u pper dental arcade over the lower in the m olar r egion of Au stral ianabor igin es was noted by Tu rn er ,2 who found a m aximum d ifferen ce of 8 mm .

a nd a m ean of 4 mm . in his ser ies. In the abnorma l spec im en under pr esen tcon sideration ,

the w idth of the u pper ar cade at th e first molar is no less than64 m m . Th e roots of the molars appear extern a l ly on each side of th e maxil lae ,and th e w idth h ere reach es m m . These roots are plain ly visibl e on Plato III .

The occlusa l su rface of th ese remarkable fi rst molars is 1 6 mm . wide on the lef tand 1 5 on the r ight . The w idth of the lower ar cade at the first m olars is 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 .

Th is sku l l has a m axim um l en gth of 1 85 mm . ; the par i etal br eadth is1 28

,and th e basi - b reg IIIat ic height is 1 32 .

A m ic rocephal i c cran ium ( Q.E . bisected in the sagittal p lan e,is t he subj ect of Plate IV,

fig . 1 . The cubic capac ity is on ly 980, as ascerta in ed

Khm tfse h , R e p . I’u t lI . L a b . L u n . D ep . 1

, pt . 3, p .

2 Tu rne r , Jo u m . Ana t . I’lIys . , xxv , 1 89 I , p . 46 1 .

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEE N SLAND MUSE UM—VOL . VI ., PL ATE II.

ABORIGIN AL CRAN IUM , Q. E . 858.

Face page 2 .

MEMOIRS OF THE QUE E N S LAN D MUSE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE III .

Face page 3.

M EMOIIZ‘

S OF THE QUE E N SLAN D MUSE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE IV.

F i g . I .

—ABORIG] N AL CRAN JUM , Q. E . 999 .

F ig . 2 .

—l"APUAN URAN IUM wrru BREGM A'I‘IC BON E .

F ace page 3.

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE E N SLAN D . M USE UM .

bon e form s a fron to - squam ou s art icu lat ion . Maxim um l ength 1 60, m aximumbr eadth 1 28 ; basi - bregmat ic height 1 29 . The cran ium is probably that of a

f em al e .

G . G. M acCu rdy has stated that the Papu ans are noted for the r elativelylarge num ber of ir r egu lar it ies in the pter ion ic r egion .

6 This is fu l ly born e ou tby ou r Papu an cran ia . In ou r ser ies n o in stan ce has been found of su ch an teroposter ior par i eta l su tu r es as those figu r ed by Hrdl icka in his elaborate study of

the par ietal bon e .

7

An in com plete cran ium (Q.E . fou nd at VVynnum ,Qu eensland

,

is of in ter est because i t r epr esen ts th e longest specim en in the col lect ion . Th isis badly dam aged in the r egion of the foram en m agn um , and th e basi lar port ionis m issin g together w ith m ost of th e bon es below th e orbital plates of the fron tal .The m aximum l ength is 202 mm .

,wh ich is iden t ica l w ith N o . 2 1 01 in Du ck

worth ’

s l ist .8 The oph ry o - occipita l l en gth is 200 mm . The suprac il iary r idgesare not so pronou n ced as in m any of ou r cran ia

,bu t ther e is an unusual ly large

torus occipita l is tran sversus, and the thickn ess of the cran ial wal l at this par t,as ascer tain ed by sl iding cal l ipers, is no l ess than 1 5 mm . Th e m aximumb readth( par ietal ) of the cran ium is 1 40 mm .

,and as the basi - br egm at ic hei ght m ust

have been at least 1 30 mm . ( cal cu lated from the posit ion of the ju gu lar processes) , i t has dim en sions which are con siderably above the average . Thecran ium is eviden tly that of an aged m al e .

A m andibl e from an u nknown local ity has on each side a deep a lveolusfor the accommodat ion of a fou rth m olar . (Plate V,

figs. 1 and Klaatsch

considers the presen ce of this m olar , “ even if all other proofs are cast aside , ascon st itu tin g an extraordinar i ly pr im it ive type of m ankind .

” This m andibl e isr emarkably robust, and in profil e it gr eatly r esem bles the on e figu r ed by Keithfor d ivergen t com par ison w ith the Heidelberg jaw .

9 The ramus is almost atr igh t angles w ith the body , and its w idth in l in e w ith the molar ser ies is no l essthan 40 mm . The sigm oid notch is very shal low

,especial ly on the r ight side .

The an ter ior su rface of the m and ibl e forms a r ight an gle w ith the alveolarborder . The den ta l arcade is almost r ectan gu lar

,and the in cisors and can in es

are practical ly in the one strai ght l in e . Th e d istan ce between th e secondprem olars is 30m m .

,and th is on ly in creases to 39 mm . opposite the th ird m olars.

The combin ed l ength of th e premolars and m olars is 50 mm . on the l e ft and5 1 mm . on the r ight

,this being wel l with in th e range of D uckworth ’

s figu res( lac . cit ) The r ight can in e and l e ft in n er incisor have been lost p ost m or tem .

D u ckwor th states that accessory m olar teeth occu r in n ear ly 50 per cen t .of m a l e orang u tans.

Ma cCu rdy , Un i v . Pen n . An th . Pu b . , xi , N o . 1 , 1 9 1 4, p . 6 .

7 H rd l i cka ,Bu ll . Am e r . M us . N a t . Hist ,

xi x , 1 903, p . 231 .

3 D uckwo rth , Studies from t he Auth . L a b . , Cam b . , 1 904, p . 1 22 .

The Ant i qu ity o f Man ,1 9 1 5 , fig . 84, p . 240.

M EM OIRS OF THE QUEE NS LAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .

,PLATE V .

F i g . 1 .—M AN DI BLE E 944 W ITH ALVEOL I FOR ACCE S S ORY M OLARS .

F ig. 2 .—PROFILE or MAN D IBLE E 944.

Face page 4.

M EMOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI . ,PLATE

Face page 5 .

QUE ENSLAND E THNOLOGICAL NOTE S—HAZML YN -HARRIS . 5

QUEENSLAND ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES

BY RONALD HAM LYN - HAR R IS ,B .se &c .

(Pla tes VI to X and Three Text—figures .)

NATIVE DOGS.

Primiti ve people in m any parts of the world have been known to speciallypri ze their dogs, and t o bestow on them atten tion and caresses reserv ed by less b enighted folks for chi ldren . It has been observed that young gir ls are m ore often thano thers disposed to go beyond the recognised limits of fami liarity wi th su ch pets.

On accoun t of its u tility for hun ting, the nati ve dog is a possession of considerableva lue

,and though it m ay be lean and m angy and have a down cast air and be repu lsi ve

gen era lly,i t beds with the best of the cam p though depri ved of its due share of the

frui ts of the chase . It has been qui te a comm on pra ctice for the blacks of N orthQueensland , not on ly t o admit dogs t o the freedom of their beds, b u t for the wom ent o suckle pups

,

1and I am fortunate in being able to i llustrate a concrete instan ce of

a n act which m ay a lm ost seem in credible un less supported by well au then ticatedand graphic testim ony. D uring the recen t v isit of the Chief Protector of Aborigines(Mr . J. W. Bleakley ) to Mornington l sland (Gu lf of Carpen tar ia ) he was fortun ateenough t o su rpr ise a wom an in the act , b u t as soon as Mr . Bleakley was observedt he inbred shyn ess of the race m ani fested itself and the wom an tried to hide thepuppies—whi ch were abou t a week old—under her legs, and it was on ly with grea tpersuasion that she was indu ced t o a llow the anima ls to con tinu e their feedingu ndisturbed .

2 This enab led M r . Bleakley t o obtain the accom panying photograph(Plate VI) , to whom I am indebted for its loan .

1 In m akin g this Statem en t , however , the re is n everthe less ju st a vagu e poss ibil ity tha tt he n at i ve m ay b e aware that b y pro lon gin g t he pe r iod of lactat ion t he possibi l ity of preg nan cyis correspond in gly redu ced .

[M itche l l recorded this pract ice in 1 838 (Three E xped . In t . E aste rn Austra l ia , II . , p .

whilst Ge ra rd K re fft n oted it in h is a rtic le on t he Abor igines of the Lowe r M u rray a nd

D a r l in g in 1 865 (T ra n s. Ph il . S oc . 1 866 , p ,

2 1 ha ve con firm at ion of this pract ice from Ca pta in M a lcolm Sm ith of t he Melb idir ,

E . J . Ban field , Northern Qu een sland , and M . J . Co lclou gh , Northern Terr ito ry , as wel l as Northe rna nd Sou thern Qu een sland .

6 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US EUM .

D ogs are m ain ly responsi ble for the preva len ce of hydatids . These anim alssleep under the blankets with the blacks and lick their m ouths and sores frequ en tly “

they also u se the sam e drinking and food u tensils .

FOLKLORE .

Bla cks in their primiti ve state were fond of their children and a llowed themt o take great liberties wi th them withou t rebu ff or angry word , and in shifting cam pthe m en wou ld hoist the youngsters 0 1 1 their shou lders, who wou ld secu re them selveswi th a good grip of the hair and wou ld thus sit com fortably and be safe .

On one of these ou tin gs, an old m an who was very fond of his grandson tookhim in to the scru b . The day was very hot and by and by a storm arose , and thethunder and lightning becam e terrifying and rain fel l in torren ts. The old m an ,

who had hasten ed a long distan ce , had t o cross a creek which he feared wou ld blockhim as he was handicapped with the boy , so he stripped som e bark for a tem poraryshelter for the night . All night long the rain pou red down ,

and the m an, who realised

that he cou ld not swim the flooded creek and carry the b oy ,m ade up his mind to

leave him in the hum py and return t o the old cam p for food . Hav ing told the li ttlechap t o wai t u nti l he retu rned he en closed him in the tem porary shelter with bark

,

and put sticks against the bark t o prevent it from being blown down . Hav ing thusm ade all secure , the old m an started off at as qui ck a rate as the weather permitted ,

and on reaching the cam p had som e food and , with som e for the boy ,set ou t wi th

a m ate on his second journey . Bu t t o their astonishm en t they cou ld find no traceof the little hum py or the sticks or t he b oy . E verything had disappeared , searchas they would and though they cooeed and shouted they got no reply .

‘

At last theyfound dangling from the lim b of a tree a large chrysa lis,3 and so came t o the con clusiontha t the boy had been changed in to a grub securely housed in what representedthe hum py and its protecti ve sticks .

4

THE ORIGIN OF THE MUMGOOBURRAS.

A long tim e ago , one hot day ,one of the yellow seed - pods5 growing on Prairie

Creek opened and ou t of i t cam e a young gin ,plum p of body and c lear of eye . She

looked around and found things pleasing t o her ; the season was good ,the lagoons.

“Th e Chrysa l is is that o f t he case - m oth (s im i la r t o t he so - cal led Faggot case -m othE n tonmm elonga ta Sa un de rs .

I be l ieve that t he S in galese cal l t he sam e kind of Ch rysa l is b y a n am e which m ea ns bi l letu i w o od , a nd bel ieve that t he insects w ere on ce hum an be in gs wh o sto le firewood on ea rth and

a re fo rced t o u nde rgo appropr iate pun ishm en t in t he in sect world .

On t he a u thor ity of T . Il l idge (S t . Law rence , 30 years ago ) .

6 The ye l low seed - pods above referred t o a re those o f t he Cattle b ush,Pittosp orum

p hilly rwozdcs Ben th .

M EM OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .

, PLATE VII.

Face page 7.

QUE ENSLAND E THNOLOGICAL NOTE S .—HAMLYN - HARRIS .

fu l l,and the herbage green . She took up her residen ce just above where the Pla ins

hom estead now stands ,and finding food in plen ty li ved there a lon e . One day as

she was wa lking a long the creek she passed another kind of shrub with big seedpods , and lo , ,

as she passed , one of these seed - pods open ed and ou t of i t cam e a fineyoung blackfellow , whom she greeted gleefu lly and in vited t o her cam p on thelagoon ,

and there he rem ain ed with her and they li v ed happily as m an and wi fe .

In due tim e she bore a piccaninny , and that was the beginn ing of the aboriginalrace , or at any rate of the Mum goobu rras .

6

SUPERSTITION AND MAGIC (il lustrated b y specim ens in the Quee nsland M useum col lect io ns ) .

Wom en in the u pper part of the Cape York Peninsu la (Pen nefather Riverdistr ict ) wear string n ecklaces orn am ented wi th in terwoven bird feathers and dow n

in sign of m ourning , whi le the old wom en regard them as charm s and firmly believethat they are able t o preven t evi l spirits and sickn ess from approaching them(Plate VIII, fig . C) . The ornam en ta tion of the n ecklaces is not restricted t o any

particu lar kind of feather . We have severa l in which feat-hers from other birds,such as the m oun ta in parrot for instan ce , have been used .

Sim i lar charm s are t o be fou nd in various parts of Qu eensland , particu larlyin the N ort h and Western districts, in the shape of hum an ha ir cord ,

7 bu t these aremostly used t o . dispel pain or sickn ess. Su ch instan ces as ha ve com e under m y noticeare— ( l ) Hum an—hair twin e worn by both m ales and fem a les for tying round th eaffected parts (Q . E . Western Queen sland ) ; (2 ) Simi lar

“exam ple fromPa lm er River em ployed for all kinds of pa in and sickness (Q . E . 9 ) (3) As a

charm against headache on the Mitchell River8 (Q . E .

In our co llections we have quite a num ber of m ourning string ornam en tswhich have been prepared as a circlet , and represen t a cha in and overcast variety ofst ringwork . Sam ples were procured from the following lo calities —Ben tin ck Island(Roth ) , Maytown (Roth ) , Bathu rst Head (Roth ) , Bu tcher Hi ll (Roth ) , Cardwell( 1 879,co llector un known ) a lso a plain m ou rn ing string , looped and worn by wom enonly, com es from Maytown (Roth ) .

6 I am indebted t o M r . J ; R . Chisho lm , Pra ir ie Tableland ,for this vers ion of t he origin of t he

n at i ve race , h is in form an t be in g an old m an who d ied som e 35 yea rs ago .

7 It is a lso in terest in g t o record that sim i lar specim en s are w orn b y in it iated m en t o showthe ir socia l stan d in g.

9 In refer rin g t o these m ed icin a l bh arm s , referen ce shou ld here b e br iefly m ad e t o t he em u

feather charm referred t o b y D r . R oth , a s im i la r specim en of which is in ou r co llect ion s and was

co llected b y him a t Cara ndot t a , and is m a rked as a ro l l of em u feathers placed on pa rts affectedfor aches and pa in s.

”S ee paragraph 1 54, R oth , W . E . , N . Q . E thnography , N o . 5 , 1 903.

MEM OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM .

Text - figu re l .

A wood en (spatu late ) cha rm .

E viden tly conn ected w ith reven ge . Q . E . MarlboroughD istr ict . Co llector , T . Illidge.

The fla t st ick w orked d own t o a lm ost a thin slab has

stretched a long a port ion of it s su rface pieces of hum an skin ,

which a re kept in posit ion b y str i ps of a species of pl iable can e ,the who le having been dau bed w ith w hite ochre

, which has withu se becom e m ore or less obl iterated .

Found in a grave n ea r cam ping - ground ,

Bunda berg d istr ict ( Q. E .

The who le su rface of this ston e is pittedw ith m arks which were eviden tly m ade whent he clay was soft . Its circum feren ce is 6 ) in chesand its len gth abou t 3 in ches.

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE E NSLAND M USE UM—VOLfVI” PLATE VIII.

Figs. A and B .

—Two ear - orn am en ts w orn b y the dead . Fi g. C .—A n ecklace charm .

The dum b - bel l shaped orn am en ts w ith w hich t he dead are decorated in t he Ca pe YorkPen in su la are m ade of gum cem en t and pro vided wi th wa l laby incisors a t each en d , w hich in the irtu rn a re su rroun ded at t he base w ith t he gay seeds of Abrus preca to

r ius (Q.E 1 6/ 94 1 A , and Q .E

The love for th e n ecklace charm is very deep - rooted ( see te xt ) .Face page 8 .

M EMOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE IX.

TH R E E I’smm x'r CHARM S F ROM THE NO RTH E RN PO RTION or CAPE YO RK PE N IN S ULA

Face page 9 .

1 0 M EMOIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

MEDICINE .

I am indebted to Mr . J . R . Chisholm ,The Prairie , for the fo llowing inform a

I dou bt i f blacks of m y acquaintance ever ‘took m edicin e , ’ bu t they are

a lways a lert t o the n eed of a change of diet . Hon ey was their aperient , or perhapsthey might at tim es eat a. quan tity of va in local ly know n as Kaalgoolly .

‘It is,

I believe , alli ed t o jalap , at any rate it has a pu rgati ve e ffect . They a lways dilutedhon ey w ith water

,and su cked i t ou t of a sponge or cu rrajong bark or beaten grass.

A black is a lways keen on a bit of green vegetable , and as they walked thro ugh theforest were a lert to pick a m ou thfu l here and there . I have a cquaintan ce with thedesert coun try tr ibes from Peak D owns up to this district . On the coasts and wellwatered distr icts they get lots of greenstu ff , su bm erged m ostly . Wh en I was a lad

I u sed to go with the blacks a good dea l abou t the D awson (lower ) . They at e largequan tities of the pink li ly seed roasted , and various tubers. Abou t Peak D ownsdistrict in the scru bs (brigalow ) I ’

v e gon e with myal l blacks for days ; study of

them was a lways congen ia l t o m e . I have k nown Western blacks on the Georginali v ing on that nardoo rubbish . I think great num bers m ust have di ed from im paction .

There was no honev or other aperien t that I kn ew of in that coun try . N ardoo i s

tota l ly indigesti ble t o a u hite m an ; so a lso are m any of their other seed cakes .

The n u trim en t va lu e m ust be very m eagre , and in dry seasons the Western blacksbecam e frequ en tly constipated as a resu lt of their fruga l di et . ”

Most nat i ves know the va lue of greenstu ff for keeping them selves fit . Youngpigweed is part icu larly pri zed for its blood - pu r ifying properties.

1 0

Probably th e u se of m any herbs m ay depend on their efficacy for the sam eprin ciple

,as for exam ple the fol lowing instan ce recorded from St . Lawren ce

The blacks used t o gather a sort of herb like penn yroyal , and m ake a tea of i t anddrink som e of it . Mr . T . Illidge tells me that he tasted it on ce and that it was slightlybitter . They used i t in cases of fever . The gum of certa in trees , which whenpowdered was very red and astringent , was a comm on rem edy for diarrhoea . A li ttleof the powder was m ixed with hon ey and taken several t im es a day . The bu lbsof an orchid which favou rs the iron bark tree would be roasted in the fire , cooled off ,

opened ,and swa llowed with water for bowel com plaint .

1 1

DRESSING OF WOUNDS.

I ha v e it on the excellen t au tho rity of J . R Chisho lm that the awful retribu t iv e cuts on the m uscles of the legs, a i m s

, 01 back healed very qu ickly by theapplication of ashes or c lay

,and he has often seen comm on m ud from lagoons, which

con tained m u ch decom posing weed 0 1 leaves , u sed for the sam e pu i pose . An instan ceis recal led on Peak D owns when one m an in flicted a dr eadful gash on another it om i

‘O Ha i n lyn-Ha rr is

, R . , An t h ro po lo gim l Con side ration s of Queen sland ,&C .

,PPOC R S Q°

Presiden t ia l Add ress , v o l . 2 9 , N o . 1 , 1 9 1 7 , 7 , 2 7 .

O n t he a u tho rity o f T . Il l id ge .

MEM OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—Yon. VI . ,PLATE X .

A N AM E PILLOW M AD E E N TI RE LY or EM U F EATHE R S .

Nat ive nam e“Hoo rb urra (Q . E . M itche l l R iver ).

The hab it o f sleeping w ith O n ly t he fla t grou nd beneath th e head bein g u n iversa l th rou ghoutQu eensla nd , m a kes this no ve l p illow t he m o re inte restin g, and the re c an b e

,I thin k , l ittle do ubt

tha t it s m a ke is d u e t o t he effects o f c ivil isat ion . The fea the rs a re secu re ly fastened togethe r w itha k ind o f white och re wh ich m u st ha ve b ee n appl ied o rigina l ly in a m o ist cond itio n

,t he feathe rs

becom ing fa stcn cd as t h e white ea rth d r ied .

F ace page 1 1 .

QUEENSLAND E THNOLOGICAL NOTE S .—HAM LYN—HARRIS . I I

the knee t o the hip para llel with the m u scles ; the bone was visi ble and the freedm uscles protruded . The wound was tied up in clay and ashes, and it was but a shorttim e afterwards that the boy was abou t aga in a lm ost withou t a lim p .

Mr . Watson gives the fo llowing interesting in form ation re a celebrated blackru ffian

, Paddy Maloney by nam e , who chopped his gin ’

s both legs off abou t six in chesbelow the knee . The gin surv i ved the operation and li ved in the Cu rrawilla StationCam p for years afterwards. It is a pity , however , that no inform ation is forthcomingwith referen ce t o the m ethod of cure adopted .

1 2

COUNTER - IRRITANTS .

The u se of coun ter - irr itan ts for pains is by no m eans u ncomm on . An instan cewas recently brought under m y notice by D r . Kesteven , when a ful l - blooded blackwas admitted in to the Gin Gin Hospita l su ffer ing from abdom in a l pain s and pains inhis left shoulder which he had for over two days . Prev ious t o adm ittance he hadscored the abdom en on each side of the m id - lin e wi th eight or m ne skin - deep in cisions.

from 1 t o in ches in len gth , and on the shoulder three long shallow incisions 4 t o 5 .

in ches long which extended over the scapu lae .

BORA RING. NERANG.

I am indebted to Prof . S . B . J. Skertchly (N erang) for the fol lowing notesS ituation — One m i le sou th of N erang Bridge , a quarter of a mi le sou th

of N erang Rai lway Station , on the road t o Gi lston . The road traverses and has.

n early destroyed the r ing .

Age—The N erang blacks are now extin ct . The ring was last used in 1 865

for a celebrated corrobboree whi ch Mr . E . Cooper (my inform an t ) attended .

Position .

—The Bora - ground was a noted one because (a ) it was situatedat what is called The Falls’

on N erang River , a b ar of sandston e where fish wereand are easi ly obtain ed ; (6) i t was the last crossing pla ce or ford ; (0) though in‘ forest i t was n ear scru b .

”

The flat upon which the Bora - ground is situated is covered wi th al luv iumThere are absolu tely no ston es in it .

Usage—The sandston e in the n eighbourhood (Palaeozoi c , probably Car

boniferous) weathers into very pecu liar boulder - like m asses, which a t first deceivedm e

"

as being waterworn . The r i ver grinds these in to still m ore im plem en t—like form s.

The blacks, finding su ch ready - m ade ston es ready t o hand in hundreds, took themt o the Bora - ground for tem porary use . E very ston e on the flat is of this quasiimplem en t form ,

and has been brought up and at the close of a m eeting left as not

worth carrying away .

“M r . Cooper and I found twen ty in ha lf an hour , and these I have

.

givento the Queensland Mu seum . Som e of them have been m ore or less Worked . The .

cruder ser ies form what m ay be ca ll ed the E oliths of the Au stra lian cu ltus, and

shou ld be sought for elsewhere as illustrating a phase of native life .

”

1 2 The blacks even tu a lly e xecuted Paddy M a lon ey in the ir own w ay (W . B . Wat-son ) .

1 2 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

SUNG IN AN ABORIGINAL CAMP ATs'r . LAWRENCE ABOUTTHE YEAR 1 870.

D . C .

This is sun g m ostly on m oon light n ights, a ccom panying a sort Of walk

round dan ce . These blacks were from the D owns coun try abou t the Isaacs andLotus Creeks. N um ber of perform ers vari es from t en t o twenty .

The singing is inu nison som e nati ves beating sm a l l waddies together tim e

,that of a sm art qui ck

m arch . Step is simi lar to a ga lopade .

” The sam e foot is kept in fron t . F ina ld rop to lower key - note is as m u ch of a grun t as a note , bu t at the sam e tim e c learand distinct , and accom panied by a vigorous stam p of the foot .

An eclipse of the m oon occu rred du ring one of these perform an ces . D irectlythe shadow was observed both song and dan ce stopped sudden ly , and a cry w

en tup similar to the wai ling for the dead , and con tinu ed unti l the eclipse was over .

(HO R ACE B UR K ITT , Co r inda ,31 D ec . 97

,D . 9542 )

M E S SAGE S AN D “ M E SSAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN -HARR IS . 1 3

ON M ESSAGES AND M ESSAGE ST ICKS

EM PLOYED AMONG THE QUEENSLAND

ABOR IG INES .

illustrated by Specim ens in the Queensland M useum Co llections.

BY R . HAMLYN—HARR IS , D .so Ere .

N OTH IN G appears m ore n atu ral than that pr im it ive people su ch as th eQueen sland abor igin es, havin g an ind ividual or tr iba l m essage to del iver , shou ldconvey su ch by m eans of a defin ite token ,

as a gu aran tee of good faith , both of

the m essage and the sender ; and that su ch a token shou ld be m arked to assistthe m essen ger in t he del ivery of his m essage .

On accoun t of the distan ce wh ich su ch m essengers wou ld on occasionshave to travel

,m emory st icks” wou ld becom e alm ost a n ecessity, and ther e

is,I think

,l ittl e doubt that cer ta in m arks are u ndoubtedly known and r ecogn ised

by tr ibal custom s, so that, however m any m ean in gless m arks su ch a token m ightcon tain ,

there are n ever theless certain sign s which wou ld always be r eadi lyunderstood . Su ch tokens or so- cal led m essage sticks

,

” however , wou ld n ot

be used m erely as m em ory st icks” bu t for other defin ite pu rposes, such as

,

for instan ce , a summons to an ind iv idual or group of individu als ( for eitherpr ivate or pu blic r easons ) to attend an in itiat ion cerem ony or to sett le a dispu te ,or for gen eral pu rposes of cor robor ee . Som et im es a m essage sti ck ” is pu r elyan in trodu ct ion ,

and at other t im es m ay serve as a passpor t through host i l ecoun try .

The sam e token has on occasion s a totem i c sign ifican ce , especial ly whencar r ied in con junction w ith the bu l l - roarer . The fact that a message stick ”

is often r etain ed un t i l the arr ival of the sender a lm ost su ggests a possibi l ityof its bein g regarded as a tem porary keepsake .

”

It is n ecessary at the ou tset to r eal ise one impor tan t fact , and that isthat these st icks ” must n ot be in terpr eted as a wh ite m an

’

s letter wou ldbe

,n or m ust it be supposed that the st icks cou ld talk in a white m an

’

s

lan gu age . A n at ive boy wou ld em phasize this by saying that the black boyswere n otha kin c an d that the boys m ake them to send alon ga notha m an .

”

To suppose that a m essage st ick ” cou ld be in terpr eted from the wh ite m an’

s

standpoin t is r idi cu l ed even by the blacks themselves, any on e of whom m igh t

1 4 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

be induced to exclaim that fel la hum bu g , ear ’

n t m ak ’em talk all a sam e wh item an

”

; and th is is, I th in k , one Of the m ost im portan t poin ts in the considerat iono f ou r Queensland m essage sticks .

”

N oth in g is m ore n atu ral , either , than even am on g pr im it ive folk a lovem essage shou ld be del iver ed by m ean s Of a love token

,and when su ch is th e

case it is n ot iceable that such a sym bol is not accom pan ied as a ru l e by any

part i cu lar set of m arks ; th e beau t ifu l n onsen se ” which every lover so highlyapprec iates is l eft u ndoubtedly to the im agin ation , unl ess it m igh t be that wec an d iscern in certain flash ” m arks

, som etim es so n ot iceable,som ethin g of

the sender ’

s em ot ion . It m ust be exceedin gly d ifficu l t for the white m an to

1m derstand th e proper sign ifican ce of the “m essage stick from the black m an

’

s

standpoin t, and it is becau se an endeavou r to explain th e m essage st ick ” fromou r own has so Often been m ade

,that we have been at a loss to understand the

subj ect proper ly .

Most au thors are ag reed that the m arked m essage st icks” tel l no

part icu lar story nor indeed have any spec ific m ean ing, hen ce the op in ion on

this subj ect of a m an l ike R . J . Cooper,of Melvil le Island (who was a lso Baldw in

Spen cer ’

s in form ant ) , is of the greatest possibl e valu e . Cooper in th is conn ect ionsays

There a re very f ew u sed 0 1 1 M e lvi l le Island . S ome people say that the blacks on

rece iv ing them can read or u nderstand the m arks 01 1 the st ick,b u t that is n ot m y exper ience .

Anyone entrusted w ith a m essage st ick ’ is told the m essage and the d ifferent m ean ing of

the marks. Som et im es st icks are sen t and no m essage is to ld to the bearer,that is in the

c ase of sweethearts,&c . T. have heard them read them ; one m ark m ay m ean h im want ’

em,

’

and then another one, a g row], and another m ark him want ’em m e go bush ’ ; and then anot her

person m ay ge t a st ick d ifferently m arked altogether and the sam e m ean ing appl ied, and vice

i'

ersd . I have rece ived m essage st icks ’ personal ly, b u t a lways the bearer has told m e whatis wanted , and the st ick expla ins itsel f

,each notch denot ing some defin ite art icle requ ired ;

and the st ick is simply sent to prove that the m essage is true, and is kept to refer to laterwhen the sender is m et w ith .

It is, however , hardly l ikely that su ch m arked sticks wou ld have or iginal ly

com e in to existen ce if th ere had n ot been som e defin ite in ten t ion of the irconveying som e pr ec ise m ean ing, and viewed in this l ight th ey are undoubtedlythe first pr im it ive step towards a wr itten lan guage . The idea of an aid to

m emory is noth in g n ew . D en iker in his “ Races of Man ( 6 ) gives a num ber of

very interesting instan ces of the use of sym bol ic objects and m n emon ic m arks,

su ch as for instan ce the litt le horn tablets bear in g notches wh ich have beenfound in the sepu l chral caverns of th e Quaternary per iod

,at Au rign ze

( D ordogne ) .

O f great importan ce to ou r subject is the r ecord of Harmand ( l l )d iscove red 1 1 1 a L aot ian vil lage in the shape of a notched tablet

,each notch of

wh ich had a defin ite sign ificance .

1 6 M EMOIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

N ew Z ealand.—N or do w e find m essage sti cks in u se am on g the

Maor is. J . F . Cheeseman,the D irector of th e Au ckland Museum

,sends m e the

fol low in g noteThe nearest approach that has com e under m y not ice is a l ittle art icle in this

M useum ,which is the lower va lve of an oyster shel l , through which a c ircu lar hole has been

neatly d r i l led . I was in form ed that such art icles were som et im es sent as a proof of the

honesty and rel iab i l ity of anyone sent w ith an im por tan t m essage,b u t I have been unable

to find su fficient support for the statem ent in other d istr icts to a l low m e to fu l ly accept itat present. W ith respect to credent ia ls sent w ith a m essage, I bel ieve one plan was t o send

a wel l - known M ere ( fight ing club of nephr ite ) or other weapon or ornam ent as a token of

th bona - fides of the m essenger .

”

Southern Africa .—The pr esen t Govern or of Qu een sland , Sir Ham i lton

Goold - Adams , who has spen t a considerable t ime in parts of Sou th Afr ica,has

kindly given m e the fol low ing in formation bear in g on this subject,which I

find far too in terestin g to om it . He saysThe tr ibes and k ingdom s of Southern A fr ica a re . very much m ore important

organ i z at ions than anything of the k ind in Austra l ia appears t o b e, and when a. m essage isto b e sent from one chief or k ing to another it is conveyed by ambassadors w ith due

ceremon ia l . When wr itten m essages are carr ied by the nat ives in the ord inary course of

t rade, business, &c .

, the procedu re is as follows z—As soon as the m essage is handed to

t he carr ier he immed iately goes to the nearest bush and cu ts therefrom a sma l l twig,in the cleft end of which he inserts the note, and there t ies it securely w ithbark . He then sets ou t

,carry ing the st ick in front of h im so that it m ay b e apparent

to all that he is the bearer of a m essage . Shou ld he find it impossible for h im“

to

com plete the jou rney , he proceeds to the nearest ch ief,inform s h im of h is m iss ion

, and

the m essage is invar iably sen t on b y another bearer . Very often , of course, there is delayin secu r ing another m essenger

,b u t it is a recogn ised thin g am ongst nat ive tr ibes that the

message m ust b e fo rwa rded,and it eventua l ly does reach its dest inat ion .

”

With r e fer en ce to m essages and m essengers of Tor res Stra it,I have the

fol low ing in form at ionYorke Island—K indly suppl ied by Ed . B . Connollv

1 . When a nat ive went to the bush in h is own island, or to an adjacent island, heleft a po inted st ick a t h is house w ith t he po int in the d irect ion he had taken .

9 If he was send ing a m essage to som eone on another island that he intendedpay ing h im a vis it in , say, five days

’ t im e,he wou ld send five st icks po inted at one end.

3. I f he wanted a person on another island to vis it h im he wou ld send sticks po inteda t both ends .

4 . If nat ives of one island intended to m ake war on another island in, say, ten days 't ime, they sent ten st icks burned at one end.

5 . If nat ives were approaching another island with peacefu l intent ions, they wou ldwave a g reen branch, b u t if with war like ones, a firest ick.

”

M E S SAGE S AN D“ M E S SAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN - HARRIS . 1 7

Badu —E . M . Z ahel kind ly w r ites as fol lowsIn send ing m essages to another island a relat ive was chosen i f possible

,and in the

c ase of love m essages a fem a le relat ive . If it were a m essage ask ing the f r iend or peoplet o come over to the island a p iece of pla ited cabbage - tree was sent ; i f there were n eed f or

haste a verv short piece, and i f n ot , a piece longer , according to t he urgency of the case .

In the case of a you ng m an w ishin g to take a gi r l f rom another island he wou ldsend a fem a le re lat ive

,when poss ible , and wou ld g ive her his anklet and a rm let. If t he g ir l

were w i l l ing she wou ld wear these ; if not,they wou ld b e retu rned by the m essenger .

“

S om et im es t he g ir l , when w i l l ing , wou ld send her anklet and a rm let in exchange . The man

wou ld a lso send a m essage as to when to expect h im t o com e and fetch the g ir l . The days

were numbered by the fingers up to two hands and then t he n umbering repeated”

Text- figure . 1 .

F i g . A,Anklet. F ig . B

,Arm let. “ Tiapu ru .

”

“ The anklet and arm let a re ca l led ‘Tiapu ru’

( also recorded by A . C . Haddon ( 1 0)a nd when sen t as a love m essage

‘M usu ra .

’ The p iece of cabbage - tree used t o denote t imeis ca l led Bu ruwa .

’

In send ing the news of a death to an other island the m an who has been the m aster of

c eremon ies a t the funera l was chosen . He was ca l led a‘ M arget, ’ he wou ld take a st ick ,

which was eviden tly a specia l st ick and on ly used on these occasion s- the on ly.

way theyseem ed to have used a st ick for m essages—and when t he people of the island were assembledand sitt ing down , he wou ld go next to the ch ief fr iend of the deceased and push the st ickinto the ground, at the sam e t ime asking i f so - and - so (m ent ion ing the n am e of the deceased )w ere there. The. people wou ld im m ed iately know he was dead and start to wa i l . This customwas pract ised a t Badu last m onth . A g ir l had d ied very u nexpectedly in Thursday Island

,

and her brother brough t the news over to the father . The b oy went to the father and askedh im if the gir l was w ith him . The father knew at on ce that she was dead.

”

1 8 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

0

The M urray Group .— I am indebt ed t o J . S . Bru ce for the fol low in g

in formationThe M u rray G roup, D arn ley, and Stephens Island people speak the same language

and the ir n at ive custom s are sim i la r . They had a k ind of m essage st ick which they used

am ong them se lves. It was n am ed Tom ,

’and was arrow - po inted b u t had no barb fixed on

its po int ._

A m essenger com ing from M ur ray to e ither of the above islands or vice versé, w itha verba l m essage was g iven a Tom ’ b y the sender to presen t as h is credent ia l . There was

no d istingu ishing m ark on the Tom ’t o show who the sender was, b u t on presentat ion it

was accepted in good fa i th as genu ine. The bearer of the m essage wou ld address the

rece iver , You r fr iend so - and - so sends his Tom ”to you .

’ I t was not retu rned,ne ither

was a Tom ’sent w ith the retu rn m essage . M essages accom pan ied by a Tom ’ were used

pr inci pa l ly by the sender in g iv ing n oti ce of his intent ion to pay a fr iend ly visit to his

fr iends,stat ing ab out the t im e they m ight expect h im , or invit ing a fr iend to com e on a vis it

to h im . The Tom ’waS

'

a lso u sed in send ing a cha l lenge to fight,w ith t he warn ing as to

the t im e when the'

at tack was l ikely to b e m ade . The last occas ion on which it was used for

th is pu rpose was ab out forty years ago, when ‘

a m essenger from M ur ray w ith a Tom ’ was

sent to Stephens Island warn ing the people there that they were to b e attacked a t a certa i nt im e . The trouble arose through t he S tephens Islanders having forced a youn g M ur raywom an (whi lst she and her father were visitors there ) t o m ar ry one of the ir m en . The

father got a m essage sent t o M u rray tel l ing what had been done,and h is fr iends arranged

to pun ish the Stephens Islanders and sent a m essage to them accompan ied w ith a Tom .

’

Form erly the people of the above islands traded w ith the people of the F ly R iver,Papua .

The old people te l l m e that they rece ived the Tom ’w ith a verba l m essage from Papua j ust

in the sam e way as they them selves u sed it in g iving not ice of an intended visit.N o m essage or Tom ’

was used between the peeples of the E aste rn and WesternIslands, as they had no intercou rse w ith each other u nti l recent t im es,

~ b u t they had a formo f Tom ’ in use am ongst them selves.

”

S ou th Austra l ia, bordering S . W. Queensland—In th is con n ection I

cannot re frain from m akin g som e r e feren ce to the Thdoas in use amon g theD iar i tr ib e of Cooper ’

s Cr eekWhen m embers of this tr ibe ( and, I bel ieve, the Wonkangu ra adjo in ing them on

the north ) intended to str ike camp in order to find a better hun t ing -

g rouml or m ore water ,&c .

, they made a Thdoa , which was usua l ly of wood ( frequ ently Acacia ( incu rs ) on which theypa inted a design . To this they added a few leaves or tw igs a t the top, or they m ou lded a

shape of clay o r gypsum ,a nd so on

,on to the wood

,and st ick in g the po inted end into a the

ground, usua l ly inside one of the ir huts,le ft it there, for any relat ion or f r iend who m ight

chance to com e after they had left . The finder knew how to read the signs. Thus, for instance ,

a waterho le ca l led Kapitakutu ( o r Kud'u ) was shown roughly represent ing a kapita or

ba nd icoot, by which the ir f r iends knew that they had gone to t he part icu lar waterho le bea r ingtha t nam e .

O r take anothe r i nsta nce . A Thdoa decorated w ith a tu ft of em u feathcrs_on a

white knob represented t he place Wa rukat ip it ipa lu . Wa rukat i’ is the D iarj for the em u ;

pit i ’ m eans t he hinde r pa rts, and pa lu ’white . O r

,aga in

,K ir rakir ran i. K i rra ’ is the

n am e for a boom erang and t he d im inutive is u sua l ly form ed by dupl icat ion , the ‘u i

’at the

end denot ing to’or in the d i rection of .

’ O n the top of this Thdoa two or three fishbones

a re fixed, to te l l the i r f r iends that they have gone to this part icu lar waterhole fo r the purposeo f fishing, and that usua l ly im pl ies on ly a tem pora ry absence from camp .

” 1

autho r ity of H . J . H i l l ier .

M E SSAGE S AN D“ M E SSAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN - HARRIS . 1 9

TECHNIQUE .

The kind of wood used is not of any par ticu lar sign ifican ce,sin ce it wou ld

probably be selected for its accomm odat ing size . It is in ter est in g to note thatam ongst the Queen sland Mu seum specim en s the fol low in g woods have beenused —L eichhardt pin e , wh ite p in e , cypress pin e , gum s of var iou s kin ds

,

blackwood, iron bark, &c .

2 Hibiscus brachysiphon iu s or som e oth er soft woodis used in the Gu lf distr ict (Hey ) ; wh ereas Roth inf orm s u s that som e su chwood as gidyea or tea - tree is frequ en tly u sed in N orth -West Cen tral Qu eensland

,

and that th e nam e for th e m essage stick am ong the Kalkadoon simp ly m eansa piece of wood . In the n eighbou r hood of Dun k Island

,so Banfield tel ls

m e , the n atives u sed n o particu lar wood, thou gh they had a pr eferen ce forwatt le

,especial ly that which was r eddish in colou r .

”As a ru l e the sticks

r em a in plain,th e use of ochre seem in g to be a m odern inv en t ion ,

'

at least so itwou ld appear from the study of the Qu eensland Museum specim ens ; the oldervar iety wer e rarely if ever ochr ed, bu t the m ore r ecen t the st ick

,th e m or e

ochre has been daubed on it . Th is, it seems , is also E . J . Banfield’

s opin ion ,

who says I have n o in form ation as to och res on m essage sti cks,e xcept du r in g

cu rren t t im es when it is sou gh t to catch the eyes of col lectors ; in su ch cases a

white clay , a soft red rock , an d a yel low ish earth are u sed w ith water . I thou ghtthat perhaps coral l im e m ight be em ployed

,bu t I am told not .

”

In pre - wh ite days th e wood was cut w ith a ston e implem en t u sed som ewhatas a saw .

_ The process wou ld of course be slow,bu t

,as we know , t im e with

the nat ive was of n o object . The p iece of wood on ce secu r ed was scraped downw ith shel l or ston e scrapers. F or po l ishing and obtain in g fine edges the stickswere rubbed togeth er un ti l the desir ed end was obta in ed .

In som e cases Banfield tel ls m e that the leaves of F icus opp osite wer eu sed for: pol ishin g, bu t ordinar i ly the shells m ade the stick smooth enou gh .

QUEENSLAND MESSAGE STICKS .

OB VERSE.

REVERS E .

Text- figure 2.

The obverse and reverse sides of a m essage st ick from the Burdekin R iver, Queen sland.

(N o . 970; 1 40 mm . x 1 7 mm . )

2 N o specific nam es of these can b e g iven .

20M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Th is st ick is m ade of iron bark and has 37 n otch es on each side .Both

su rfaces are m arked w ith extrem e care . th e smal l hol e havin g been made w ith

e ither shell or ston e dr i ll s.

On th e obver se side th r ee club sh ields are wel l defin ed ,w ith a varying

num ber of short double m arks over each sh ield .

On th e reverse , th ere are thr ee boom er angs Wi th one double m ark inside

each boom erang .

Message u nkn own .

OBVERS &

REVERS E .

Text- figure 3.

Obverse and reverse sides of Queensland message st ick .

(N o . Q.E .

1 1 5 mm .x 6 mm . x 8 mm . ; exact local ity unknown . )

This stick , m ade of ironbark, has zigzag l in es on the side of top corner ,

bu t not one l ine completely enc ircl es i t ;th ere is an isolated d iamond - shaped

figu re in cen tre of th e obverse side .Message unknown .

OBV ERS&

REVERS E .

Text- figure 4.

The obverse and reverse sides of a m essage st ick from theBarcoo.

(N o . 26 1 1 74 mm .x 1 9 mm . x 7 mm . )

This stick , wh ich is m ade of ironbark , suggests totem ic designs sim i lar

to those used on th e b odies of in it iates ,in eave~drawings ( as wel l as th e m

arkings

assoc iated w ith bur ial in N ew S ou thWal es) .The l in es and notches are moderately

deep , and the hol e has been dri l led.

with a firest ick .The n otches are in sets of .

3, 4, and 7 , and 2 , l , and

'

5 on sides respect ively .Message unknown .

M E SSAGE S AN D “ M E S SAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN—HARRIS . 2 1

OBVERSE.

REVERSE .

Text- figure 5 .

The obverse and reverse sides of a Queensland m essage st ick .

(N o . Q.E . 1 31 mm . x 1 0 mm . ; loca lity unkn own . )

A roughly fashion ed an d un tr imm ed sti ck “

m ade of iron bark,con ta in ing

a m essage w ith referen ce to a lon g jou rn ey . The flat obverse side on ly con tainsa lon g sinuous l in e and a very shor t on e, together w ith on e notch on the sideof the sam e . On the r everse ther e are a n um ber of irregu lar ly p laced l in esprodu cin g in the m ann er of their ar ran gem en t a rou ghly carved diamond - shapedfigu re , so character ist ic of m essage sti cks.

OBVERSE.

REV ERSE .

Text- figure 6 .

Two sides of a S outhern Queensland m essage stick .(N o. 972 ; 1 1 9 mm .

'

x 1 4 mm . )

Th is stick isan exception al ly in ter estin g on e, and is m ade of thewhitegum wh ich grows

.

along water cou rses, bu t is n ot actua l ly round ; it is dist in ctlym arked

,and the pecu l iar d iam on d - shaped figu res w ith a cen tre cu t ( on e w ith

two ) have u ndou bted phal l ic sign ifican ce,and is the on ly st ick of th is kind

which has com e in to ou r possession .

There are. al together 1 0 r epresen tation s of the vu lva indicating the num berof fem ales to be operated u pon at the cer em ony

, and abou t 35 str aight l in esden ot in g the m en

,the isolated groupin g indicat ing the num ber of el igibles from

each loca l ity .

2 9 bl Is'

MOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

’

OBVERS E. REVERSE .

Text- figure 7 .

Two views of a b ean ‘ shaped Queen sland m essage st ick made of p ine.

( N o . 28 1 1 ; 55 mm . x 1 5 t o 2 1 mm . )

F urther in format ion unobta in abl e .

OBV ERSE

REVERSE .

Text- figure 8.

Obverse and reverse sides of a typical m essage st ick from Roseb urth , B irdsvi l le.(N o. Q.E . 1 62 mm . x 1 4 mm . )

This st ick is very roughly fashion ed of pin e wood ,possesses no n otches

b u t on ly transverse l in es cu t on each side . An other specim en from the sam eloca l ity is very sim i lar

,except that her e and ther e ther e is a greater distan ce

between each cu t .

OBVERSR

ssv snss.

Text- figure 9 .

A rare fo rm of m essage st ick from the G regory R iver distr ict. ( A . M eston . )

( 1 90 mm . x ] 5 mm . ; nat ive name

This interestin g st ick is m ade of th e wood of the bean - tree,and its whole

su rface is m a rked w ith a fa in tly incised pattern heterogeneou s to a great exten t .The work has been accom pl ished w ith a m arsup ia l incisor , and is extrem ely

faint in places . The obverse side shows two notches at that port ion of the stick,

M EMOIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

0BVER S&

REVERSEText- figure 1 2.

A m essage st ick ornamented w ith feathers, from Turn - off Lagoon , via Burketown, NorthQueensland.

( N o. 1 96 mm . x 24 mm . )

M E S SAGE S AN D “ ME S SAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN - HARRIS . 25

This st ick, which was donated. by a Protector of Abor iginals,M r . E . P.

Sm ith , N E . in land of Bu rketown , is provided w ith a plum e of yel low - crestedcockatoo feathers moun ted in gum cem en t . A st ick of this kind, almost a rar ity

,

wou ld on ly be used by the headman of a tr ibe in commun i cat in g w ith theheadm an of another , and as soon as rece ived the p lum es wou ld be taken off thest ick and worn in the hair , pending th e arr ival of the cerem ony to which he hadbeen summon ed .

The l in es, half - circles, and crosses ( of which th ere are six altogether ) arebu t l ightly carved on a piece of. white gum , and the whole is raddled in darkochre . Su ch a m essage st ick m ight on occasions be wrapped up in a piece of bark .

OBVERSE

REVERS E .

Text- figure 1 3.

A m essage st ick from Turn - off Lagoon ,v id Burketown .

( N o . Q.E . 1 25 mm . x 20 mm . )

This pin e sti ck has an unusual design and is h igh ly suggest ive of whiteinflu en ce . The three figu res on th e obverse side alm ost su ggest a flag designw ith six dots, bu t th is must n ot be taken too ser iously

,sin ce the wr iter is tota l ly

unawar e of the m ot ive in design . M r . E . P. Sm ith in form s m e that the st ickwas sen t from a broth er to his sister tel l ing her that he had foun d the pol ice .

A lthough th e ar row here is undoubtedly in tended to portray the arm

of th e law,

” it shou ld n ot be en t irely over looked that there was a t im e whena sim i lar m ark resembl in g th e arrow was in u se and had other sign ifican ce( probably phal l i c from what I have been told ) .

O BV ERSE .

REVERSE .

Text- figure 1 4.

A fou r - sided pine m essage st i ck from Turn - off Lagoon , fuia Burketown .

(N o E . 92 mm . x 1 1 mm . x 8 mm . )

Z b‘

M EM OIR S OF THE QUE E NS LAND M USE UM .

This och red st ick contains ir regu lar ly in cl in ed zigzag l in es on the r everse,

and the per iod of six m oon s is shown by six straight'

lines on th e side, u n for

tunately n ot visible in the i l lustration .

The st ick,which is of r ecen t m ake i s an invitat ion from on e clan to

anoth er to visit a cor roboree in six m on ths (m oons) t im e .

OBV ERSE .

REV ERSEText- figure 1 5 .

A flat (white gum ) m essage st ick from Turn - off L agoon .

( N o . Q.E . 1 82 mm . x 32 mm . )

A stick at on e t im e the proper ty of the K ing of the Muholoon . Theclose sinu ou s l in es com pletely en circle the con fin ed area . The cross- m arkingsshown on the obverse side are produ ced where these taper off . Message unknown .

OBV ERS&

REV ERS EText- figure 1 6 .

M essage st ick from the Cape York Pen insu la.

( N o . Q.E . 1 09 mm . x 1 4 mm . )

Th is m essage st ick was sent by a nat ive of Aurukun to a native of Weipa,consen ting to his sister m ar ryin g the latter wh en he had bu i lt his hum py , andasking for paym en t in the form of a cloth from the woman and a pair of trousersand a singlet from th e m an .

The wood u sed is possibly a var iety of Hibiscus, and is crudely prepared,show ing haste in the m aking . There are altogether th ree rows of notches cu t

M E S SAGE S AN D “ M E S SAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN -HARRIS . 27

at irregu lar in tervals. A lthough the nat ives who used this st ick have been un derthe in flu en ce of c ivi l isat ion

,it is n ever theless a con crete instan ce of a defin ite

m essage .

OBVERS E t

REVERSE .

Text- figure 1 7.

A m essage st ick , as seen on t he two m arked sur faces, from the Cape York Pen in su la .

242 m m . x 1 9 mm . )

It is not an easy m atter to determ in e the kind of wood from wh ich thisstick has been m ade .

. It is n ot at all u n l ikely that it m ay be a piece of Hib iscusbrachysiphon ius, wh ich is r ecorded by Hey as bein g used in the Gu lf distr ictsfor th is pu rpose . Being

,however

, desirou s of procu r ing an exper t opin ion,

I consu lted M r . C . T . White,the Colon ia l Botan ist

,who says— “

It seem s l ikeone of the E uphorbiaceae or Urticaceae . The m edu l lary rays are p ronoun ced

,

c lose together,and sub - equ idistan t

,and un der a lens the por es are prom in en t

and dist in ct ; the soft pith occupyin g the cen tr e is ao

m arked featur e . N o dist in ctr in gs of growth cou ld be observed . Thou gh a l ight wood in cross sect ion itshows l ittle or no soft t issu e .

”

Th e st ick has a n um ber of squ are cu ts and a few back cu ts whichare distin ct and are ev iden t ly in tended to con vey a m ean in g of their own . Thetwo su rfaces between the rows of m arks are ochr ed in red . Message unknown .

OBV ERSE.

REVERSE .

Text- figure 1 8 .

A “ Cypress p ine m essage stick from Herbert R iver .

( N o. 390 1 29 mm . x 1 6 mm . ; donor , J. Gaggin . )

This round st ick is covered w ith zigzag l in es ( in groups ) irr egular lyp laced . Message unknown .

2S M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

OBVERS E

REVERSE .

Text-ngure 1 9.

A p ine m essage st ick from the Herbert R iver , Queensland.

( N o. 39 1 ; 89 mm . x 9 mm . ; donor , J. Gaggin . )

This st ick , thou gh in'

th e main round, has pract ical ly fou r sides and is

raddl ed w ith a dark - red ochre . The two rows of notch es num ber 24 and 25

r espect ively,and a groove ( track ) runs a long one of th ese r ows ; for the r est

z igzag l in es and crosses are typical . Message unknown .

OBV ERSE

REVERSETexte figure 20.

A Centra l Queensland m essage st ick .

(N O . 969 ; 1 54 mm . x 1 2 to 1 5 mm . )

A stick of se - cal led grey ”

gum w ith zigzag l in es, l ightly en graved,produ cin g on accoun t of their posit ion a rather con fu sed pictu re ; the diamondshaped figu res have con sequ en tly too un certain con tours. Message unknown .

OBV ERS&

REVERSK

Text- ngure 21 .

M essage st ick from Camboon .

(N o . 31 1 ( x ) ; 1 57 mm . x 1 9 mm . )

This stick,m ade of ironbark , is cyl indrica l in shap e , is provided w ith

winding ( lecussating grooves. Both on the obverse and r everse sides a d istin ct

M E SSAGE S AN D “ M E S SAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN - HARRIS . 29

double track is n oticeable—which cou ld hardly be in terpreted as flash m arks.

The m essage is unknown .

OBV ERSE.

REVERSE.

Text- figure 22 .

Two s ides of a m essage st ick from Camboon .

( N o . 31 2 ; 1 93 mm . x 2 1 mm . )

This st ick is m ade of an ironbark,and its sur faces are engraved with

fain t l in es,m ore p ron oun ced on the obverse side . Message unknown .

Text- figure23.

A North Queensland m essage st ick .( N o . Q.E . 1 1 4 mm . x 1 3 mm . )

Th is st ick,m ade of a spec ies of pin e wood

,had actua l ly been u sed fou r

years ago by a n ative . in send in g the fo l low in g m essage to h is broth er - in - law

from Cooktown to Cairn s,when the donor , M r . J . J . Bram ford (Oaklands) ,

procu red it .You tel l ’

em,com e three

'

m oon . I been see’em . White fel la steala

m e my coun try shoot ’

em brother alonga boat . Tel l ’em Sam son ; wh ich way

Char l ie ? Tel l em com e . Mother alon ga m e die . Moth er fir st tim e, die . Bye

bye m e tel l ’em . Toby alon ga m e .

” a

A ltogether there is appar en tly no special techn i ca l design from ~the studyof wh ich we cou ld classi fy the var ious Qu eenslan d st icks and determ in e w ithany degr ee of certain ty the loca l it ies f rom wh ich they cam e . It is n ever theless

3 Interpreted into inte l l igent E ng l ish this wou ld read som ewhat as fo l lowsM y brother - ih - law ,

I want you to leave hom e in three m onth s. I wou ld l ike you

to com e and see m e here. A white m an sto le m e from hom e and shot my brother in a boat.Tel l old S am son I ’

m here. Where is Char l ie? If y ou see him tel l him t o com e t oo . .M ym other and old granny have both d ied. Cannot te l l you m ore now. Toby is w ith me .

”

30 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENS LAND M USE UM .

an acknow ledged fact that th e n at ive can gen erally tel l wh ether a stick belongsto his cou n try ”

or not , and is, I fan cy , an ind icat ion that there was a tim e,

probably n ot so very rem ote,when ther e was a gr eater persisten cy of type in

defin ite d istr icts.

We have a n um ber of other m essage st icks in our col lections,bu t these

being of qu ite m odern m anu factu r e are not of m u ch im por tan ce ; they are m adem ost ly of a very l ight wood and are ochr ed in r ed . They con tain a whole hostof m arks eviden tly worked in accordin g to the fer ti le im agination of th e m aker

,

and I shou ld say were only m ade for trade pu rposes or in som e cases by specia lrequ est

,and can there fore n ot be sa id to have any r eal ethnologica l valu e . The

m arkin gs consist m ostly of a ser ies of n arrow l in es en circl ing the st ick , and

in som e instan ces crossin g and re - crossing on e an other ; in one spec im en . Q.E .

a crescen t - shaped figu re is eviden t ly in tended to rep resen t the sun,w ith

l in es radiatin g from it . This st ick m easu res 1 9 1 mm . x 1 7 mm . ,and com es from

Burketown ( don or , J . N . MacIn ty re ) .

Two st icks referred to and figu r ed by Banfield ( l ) (Q E . and

Q.E . are also in ou r col lect ion .

N orthern Terr itory

OBVERS E

REVERSE .

Text- figure 24.

A m essage st ick from t he Northern Terr itory( N o . Q.E . 1 1 2 mm . x 1 3 nnn . x 1 0 mm . )

Th is st ick was obtain ed by Bishop White (when Bishop of Carpen tar ia )on th e D aly waters , and donated by him to th e Queen sland M useum . Its in terestl ies in the fact that , just as the Bishop was leaving D arw in by coach , an abor iginalbov b rou ght th is stick to the driver and asked him to del iver i t to another blackboya t Dal v waters w ith th is m essage

Wan t ’

em p retty fel low alonga h ead,boom eran g .

Bishop Whi te was so in terested in the m atter that he undertook to

del iver the stick,bu t w ithh eld th e verba l m essage u n ti l h e had satisfied h imself

th at the recei ve r of the m essage had som e knowl edge of what the st ick was

32 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

p in e ; th e l in es are cu t deep ly and irregu lar ly . The obverse su r face is convex,

and has a num ber of zigzag w ith fou r deeply cu t l in es in the cen tre,and on th e

S lde fifteen notches. The r everse su rface is flat .

OBV ERSE

REV ERSEText- figure 27 .

A very roughly m ade p ine m essage st ick from M ounta in Creek,Northern Terr itory.

( N o . E . 1 1 5 mm . x 1 4 mm . Col lected by M r . M . J . Colc lough . )

Message unknown .

OBVERSE.

REV ERS E .

Text- figure 28.

A m essage st ick from the Northern Terr itory ( Roper R iver ) .

( N o . B .1 8 1 mm .

x 1 7 mm . Co l lected by M r . M . J . Col clough . )

A defin ite m essage accompan ied th is st i ck,together w ith three war - spears,

spec ial ly m ade and very straigh t ._ The m essage was som ethin g to this eff ectA broth e r sends warn ing to his broth er ( by a thi rd person ) abou t a com ingfoe

,who had set ou t to spear h im ow in g to a figh t over a lubra ,

and who was

app roach in g by a given rou te . Ow ing to the wet season and the fact that thewhol e coun t ry was in flood big fel la wata ”

) it wou ld take fou r m oons to

cove r the jou rney .

The stick,wh i ch is m ade of L eichhardt pin e , is cover ed with sign ifican t

m a rks . On th e obverse side the flood - waters are indicated by a deep gash ,

wh i lst the Your m oons are en closed in a ci rcle by th emselves. On th e r everseth ree l ines eviden tly refer to the th ree spears wh ich accom pan ied th e m essenger .

F or th e rem aimler , th e z igzags with th e i r n um ber and var iety cover the surfaceo f th e stick w ith the exception o f th e two ends, wh ich are unm arked .

M E S SAGE S AN D “ M E S SAGE S TICKS .

” —HAM LYN—HARRIS . 33

Th is st ick was obta in ed by M r . W. A . Cham bers who was

stat ion ed at Wyndham . It was said to be tabu to wom en . I am ,

however , in cl in ed to d ispu te th is statem en t , and beyon d plac ing th erem ark on record I shou ld h esitate to accep t it un ti l su ch a statem en thas been defin itely confirm ed .

There are three sinuous ( un broken ) l in es w indin g from end to

end, r eaching to with in abou t one in ch of each end . These a re

in terspersed by an im al tracks heading in opposite direct ions.

Message u nkn own .

Western Austral ia .—I am gr eatly indebted to M r . L . Glau er t

of the Perth Museum ,for his n otes 01 1 Western Au stral ian message

st icks, and as they are of value to the studen t I reprodu ce thegreater part of them here .

“ The d istr ibut ion , as i l lu strated in the Pe rth M u seum co l lec t ions, is fromK imb er ley to Shark ’

s Bay and in land to the U pper Gascoy ne , Wi lm a,and the

country around M en z ies and D'

avyhu rst.“ In the Nat iona l M useum , M elbourne, are spec im ens from Northam pton

n ear Gera ldton , York an d E sperance Bay on the South - east Coast.“ In shape the object is usua l ly cyl indr ica l , w ith po inted , rounded

,or

truncated ends. The length var ies from to 273 inches, and the thickness fromT5

?to 2g inches.

Three specim ens,ova l in sect ion , connect these m essage sti cks w ith the

‘m arhen ’

or passports figured by C lement ‘ and t he‘cug ina ’

or‘gilliana

’or

inv itat ion st ick of the same wr iter .

" These chur inga - l ike objects, used b y m en

and wom en of the North -west and K im b er ley as charm s and head ornam ents,a re usua l ly term ed ‘Lara ’ b y the blacks of the ne ighbou rhood of Broome . At

the same tim e it m u st b e n oted that a pol ice constable, recently retu rned fromPender Bay , D am p ier Land, near B room e i n formed m e that these ‘cobba - cobbast icks ’

were used to summ on ab or iginals to attend cobba - eob b as or corrob b orees.

In conn ect ion w ith this m atter I have no fu rther particu lars except the statement b y D r . H . Klaatsch to the effect that m essage st icks were unknown in theB room e country , so far as he was ab le to ascerta in

The Tech'n ique .

— A'

su itab le piece of wood having b een obta ined, thesu r face was sm oothed and t he design executed in scratches produced by a sharpobj ect such as a chip of stone , piece of shel l

,broken bone. As a r u le the

m ark ings are fine and ha ir l ike, b u t a type from the Gascoyne , Ashburton , and

K im ber ley ( C . 263,364

,697, 71 0) is ornamented w ith grooves which

are both w ide and deep . O ften the design is accentuated by a‘shading ’ of dots

or transverse cuts and by the rubb ing in of som e black m ater ia l , probably blackearth or a m ixture of charcoa l and f at , which fi l ls the scratches.

On severa l specim ens from the Kookyun d istr ict , the pattern has beenbu rned in b y apply in g heated i ron wi re, a m ethod which has superseded the

Or i g ina l pract ice of usin g glow in g tw igs or embers.

Austral . Assoc . Adv . Se.,v ol . x i

,Adela ide M eet ing 1 907

,p . 580.

34 M EM OIRS O F THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

The design traced upon the m essage st ick is varied in the extreme. I t m ay folld-w

som e definite plan or consist of a number of figu res of irregu lar outline w ith l ittle or no traceof any recogn isable plan . As is usua l ly the case with Western Austra l ian abor i g ina l ar t

,

representat ions of natu ra l objects such as trees,plants

,an im als

,b irds

,and m an are absent ; the

on ly except ions are m essage st icks of the type fig ured in t he Br it ish M useum Handbook, to the

ethn ograph ica l co l lect ions upon which hum an beings, plants, and snakes ( ll ) are dep icted.

P ract ica l ly all the designs m ay b e classed as geom etr ica l, closely a l l ied t o the conven

t ional patterns m et w ith on certa in types of shields, spear - throwers, bu l l - roarers, and churingaso f Western Austra l ia .

In descr ib ing and classifying the patterns I have comm enced w ith those designsthat most closely resemble a convent iona l type, and have endeavoured to show how the

var ious schem es adopted are related to this and to one an other .

The regu lar pattern,a dupl icated lon g itud ina l z ig z ag , is n ot u ncomm on on objects

m ade by Western Austral ian abor ig ines ,“ it is present on severa l m essage st icks, C . 345 WestK imber ley , 3829 from the Isdell Ran ges, West K imber ley , &c. ; by the roundin g of the anglesthe l ine m ay becom e sin uous as in C . 709 from the Gascoyne R iver and C . 346 from WestK imber ley . Subsid iary m ark ings in the form of groups of short transverse scratches sim i lart o the ornam entation on certain types of wooden spears are present on some of these messagest icks from the Kookyrui d istr ict, the U pper Gascoyne R iver 5454, the Ashburton R iver 4028and Wa l im a

,Lake Way 2537 .

By a lter ing the relat ive pos it ion of the two lines they are in some instances m ade toenclose loz en ge - shaped areas which are brought into greater prom inence through bein g coveredw ith num erous short transverse cuts or scratches. This var iety is not u ncomm on in the

Kookyru i d istr ict, where some specimens have been col lected having the pattern burnt in , not

in cised.

Another var iety m ay b e term ed t he Banksia - leaf pattern . This is a m odificat ionof the regu lar z i g z ag, produced b y the introduct ion of a long individua l band between the

z ig z ags. The d istr ibut ion of this pattern appears to b e confined to the north -west of WesternAustra l ia ( P i lbara d istr ict, the eight specim ens in the col lect ion having been obta ineda t Welm a and Berm ier Island . Those from the latter local ity were m ade by ! the n at ives fromthe Ashbu rton and Lyons R iver . There a re a lso m essage st icks w ith the Banks ia - leafpattern ar ranged transversely 01 1 the st ick instead of long itud ina l ly .

The transit iona l form s between these m ore or less regu lar designs and those in whichno order can b e recogn ised are natu ra l ly very var ied. They are wel l i l lustrated by a ser iesf rom Kookynie.

S pecim ens w ithout any trace of regu lar arrangem ent have been obta ined fromt he Gascoyne , Ashbu rton , and va r ious unknown loca l ities. Included am ong these are designss im i la r to those figu red in the Br it ish M useum Handbook . Fou r examples of these are presen tin the co l lect ion ; one cam e f rom the Gascoyne, the others are w ithout data .

A type wh ich m ay have evo lved from the above m a in group of dupl icated z ig z ags isrepresented by specim ens from t he Gascoyne, Ashburton , and K imberley ( ll ) . Here the

z ig z ags have been m od ified to form a number of adjacent angu la r figu res. The outl ines and

shad ing consist of deeply incised grooves into which black earth or charcoa l has been rubbed.

The six spec im ens ornam ented in this m anner were col lected m ore than twenty years ago and

a re u ndoubted ly gen u ine .

B r it . M us. Handbk. E thnog . col lections fig 92A, page 1 1 0.

M E SSAGE S AN D“ M E SSAGE S TICKS .

”—HAM LYN -HARRIS . 35

Fina l ly there is a sm a l l series of three exam ples from Wilim a. and the UpperGascoyne, qu ite d istinct f rom the var iet ies descr ibed above. The st icks are long itudina llyg rooved l ike a throw ing - st ick dowark

’or All three are ornamented w ith bands

or fine scratches pass ing tran sversely round the stick at each taper ing end ; the one has no

o ther m arkings, b u t the other from t he Upper Gascoyne, is covered with thin scratchesthroughout its whole length . The third specim en

,from ’

Wilim a,is sim i lar, b ut with the

long itudin al g rooves, whi ch in this case are m uch sha l lower , alm ost obl iterated by a, super

imposed design or z ig z ag l ines extend ing from end to end. N umbers of short transversescratches less than 1 inch in length, in groups of from two to seven

,are present wherever

the pr incipa l des ign perm its.

The number of specim ens in Western Austra l ian M useum col lections totals

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BAN H E LD, E . J .

BASE D OW ,H .

CLE M E NT, E .

D E N IKE R , J .

G ILLE N,F . J .

GO L LM E R , C . A .

GUN N, AE N EAS (M as )

HAD D O N , A . C .

( IL ) HAR M AN D

H owrr 'r , A . W .

Ibid .

Ib id .

Ibid .

L U MHO LTZ , CA RL

Con fess ions of a Beachcom ber,1 906 , p . 2 6 1 , w ith plate .

An thropo logica l Notes on t he Western Coasta l Tr ibesof t he No rthe rn Territory (p . 45 - 6 un der Tr iba lCom m u n icat ion s ) .

Publ icat ion s of the R oyal E thn ograph ieal Museum

Le iden . ser . 2 , N o . 6, v ol . xvi , plate V , figs. 6 , 6a , 7,

N os . 1 4 1 , 1 42 , p . 2 6 .

P l . i v, figs . 2 , 3, xi , N os . 1 90- 1 93, p . 2 9 .

The Austral ian R ace ,1 886 ( v ol . 1 , p . 1 50, w ith plate of

tw o specim ens of m essage st-icks from Qu een sland(n atu ra l s i z e ) ; v o l . 2 , p . 1 83, Paroo and Wa rrego

R i vers v ol 3, p . 2 53, M a ran oe. R i ve r, R om a ,

The R aces of M an (see w rit ing ,p .

S ee Spen ce r and G i l len .

On African Sym bol i c Messages . v ol . 1 4, 1 885 ,p . 1 69 .

The L ittle Black Prin cess , 1 909 , pp . 42 and 57.

R eport Cam br idge An thro . E xped . Torres Stra its , v ol .V,1 904, cha p . vi i i , Cou rtship and M a rriage .

M em . S oc . An thro . Pa r is , 2 se r . v ol . 2,1 875 - 85 .

On som e Au stra l ian Cerem on ies of In it iat ion, J ou rn a l

An thropo logica l Inst itu te , v ol . 1 3, 1 884, p . 438 - 9

(see a lso footn oteThe J eraeil or In it iat ion -Cerem on ies of the Ku rn ai Tr ibe .

v ol . 1 4, 1 885 , p . 301 (see a lso footn oteNotes on Au stral ian Message St icks and M essenge rs .

v o l . 1 8 , 1 889 , p . 31 4 , w ith on e plate .

The Nat i ve Tr ibes of Sou th - E ast Au stra l ia,1 904.

Chapte r1 1

, Messen ge r a nd Message St icks, 678 .

Am on g Cann iba ls , 1 889 , chap . 26 , p . 303.

36 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

M ATHEW,JOHN

Ib id .

F sm m ,CON S TAN CE (M IS S )

R -ATZ E L , F .

R OTH , W . E .

SM YTH, B ROUGH R .

S PE N CE R AN D G ILLE N

S P E N CE R , BALDW IN

E aglehaw k an d Crow , 1 889 , p . 60 (of M alay or igin ) , andp . 1 1 4 (L ove Lette rs ) .Two R epresentat i ve Tr ibes of Queensland ,

1 9 1 0, p . 1 24 .

Tom Petr ie ‘

s R em in iscen ces of E ar ly Queen sland ,p . 50.

Volke rkun de , v ol . 1 , 1 896 .

North Queen slan d E thn ography , Bu l letin N o . 8 , pa ragraph 1 2 ,together w ith plates 1 - 4 w ith deta i led

descr i pt ion .

E thn ologica l Stud ies am on g t he No rth -West Cen tra lQu een sland Abor igin es, chap . 9 , w ith plate 1 8

,pa ragraphs 235 - 237 .

The Abor i gin es of V ictor ia , 1 878 , v ol . 1 , p . 1 33, a lso pp .354 - 6 .

The Nat i ve Tr i bes of Cen tra l Au stra l ia , 1 899 , p . 1 4 1 .

(Natu re an d U se of ) p . 1 42 . M essage st ic ks as we

k now them in Qu een slan d ,n ot in u se am ong t he

Arun ta .

Nat i ve Tr ibes of t he Northern Terr itory of Au stra l iap . 35 and p . 329 . M essage st ic ks ann oun cin g

bi rth .

Gu ide t o t h e Au stra l ian E t lm ological Co l lect ion exhibitedin t he Nat ion a l M u seum o f V ictor ia , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 65 - 66 .

The Nat i ves o f Au stra l ia ,1 906 , p . 31 .

The Tr ibe 1 9 1 0, chap . 7 .

M EMOIRS OF THE QUE ENS LAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XI.

From life . N E I’HRURUS AS PER , Gun ther .

Fact; page 37 .

3S M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

is the gian t of Austra l ian skinks and grows to over 2 feet in len gth . It is qu itecommon at Tam bou rine , and may be fr equ en tly seen in or n ear other moun tain ousrain - for ests in Sou th - E astern Qu eensland . As it seldom ven tur es far from its

haun ts in the hol lows of large logs on the ground,spec im en s are not easy to

obtain . It is structural ly al l ied to E ger m'

a m ajor, as poin ted'

out by De Vis,and in the num ber , propor t ions , and disposit ions of th e head shields an d bodyscal es it is d ifficu lt to find dist in ct ion s. An azygou s nu cha l shield

,in con tact

w ith the in terpar ieta l,is pr esen t in both ou r specim ens of E . bungana and is

absen t in ou r ser ies of E . nwjor , bu t shie lds in this r egion are often var iable .

E . bu-

ngana, however , is str ikingly d ist in ct because of its colouration ,its habitat ,

and the larger size of adu lts. The en tire dorsal and dorsal - lateral sur face is a

un iform sh in in g black ; n ear to the ventra l r egion this m erges to a brown isht in t, and the ventra l su rface is yel low ,

w ith the exception of th e throat which issalm on colou r . Th e eye lids are yel low ish white

, and the ton gu e is blu ish .

S evera l youn g specim en s seen wer e also of a shin in g black colou r above . Becauseof its large b lack scales this l izard has received at Tambou r in e the cu r ious nam eof

“L and Mu l let . ” It has th e habit of lyin g ou t on logs in th e sun l ight,

especial ly after wet weather . A specim en,22 in ches in len gth

,was chopped out

of a hol low log by the wr iter . In capt ivi ty it thr ives wel l on raw m eat . Whenhandl ed or approached it gives ou t v igorous blasts of breath

,the bel low - l ike

m ovem en t of . the body bein g som ewhat r em arkable . The spec ific term is der ivedfrom its abor igin a l n am e .

LYGOSOMA (LIOLEPISMA) SPECTABILE (D e Vis ) .3

S ix spec im ens wh ich agree wel l with this spec ies were col lected by thewr iter at Tambou r in e Moun tain in Apr i l 1 9 1 7 . In r egard to the prepor tion sof the ta i l the or igin a l descr iption n eeds am end ing

,as it is m ore than half as

long again as the head and body , both in the type and in ou r later specim ens.

L . spcc labile m ay be dist in gu ished from L . musteli-num,apar t from certain

difier enees in colou ration ,by the greater n umber Of lam ellfe under the four th toe.

LYGOSOMA (HINULIA) TRYONI, sp . n o v .

Habit lacerti form : l imbs pen tadactyl e ; th e d istan ce between the end

of th e snout and the fore l im b is con ta in ed on e and one - half t im es in the distan cebetween axil la and groin . Sn ou t short, obtuse ; lower eyel id scaly ; n ostr i l in a

single n asal,fol lowed by a ser ies of loreals

,wh ich are not superposed ; no

p ranasal fron tonasal broader than lon g , form ing a w ide su tu re w ith the rostraland a n arrower one w ith the fron tal latter a l itt le shor ter than the fron topar ietaland in terpar i etal together , in con tact w i th the fi rst two supraocu lars ; four .

snpraocu la rs, second largest, and in add ition th ere is a smal l shield not ser ial lya l igned w ith e ith er th e supraoculars or the supraciliaries ; eigh t supraciliaries ;fron topar ictals and in terpar ietals d ist in ct ; the par i etals form a su tu r e behind ;two pa i rs of en larged n u ch als ; par ieta l bordered lateral ly by a large sh ield ;

3 L oc . c it p . 8 1 9 .

M EMOIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM - VOL . VI .,PLATE XII.

Face page 39 .

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENS LAND M USE UM XIII.

Face pago 39 .

QUE E NSLAND AN D PAPUAN RE PTILE S .—LONGMAN . 39

two an ter ior tem porals ; six u pper labials, th e fou rth bein g b elow the cen treof the eye ; ear - open in g subcircu lar , a l ittl e sm al l er than the eye - open in g ; nolobu l es. F orty smooth sca l es arou nd m idd l e of body , laterals sm al lest ; preanalscales en larged . Th e toes of the adpressed l im bs over lap ; digits lateral lycom pr essed ; 1 6 - 1 9 smooth

, u nd ivided lam el lae u nder th e fou r th toe . Ta i llonger than head and body .

In colourat ion this skink som ewhat r esem bles L . tenue, bein g brown ishabove , m ottl ed w ith black ; along the sides the dark m arkin gs are alm ost cont inuous, bu t do not form a r egu lar band ; the sides of both h ead and body are

m arked w ith l ight spots ; throat m arbled w ith black,otherwise the ven tral

su r face is whit ish .

Total l ength 223 m illim . ; tai l 1 22 ; fore l im b 25 ; hind l im b 35 ; head 22,w idth of head 1 4.

Descr ibed from two specim ens col lected by M r . Hen ry Tryon in theMacpherson Ran ges, ft .

,Sou th Qu eensland . Reg . N os. J . ( type ) ,

3024 (c o- type ) .

Lygosom a, tryom r esem bles L . ga oyi in the n um ber of its body sca les,bu t

is r ead i ly distin gu ish ed by its m or e obtu se snou t , shorter ta i l , l esser number of

lam ellae under the fou r th toe (which are undivided ) , th e absen ce of a pr efron talsu tu r e , and th e disposit ion of the upper labials in r elat ion to the eye .

O pHlDlA

DIPSADOMORPHUS IRREGULARIS

Through the cou r tesy of M r . D . Le Sou e f , D irector of the Zoologica lGardens, Melbou rn e , we r ecen t ly r eceived a snake captu r ed at D unk Island.

which he not iced was qu ite dist in ct from the common Brown Tr ee Sn ake . Thisspecim en is ol ive brown above , being darker in th e ver tebral r egion and l ighteron the sides. There are n o transverse m arkin gs. Th e ven trals are yel low ish andm or e or

,

less clouded w ith darker m arkings which are stil l m ore pronoun ced on

the sub caudals. The an ter ior palat in e and m andibu lar teeth are en larged . S cal esin 21 rows, 1 5 n ear the anus ; ven tra ls 26 1 ; an a l en tire ; sub caudals 87 ( in comp lete) . This is the first r ecord of the w idely spread and var iable D . ir regu laris

so far sou th , though it has been n oted from Torres S trait Islands. PossiblyMacleay

’

s“

D . boydfii,from In gham

,N or th Qu een sland

,shou ld be m ore cor rectly

placed in its synonymy than w ith D . fuscus. M r . E . J . Banfield ,Dunk Island ,

has sin ce forwarded a second specim en . He r ecords “V\7at - tam

”as the abor igina l

n am e,and gives an in terestin g accoun t - of its habits in “ Tropic D ays” (F isher

Unw in ,p . 240. L ike its con gen er , D . fuscas, it feeds on birds.

and M r .

Banfield states that the blacks r egard its bite as fatal . A lthou gh its fangs are

situ ated at the back of the mou th,th er e m ay be som e basis for this View . The

Boom -slan gs of Sou th Afr ica were on ce regarded as harm less, bu t F . W. F itzsim on s

has shown that th e bite is occasion al ly attended'

w ith fatal r esu lts to m an . It is

obvious that cer tain species of Opisthoglypha n eed to be handled w ith cau tion .

40 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

TOXICOCALAMUS LONGISSIMUS, Bou len ge r .

In 1 905 De Vis descr ibed a snake from Vanapa Val ley, Papua, as Vanapinal ineata,

* both genu s and spec ies being r ecorded as n ew . His descr ipt ion con cludesw ith th e qu ery— “

Is this Ap istocalanw s lorire, Un fortunately the typehas disappeared, b u t there is n o doubt that the genus Vanap ina shou ld be in cludedin Bou lenger

’

s Toxicoca lam usf wh ich D e Vis had overlooked . It seem s probablethat the actual species is also iden tical w ith T. long

-issim us. The differ en ces tobe noted from th e descr ipt ion s are very sl i gh t

,bu t as Bou lenger

’

s Spec im en scam e from Woodlark Island it m ay be that th e m ain land form is separable as

a var iety . Ap istoca lam us Iorirr is, of cou rse , qu ite distin ct . Th e character ist ics

of th e six Papuan snakes in th is group have been tabu lated by Bou lenger .

“who

stat es that th e later gen era Ap istoca lam us an d Pscudapisioca lam'

us are doubtfu l ly d ist inct from Tor irocalam us.

PSEUDELAPS HARRIETTIE (Kre fft ) .

(P late XIV. )

On 3rd Au gust , 1 91 7, the wr iter secu red from u nder a heap of rubbishin a B r isbane garden five youn g spec im en s of th e White - crown ed SnakeR eam /claps harriet tm (Kr eff t ) . These were each abou t 1 60 mm . in length and

had eviden t ly just em erged f rom the eggs,as seven em pty egg - cases wer e found

c lose by . Th ese l ittle snakes were lead - colou red above ; the white circlet on th ehead was very sharply defin ed and en c losed a shin ing black patch on the fron ta lan d par ietal region s. The l igh t longitudinal l in es on the dorsal and la teralscal es of th e body wer e prom in en t

,an d an ter ior ly th ese wer e con tinu ed on the

latera l sca les u nt il. they term in ated in th e white m arkin gs of the lower'

labials.

In l i fe th e pupi l is a lm ost c ircu lar . In three specim ens the n asal shield was

not in con tact w ith th e pr eocu lar . In all five the scales were in 1 5 rows, and

the anal was divided . The ven trals var i ed from 1 72 to 1 80 and the pa ir edsub caudals from 28 to 38 in addit ion to single term in a l scal e .

Pscudelaps harrie l tcc often shows great agil ity wh en distu rbed , and throwsits body f rom side to side w ith q u ick con vu lsive m ovem en ts. Adu lt spec im enshave the power of flatten in g themselves to a su rpr ising exten t . Th is snake wi l lsomet im es raise the an ter ior fou rth o f the body alm ost ver tical ly

,whi lst the head

is sha rply ben t a t a r igh t angle, the attitude br in ging to m ind som e of the

il lustrations of th e Ind ian cobra .

In l i fe the gen e ra l colou r of adu lts is a dark slate,the l i gh t longitudinal

l ines being barely not iceable . The wh ite m arkin gs on the head en c ircle a patch ofsh in ing black . O n the ven tra l su r face the pre va il in g colou r is a l ighter slate thanthat of the dorsu rn . I’seudc laps harriet tre is qu ite a common snake in theBr isbane distr ict .

4 1 1 0 Vis , An n . Q id . M us,N o

, 6 , “105 , p . 48 .

Bou le ngo r , An n . Ma g . N a t . Hist . 1 896 ,xvi i i

, p . 1 5"

B i u lu ngo r . An n . Ma g , N a t . Hist , 1 908 , i , p .

M E MOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM—VOL . VI . , PLATE XIV.

Face page 4 1 .

QUE ENSLAND AN D PAPUAN R E PTILE S .—LONGMAN . 41

LATICAUDA COLUBRINUS

In his diagnosis of fou r species of Platu ru s in the Br itish Museum Catalogue of Snakes

,Bou lenger sect ion ed them according to the pr esen ce or absen ce

of a keel on the poster ior ven trals. This character ist ic does not appear to beof qu ite u n exceptional va lue , and th e m atter has a direct relation to th e statu sof Plat'ur us frontalis, D e Vis .

7 Captain F . Wal l states " that he has found a

m edian ven tral keel “ in at least th r ee specim en s of what I consider u ndoubtedP. latica udatus,

”and he th inks that m ue ller i shou ld be in cluded w ith th is species.

S tejn egergsom ewhat am biguously r efers to L . m u ellcri as

“a L . laticaudatus

with a ven tral keel . ” Ou t of fou rteen spec im en s of colubrinus in the Qu een slandMuseum ,

on e has a d istin ct keel and an other has a trace . Th e type of “Platu rus

fron talis'

ag r ees in detai l w ith L . colu br im ls,bu t a m edian ven tral kee l is pr esen t

on the poster ior ven trals . In view of the var iabil ity n oted,th ere are in su ffic ien t

grounds for separ ating frontale’

s from colubm’

nus. Barbour‘0 pr efers to considerL . col'ubriu-

as itsel f as a subspecies of la ticauda ta . As pointed ou t by Ogi lby,

“

the gen er ic term L a ticawda has better cla im s than Pla tur us for th ese snakes.

HYDRELAPS DARWINIENSIS, Bou lenge r .

Whi lst exam in in g specim en s of juven i le L aticauda, colu bm’

nus in th eQueen sland Museum col lect ions, a sol itary exam ple of the appar en tly rar e sea

snake Hydrela-ps darwimicnsis was found by th e wr iter . Th e superficialr esem blan ce between the two accoun ts for the ir bein g m ixed in the old col lect ion .

Our spec im en agrees wel l w ith Bou len ger ’

s descr iption ! 3 bu t the ta i l is r elativelylon ger . The scale formu la is as fol lows z—Body rows 27 ; ven trals 1 68 an al 2 ;subcaudals 36 (single ) . Total l en gth 380 mm . ; tai l 48 . Un for tunately n o

local ity is avai lable . L on nberg and Andersson have r ecorded a spec im en fromBroome .

LAPEMIS HARDWICKII, G ray .

Th e Qu een slan d Mu seum has a specim en of th is shor t sea snake , whichwas captu red at Town svil le . The ven tral su rface was rou gh ly open ed up for

purpose of preservat ion ,and it is thus im possible to give a complete scal e data .

Th is is th e first exam ple to be noted in ou r r egister,bu t Wern er has r ecorded

it from Shark ’

s Bay ,Western Au stral ia .

“ We have fol lowed S tejn eger in

usin g L apemis in pre fer en ce to E nhydm'

s.

7 D e Vis , An na ls Qld . Mu seum ,x'

i , 1 905 , p . 48 .

9 “7a“,P. Z .S . 1 903, p . 96 .

9 S tejnege r , He rp . o f J ap . ,Bu ll . 58 , U . S . N a t . M us . 1 907 , p . 402 .

1 ° Ba rbou r, M em . Mus . Com p . Z oo lo g . Ha rv . ,xl i v

, 1 91 2 , p . 1 31 .

n Ogil loy , Pro c . L in n . So c . xxii i,1 898 , p . 363.

1 3 Bou lenge r , B ri t ish M u seum Cata lo gue , i i i , p . 270,pl . xi i , fig . 1 .

1 4 We rne r, Fau na Su dwest - Au s . , ii , p . 2 63, 1 909 .

M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

FURINA ANNULATA (Gray ) .

( P late xv . )

The larger forms of F ar ina annnlota (Gray ) have a rem arkable hab it ofrais ing on e or m or e loops of the body and holding them almost vert ical ly a loft .This att itude is wel l i l lu strated in Plate XV

,and they m ain tain this position

w ith su rpr ising r igid ity . Th is is probably an in stan ce of an aposem atic condit ion .

A lthough this snake has been catalogu ed under the n am e of F a rina

occ ipital is, Gray ’

s n am e,given w ith a descr iption in the appendix to Grey ’

s

Jou rnals of Two E xpedit ion s of D iscovery in N or th - west and Western Austral ia,

v ol . i i,p . 443

,publ ished in 1 841

,has pr ior ity .

DISTEIRA MAJ OR (Shaw ) .E xam in at ion of th e type of D isteira nasal/is, D e Vis,

1 5shows that this

cann ot be separated from D . ma jor . It was descr ibed from a youn g specim enon ly 400 mm . lon g . D e Vis

“

attach ed importan ce to the d iv ision of the nasal bya l in e to th e pre fron tal , bu t th is cond ition is pr esen t on ly on the le ft side . Copedescr ibed a sim i lar featu r e in his n ote on D . which is in cluded byBou lenger in th e synonymy of D . m ajor .

” The poster ior an gle of th e l e ft nasalis produ ced between the m ed ian pr e fron tal su tu r e and thus r edu ces its l en gth .

Ther e are two super imposed an ter ior tem porals, the lower being som ewhat inadvan ce

,and below th is ther e is a verv sm al l labial which was eviden t ly n ot

con sidered by De Vis. Ther e are thu s seven and n ot six,upper labials. On the

r ight side ther e is a sm al l sh ield between the two postocu lars and the an ter iortem porals. The poster ior pair of chin - sh ields are so sm al l that they can on lyju st be d ifferen tiated from the su r roundin g scales. With these n ecessary .

em endations it is scarcely possible to separate D . nasal/is from D . m ajor .

DISTEIRA ELEGANS (G ray ) .Var ia tion in a S ea S nake and its You ng

—Ou 1 3th Mar ch,1 9 1 7

,the

Queensland Museum r eceived a sea snake which had been captu red in the Pin eRiver

,M r . Cross bein g the don or . Th is proved to be the common E legan t Sea

Sn ake,D istci'ro elogo

-

ns,Gray

,which is the species most fr equ en tly secu r ed on

ou r coast . E xam ination of th is sn ake showed that it con tain ed e ight youn gwh ich were eviden tly n ear the per iod of bi rth

,th e l epidosis being wel l developed .

As the range of var iation in th ese snakes has been th e subj ect of no l i ttle con trov ersy , the wr i ter thought it wou ld be an exce ll en t opportun ity to place on r ecordsom e o f the chief features of the m other and young .

S even of the eight embryos were r emoved from th e associated m embran esand c losely exam in ed . The preva i l ing colou r on the ven tral and la tera l su r facewas a beautifu l F rench gray . This was con tin ued on the back in a ser ies of

from forty - five to fifty - two bands,which al ternated w ith w ider dark patches.

Th e l igh t ba nds we re th emselves regu la rly dark - spotted on th e ( lorsum ,whilst

‘3 D e Via , An n . Qld . M us . N O . (5, p . 48 , 1 905 .

“5 Co pe ,l ’ rn e . Ac . Pliila d . 1 859 , p . 347 .

'7 Bo u le n ge r , B rit . M us . Ca t . Sn . i i i , p . 2 89 , 1 8 9 6 .

page 4

QUE ENSLAND AN D PAPUAN RE PTILE S .—LONGMAN . 43

the sides were marked w ith smal ler spots, the whol e form in g avery handsom epattern . The head was dark above and on the sides

,and on the m edian ven tral

sur face the dark m arkin gs wer e alm ost con t inuous.

These specim en s var ied bu t l itt le in length , all bein g abou t 360 mm . Thed iam eter of the c ir cu lar fore par t of the body was considerably m ore than hal fof the ver tica l d iam eter of th e com pr essed poster ior par t . The ch in - sh ieldsshowed bu t l ittle var iation

,althou gh the degree of con tact of the poster ior pair

var ied . A large term in al caudal sh ie ld was pr esen t in each spec im en . Som e ofthe var iation s n oted are set forth in th e fol lowing table

,2878 being the r egister ed

num ber of th e m other

No . 0f

bands .

PreOC.Up . lab ials . Se . N eck . Sc . Body . Ventrals .

Small additional lab ial b etween 4t h and st h .

The exse rted hem ipenes show tha t n um be rs 4, 5 , 6 , a nd 7 a re m a les .

The shields on th e upper su r face of the head pr esen ted n o spec ia l divergen cies. In each the prefron tals were in con tact w ith the second labia l . Ther ewas som e l itt le var iat ion in the lengths of the m edian su tu res between the pairsof prefron tals and n asals. The var iation in the num ber of ven trals was from350 to 380 ( the m other ) , and th is su ggests that the m ale par en t had a con

siderab ly lower ran ge than that of th e fem ale . Boettger 1 8 has poin ted ou t thatthe m a les have fewer ven trals, bu t ou r figures do not give m u ch suppor t to hiscon c lusion s. The coun t in g of th e ven tra l ser ies in the youn g pr esen ted som e

d ifficu lt ies ow in g to th e irregu lar ities,espec ial ly in the umbi l ical r egion ,

bu t

a lthou gh the figu res m ay n ot be absolu tely cor r ect they are substan t ial ly so .

Th e sca le ser i es around the body appear to be fair ly constan t in number .

The presen ce of one or two tem porals is of considerable importan ce . Th efifth labial m ay becom e lateral ly d ivided and its u pper por t ion w il l then forma lower and second an ter ior tem poral . Th is is som ewhat in advan ce of the upperbu t the sn ake wou ld probably be descr ibed as possessin g two superposed an ter iortem porals. S tejneger has n oted a var iat ion of th is type in his study of D is-tetra

melanooep i wrla.

‘9

A ful l descr iption of the paren t sn ake fol lows. It w i l l be n oted that thediffer en ce between the sl ender fore par t of the body and the com pr essed poster ioris very mu ch greater in the adu lt .

1 9 Boettge r , Zoo l . An z . ,1 888 , p . 395 .

1 9 S t ejn ege r , Herpet . o f Ja pa n , Bu l l . 58 , U .S . N a t . Mus ,p . 425 , 1 907 .

44 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

F or e par t of the body sm a l l and ci rcu lar , abou t 1 6 nn u . in d iam . poster iorpar t flatten ed , its vert ical diam eter being fu l ly three t im es that of the n eck .

Rostral sl ight ly broader than deep ; n asals a l ittl e shorter than th e fron tal,

n ear ly t h ree t im es as long as the su tu r e between th e prefron tals ; fron ta l subhexagon al

,shor ter than par ieta ls

,lon ger than b read

,a l ittle lon ger than its .

d istan ce from th e rostral ; on e p re and two postocu lars ; on e large an ter iortemporal

,fol lowed by a second . Seven u pper labials

,secon d largest, th ird and

fou rth enter in g eye . Two pa irs of subequ a l ch in - sh ie lds,th e second bein g on ly

in con tact. an ter ior ly ; 27 scal es round th e n eck,44 rou nd th e body ; scales

sl ightly im br i cate . Th ey are prom in en tly keeled on th e poster ior part. of thebody wh ere the ven tral scal es are a lso feebly m arked w ith two keels, bu t thecar inat ion en t irely disappears on th e n eck : Ven trals 380

,distin ct throughou t ,

t hou gh a l itt le ir regu lar in places. Th er e are two pairs an d 46 sin gle subcaudalscal es between the an a l r egion and th e large term inal shield .

The head,body , and ta i l are of a dir ty w h itish colou r

,w ith yel low ish

t inges. On the dorsal su r face there are 48 large rhomboidal spots,pal e slate

on th e body bu t som ewhat gr een ish n ear th e head ; these altern ate w ith a ser i esof sm al l er lateral spots

,which are less distin ct an '

ter ior ly . Th er e are no specialcolou r patterns on the h ead . A ser ies of black spots on the ven tral sca les form sa wel l - m arked in terrupted black lin e on the an ter ior half of the body .

Tota l l ength mm . ; tai l 1 20. R eg . N o . Q.M .J .

The w r iter bel ieves that the var iat ions her e noted in the mother and

offspr in g,a lthou gh of con siderable in terest , ar e bu t an ind ication to the far

gr eater var iat ion w ithin th e en tou rage of a Hydr id species.

F ol low ing other workers, we have exam ined th e teeth of cer ta in specim ensof Hydroph is, and t hese show under m agn ification traces of the grooves whichwere on ce though t to be dist inct ive of Disteim and which are certain ly m u chm ore obvious in som e spec ies than in others. J . Van D enbu rgh and J . C.

Thom pson have set ou t th e eviden ce on th is poin t . 2 0 As the distin ction betweenthese gen era seem s to break down ,

we have pre ferr ed to cal l the snakes actual lyunder review D is- tetra eleg

'

a'ns. In the larger num ber of the body scal es,these

spec im ens agree with Bou lenger ’

s Distcim grander .

“ In h is monograph of the Sea '

S nakes, Wa l 2 2 has in terpr eted th e range of S haw ’

s spira lis so as to in cl ude som eh alf - a - dozen others sin ce descr ibed . S hou ld this att itude be adopted

,and th ere

a re m any reasons for so doing , certain of the Queensland Museum spec im ens n ow

n am ed as D istcira elega ns shou ld be desi gnated as sp iral/is. L onn berg and

Ande rssen ’

s Distcira mjo'

borgi?“wou ld also com e n ear to sp

'ira lis in the broadersense . Probably m any of th e difficu l ti es in th is group wou ld be b est solved byusin g tr inom ials.

2" P roc . Ca l i fo rn ia Acad . S c i. , i i i , 4 l,1 908 .

2'Brit . M us . Ca ta lo gue ,i i i

,p . 293.

Mem . As ia t i c So c . Be nga l , v o l . 2 , N o . 8 , 1 909 .

2" Ve t . Ah . Ha nd l . , S to ckho lm , 52 . N O . 3, p . 1 3, 1 9 1 3.

46 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

bu t you m ay r ely u pon the characters in the key . I m ay add tha t he is of

Opin ion that P. p oweri and P. joll'ijfci are colou r var iet ies of one and the sam especies ” ; a con clu sion w ith which I can n ot agree for the r easons given pre

v iously .

2 In deal in g,ther e for e , with the two last species I have added cer tain

other characters to M cCu lloch’

s key , bel ievin g that w ith two fishes‘

of almostiden tical siz e so great d iffer en ces, as, for instan ce , are shown in the in terorbitalw idth and th e w idth of the body , cou ld not possibly exist in a single spec ies ;m or eover

,my second exam ple of P. jollfifici fu l ly suppor ts m y con ten t ion .

Key to the S pecies of Pa rapleaiops.

a ’. Preopercle en t i re 34 o r m ore sca les on t h e u pper bran ch o f th e la tera l l in e an d u su a l ly

6 between it and t h e lowe r bran ch .

b l . Cheek - sca les in abo ut t en se r ies body l ight , w ith da rker cross - bandsb e. Cheek - sca les in two o r three ser ies body (ta n ker , w ithou t cross - bands.

cl

. E leven do rsa l spin esTwe lve do rsa l Spin es

az. Preopercle spin ose above t he an gle abou t 30 sca les on the u ppe r bran ch o f t he latera l l in e

a nd fiv e between it and t h e low er bran ch .

d‘. Body l it tle com pressed in tero rbita l regionn a rrow cleft of m ou th subhor i z on ta l body

1 . bleekcr'i.

2 . gigas.

3. m eleagm'

s .

da rk pu rpl ish black , w ith da rke r cross - ban ds 4. jollifiei .

d z . Body stron gly com pressed ; in te ro rbita l region w ider ; cleft o f m ou th obl i qu e ; body5 . p owcri.l ighte r , w ithou t darke r cross - bands

PARAPLESIOPS BLEEKERI (Gun the r) .

( Plate XVI . )

Plcsiops b lcckeri Gu nther , Br it . M us. Cata l . F ish ,ii i

,1 86 1

, p . 364 ; id.,Fisch . d. Sudses, pt . 2 ,

1 874, p . 87 , pl . lv i i i , fig . A ; M acleay, Proc. L inn . S oc. N . S . Wa les,v,1 881

, p . 400;

Og il by , Cata l . F ish . N . S . Wa les, 1 886, p . 22 .

Ifuppelia p rolong/ « ta ( Jastelnau ,Proc. Zoo l . Accl . S oc . V ic. , ii, 1 873, p . 5 1 ; id .

,Proc. L inn.

S oc . N . S . Wa les, i i i , 1 879 , pp . 353, 359 .

Parap lcsiops b lacker -i B leeker , Verb . Akad. Am at ., xv , 1 875 , Pseudochrom .

, p. 3; Bou langer ,Cata l . I’erc it’ . F ish ,

i, 1 895 , p . 338 ; Wa ite, Synops. F ish . N . S . Wa les, 1 904, p . 28 ;

S tead , E d i b . F ish . N . S . Wa les,1 908

,p . 60.

Ru eppcll-ia. p rolonga ta Og i lby, ibid .

?R uppcl ia p-

rolonga ta Z ietz , Trans. Roy . S oc. S . Austr .

,xxxi i i

,1 909

, p . 268 .

ROUNDHE AD .

Devi l F ish (Victor ia, fide Castelnau )Type loca lities Gun ther ; Por t Jackson ,

Macleay (P.

Hobson ’s Bay (R . p rolo

/

ngata ) .

Body subovate and com pressed, the ven tral con tou r rather m ore arched thant he dorsal

,its w idth at the shou lders abou t half its depth

,wh ich is 2 7 to 2 83 in

its l ength and a l ittle m ore than the l en gth of the head . Caudal pedun cle abou t2 Proc . Roy . S oc . Queensl , xxvi i i, 1 9 1 6 , p . 1 1 3.

M EMOIRS OF QUE ENSLAND M US E UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 46 .

E D IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENS LAND—OGILBY. 47

two fifths deeper than lon g, its l east depth 5 67 to 6 in the body - len gth . Headabou t fou r n in ths deeper than w ide , the fron to - occipita l profi l e subl in ear and bu t

l ittle accl ivou s, that of the n ape feebly rounded and som ewha t ra ised above thelevel of th e occ ipu t , its w idth 1 8 3 to 2 in its length , which is 2 -83 to 3 in that ofth e body . Snou t w ith rou nded profil e, its len gth abou t on e - e ighth less than theeye

- d iam eter , wh i ch is 3 5 to 3- 67 in the length of the head . In terorbital r egionfeebly convex , its w idth 1 2 to 1 5 in the eye - d iam eter . Jaws equ a l ; cle ft of m ou thvery obl iqu e ; m axil lary extend in g to beyond the ver t ical from the poster iorborder of the pupil , its l en gth hal f or rather m ore than hal f that of the head , th ew idth of its gen tly rou nded d istal extrem ity 1 -75 to 1 8 3 in th e eye - diam eter .

Prem axil lar i es w ith a band of vil l i form teeth , broad in fron t , gradual lynarrowin g laterally, and an ou ter row of shor t, stou t , cu rved, and som ewhatd istan t teeth ; a few sl ender , depr essibl e teeth on each side of the sym physisposter ior ly . Mandibu lar band sim i lar an ter ior ly , bu t narrower and w ithou tdepr essib l e teeth ; lateral ly the teeth are of equ al size , in thr ee to two ser i es, th einn er on es as stron g as those of the ou ter row . An angu lar b and of smal l teethon the head of the vom er , each su ccessive ser ies decreasin g in size from the ou terrow . Palatin e teeth in a n arrow , an ter ior ly clavi form , band ; pterygo ids toothless.

An elon gate - ovate patch of sm al l teeth on the ton gu e .

S cal es in 36 ser ies between the oper cu lar flap and th e root of the caudalfin

,in 5 or or 1 9 between the first dorsal spin e and th e ven tral edge, those

below the u pper lateral l in e an d on th e opercles large and feebly cten oid, abovethat l in e sm al l and cycloid, as a lso are those of the nape, par i etal r egion ,

and

cheek ; r est of head n aked . Lateral l in es w ith sim ple pores.

Dorsal fin w ith xi i 9 or 1 0 rays,or iginat in g above the pector al base ; Spin es

m oderately strong, the mem bran es of those in fron t deeply notched and pen ici llate ; they in crease gradual ly in l en gth to the last, which is 1 75 to 2 in the lengthof the head and 2 -33 to 2 - 5 in the sixth or seven th r ay ; these are subequ al inl ength , 2 -2 to 2 - 5 in the body - l en gth . Caudal sub cu n eiform ,

2 - 55 to 2 - 67 in theb ody - l en gth . An al fin w ith i i i 1 0 rays

, or iginat in g below the eleven th dorsa lspin e ; spin es stron g, the third th e lon gest , 1 -87 to 2 - 1 7 in the l en gth of the headand in the sixth and lon gest ray , which is as lon g as or a l itt le lon ger thanthat of the dorsal . Pectora l obtusely poin ted, w ith 1 6 to 1 9 rays

,

3as lon g as the

head ; seven th and eighth r ays lon gest , extend in g to below th e last dorsa l spin e .

Ven tral fin elongate and poin ted , inser ted sl ightly in advan ce of the pectoralb ase , the len gth of the spin e 1 5 in that of the head ; ou ter ray b ifid and in spissate ,extendin g to or beyond the last anal spin e

,its len gth 22 5 in that of the body .

Gi l l - rakers 7 1 4,most ly r edu ced to m ere spin ul ose pads, the last on the

lower bran ch of the an ter ior arch broad and tr ian gu lar,its len gth 2 67 in the eye

d iam eter . Pharyn geal bon es m ostly arm ed w ith sm a l l,closely set

,globu lar teeth .

“The larger of my examples has 1 9 rays on each side, the sma ller 1 6 on one side, 1 8 on

the other .

4S M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Ochraceou s, w ith fou r broad, tran sverse , pu rple bands. Head withscattered blu e spots . A ll the fin s, except the pectorals, wh ich are un i form l em on

yel low,broadly t ipped w ith viol et ; dorsa l and anal som et im es w ith a few blu e

spots basal ly . (N am ed a fter D r . Pieter Bleeker,th e celebrated Du tch

ich thyologist . )D escr ibed from two Por t Jackson exam ples, m easu r in g r espectively 1 82

and 233 mm .,acqu ired by exchan ge from the Austral ian Mu seum

, Sydn ey . Reg .

N o . I . 2858,31 1 6 .

D istr ib u tion — Th e u n qu est ionable r ecorded range of this “

spec ies is sm all ,bein g restr icted to the sou th - eastern corn er of the m ain land between Hobson ’

s

Bay and Por t Jackson . The ear l iest notice of its occu rren ce was m ade by D r .

Gun th er who,a fter descr ib ing it

,rem arked that— “ Th e local ity in which th is

splend id species is fou nd is u nknown ; I con c lude , however , from its gen eralappearan ce that it belon ged or igin al ly to a col l ection m ade at th e N or folkIslands.

”S ubsequ en t ly h e figu red it amon g the fishes of the Sou th S eas

,bu t

w ith the stat em en t that it had not com e u nder th e noti ce of Garrett . N othin g,however

,has fu r ther tran spired to give warran t for any su ch assum pt ion . To

Casteln au belongs th e hon or of first providin g this species w ith “a loca l

habitation and a n am e ” ( vern acu lar ) , he havin g r ecorded , under the t itl eR iipp cl

'ia p rolo'nga ta, a large exam ple obtain ed p resum ably in the Melbou rn e

Market,wh ere it was suffic ien t ly wel l known to have earn ed for itself the local

n am e of “devi l fish

,

” thou gh it is d ifficu l t to u nderstand why so harm l ess and

handsom e a fish shou ld be wei ghted w ith so Opp rob ious a t it le .

4 Subsequen tly th esam e au thor noted the occu rr en ce of the spec ies in Port Jackson ,

and a few yearslater the wr it er was fortunate enough to catch a fine spec im en in Por t Hacking

,

as noted in his N ew Sou th Wal es Catalogu e . So far as I can ascertain t hese thr eea re the on ly local it ies from wh i ch the species has been d ir ect ly recorded . S tead ’

s

rem ark,that “ i t is not u n comm on in the vic in ity of r ee fs and rocky local it ies

gen e ral ly along ou r ( ti c . N ew South Wal es) coastl in e , indu ces th e be l ie f that itsrange is n ot so restr icted as wou ld appear from the foregoing . Casteln au fu rtherpubl ished *"

u nder R . p rolongate a not ice of a fish forwarded to h im from‘ In h is va r ious n ot ices of this fish Caste lnau has go t him sel f i nto a som ewhat hopeless

tangle by con fusing under t he sam e nam e two tota l ly d istinct species. E arly in 1 873 he. wroteIt fo rm s a new genu s character ised by the soft part of it s dorsa l and of the

a na l be i ng conside ra b ly pro longated , and its ventra les form ed of one spine and on ly three rays.

This species is ove r a foot long am l is covered w ith rather la rge scales.

” L ater int he sam e yea r he ag a in w rote In m y | a | er on t he Ed i b le. F ishes of Victo r ia , in the E xhibitionE ssays , 1 8 73, 1 stated by a (opens M iam i that this fish was m y B lccl

‘

cr ia ca tafra c la ( LaceThis la tte r assignm ent of the nam e was n ot publ ished unt i l some m on ths after the

issue o f t he. ea rlie r paper , so that. it wou ld seem that, if B leeckcria ca tafracta was,as a name

,

o f a ny scient ifi c va lue , it wou ld have to be l isted as a synonym of Parap lcsiops b lcciacr i, not of

La cwpcdia cam/m eta ,which is possibly a lat r idid id fish . Fortunatel y , h owever, Blceckeria is

it l l t t'flil t t‘f] by li lac/eer ie ( J iin the r, a n amm odyt idoid fish from t he E ast Ind ian S eas. ( Sec Br it.M us. Cuta l . F ish

,iv

,1 86 2

,p .

l tcs. Fish . Aust r .

,1 875

,p . 29 .

MEM OIRS OF THE (QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XVII .

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page

50 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENS LAND M US EUM .

r each in g to or beyond the m iddl e of the caudal . Cauda l rounded,2 -33 to 2 -44 in

th e body - l en gth . Anal w ith i i i 1 1 rays,or i gin at in g below the 1 1 th dorsa l

Spin e ; thi rd spin e lon gest , a l ittle shorter than the last dorsal spin e , and 2 - 1 1 to

2 -37 in the seven th and longest r ay ,wh ich is con siderably lon ger and r eaches

fu rther back than that of th e dorsal . Pectoral rounded,w ith 1 8 ( 1 7 to 1 9 ) rays,

a l itt le shor ter than th e head . Ven tra l two fifths longer than th e pectoral,the

second ray the lon gest , extendin g to th e sixth to eighth an al ray ; ven tral spin e1 6 in th e len gth of the h ead w ithou t the oper cu lar flap .

Gi l l - rakers 1 1 on the lower bran ch of the an ter ior ar ch,the first 4 tuber

on lar,th e lon gest on e fou rth of the eye - d iam eter .

Body pu rpl ish black , the last th ird of the trunk and the ta i l w ith six

obscu r e grayish cross- bands,wh ich do not r each the dorsal su rfac e . A blu e band

from th e nostr i l to the an gle of the preoper cl e , cheeks and opercles sparsely blu espotted . D orsal , caudal , an al , an d ventral fin s pu rpl e, the first two and theposter ior rays of th e th ird crossed by a n etwork of grayish l in es ; pectoralsgr een ish yel low . (N am ed a fter its col lector

,M r . E dw in A lfr ed Jol l iffe . )

Throu gh the for tun ate '

captu re by its d iscover er of a second exam pl e ofthis beau t i fu l longfin ,

I am now in a p osit ion to give a fu l l er and m or e corr ectdescr ipt ion than was heretofor e possibl e , the head of the or igin al specim en bein gm u ch d istorted . The pr esen t descr iption ,

wh i ch su persedes the first,is

,th erefor e,

taken from two examples,m easu r in g respectively 1 5 1 and 1 25 mm . over all

,taken

at Green Island,Mor eton Bay ,

by M r . E dw in A lfred Jol l iffe,who gen erously

presen ted them to the Qu eensland Mu seum ,and a fter whom I have had m u ch

pleasu re in n am in g it,in sl igh t recogn it ion of h is keen in ter est in all m atters

relat ing to m ar in e zoology .

Ou r i l lu stration is taken from th e sm al ler exam ple m en tion ed above .Reg . N o . I. 2669 .

PARAPLESIOPS POWER! Ogi lb y .

( P late XVIII . )

Purap lcsiops po zr cr i Og i lby , Proc . Roy . S oc . Queensl ., xxi , 1 907, p . 1 7 .

BROWN LONGFIN .

Typ e locah’

ty :—M ud Island , Moreton Bay .

Body subovate , the dorsal and ana l con tou rs subsymmet rical , its w idthante rior ly a bou t fou r seven ths o f its depth

,wh ich is 2 - 83 in its l ength and equal

to the l ength of the h ead . Caudal pedu n cl e abou t one half deeper than lon g,its

l east depth 6 2 in t he body - l ength . Head one third deeper than w ide,its upper

p rofi l e a nd t hat o f the nape lin ear and gen tly acc l ivous, its w idth 1 6 7 in itsl ength . Sn out shor t and blu nt , w ith rou nded , su bvert ical profile , - its l en gth 1 33in th e e y e whi ch is one th ird of th e l ength of the head ; in terorbitalregion l'i -cb ly convex , its w idth 56 in th e l ength of th e h ead . Jaws equa l ; cle fto f m outh rathe r strong ly obl iq ue ; m ax il la ry extendi ng to below the last quartero f t he ey e , its l ength a bou t hal f o f that of the h ead .

MEM OIRS OF QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XVIII.

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 50.

ED IBLE FISHE S or QUEENSLAND—OGILBY.

D en tit ion as in P. jolli/j'

efi .

Scal es in 33 ser ies alon g the m iddl e of th e side ; in from the baseof the first dorsa l spin e obl iqu ely backwards ; tubes of lateral l in es 30/ 1 2 . O therw ise as in P. jolli/j

'

ei .

D orsa l w ith xi i 1 0 rays, or iginating above the operc l e ; first spin e short ,th e su cceedin g spin es gradual ly in creasin g in l ength to th e eighth and n in th

,

Which are equ al , lon ger than the ten th and eleven th , bu t shorter than the last ,wh ich is 1 -83 in th e len gth of th e h ead ; ou ter border of soft dorsal acu tely

“.

angu lated ,th e sixth ray the lon gest , rather longer than the head,and r eaching to

w el l beyond the m iddl e of t he caudal . Cauda l'

rounded , 2 - 62'

in the body - l ength .

Ana l w ith i i i 1 0 rays,or iginatin g below the last dorsal spin e ; th ird Spin e longest

,

a l ittle shor ter than the last dorsa l spin e , and 2 -37 in th e sixth and lon gest ray ,

which is longer than and r each es som ewhat fu r ther back than that of th e dorsal .Pectora l obtusely poin ted , w ith 1 8 rays

, a l ittle shor ter than the head . Ven tralon e th ird longer than th e pectora l , the second ray the lon gest , extend ing to t hesecond anal ray ; ven tral spin e 1 6 in the len gth of the head w ithou t the oper cu larfiap

Gi l l - rakers 1 2 on th e lower bran ch of the an ter ior arch, all bu t the fir st

3. tuber cu lar , the lon gest abou t on e sixth of the eye - diam eterU n i form green ish brown , the u pper su r face and the Sides of the head w ith

a pu rpl ish gloss. S ides of head w ith scattered blu e spots,which on ly becom e ,

p rom inen t a fter death . All the fin s blackish,except the pectorals and the basa l

th ird of the ven trals,wh ich are pal e yellow ish b rown. (N am ed after its col lector

M r . Percy Power . )

Descr ibed from the type specim en,the on ly on e so far obta ined . It

m easu res 1 72 mm . in total l ength,and was taken at M ud Island,

Mor eton Bay ,by

M r . Percy Power,by whom it was pr esen ted to the Am ateu r F ish erm en ’

s Associat ion of Qu een sland . It is now deposited in the type col l ect ion of th e Qu eenslandM useum , throu gh the favor of the Associat ion . Reg . N o . I. 1 548 .

PAR T X l .'

(N O .

APR ION'

Cuv ier Valen cienn es.

Ap r- ion Cuvier 8p Valenciennes, Hist . N at . Po isa ,

v i,1 830

,p . 543 ( virescens) ; Gunther, Br it.

M us. Catal . F ish .,i,1 859 . p , 8 1 ; B leeker

'

,Atlas Ichth ., vi i i , 1 877, p . 76 .

Sparops-is Kn er,S itz . Akad. W ien , lvi i i . 1 868, p . 27 ( la tifrons) .

Body el l ipt ical,com pr essed . S cal es m oderate or rather smal l

,adheren t

,

fin ely c i l iated.

. . L ateral l in e com plete , not extendin g on the caudal fin,the tube

short and simple .

w

Head scaly , excep t the in terorbital region ,s nou t

,preorbital

,

suborbital r in g,preoper cle , and m and ibl e . Snou t

'

m oderate ; preorb ital wide .

52 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

Cle ft of mouth m oderate and obl iqu e , th e lower jaw sl ight ly th e longer . Can in eteeth in both jaws, su cceeded by a vill i form band ; vom er and palatin es w ithvi ll i form teeth ; tongu e tooth l ess. E ye large . N ostr i ls con tiguou s

,t he anter ior

va lvu lar . Preopercl e en t ire or fin ely ser ru late poster ior ly ; oper cle w ith a blu n tpoin t ; su prascapu la serrated . D orsal fin w ith x 1 1 rays

,the spin es slender and

flexible,n aked as also are the soft rays, th e last of wh ich is m ore or l ess produ ced .

Cauda l forked . Anal fin w ith i i i 8 rays,sim i lar to the so ft dorsal . Pectoral long

an d poin ted,w ith 1 5 to 1 8 rays. Ven tral inser ted below or behind the pectoral

base , the ou ter ray u sual ly produ ced,w ithou t accessory scale . Gi l l - rakers in

m oderate num ber , w ell developed . ( a ,priv . a p t

'w v , a saw . )

Perciform fish es f rom the Ind ian and Western Pacific Ocean s. S pecies4 or 5 .

APRION MICROLEPIS

C'Iur top tc rus

finicv o lcp is B leeker, Versl. Akad. Am st . ( 2 ) i i i, 1 869 , p . 80.

Ap r ion (Ap r ion ) ”inferoiep is B leeker,Verb . Akad. Am st . x i i i

,1 873, Révis. Lutjanus e tc .

p . 96 ; id ,in Pol len 8: Van D am . Faun . M adagascar

,pt . 4 . 1 875 , Poiss.

,pp . 26 , 96 ; id .

,

A tlas Ichth .

,vi i i

,1 877 , p . 78 , pl . cccxxxv, fig . 6 .

Ap lia rcus roseus Ca‘

stel-

n au ,Proc . L inn . Soc . N . S . Wa les, i i i , pt . 4 ,

1 879 , p'. 373; M acleay, Proc .

L inn . Soc . N . S . Wales, v , 1 88 1 , p . 386 ; Woods, F ish F isher . N . S . Wa les, 1 882, p . 1 5 ;

Ogi lby ,Catal . F ish . N . S . Wa les, 1 886 , p . 1 3; Wa ite, Synop. F ish . N . S . Wa les, 1 904,

p . 33.

Apricn roscus M cCu lloch ,R ec . Austr . M us

,xi

,1 9 1 7

,p . 1 73, pl . xxx .

ROS EATE S EA -BREAM .

Typ e loca lities : —Am boina (Ap r . nu’

crolep is) .

Por t Jackson (Aph . roscns ) .

Body el l ipt ical and som ewhat com pressed, the dorsa l profil e rath er m ore

arch ed than the ventra l , its w idth 1 63 in its depth , which is 3- 57 in its lengthand subequa l to the length of th e head . Cauda l pedun cl e two and thr ee fou rths.

t im es as lon g as deep , its l east depth 31 4 in th e depth of the body . Head abou ttwo fi fths longer than, deep , th e u ppe r p rofi l e l evel and gen tly accl ivous fromabove the nostr i ls to th e occipu t

,wh ich w ith th e nape is feebly rounded ,

its width .

1 8 in its l ength,wh ich is 3-44 in that of th e body . Snou t rather lon g, w ith gen tly

convex p rofil e , its l ength in that of th e h ead . E ye m ode rate,its d iam eter 1 3

in the length of the snou t,3 75 in that o f th e h ead

,and twice its d istan ce from

t he an gle o f th e maxil lary groove ; in terorbital r egion con vex , its'

w idth one fi fthm ore t han th e eye

- d iam ete r and 3- 1 4 in . the l ength of th e head . Lower jawp rom in ent

,the m axi l la ry extend in g 130 -som ewhat b eyond the an ter ior border of

t he ey e , its l engt h 2 - 6 , that of th e mand ible in the l ength of the head .

Preope rc l e feebly serrated; som e of the teeth on the rou nded angle en larged ;ope rcl e w it h a pai r of sma l l spines.

S ca l es in 63 o r 64 t ransve rse ser i es above the latera l lin e ; sca lesbetween t he spinous dorsal and the ven t ; ch eek scal es in 7 ser i es.

E D IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENSLAND—OGILBY. 53

D orsal fin w ith x 1 1 rays, th e so ft por tion 1 4 4 in the length of th e spinous ;s ixth spin e lon gest , bu t scar cely lon ger than the fou r th , fi fth , seven th , and eighth ,its l ength 24 4 in that of th e head ; so ft dorsal a l ittle lower than the spinous,one fou rth lon ger than h igh , the poster ior bran ch of the last my produ ced, twos even ths m ore than th e lon gest spin e , bu t not reach ing" to the"

ba‘

se of the,caud al .

Cauda l deeply em arginate , w ith the lobes acu te , them idd le rays on e th ird of the

u pper lobe , wh ich is 3-33 in th e b ody - l ength . An al fin w ith i i i 8 rays,or iginatin g

below the second dorsal ray , thespine'

s sl en der and flexible,the third the lon gest

,

3- 75 in th e len gth of the h ead and a l ittle shor ter than the fi rst ray ; soft analon e sixth lon gerl than

'

h igh ,th e last ray

“

similafi to that of 'the Idorsal , and sevenn in ths m ore than the second spin e .

‘

Pectorak w ith 1 6 rays,its l en gth 35 5 in

that of the body,th e fi fth ray longest , not r each in g to the vertical from the ven t ;

*below th e fi fth the rays rapid ly decrease in length ;'

so"

that the seven th 1 s onl ythr ee fi fths of the length of the lon gest Vent ial

'

lon g and poin ted,w ith the

ou ter ray sl ightly p i odu ced ,extendn 1 g .as far back as and 1 25 in the l ength

of the pector ,a l which is abou t as lon g as .thehead .

Gi l l - rakers of m oderate len gth and stren gth , 1 6 on the lower bran ch of thean ter ior arch , th e longest 1 -86 in the eye - d iam eter .

Upper su r face an d sides roseate,shadin g in to pear ly white below

,the

u pper su r face of the h ead and the snou t washed w ith v iolet . F inspinkish , thedorsa l w ith a m ed ian saffron band

,and w ith a basal saffron or pear ly spot

between each pair of spin es and rays ; anal w ith a pear ly basal and saffronm argin a l band tips of cauda l , pectora l , and ven tra l rays grayish . (ntxpég , sm a l l.Aem

'g , sca le . )

D escr ibed from a spec im en,395 m illim . long, taken in Moreton Bay by

M r . A . E . Wood,and pr esen ted by him to th e Qu een sland Mu seum ; Reg . N o .

.I. 2509 . I have a lso had the oppor tun ity of exam in in g a larger exam ple (482caught by M r: John Col c lou gh 01 1 the Snapper Banks off Mor eton Bay ,

a nd now the property Of the Am ateu r F ish erm en ’

s Associat ion .

Histor ica l .—Bu t l ittl e is known of th is rare and beau t i fu l fish , n hieh was

~or iginal ly descr ibed from two smal l exam ples obtain ed at Am boina ; som e y garssubsequ ently its descr ib ei included i t in th e catalogu e o f fishes

,pu blished by

Pol len v an D am in th eir “F au n e Madagascar

,

’ ’on the s

‘r

-

engt lr of an cxaniple

r eceived from Réun ion . As Aphareus roseu s Castelnau descr ibed it two yearslater from Por t Jackson ,

and his type n ot bein g ava i lablefor re exam inat ion,the

error was perpetuated in all su bsequ en t l ists of N ew Sou th Wales fishes. It was,

th ere for e,w ith espec ia l pleasu r e that I d iscovered

,in the col lection of th e Qu eens

land Museum ,the specim en from which th e above descr ipt ion was drawn up , and

ga in th—us enabled to fix the posit ion ‘

of Castelnau’

s fish .

~9\

Uses,

- N othing appears to have been r ecorded as to th e edrb'e qual it i cs oft hisspeciés or itscongen ers, bu t as i t is a fairly

’

largeand robustHfish

,it is doubtl

lesi of egu ally‘

gobd Qu al ity for'

th'

e table'

as'

its lut iano id allies.

5 1 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Ba 1 1gc :—'E ast Coast of Austra l ia

,Am boina

, and Reunion .

D inwnsions :—Attain s a l ength of fu l ly 600 m illim .

B enm r lrs : —S in ce'

wr it ing th e above M cCu lloch has descr ibed and figu redthis fish as Ap r ion roseus Castelnau ; n evertheless I st i l l hold to the opin ion thatou r fish cannot be separated from that of Bleeker .

PAR T X II.— N EM IPTER ID 1‘E (N o .

N EM IPTE RUS Swainson .

N enu'

p ter us S wa inson . Classif . F ish .,i i,1 839 , pp . 1 72 , 223 (filam entos

Jordan Thom pson ,Proc . U . S . N at . M us ,

xl i,1 9 1 2 , p . 563.

S ynag r is Gunther , B r it . M us. Catal . F ish ,1,1 859

, p . 373 ( fa -m oses ) ; D ay, F ish. India , pt.1 875 . p. 90; Jordan Thompson , ib id . S ubgenus.

D ent cx B leeker , At las v i i i , 1 877, p . 80 ( treniop tc-

re s ) . N ot of Cuv ier .

Anem um Fow ler , Proc : Acad . N at . S ci. Phi la . , 1 904,-p. 5 27 (n ewt

-

as heniopt cm s) Synagris.

Odon tog lyphis Fow ler , ib id. ( tolu ) ; Jordan 85 Thompson . ibid. Subgenus.

E u‘

thyop te-

rmna F owler,ibid. ( b lobhii ) ; Jordan Thompson , ib id. S ubgenus.

Body el l ipt ical and com pr essed . Scal es m oderate , adheren t,c il iated

L ateral l in e com plete , not extendin g 0 1 1 the cau dal fin ,the tubes sim ple . Head

m oderate,w ith w ide smooth pr eorbita l , the occipu t , opercles ( except the

preopercl e ) , and checks scaly,those of the latter ar ran ged in three series ; scal es.

of head cycloid and smooth,except those of the par ietal r egion

,and a. row

between the occipu t and nape,the scales of wh ich are m od ified so as t o form

m ucigerous organs. Mou th term inal and protract i le,w ith 1 1 1 oderaté sl ightly

obl ique c l eft,the jaws equal ; m axillary m ostly exposed

,w ithou t supplem en tal

bon e . Jaws w ith a band of vil l i form teeth,the ou ter row con ical. and som ewhat.

en larged ; u pper jaw w ith th ree or fou r pairs of moderately stron g can ines ;can in es of lower jaw ,

i f presen t,weak . Preopercle en tire or feebly ser ru late ;

ope 1 cu la 1 spin e weak 0 1 absen t . D orsa l fin scal eless, w ith x 9 rays,th e spin es

f eeble. and som et im es fi lam entous Cauda l deeply forked ,the upper ray som e

tu nes fi lam entous. Ana l w ith i i i 7 rays,sim i lar to the so ft dorsa l. Pectoral

:pointed ,w ith 1 5 to 1 8 rays. Ven t i al in serted below or beh ind the pectora l base ,

with i f"1 rays,the outer som etim es p 1 odu ced : accessory ven tral scal e presen t . Six

bran ch iostega ls . Air bladder notched posterior ly . Pylor ic appendages i n sm al lnum ber . (ml/e a , athread , WTGpOV, a fin . )

P.e 1 ci1 01 m fishes o f moderate size,inhabit ing t he warm er zon es of th e

Indian and Weste rn Pacifi c Oceans, 1 anging f i om the Red Sea and E ast Coast ofA fr ica th rough th e Ind ian S eas no rthwards to Ch ina and Japan

,and eastwards

th rough Malaysia to N ew Gu inea,the Lou isiade A rch ipelago, and the E ast Coast

of Au stral ia . They are panfishes of excel l en t flavor , and as th ey are found in

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEEN SLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XIX.

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 55 .

ED IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENSLAND—OGZ LBY. 55

large num bers off ou r shor es in m oderately deep water wher e the sea - b ed is

smooth , they shou ld at no d istan t date form a cheap and pl easan t add it ion to thebreakfast tables of Brisbane . F ive species belon g to th e Qu eensland fauna and

m ay be r ecogn ized by the fol low in g keya‘

. Both jaws w ith d ist in ct can in es do rsa l spin es low ,t he m em bran es n o t n otched , n on e of

t he spin es o r rays fi lam en tou sb l . Sca les in transverse se r ies spin o u s do rsa l higher than the soft ; co loration

uniform l . gem ther i .(1 2 . Sca les in transverse se r ies spin ou s db rsa l low er than t h e soft body w ith ye l low

bands 2 . toen iop teru s .

ag. Lower jaw w itho u t distin ct canin es ; do rsa l spin es a ll low , the m em bran es n o t n otched ,

t he spin es sca rce ly exserted (E u thyop terom a ) .

cl. M edian dorsa l spin es lon gest .d‘. Sca les in tran sve rse ser ies u pper cau da l ray n o t produ ced co lo ration u n i

fo rm a o o g o a o o o 0 v c o a n o o 3. QLPQWGO’LI

deS .

7

“

d z . Sca les in t ransv e i se ser ies u pper cauda l ray filifo rm ; body w ith ye l lowbands 4 . a in

't/1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .

cz. Poster io r do rsa l spin es lon gest.el

. Sca les in tran sve rse ser ies u ppe r ca u da l ray n o t produ ced body w ith ye l lowb an ds 5 . theodorci .

NEMIP'I‘ERUS THEODOREI Ogi lby .

( P late xix. )

N cm ip tcrus theodorm‘

Og i lby, Proc. Roy . S oc. Queensl , xxvi i i , 1 9 1 6 , p . 1 1 3.

BU TTERFLY DREAM .

Type loca lity : —Caloundra Ban k , S Q.

Body el l ipt ical , th e ven tral con tou r as m u ch 01 a l ittl e 1 n01 e ai ched thanthe dorsal , wh ich i s l in ear and feebly dccl ivous beh ind the or igin of the do i se l , itsw idth 1 8 to 2 1 in its depth , wh ich is 3 to 32 in its len gth and as mu ch as to one .

ten th less than the length of th e h ead . Cau da l pedu n c le sl ender , its l east depth1 8 to 2 in its l en gth and 2 -8 to 3 in the depth . of the body . Head on e sixth totwo n in ths lon ger than deep , its upper .profile even ly and gen t ly convex , its w idthsomewhat less than half its len gth , wh i ch is 3- 1 to 3-25 in that of. th e body . Snou tw ith m oderately decl ivous profi le , its l ength 2 37 to 2 - 5 in that of th e h ead .

D iam eter of eye 1 - 5 to 1 - 67 in th e len gth of th e sn ou t , 3- 67 to 4 in that of thehead , and subequal to the w idth of th e p reoi b ital . In terorbital r egion

,

gen t lycon vex

,its w idth 1 22 to 1 .33m th e eye d iam eter and 4.5 t0 5 1 1 1 th e l ength of the

head . Jaws equ al ; m axi l lary not extend in g to the l evel of the eye,its l en gth 2 63

to 2 83,that of th e m and ibl e 2 4

,in th e len gth of the head . Oper cle wi th a smal l

sp in e .

7 B leeker (Atlas Ichth . , pl . cccxxvi i i , fig . 2 ) figu res this species w ith a large ova l b lack ishshou lder - spot , b u t n o m en tion is m ade of it in h is o r igin a l descr ipt ion (N a t . Tijds. N ederl .

In d . , i i i , 1 85 2 , p .

56'ME MOIRS O F THE (gl

'l t‘

EN SL J N D M US E UM .

l'

pper jaw w ith fou r pa ir o f smal l can in es,th e. ou ter pai r the longest ;

lower jaw w ithou t t rue can in es,wh ich are r eplaced by an ou ter ser ies of en larged

con ical t eeth ,wh ich is con tinu ed backward alon g the side of the jaw ,

the largest '

teeth be in g on the m idd l e of th e side .

Scal es in 48 ser ies above the lateral l in e ; in the ser i es between the.spinou s dorsal and th e ven t . Accessory ven tral scal e sl en der ly lan ceolate

, as longas or a l ittl e lon ger than th e eve - d iam eter .

D orsa l fin or iginat in g above th e opercu lar spin e ; spinou s portion low ,the

t ips of the spin es scarcely proj ect in g beyond the in terspinous m em bran e , thespin es gen tl y graded to the last , w h ich is to 2 - 5 in the len gth of the head and

1 -3 to 1 -4 in th e pen u lt im ate and longest ray ; so ft dorsal one th ird to two fi fthslon ge r than high

,poster ior ly an gu la te

,its l en gth 1 -3 to 1 -4 in that of the head .

Caudal forked,w ith po in ted lobes, th e m idd l e rays 2 - 55 to 2 - 67

’

in th e u pper and

som ewh at lon ger lobe,wh ich is 3- 5

'

to 3- 67 in the body - l ength . A nal fin or ig in at

ing below the second dorsa l ray ,th e th ird spine the lon gest , 2 - 88 to 3 in t he length

of th e head ; soft port ion as long as to on e tenth lon ger than high,the rays

in creasing very gradu a l ly to th e sixth , which equa ls the last and is thr ee ten ths tofou r n in ths m ore than th e th ird spin e . Pectoral poin ted

,w ith 1 7 rays

,its len gth

3 to 3- 5 in that of the body,the sixth ray th e longest , extending to above the ven t .

Vent ral inserted below the pectoral - base,the spin e m oderate an d slender

,1 - 67 to

2 in the ou ter ray ,w h ich is produ ced ,

is a l ittle shorter than th e pectoral , andextends to th e second ana l spin e .

Gi l l - rakers 5 7 on the an ter ior arch, short , stou t, and strongly spinu lose ,

the longest 5 - 5 in th e eye - d iam eter .

Roseate above , shad ing im per ceptibly th rou gh the ir idescen t pink of th esides to the pear ly white of the lower su r face ; sides below the lateral l ine w ithfive green ish yellow hor izon tal bands

,each of which occu pies the m iddl e of a

ser ies o f sca les, the uppe r and lower bands shor te r and l ess conspicuou s than th e

inte rven ing bands ; a br i l l ian t cr im son shou lder - spot,cover in g th e upper half of

two consecut ive scal es,which varv from th e. second and th ird to th e fou r th and

fi fth b elow th e late ral l in e . Upper sur face and sides of h ead w ith a t inge of

lavende r over ly in g th e pink ; a curved l igh t b lu e bar from the fron t of th e eye ,passing alon g th e u pper edge o f the preorbital , and an te r ior ly changing gradua l lyto a deep vio let ; a sim ila r bu t l ess conspicuous bar alon g its lower edge ; u pperlip ye l low ; ch eeks and opercles p ink w ith golden reflect ions, the lower ser ies of

ch eek - sca les w it h a sh imm er ing violet i r idescen ce ; a d ist in ct green ish blu e spot ,p receded by a pu rpl ish spot

,beh ind th e u pper angl e of th e p reopercl e . Lowe -

r

two th i rds o f i ris vivid sca r l et, u ppe r th i rd green ,

th e l in e o f dem a rcat ion sharplydefin ed . Do rsa l tin pink bordered b y a broad gold - edged puce band ; cauda lpinkish yel low

,b roadly t i pped w ith rose

,its u ppe r r ay edged w ith gold ,

its lowerw ith rose ; ana l w ith the. basal hal f yel low ,

the d istal hal f l ilaceous si l very , theform e r t rave rsed by a basa l and two m ed ian pal e blue bands ; pectorals and

vent ra ls colo r less . ( N am ed a fter the Hon . E dward Granvill e Th eodor e , inrecogn it ion o f the fa ct that to him is att r ibutable. the form at ion o f a. D epartm ent

5 8 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENS LAND M USE UM .

it w er e iden t ical w ith th e D cntcx furcosus of the H istoir e N atu rel le . Bleeker,

however , two years later h as m ent ion ed above , showed that D ay ’

s fish was

inseparable from twniop tcr us,“ which iden t ificat ion was subsequ en tly

adm itted to be cor rect by D ay h im sel f . In View,ther efor e , of the fai lu r e of

Ind ian n atu ral ists to r ediscover the tru e D . fu rrow s, the qu estion ar ises as to

whether D . t <r niop ter us was n ot fou nded on a m or e car efu l ly pr eserved specim enof th e form er fish . The eastern form has been r ecorded from Am bo ina

,the

L ou isiade A rch ipelago,D am lay ( ?D ar n l ey ) Island , and Austral ia (Giinther ) ;

Palm Islands,Cape Gr envill e , N or th and North - E ast Austral ia ( Mae lcay ) .

Th er e is, there for e , a w ide an d u nbr idged gu lf between the r epu ted ran ges of thetwo form s ; nor shou ld it be forgotten that B leeker , w ith the ill im itable r esou rcesat h is comm and

,n ever got either species.

I,therefore

,propose to separate the eastern fish as N cm z

'

p ier us g an ihar i,

w ith the fol low in g synonym y,l eavin g to my Ind ian con frer es the task of clear in g

u p the mystery of D . furcosu -s.

NEMIPTERUS GUNTHERI n om . n ov .

S y nay ris f u rcos'us Gunther , Br it . M us. Catal . F ish ,1,1 859

,p . 373 ; A l leyne M acleay , Proc.

L in n . S oc . 17

. S . Wa les, i , 1 877 , p . 27 1 ; M acleay,Proc. L inn . S oc . N . S . Wa les

,v,1 88 1 ,

p . 383 ; id.,ibid .

,vi i i

,1 863, p . 262 . N ot D en tefr furcosus Cuv ier -Sz Va lenciennes.

D en tal ; f-

u rrosus B leeker , Verb . Akad . Am et . xi i i , 1 873, R ev . E spec . Dentex , etc . ,1 2 ; id. Atlas

Ichth .

,vi i i , 1 877 , p . 85 . A fter S yn/ tarts f iu '

cosus Gu nther .

I append here th e descr iption of a un iqu e specim en of N emip tcr us in thecol l ection of th e Queensland Museum

,in order to cal l th e atten tion of northern

observers to this extraordinar i ly deep form,and per chan ce obtain fu rther

exam ples . M cCu lloch suggests that the exam ple has su ffered an inju ry to thespin e

,wh ich m ight accoun t for th e depth of the body, bu t the specim en is in good

cond it ion and we l l n ou r ished,and shows n o external sign of in ju ry

,Shou ld

McCu lloc-h’

s suggestion be cor rect th e fish wou ld be classed as N . g ilnthcm’

NEMIPTERUS sp .

L u t ia n us r ub icundns de Vis ; 1 1 0m . m us.

( Jenyom g c rub ieamla Kent, G reat Ba rr ier Reef . 1 893, p . 369 ; 1 1 0m . and .

Th is fish was caught at Som erset,N .Q.

,by M r . Kendal Broadben t and

m easu res 2 1 8 mm . Reg . No . I . 2580.

Body subovate,t he dorsa l con tou r m u ch m ore arched than the. ven tral , its

p rofil e even ly rou nded from th e nape to the caudal fin ,th e h igh est poin t bein g

above t he base of the pectoral fin ; w idth of body 23- 1 7 in its depth,wh ich is 2 -6 in

its l ength a nd a l ittl e m or e than the l ength of th e head . Caudal pedun cle.m ode rately stout

,its least depth 1 -44 in its length and 31 7 in the l en gth of th e

h ead . l Iead th ree ten ths longer than deep , th e u pper profi le feebly convex , itsw idth about h a l f its l ength

,which is 2 - 8 in that of the body . S nout w ith stron gly

dec l ivo us p rofi l e,its l ength 2 - 5 in that. o f th e. h ead . D iam eter of eye in t he

Pen tax lwm‘

op lcrus ( Juv ier 84'

Va lencie n 1 1 es,5ll ist N at . Po iss. ,

v i,1 830

, p.

_

ED IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENSLAND— OGILBY. 59

length of t he .snou t , 3- 55 in that of the head,and one eighth m ore than the l east

w idth of the preorbita l ; in terorbital r egion feebly con vex , its width a tr ifle l essthan the eye - diam eterand 3-75 in the l en gth of the head . Jaws equ al ; m axil laryextendin g to th e ver t ica l from th e an ter ior border of the eye

,its l ength 2 77

,that

of th e m and ible 2 -3,in th e len gth of the head . Opercle w ith a smal l spin e .

Each jaw w ith 3 pair of m oderate can in es, th e ou ter the longer .

S cales in 50 ser ies “

above th e lateral lin e,

'

in between the spinou sdorsa l and the vent . Accessory ventra l scale slender lyf lanceolate , rather less than

"

t he e ye - d iam eter .

Dorsal fin or iginat ing above the angle of th e pr eopercle,the spinous

port ion high , the'

spin es scarcely proj ect in g beyond the in terspinous m embran e,

the 5th and 6th the lon gest , 2 -22 in the l ength of the head and tw o nin ths m orethan th e fou r an ter ior rays

,which ar e equal , those su cceed ing them gradual ly

decreasing in len gth ; soft dorsal thr ee fou rths lon ger than high , poster ior lyrounded ,

its l ength two thirds of that of the h ead Cauda l deeply forked, w ithpoin ted lobes, the m iddl e rays 325 in the u pper lobe , which is i athei the longerand is onethird of th e body len gth . An al fin 0 1 1 g 1 n at 1 ng below the l st dm sal l ay ,

t he3rd spin e thelon gest , 375 i n the l ength of the h ead ; soft ana l two fi fths lon ge 1t han high

,th e thr ee an ter ior rays su bequal and longest , on e. fou rth m ore than the

3rd spin e ; last ray sl ightly produ ced, n ear ly as lon g as the an ter ior r‘

a‘ys. Pectoral

-3- 75 ' i‘

n t hat of the body ’

; 5th ray" longest

,

extendin g to above the or igin of the anal . Ven tra l inser ted below the in fer ior“

axil'

of the pectoral,th e spin e m oderate and sl ender

,1 - 56 in the 2nd and lon gest

ray ,wh ich is 1 -45

'

in th e len gth of the head and extends to a l itt le b eyond'

the

ven t .The colors of ou r specim en have faded to a rusty yellow, bu t we learn

“fr om Gun ther t ha t“ it is whi le we m ay in fer from de Vis’m anuscr ipt

name that its genera l t in t is r edd ish .

PAR T X III. —SCI/ EN ID/E (N o .

‘

SéiM ioides par t. Cuvier , Régne An im . ; Cuvier'

& Va lencienn‘

es,Hist. N at . Poiss.

,v,1 830

,p . 1 ;

“

Mul ler,Ab b . A kad. Ber l in

,1 844

,p . 201 .

S ciw-

nidaz part . Owen,Lect . Com p . Anat. Vert.

,Fish ,

1 846,p . 495

R ichardson ,Ichth. China Japan , 1 846 , p . 223; Gunther; B r it . M us. Cata l . F ish ,

i i,

1 860, p . 265 ; Day, F ish . India , pt . 2, 1 876 , p . 1 81 ; Jordan I‘lverm ann

,F ish . North 811

pt . 2,1 898

,p . 1 392 .

.S cramoidce Cantor , Ca ta l . M a lay . F ish , 1 850, p . 56 .

S etdatoidei B leeker,Arch . N éer l . S ci. N at

,xi

, 1 876 , p . 323.

Body ell iptical or subovate , com pr essed, cover ed w ith adheren t ctenoid or

cycloid scales. L ateral l in e com plete,m ostly follow in g the cu rvatu r e of th e back

,

a nd extendin g on'

thejc-a with "

moderate,m ore or less obtuse

60 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENS LAND M US E UM .

snou t , almost who l ly scaly , th e m uc igerou s system strongly developed . Mou thterm in a l and som ew hat protract i le ; m axil lary whol ly or par tly con cea l edben eath the p reorbital , w ithou t supplem en tal bon e ; chin u su al ly por igerou s,

som et im es w ith a barbel . Teeth in th e jaws u sual ly in vill iform bands,w ith or

w ithou t an ou ter enlar ged row , som et im es un iser ia l ; can in es presen t or absen t ;roo f of m ou th and ton gu e tooth l ess. Two approxim ate nostr i ls on each side .

Preopercle u su allv w ith a feebl e ser ratu re ; opercl e with two flat poin ts. Dorsalfin d iv ided in to two port ions by a deep n ot-eh , th e so ft port ion th e lon ger , theSpinou s depressible in a m ore or l ess com plete groove . Caudal u sua l ly roundedo r cun eate . An a l w ith on e or two spin es

,m u ch shorter than the soft dorsal . 1 2

Ventrals insert ed below or behind the pectora l - base , close t ogether , each. w ith i 5rays

,and w ith or w ithou t an axil lary sca l e : Gi l l - open in gs wide - m em bran es

separate , free from the isthm u s ; seven b ranchiostegals ; pseudobranch ize u sual lypresen t ; gill s fou r , a s l it behind the fou rth . Air - bladder

,when pr esen t m ostly

large w ith m any latera l appen dages ; otol iths of large si ze . S tom ach caacal ;

in testin al cana l w ith 'two con volu t ion s ; pylor ic appendages u sual ly in sm a l ln um ber and weak . S ubocu lar shel f

,when pr esen t

,con sist ing of a sm al l and

usual ly slen der process of th e second su borbital . Ver tebrae 24 to 30 ; an ter iorp recaudals w ithou t parapophyses and w ith sessi l e r ibs

,the poster ior r ibs on

parapophyses.

A lar ge and im portan t fam i ly of perci form percoids, inhabit ing the sandyshores of all warm seas

,except those of the Pac ific Islands

,from which

,thou gh

abu ndan t. on both shores of that ocean ,they are un accoun tably absen t . They

freely en ter estuar ies, th rou gh wh ich they m ake their way u pwards, even tua l lyascend ing th e r ivers to far beyond th e in flu en ce of th e t ide . These excursionsare n ot

,however , u nder taken for the pu rpose of deposi tin g their spawn

,as in the

case of th e salmon and shad,b u t pr im ar i ly as pr edatory ra ids on the schools of

sm al l mu l l ets, h e rr ings, and prawns, wh ich swarm at cer ta in seasons in theext rat idal reaches . Som e spec ies are ,

however , whol ly confin ed to fr esh water ,and it is possible that the an cestral seizen ids wer e pu re fluv iat il e

,in wh ich case

t he excu rsions above r e fer red to m ay be th e ou tcom e of an instin ct ive desir e toget back for a t im e at least to thei r o r iginal environm en t. D r . Gun ther takes a

converse view of th e case to tha t wh ich I have ‘h ere advan ced ; he wr ites—“Thefish es o f the

‘Meagre ’ fam ily are ch iefly coast—fishes of the-

tropical - and sub

t ropica l At lan tic and l ndian O ceans,p re fer r ing t he n eighbou rhood of th emou ths

o f la rge. r ivers,into wh ich th ey freely en ter

, 31 1 1 11 0 of the species having becom e so

com p lete ly na tura lised in fresh wat er“

tha t they are never found now - a - days in

the 1 th ink , howeve r , that to those who have pract ica l exper i ence o f thesefish es, th e theo ry pu t forward by m e above w i l l appeal

'

inore strongly . Sonic,

of

t he spec ies, su ch as th e E aster n Atlan tic “m a igre ( 801 1 8 1 1 61 ou

‘

r

Exc ept in S c rip /m s Ay res ( Proc . Ca l. Aead . S e n i i 1 86 1,p . in which the. a na l fin is

a t least as long a s the so ft dorsa l .S tu dy o f F ishes

,1 880

,

La b rus ho lo lep ido tus ’ haeép’

érle,

’ Hist . N a t . Po iss. , ii i,’

1 802,p. 5 This name has a

y ea r'

s p i e te rem e ( 1 1 or ( 7u ilod ip terus ug wla o f the sam e author 685 . a

(52 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 38 OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

I am u n able to find any on e who has ever seen a baby jewfii

sh ; wh en they inake

their first appearan ce in ou r estuari es th ey are abou t a foot lon g,bu t where th ey

cam e from is a_

qu est ion to which I can find no answer .

Abou t t hirty gen era and on e hu ndred and fi fty species of scieenoid fishesare recogn ized by Jordan and E y erm ann

“and Bou lenger ,

1 9 the m ajority of whichbelon g to the typical genu s S car -

1 1a .

Key to the. A ustra lia n Genera .

a‘

. Precauda l ve rtebrae m o re n um e rous than those o f th e cau da l (0toiothb l . Can in e teeth presen t in both jaw s 1 . Otol ithus.

b g . N o true ca n in e teeth in eit h e r ~jaw 2 . A t-rac tosci

( 13

. P reca uda l ve rtebrae fewe r tha n those o f the ca udal lS c iaenin ce ) .

C1. N o tru e ca n in e teeth in e ithe r jaw 3. S chema .

OTOL ITHUS.

Cuvier .

O to l ithus pain-

Cuvier , Regne An im . ( r h ub cr ) Cuvier Va lencien nes, Hist. N at . F oiss.

,v . 1 830,

p . 59 ; Can tor , Cata l . M a la y . F ish .,1 850

,p . 56 ; Giin ther, Br it. M us. Cata l . F ish

,ii,

p . 305 ; D ay, F ish . Ind ia, pt . 2 , 1 876 , p . 1 9 5 .

Body el l iptica l or elongate - el l ipti cal , com pr essed. S cal es moderate or

sm al l,adh eren t , cycloid . L ateral l in e gen t ly cu rved to b elow the

“

m idd le of th esof t dorsal , then ce stra ight alon g

:

the m iddle of the tai l,and extending to the t ip

of the caudal fin ; tubes profu sel y ram ose,not qu it e reach in g to th e border of the

scal e . Head m oderate , w ith poin ted snou t and rather nar row preorbital , alm ostwhol ly scaly ,

the mu cigerou s system wel l developed . Mou th term in al , with wideobliqu e c le ft , the lower jaw proj ect in g . Prem axi l lar i es w ith a n arrow band of

vi l l i form teeth,an ou ter en larged row of subu late teeth

,and a stron g cu rved

can ine 0 1 1 either - side of and som e distan ce from the sym physis m andibl es som ew hat sim i lar ly arm ed

,bu t the vill i form band

,i f presen t

,is redu ced to a sm al l

an ter ior patch , w h i l e th ere m ay be on ly a single m edian can ine , or if a pairinserted c lose togeth er , so as to fit between the prem axil lary pa ir and enter a

gr oo ve or even a socket in th e u pper l ip wh en the m ou th is closed ; roof ofmou th and tongue sm ooth . N ostr i ls approxim ate

,close in .fron t of the eye

,th e

poster io r t he la rger . E yes rath er sm al l and an ter ior . Preoper cle feebly den ticulate in th e you ng , sm ooth or crenu late in the adu lt ; Opercle w ith two weak poin tsTwo dorsa l fins

, u n ited at thei r bases,w ith x ( rarely ix or x i ) i 25 to 31 rays,

th e spines weak and flexib le ; second dorsal lower bu t m uch lon ger than the first .(y'auda l cu n eate . Ana l shor t

,w ith i i 7 to 1 1 rays

,the spin es weak . Pectora l

obtusely poin ted,w ith 1 6 to 1 8 rays. Ventrals thorac ic

,c lose together

,each with

a feeble Spine and five soft rays,the outer th e lon ger ; a sm al l accessory ven tral

sca l e . Gi ll - rakers in rather smal l n um ber , short and slender . Pylor icappendages few .

S ho re fish es of moderate or rather large si ze,inhabiting the warmer parts

o f the i nd ian and Western Pac ific Oceans,f reely ascending r ivers for predatory

l‘ ish . North a nd M id 2, 1 898,”Ca in hr . N a t . H ist

,vn

,1 904

,p . 663.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XX .

QUEENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 63.

64 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

that of the head . D iam eter of eye in the l ength of the snou t andin t hat of the h ead . Preorbital n ar row ,

its w idth 2 1 7 in the eye - diam eter .

In terorb ital r egion m oderate and convex , its w idth equ al to or a l itt l e m or e thanthe ey e - diam eter . N ostr i ls approxim ate , the poster ior som ewhat the larger and

situated d irect ly in fron t of the eye , the an ter ior on’

a h igher l evel . Lower jawsl ightly proj ect in g ; cl eft of m outh obl iqu e , r ising to the l evel of th e m idd le of theeve . Maxil lary extendin g to below the m iddl e of th e eye , its l en gth 2 - 5 in thatof th e head ,

the w idth of its obl iqu ely trun cated d ista l extr em ity abou t fourseven ths of the e v e - d iam eter . Ver t ical l imb and an gl e of pr eopercl e w ith a few

w eak and w idely separated den ticles,that on

“

the an gl e bein g the largest ; h inderl imb subvert ica l ; opercl e w ith two feebl e points.

Both jaws w ith a row of shor t stou t subu late teeth , behin d wh ich in theprem axil lar ies is a narrow band of vi ll i form teeth ; these are not presen t in th em and ible ; a lon g cu rved can in e on each side of the sym physis in the u pper jaw ,

and a single m ed ian and som ewhat stron ger on e in fron t of the lower .

S cal es cyclo id,in 72 to 75 ser ies above the lateral l in e

,in below the

spinou s dorsal ; head almost en ti rely scaly,the scal es varying greatly in size, t he

largest be in g on th e m idd le an ter ior ar ea of the opercles and a lon g th e in feroposter ior borders of th e eye . One or two ser ies of m inu te scal es alon g the baseso f the so ft dorsal and anal , the in terradia l m em bran es n aked ; basa l half of. caudalfin scaly . L atera l l in e form ing a gen tl e cu rve to above the ori gin of the anal

,

t h ence straight and extendin g to th e end of the caudal fin,th e tube - bear ing body

scal es 50 to 52,the tubes pro fusely arborescen t along th e poster ior two thirds of

the body . S nou t w ith a pa ir of in conspicuous pores,situated above the bases of

t he can in e teeth ; ch in appar en tly poreless.

Dorsal fin s w ith x or xi , i 29 rays,the first or iginatin g above the ventral

base,the last spin e u n ited to bu t barely ha l f so long as that. of .th e so ft dorsa l ;

S pines sl ender and fl exible,the fi rst shor t

,the fou r th the longest

,2 - 1 6 in the

length o f th e h ead and in its base,wh ich is 2 - 1 4 in that of th e second dorsa l ,

th e rays o f wh ich in crease sl igh t ly in len gth to abou t th e eigh teen th,wh ich is 1 -37

in the fou rth spin e and one th i rd of th e l en gth of the h ead ; l ength of its base 2 5in that of the body ; last ray d ivided n ear ly to the base . Cauda l fin cu n eiform ,th e lower m edian rays the longest

,5 -44 in th e body - l ength . An al w ith i i 7 rays,

o r iginat in g below th e th i rteen th dorsal ray ; spin es weak,the fi rst excessively

sm al l,the second abou t hal f the l en gth of th e second ray ,

wh ich is the longest,

2 - 57 in th e len gth of th e head ; base of anal 5 -43 in that of the second dorsal .Pectoral poin ted ,

w ith 1 6 rays,the sixth the longest

,1 -44 in th e length of. the

h ead ,and extending to below the ten th dorsal spine . Ven tra l inserted a litt le

beh ind th e pectoral - base,and abou t one eigh th shorter than that fin

,the first ray

t he longest , no t extend ing m idway to the ven t .Gi l l - rakers 3 1 0

, the longest two fi fths of the eye - diam eter and fivesevenths o l’ th e longest f r in ges. Air ~b ladder rather small

, wi th 25 to 32 fr in gedappendages on eith er side . S ix pylor ic caeca .

E D IBLE FISHES OF QUL‘

E N S LAN D—OGILBY. 6 5

S i lvery , washed w ith blu e above th e lateral. l in e .

D escr ibed from two specim ens, m easu r in g respectively 260 and 275 mm .,

trawl ed by the E ndeavou r in E dgecumbe Bay at a depth of fou rteen fathom s onsand and mu d .

Var ia tion : —A lthough after an exhaust ive compar ison of our fish w ithD ay ’

s descr ipt ion and Bleeker ’s figu re I have no h esitation in iden t i fyin g it as

0 . argcn teus, it is in ter est in g to note that in both m y exam ples ther e is an

el even th sp in e in terpolated between th e spinou s and th e so ft dorsals, w ith bothof wh ich it is u n ited ,

its len gth be in g sub equal to the ten th spin e of the first dorsaland rather l ess than half th e spin e of th e second . M r . M cN eil], however , tel lsm e that the other specim en s, eigh t in num ber , have the ordinary n um ber of ten

spin es in the first dorsal .Historical : —The S i lver Teragl in is yet another of the fishes

,wh ich wer e

first brou ght to the n ot ice of E uropean scien t ists throu gh the indefat igablelabors of those indu str iou s D u tch natu ral ists Messrs. Ku h l and v an Hasselt, whosen t hom e a pain t in g of a specim en taken at Batavia ; this draw in g su bsequ en t lycam e in to the hands of Va l en cienn es and formed th e basis of h is descr ipt ion of

the spec ies,th e n am e inscr ibed u pon the pa in t ing bein g r etain ed by him . F rom

the sam e sou rce we gather that D ussumier found the fish upon the Malabar Coastof Ind ia ,

and fu rth er that Major F arquhar figur ed it from an exam ple captu r edin th e S tra its of Malacca , and which form s on e of th e col lection of drawin gs ofIndian an im a ls m ade by him and deposited in the l ibrary of the India Hou se ,L ondon . F rom Can ton it was r ecorded by Richardson

,whi le Can tor wr ites

at Pinang th is species is taken in num ber s from Jun e t i l l August . ” Gun th ern ext l isted a Br itish Museum example from Ceylon ,

and du r ing th e fol lowin gyear r epor ted th e occu rren ce of

“ this m ar in e species” in the far - off r ivers of

N epal,when ce the skin of a lar ge specim en was brought by M r . B . H . Hodgson

and presen ted to the sam e inst itu t ion . Col . Playfair a few years later annou n cedits captu r e at Aden and off the “m ou th of the Pan gan i River

,

”an E ast A fr ican

stream,which en ters the ocean opposite to the northern extrem ity of the Island

of Zan zibar,and th e sam e observer su bsequ en t ly col lected it in the sea a t Cape

Sa in t Mary,Madagascar . Bleeker r eceived exam ples from Celebes

,Madu ra

,

Born eo,Java

,Ban ca

, S in gapor e , N ias, Sum atra,Pinan g

, S iam , Ch in a , Bengal ,and Madagascar . Ten ison Woodsmeeorded its presen ce in L ake Bom bon ,

L u zon,

and fin al ly E verm ann an d Sea l e r eport ed it from Bacon in th e Ph i l ippin eA rchipelago . The pr esen t r ecord adds a lon g str etch of coast - l in e to its ran ge

,

the m ost easter ly local ity previou sly r eported havin g been Bleeker ’

s Celebesianone in ciden tal ly it is also the first not ificat ion of th e pr esen ce of a tru e O tolithusin Austral ian waters. The sou thern fish

,descr ibed r espect ively by Gun ther and

Macleay as O tol-ithus atelodus and 0 . tem g lin,’ having proved to belon g to the

a l l ied genus A tm ctoscion, n ow takes its plac e in ou r system as A . atelodus.

23

2“My fr iend M r . J. H . Hamson , whose know ledge of our ed ible fishes is exten sive and

rel iable, assu res m e that the southern terag l in occasion a l ly occu rs in M oreton Bay , b ut in the

absence of a specim en it is impossible to adm it it to our fauna] l ist.

66 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US EUM .

Uses :—Can tor , al ludin g to Pinan g , states that it is valu ed by thenat ives as an ar tic l e of food,” and goes on to say that ow in g to the sma l l sizeof the air - vessel it yields bu t a smal l quan t ity of isin glass

,the qual ity of wh ich

,

how ever,is consider ed very good .

”

F ood — F rom an exam inat ion of th e stom achs of Pinan g exam ples thesam e au thor con cludes that its pr in cipal food supply was drawn from sm al lerfish es and cru staceans.

Ke nya — F rom th e E ast Coast of A fr ica , Madagascar , and Sou th -WesternArabia ,

through all th e S eas of Ind ia to those of S iam,Sou thern Ch ina , the

\Ialav Arch ipelago,and the E ast Coast of Qu een sland .

D ime nsions —Attains a l en gth of 800 mm .

I ll list-ra tion —Taken from on e of the specim ens descr ibed above .

ATRACTOSCION Gi l l .A t rae toscion G i l l , Proc. Acad. N at . S ci. Phi la .

,1 862

,p . 1 8 ( cequ idens) .

Body elon gate - el l ipt ical,com pr essed . S cal es sm al l and adheren t . L ateral

l in e form in g a long gen tle cu rve to th e cauda l pedu n cl e . Head con ical,w ith

rath er lon g poin ted snou t and n arrow preorbital,alm ost whol ly scaly . Mou th

term in al,w ith very w ide obl iqu e cl e ft , th e lower jaw proj ectin g . Teeth in the

jaws in card i form bands, w ithou t can in es, t he lateral m andibu lar teeth thestrongest . E yes sm al l an d an ter ior . Preoper c l e feebly den t icu lated in smal l

,

ent i re in large , exam pl es ; oper cl e w ith two weak spin es. Two dorsal fin s w ith x,

i 27 to 31 rays,the spin es sl ender and flexible , the soft dorsa l lower bu t m u ch

lon ger than th e spinou s. Cauda l fin lun ate . Ana l shor t,w ith i i 8 or 9 rays, the

sp in es feebl e . Pectoral po in ted . Ven tral in ser ted below the pectoral - base .

Pseudob ran chiae presen t . Pyloric appendages in sm a l l num ber . (d’

f pa xr o g , a

spindle ; S omal ia, an al l i ed genu s. )

S hore - fishes of large si ze from th e Coasts of Sou th - E asternAustral ia and

Sou th A fr ica . L ike their r elat ives,the J ewfishes

,which they closely r esemble in

appearan ce and hab its, they ar e n oted for their voracity, bu t un l ike them theyconfine th ei r depr edation s to the more open .waters of bay and b each . Bothspec ies are held in high est imat ion for the table .

I am not altogether satisfied as to th e gen er ic position of the Au stral ianfish . Wa ite very r igh tly r emoved i t from the genu s Oh i lithus, w ith wh ich it hason ly an externa l affin ity

,b u t in r efer r ing it to Cyn oscion“ he has ,

I con ceive ,m ade an eq ual ly grave m istake . That genus, accord in g to its au thor and all thosewho fol low Gi l l ’s splendid constru ction al work

,invar iably possesses a pa ir of

ca n ines in th e u pper jaw,though they m ay be smal l as in C. nobilis‘“ and its

a l l i es. In ou r fish th ere are no can ine teeth in eith er jaw at any stage of existenee . Being , however , rel uctan t to establ ish a new genus for ou r Aust ral ian fish ,in a fam i ly al ready overweighted w i th sm a l l gen e ra

,I propose to resusc itate

2‘ ( t i l l , l ’ roe . Acad . N a t . S c i. l ’ b i la .

,1 802

,p . 1 9 . Type Joli -

Mina reg/a lis Schne ider.

68 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

sim i lar to that of the pr em axil lar ies,and two lateral ser i es, the inn er of which

con tain s the stron gest teeth in e ither jawS cal es sm al l and cycloid, in 74 to 77 ser i es above the lateral l in e, in

below the first dorsal .D orsal fin s w ith x , i 29 to 31 rays

,the first or iginatin g sl ightly beh ind the

oper cul ar flap ,the last spin e u nited to and not mu ch shor ter than that of the

so f t dorsal ; spin es sl ender and flexible,th e first very sm all

,the fou r th the lon gest

,

2 - 5 to in the len gth of the head,and 2 to 2 -2 in its base

,which is 1 - 5 to 1 -67

in that of the second dorsal , th e rays of which in cr ease very gradual ly in l en gthto abou t the seven teen th , wh ich is 1 -33 in the fou r th spin e and 3- 67 in the len gthof the head ; length of base 2 67 in that of the body . Caudal fin Inn ate, the lobesequ al and po in ted , the u pper 4 -33 to 4 - 67 in the body - l en gth . Anal inser tedposter ior ly, w ith i i 9 rays

,or iginatin g below the n in eteen th or twen t i eth dorsal

ray , the spin es shor t and weak, the second rath er m or e than ha lf the len gth of thefirst ray ,

which is the lon gest and som ewhat'

less than the len gth of the head ;base of an al abou t two n in ths of that of the second dorsal . Pectoral shor t andpoin ted, w ith 1 9 rays, its l ength to 1 - 9 in the length of the head, and extendin gto below th e eighth dorsa l spin e . Ven tral inser ted below the pectoral - base and a

l itt le shorter than that fin ,the ou ter r ay the longest, 1 -86 to 2 in the l en gth of the

head,and r eachin g abou t on e third of the distan ce between its or igin and the

ven t .Upper su r face and sides si lvery , the form er w ith blu ish r eflection s ; throat

and abdom en wh ite . Cheeks wash ed with gold ; inside of m ou th and inn er edgeof oper cl e oran ge ; ir ides golden . Dorsals yellowish gray

,w ith darker spots at

the base ; cauda l gr een ish yel low , w ith the ou ter edges and the tips darker ; analsi lvery

,the an ter ior rays clouded ; pectorals gray, w ith a black spot in and b ehind

the axil la ; ven trals pink .

Descr ibed from several specim ens obtain ed in the Sydn ey Market . Theabove is a r earrangem en t of m y or iginal descr iption (Ogi lby w ith which areem bod i ed a num ber of fugitive notes taken at var ious t im es.

R em a rks :—The Teragl in is un iversal ly adm itted to be on e of the m ostdel ic ious of the food - fishes of N ew Sou th Wal es

,in this r espect far ou tr ival in g

its r elat ive th e jewfish at any stage of the latter ’

s existen ce . In conn ection withthis S tead rem arks It is looked u pon as a fin e ed ible fish

,and wh en more is

l earn t in regard to its m ovem en ts it w i l l probably be num bered among ou r m ostimpor tan t food - fishes.

”Roughley tel ls us that “ the supply of this fish to the

m arkets is considerably l ess constan t than that of the J ewfish owing to its habito f dwell ing in water too deep for the fisherm cn ’

s n ets. S ti l l in spite of this ther eis a fa i rly big su pply

,th e catches of the l ine fish erm en bein g often forwarded

for sal e . It is a m ost voraciou s fish,and w i l l greedi ly snatch at a lmost any

ordinary fish bait , su ch as m ul l et or shark,while squ id seems to be i rresist ibl e ;

b u t among its good qual it ies m ust be placed that it does not ascend r ivers to thesam e extent t hat the jewfish does, and is not , there for e , so great a "pest to theestua r ine and flu v iat ile n u rsery grou nds.

ED IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENS LAND—OGILBY. 69

R ep rod uction :—As r egards th is im portan t phase of its l ife - h istory

n othing seem s to have been l earn t since I wrote the fol low ing twen ty - fiv e yearsago—“ The difficu lty of form u lating any gen eral ru l e as to th e breed in g season

of ou r m ar in e fishes,and espec ial ly of those wh ich

,l ike the pr esen t species and

t he jewfish ,are confirm ed wanderers, is wel l exem pl ified by the exam inat ion of

severa l specim ens r ecen tly obtain ed in the m arket,which led to the fol low ing

resu lts —Du r in g the ear l i er par t of S eptem ber exam ples, forwarded for sale tot he Sydn ey Market from L ake Macqu ar i e

,w ere fou nd to be in an advanced stage

o f spawn in g , the ov a bein g alm ost fu l ly developed,whilst in others

,taken in

Port Jackson du r in g the fol low ing N ovember,the con ten ts of th e ovar i es wer e

not m ore than hal f developed .

”As w ith the jewfish th e spawn in g grou nds are

qu ite unknown , bu t it is probable that the ov a are pelagic and are shed in th eo pen sea .

“ Th e wher eabou ts and m ann er of l i fe of the you n g fishes are equal lyu nknown , all we can - b e cer tain of bein g that th ey appear from seaward in largeshoa ls du r in g th e late w in ter and the spr in g m on ths, varyin g a t this t im e from-one to three feet in length

,th e sm al ler fish es u su al ly precedin g their m ore matu r e

b r ethren .

”

Emma — Se far as is known the Teragl in is con fin ed to the coast of N ewS ou th Wal es.

D im ensions —Attain s a l en gth of 900 mm .

, bu t th e ordin ary m arket sizeis 600mm . and under .

SCUE NA'

.Artedi.

S cicena (Ar tedi ) L innaeus, Syst . N at . ed. 1 0,1 75 8, p . 289 (um bm ) ; D ay , F ish . Ind ia , pt . 2,

1 876,p . 1 84 ,

Og i lby , E d ib. Fish . N . S . Wales, 1 893, p . 72 ; Jordan Thom pson , Proc .U . S . N at . M us

,xxx ix

,1 9 1 1 , p . 244.

J ohnius B loch, Ichthyol , x, 1 793, p . 1 07 ( caru t ta ) ; Cantor , Cata l . M alay . Fish” 1 850, p . 64.

Bola Buchanan,F ish . Ganges, 1 822, p . 78 ( coitor ) .

Carmina Cuvier,Régne An im ed . 2,

‘i i,1 829

,p . 1 73 ( nig ra ) ; Bou lenger , Catal .. F r . Wat . F ish.

A f r . ,i i i

,1 9 1 5

,p . 1 1 5 .

A rgyrosomus de la Peglaie, Com pt, R end. ,1 835

, p . 534 ( aqu ila ) .

Cheilot rema Tschudi,Faun . Peru .

,F isch .,

1 845,p . 1 3 (fasciatum ) .

R hinoscion Gi l l , Proc . Acad. N at . S ci. Phi la .

,1 86 1 , p . 85 ( satum us) .

Pseudosctcefna B leeker, Neder]. Tijds. D ierk .

,i,1 863 ( aquila ) ; fide Jordan Thom pson ,

ib id . ; id .

,Arch . N éer l . S ci. N at ,

xi,1 876, p . 329 .

Pseudotolitkus B leeker , N at . Verb . Hell . M aatseh . Wet 2 ) xvi i i , p . 59 ( typus) .

Ca lla/us Jordan ,R ep. U . S . F ish. Comm . , 1 889 , p . 395 ( deliciosus ) .

N ib ea Jordan Thompson , ib id.

,p . 246

,subgenus

0 thom’

as Jordan Thompson , ib id. , subgenusPseudomycterus Og i lby,Proc. R oy . S oc. Queensl . , xxi, 1 908, p . 84

27

(m accu llochi ) .

Body elongate - el l ipt ica l to subovate , m or e or l ess stron gly compr essed .

S cales m oderate or sm al l, u sual ly adheren t . Snou t var iou sly form ed . w ith

conspicuous sl its and por es ; ch in usual ly por igerou s. Cle ft of m ou th m oderateo r rather sm al l , low and u su al ly obl iqu e

,rar ely r isin g to th e level of the eye .

2’ F or notes on the synonymy sec Jordan and Thompson , a t sup ra .

70 M EM OIRS O F THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Jaws w ith bands of vil l iform teeth,the - ou ter and inn er rows mor e or l ess

en larged . Dorsal fins separated by a notch,the first of n in e or ten flexibl e spin es,

th e second w ith i 22 to 33 rays. Caudal fin varyin g w ith age . Anal short , w ithi i 6 to 9 rays

,th e second spin e varyin g from weak to very stron g . Pectoral”

poin ted,w ith 1 6 to 1 9 rays. Gi l l - rakers in smal l n um ber , short and stou t

(axlawa , the Greek nam e for a Med iterran ean spec ies. )

A large genu s,com posed of fishes very var iable in size and appearan ce ,

inhabit ing n ear ly all warm seas, and of considerable econom i c im portan ce .

Key to the Au stra lia n Species.

a‘. Second an a l spine sho rt an d wea k .

b l . S n o u t m o re o r le ss po in te d .

c‘

. P reo rb ita l and in te ro rb ital region n a r row , t he form e r abou t 2 -5 in t he eye- d iam e te r ,.

t he la tte r a bo u t 5 25 in the le ngth of t he head 1 . a n ta rctim .

c' Pre o rb ita l a nd in te ro rb ita l region w ide r , t he fo rm e r abou t 1 5 in the. eye

- d iam e te r ,the latte r a b o u t 37 5 in the length o f t he head 2 . a watra l'is

a2

. Second an a l spine stro ng.all . S no u t swo l le n ; second a n al spine r athe r short, a b ou t on e - third o f the len gth of the

head 3. n ovw 'holland'ic v.

d z . S nou t n o t swo l le n ; se cond a n a l spin e lon g , ab ou t ha lf the le ngth o f the head .

c l . Body sub o va te , it s depth m o re than one third o f its len gth 4. soldado .

cg

. Body e l l i ptica l , it s de pth less tha n on e th ird o f its len gth .

fl . S oft rays of dorsa l 24 O r 25

P. Soft rays o f do rsa l 31

SCIE NA HOLOLEPIDOTA ANTARCTICA Cast le na u .

( Plate XXI . )

S car -nu aqu ila M cCoy , Rep. M elh. Intern . E xhib,1 866

,p . 31 7 ; Og i lby, E d ib. F ish . .N . S . Wa les,

1 893, p . 72 , pl . xxi i ; Z ietz , Tran s. Roy . S oc . S . Austr . ,xxvi

,1 901

,p . 266 .

S ciwna ( rn ta rct'ica Castelnau , Proc . Zool . S; Accl . S oc. V ic. , i, 1 872, p . 1 00; M acleay , Proc. L inn .

Soc . N . 8 . Wa les, v , 1 88 1 , p . 520; Woods, F ish F isher . N . 8 . Wa les, 1 882 , p . 53, pl . xvi

Stead, F ish. Aust r . , 1 906 , p . 1 1 3, fig . 42 ; id.

,E d ib . F ish . N . S . Wa les, 1 908, p . 66

, pl .

xxxvi i ; Ogi lby , Comm er . F ish . F isher . Queensl , 1 9 1 6 , p . 23 ; Rough ley , F ish. Aust r .

,

1 9 1 6,p . 1 1 2 , pl . xxxv .

S cimna. ( zqu'i la?Castelnau , Proc . L in n . S oc . N . S . Wa les, i i , 1 878, pf 232 ; id.

,i b id.

,iii

,1 879

,p . 38 1 .

Co rv ina axilla r is de Vis, Proc. L inn . S oc . N . S . Wa les,ix

,1 884

,p . 538 .

S c-icmm neg lec ta R am say Ogi lby , Proc. L inn . Soc . N . S . Wa les,xi

,1 88 6

,p

.

JEWFISH.

Kingfish (Melbou rne and Adela ide ) ; J ewfish ( Sydn ey and S i lverJ ew (youn g at Sydney ) Mu l loway (Abor igin es of the Lower Mu rray ) .

Typ e loca lities : —Bass S tra it ( S . an tarctica ) .

Br isban e River (0. axillaris) .

B roken Bay ( S . n eg lceta ) .

iody ell i ptica l and com pr essed ,m oderately robust, the dorsa l con tou r

m u ch m or e ar ch ed than the ven tral,wh ich is n ear ly l in ear from the isthmus to

t he anal fin ,its w idth rath er m ore than half its depth

,wh ich is 3-4 to in its.

S om etim es erroneously wr itten “ dcwfish .

”

E D IBLE FISHE S O F QUE ENSLAND—OG ILBY. 7 1

l ength and equ a l to or som ewhat less than th e l ength of the head . Abdom enm oderate , its l en gth from ven tral base to ven t 3-28 to 337 in that of the bodyand 1 -25 to 1 -33 in th e space between the ven t and the root of the cauda l .Cauda l pedun cle a l itt le longer than deep , its least depth 28 to 3 in th e lengthof th e head . Head abou t one half deeper than w ide

,its u pper profi l e l in ear

or feeb ly con cave,that of th e nape gen tly rounded

,its w idth 2 to 2 -25 in its

len gth,which is 3- 25 to in that of the body . Snou t poin ted , w ith scar cely '

a trace of an ter ior gibbosity , its profi le m oderately accl ivous, its l ength 3 5 to3- 63 in that of the h ead . D iam eter of eye on e fou r th to thr ee fi fths l ess thanthe len gth of the snou t and 4 -44 to in that of the head . Pr eorbital n arrow

,

its l east w idth 2 5 to 2 - 75 in - the eye - diam eter . In terorbital r egion of m oderatew idth and con vex

,equa l to or a l ittle less than the eye - d iam eter . and 5 to 5 -33

in th e length,of th e head . N ostr i ls approxim ate

,the poster ior m u ch the larger

and situated d ir ect ly in fron t of the in fer ior m oiety of the u pper hal f of theeye . Upper jaw sl ight ly overhangin g ; cl eft of m ou th obl iqu e

,r isin g to wel l

above the lower border of the eye ; m axil lary smooth,extending to below or

a l ittle beyond th e h inder border of the pu pi l,its len gth 2 -4 -to 2 - 5 in that of

th e head , the w idth of its undu lous hinder border abou t ha lf of the eye - diam eter .

Pr eoper cle w ith th e angle an d hinder l im bs sparsely ser rated,the serrae

d isappear ing w ith age ; opercle w ith two flexible poin ts ; posttem poral feeblycrenu late .

Upper jaw w ith a band of sm all'

teeth,tr iser ia l in fron t

,n arrowin g to

u n iser ial beh ind, and an ou ter row of stron g,hooked

,w idely set

,subu late teeth,

of which the second an ter ior tooth on each side is the largest ; lower jaw w itha sim i lar band , bu t the ou ter is enlar ged an ter ior ly on ly

,while lateral ly the

in n er row is sim i lar ly en larged and su bu late .

S cal es of body sm al l and fin ely cteno id,in 85 to 90 ser ies above the

latera l l in e,in 1 1 or to 2 1 below the spinou s dorsa l ; sca l es of head

,

except those of the opercl e and occipu t cyclo id ; on ly the t ip of the snou t ,preorb itals, and chin n aked ; on th e body th ey ar e ar ran ged in obl iqu e rows

both above and below the latera l l in e, except on the breast . A single ser i es of

scal es form s a sheath at th e base of the so ft dorsal , and another ser i es of smal lerscal es covers fu l ly on e hal f of the m em bran e between the rays ; sm al l scalescover the basa l two th irds of the cauda l

,and the bases of the ana l and pectoral

fin s are sparsely scaly . L atera l l in e form in g a lon g gen t l e cu rve to below th em iddle of the so ft dorsa l , then ce hor izon tal and extendin g to the t ip of thecaudal fin

,the tube - bear in g scales 5 1 to 54, the tubes, w h ich do not qu ite r each

to the border of the scal e,each provided w ith sev eral ascending and descendin g

tu bu l es of varying len gth . Tip of snou t w ith a pair of m edian pores arrangedlon gitudinal ly

,and two lateral pores on each side ; m andibu lar por es arranged

in thr ee pa ir,the an ter ior pair bein g the sm al lest and round ,

the oth ersin cr easin gly apar t and sl it - l ike .

D orsal fins w ith x,i 27 or 28 rays

,the first or iginat in g above the pectoral

base , the last spin e par t ly un ited to bu t mu ch shor ter than that of the soft

72 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

dorsa l ; spin es weak and flexible,the third e r fou rth the longest , 2 to 2 4 in the

length of the head and 1 -33 to 1 - 5 in the l ength of the base,which is 1 -9 to 2 - 1

in that of th e second dorsal , th e rays of which , except the last two or three , aren ear ly equ al in l ength , on e n in th to on e fou rth lower than the lon gest spin e ,and to 2 - 57 in th e length of the h ead ; l ength of its base 2 37 to 2 - 6 in thatof the body ; last ray ,

l ike that of the anal , d iv ided n ear ly to its base . Caudal

fin varying w ith age from obtusely cun ei form to trun cate , its l en gth 4 -4 to 5 -25

in that of the body . An al w ith i i 7 rays, or igin atin g below the ten th dorsa lray ,

the spin es short and weak,the second 3 5 to 4 in the l en gth of the head

and 1 - 67 to in the first ray ; base of an al 5 to 5 -25 in that of the second dorsal .Pectora l po in ted

,w ith 1 7 rays, th e fi fth and. sixth the lon gest , 1 -4 to 1 - 55 in the

l en gth of the head,and extending to below th e ten th dorsa l spin e . Ven tral

inserted a l ittle beh ind th e pectoral - base,its l ength a l itt le m ore in the young

to a l itt le less in the adu lt than that fin ,the first ray longest and term inatin g

in a sho rt fi lam en t,w h ich disappears w ith age .

Gi l l - rakers shor t and m oderately stou t,4 9 and som e rud im en ts on the

an ter ior arch,the lon gest abou t two fi fths of the eye - diam eter . Air - bladder

w ith n um erous fr inged processes on either side . E igh t pylor ic caeea .

Steel - blu e above in the youn g, becom in g dark gray - blu e or grayish '

b rown

in large examples,shadin g through th e si lver - gray of the sides to th e pu r e wh ite

of the th roat and abdom en ; the you n g usua l ly w i th narrow obl iqu e bars directedobl ique ly upwards and backwards

,and fol low ing th e borders of each

.

row of scal esabove the latera l l in e

,and som etim es w ith a few hor izon tal ser i es of obscur e spots

below i t ; a large blackish axi llary blotch . Head rather l ess br i l l ian tly t in tedthan the back

,the sides su ffused w ith gold ; inside of m ou th and inn er border

of opercles orange . F in s grayish or grayish brown,except the ven trals

,which

a re whi te . (A n ta rc tica, belon ging to the south . )D escr ibed from seven exam ples

,m easu r in g between 277 and 525 mm . in

tota l l en gth,all obta in ed in Moreton Bay and the Br isban e River .

Histor fica l .— Ou r jewfish is the Austral ian r epr esen tat ive of the E u ropeanm a igre ” ( S cicena hololcp'idota ) , an im portan t food - fish of the E astern At lan t ic

,

wh ich ranges northward to th e sou th ern shores of the Br it ish Isl es and sou thwa rd te t he Cape of Good Hope

,roun d wh ich it passes

, ascendin g the E astAfrican Coast to N atal , and branching ott

' th en ce to Mau r i tiu s, “ from whichCom m ereon obta in ed the spec im en , the descr iption and figu re of which werea fte rwa rds r eproduced by L acepede under the nam e of Labrus holo lep idotns.

W ith th is species ou r fish isso closely al l ied that it does not seem advisable toconside r i t as o f h igher than su bspecific rank

,i f even it be en titl ed to so mu ch

conside ration . The first in timat ion,which. 1 can find

,of the presen ce of this

nobl e fish in Austral ian waters com es, strangely enou gh , from Victor ia

,where

i t is on ly a ra re and occasional v isitor,Pro f . McCoy having, u nder th e nam e of

S . a r/ ui/a , placed on record the captu re of an exam ple in t hose seas in h is “N otes

on the Zoology o f Victo r ia,

” publ ished in the Reports o f the Melbou rn e In tern ationa l E xh ibi tion ,

] 866 . Castelnau,however

,six years later separated the

74 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

takes sa lt w el l , the larger exam ples m igh t be pr eserved by that process, and i fthe fishery w er e developed on m or e busin ess- l ike l ines

,they wou ld in t im e take

the place of the vastly in fer ior im por ted ar ticle , more espec ial ly becau se,as

r em arked by M r . Welshy, they do“not becom e ran cid and st rong by long

keepin g as oth er var i eties do .

” 3° An accessory produ ct of th e jewfish ,which

.

is

total ly n egl ected by ou r fisherm en,is the large fr inged air ~b ladder ; thou gh

these r equ ire bu t l ittle care , beyond drying , in their p r eparation for the market,and are of con siderabl e im portan ce in the m anu factu r e of isinglass

,they are

invar iably thrown away as worth l ess in these S tates.

F ood —N othin g that it can m aster com es am iss to t h is cu nn in g, powerful ,and voracious prow l er

,for thou gh the bu lk of its food con sists of other fishes

,it

also consum es large qu an tities of cephalopods, crustacean s, and th e l ike . Beinggregar ious i t is very destruct ive to spawn ing fishes

,and especial ly to the sea

m u l let,roundin g th em up in shal low water , and when th ey are thus huddled

togeth er m akin g savage and con cer t ed assau lts on the m assed shoals,ki ll in g and

m aim in g m any m ore than they are able to consum e, carr ied away apparen tly bythe lu st of slau ghter for slau gh ter ’

s sake . It fol lows its pr ey in to the estuar i es,and even ascends r ivers far beyond the influen ce of the t ide . M r . Welsby r ecordsth e occur ren ce of spec im ens from the basin at Ipsw ich .

R am a — Shores and estuar ies of Tem perate Austral ia . On the Qu een sland Coast I do not know certa in ly of its occu r ren ce fu rth er north than the MaryRiver

,whi le du r in g the six weeks ’

r esearches car r ied ou t by the E ndeavour inou r waters it on ly occu r red on one occasion ,

wh en two large exam ples were takenby hook and l in e at th e Wol f Rock . As we proceed fur ther sou th it rapidlybecom es m ore abundan t and is, as has been shown a comm on fish in th e Moretond istr ict . Regard ing th is M r . Welshy wr ites— “

J ewfish of large size com e infrom sea in attendan ce upon the schools of whitin g in the m on ths of Septemberand October , and are cau ght both by the l in e and in n ets u p to 60 or 70 lb . in

weight,b u t th ese ext ra large ones do not appear to go very far u p th e Bay .

”It

is abu ndan t everywhere along the coastl in e of N ew Sou th Wal es where , accordin gto S tead ( 2 ) it is

,at presen t , on e of ou r m ost im portan t food - fishes, and i t is

l ikely in th e fu tu r e to be of st i l l gr eater valu e , as th e demand for it is constan tlyin creasing , wh i l e ou r r esou rces, as far as its su pply is con cerned, are bu t justtapped .

”F u rth e r sou th it is reported to be rare on the coasts of Tasm an ia and

Victo r ia ; possibly th is m ay be due to th e absen ce of large r ivers, the estuar i es ofwh ich i t loves to f requ en t , for passin g westward we learn from Z ietz that it

“1

som etim es fou nd in gr eat numbers” i n the L owe 1 Mu rray , wh ere it goes by thenat ive n am e “ ”

m u l loway . F raser includes it in h is l ist of West Aust 1 alianF ishes, b u t noth ing is known as to .its distr ibu tion or abundan ce in that S tate .

D im ensions :—Attains a weigh t of 1 25 lb . with a length of over 6 bu t

t he usual r u n o f m arket fish is u nder 30 lb .

Illustra tio n. :—Take i1 from a you ng specim en,275 mm . lon g, in the

col lect ion of the Q ueensland Museum ; Reg . N o . I. 2893.

3“S chnappc ring , p . 8

MEM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XXII.

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 75 .

76 M EMOIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

caudal pedu n c le . Two or th r ee ser ies of sm al l elongate scales form a sheath at

the base of the soft dorsal , the in terrad ial m em bran e of which is a lmost comp letely cover ed by m ore or l ess acum inate m inu te scal es dir ected ou twards ; baseof caudal scaly , sm al ler scal es exten d ing between th e rays to abou t two thirds of

the l en gth of the fin ; basa l hal f of an al , pectorals, and ven trals scaly . Laterall in e fol lowin g th e cu rvatu r e of the back to abou t the m idd le of the soft dorsal ,bey ond wh ich it runs stra ight to the extr em ity of the caudal fin ; tube - bear ingscales 48 to 50, the tubes, which do not extend to the border of the scal e , eachw ith an ascendin g and a descendin g tubu l e . An arcuate band of thr ee open por eson the snou t an ter ior ly ; seven pores across the ch in form ing two tran sverselyc rescen t ic ser ies

,th e th r ee an ter ior sm al l and rounded, the ou ter pair of the

h inder ser ies m u ch the largest and roun d, the inn er pair sm al l an d sl it - l ike .

Dorsal fin s w ith x , i 29 to 31 rays,the first or iginat in g above the t ip of the

bony operc le,the last spin e basal ly u n i ted to and bu t l itt le shorter than that of

t he so ft dorsa l ; spin es weak and flexibl e,the third the lon gest , scar cely lon ger

t han th e fou rth , 2 - 1 to 2 -28 in the l en gth of the head and 1 -2 to 1 -37 in the l en gtho f its base , which is abou t 2 -2 in that of the second dor sal , the rays of which ,e xcept the last th ree

,are of n early even l en gth , th e postero - m ed ian on es som ewhat

the longest , abou t on e third l ess than the th ird sp in e, and 2 -8 to 3- 1 in the length

o f the h ead , the last ray , l ike that of the anal , divided n ear ly to its base ; base ofsoft dorsal 2 -37 to 2 - 55 in the body - l en gth . Caudal fin ob tusely cun eate or

rou nded,its l en gth to 5 -28 in that of the body . Anal w ith i i 7 rays,

or iginat ing below th e thirteen th dorsal ray ,the spin es short and weak

,the

second 3 67 to 4 - 1 in the l ength of the head and 1 6 to 1 - 8 in the first ray ; baseof anal 5 to in that of th e second dor sal . Pectoral po in ted, w ith 1 7 rays, thes ixth the lon gest

,1 33 to 1 -5 in the l en gth of the head , and extendin g to below

the anter ior dorsa l ray . Ven tral inser ted below and behind the lower an gle ofthe pectoral - base and abou t on e n in th shor ter than that fin

,the first. ray the

longest and term inat ing in a shor t fi lam en t .

Gil l - rakers short and sl ender,6 or 7 1 2 or 1 3 w ith som e rud im en ts on

t he anter ior arch,the longest abou t th ree tenths of the eye - diam eter . Lower

pharyn gea ls separate,each w ith three very strong subu late teeth on its inn er

a nter ior an gle . Air~b ladder poin ted poster ior ly,w ith a few sim ple papil l iform

a ppendages 0 1 1 each side .

S i l ve r - gray above , shading th rou gh the pu re si lver of the sides to thepea rly wh i te of t he breast and bel ly ; all th e u pper and lateral scales are denselypowde ru l w ith dusky dots, wh i ch are so crowded in places as to form fou r broadlongitudina l darke r gray bands , two above and two below the latera l l in e ; m osto f the scal es o f t he b reast and bel ly w ith a m arg ina l ser ies of from three to fivecoppe r - colored dots ; n ape pu rpl ish brown ,

form ing a tr iangu lar blotch on eachside . Uppe r su r face of head dark brown ,

separated from the n u cha l col lar by a

si l ve ry ba nd ; sides and lower su r face si lvery ; inside of m outh golden . Dorsal ,c a uda l , and pectora l fins gray , the Spinous dorsal so closely dotted as to obscu r e

ED IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENSLAND—OGILBY. 77

th e ground - color , becom in g gradual ly darker from the base u pwards, so that th eou ter th ird appears blackish ; so ft dorsa l w ith th e do m u ch less crowded

,on ly

a nar row m arginal and a suprab asal band appear in g b ackish t ips of caudal raysblackish ; a sm al l dark spot in and beh ind th e pectora l - axi l ; anal and ven tralswhite .

D escr ibed from twelve exam ples, m easu r in g 1 88 to 276 mm . ,taken in the

upper r each es of the estuary of the B r isban e River bv M r . J . H . Ham son,and

kindly given by him to m e for the purposes of this paper .

Historica l :— Ou r ear l iest descr ipt ion of this species com es from D r .

Gun ther who, in his Repor t on the Shor e F ishes of the Chal lenger E xpedit ion ,

shortly descr ibed two specim en s taken in th e n eighborhood of Tiaro,a settl e

m en t on th e u pper reaches of the Mary River E stuary . Subsequ en tly de Visr edescr ibed the fish as Corm

’

a c can ine , the descr ipt ion ,l ike that of D r . Gun ther ,

bein g of l itt le valu e as a m ean s of iden tification . The l ife h istory of this l itt l eJ ewfish is in terestin g in that it is su rrounded by a cloud of m ystery . N on e ofthe spec im ens wh ich I have exam in ed showed m i lt or ov a in anyth ing bu t theearl iest stage of developm en t , n or has in qu iry from m any of ou r local an glers,who have been catchin g the fish for years, el ic ited eviden ce con trary to my own

exper ien ce ; wher e and how the spawn is deposited or shed is, th erefor e , a m at terof con j ectu r e, som e of ou r best known exper ts holdin g that the “ per ch , ” l ike thesalmon

,m akes its way in to the u pper r eaches of the r iver for the pu rpose of

deposit in g its spawn,and this havin g been accom pl ished r etir es to r ecu perate in

th e deeper waters of the b ay . A few even asser t that havin g le ft the estuary,and

ga in ed the shal lower fresh waters of the r iver sour ces, they r emain ther e and

spawn du r in g the summ er m on ths,on ly dropping down in to brackish water on

th e adven t of au tum n . I can not,however

,find th e sl ightest eviden ce in su pport

of th is view,even its advocates acknow l edging that ther e is no r el iable r ecord of

its captu re un der su ch condit ion s. The m ajor ity'

of ou r anglers,however , b el ieve

that,l ike its con gen er , S . an tarctica , it m er ely r esor ts to the estuar ies du r in g the

w in ter and spr in g m on ths in sear ch of the food which it finds there plen ti fu l ly,and that , havin g ga in ed by th e latter par t of its sojou rn therein the highestcondit ion

,it th en r et ires to th e deeper par ts of Moreton Bay or even to th e open

sea for the pu rpose of spawn in g . W ith th is View I am in c l in ed to agree .

“

Aga in in som e years it is exceed in gly abu ndan t in all the r ivers flow in g in toMor eton Bay ,

while in others,wh er e th e c ir cum stan ces are to all appearan ces

equal ly favorable,it on ly appears in l im ited numbers

,or even in rare cases pu ts

in no appearan ce . As to the causes wh ich indu ce this r em arkable var iat ion fromyear to year no one has as yet given any adequ ate exp lanat ion . The fol low in gn otes

,r eferr in g to the Br isban e River

,con densed from a letter kind ly wr itten for

S ince w r it ing the above I have rece ived through the k indness of M r . R . I l l idge, a youngexam ple

,m easu r in g 67 mm .

,taken at Bu l imba ; this goes far to prove that. l ike the m aj or ity of

Ou r ed ible fishes, this species spawns near th e m ouths of r ivers, and the young , as w ith m u l let,

whit ing , bream ,etc .

,seek the shal low water a t the edges of the estuar ies for protect ion from

the ir enem ies.

7s M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

m e by M r . J . H . Ham son,and fu l ly endorsed by M r . J . Tr evethan

,both perch

fishers of m any years ’ exper ien ce , give practically all the defin ite informat ionthat is known abou t th is species. M r . Ham son wr ites

“With r egard to the fish comm on ly cal l ed ‘per ch,

’ th er e appears to besom e d iffer en ce of opin ion am ongst an glers as to whether they m ake their firstappearan ce for th e season from the bay or from the u pper reaches of the r iver .

F or the last two season s I have caught the first exam ples ear ly in March ( thisvear 0 1 1 the 4th ,

in th e Ham i lton Reach ) , and the first good catches are usual lym ade in the N ewstead and Mowbray Park Reaches of the r iver

,and gradually

t he fish travels h igher u p . On the 20th of last March,while

‘

fishing in the r eachn ear the Sou th B r isban e Cem etery , I was told b y two old r esidents of th e ch strictthat ‘

the perch had not got up that far yet . ’ They, of cou rse , arr ived later on,

an d are even n ow ( S ept . 1 8 ) fair ly pl en tifu l in the upper r eaches,for no later

t han v esterday a fr i end and I cau ght 86 . It wou ld be in ter est in g to know wher et hey go du r in g the summ er m on ths ; do they go ou t to sea again ?or do theyr em a in in the u pper r each es? Th ey eviden tly travel at t im es in large schools

,and

at t im es bite very freely, ‘dou bles ’ bein g a common occu rren ce . It is noth ing

u nu su al for a party of th r ee or fou r anglers to retu rn after a n i r ht’s fishin g with

a catch of abou t 200. One can n ever be qu ite sur e at wha t t im e they w i l l b itefreely ; som etim es they are at thei r best ju st be for e and a fter slack water ; atother t im es the runn in g tide seem s to su it them best ; whi le general ly they feedm ore freely dur in g the n ight . ”

F inallv ther e is another r em arkable ci rcum stan ce conn ected w ith thesefishes which

,were it n ot vou ch ed for by num bers of ou r m ost r el iabl e anglers,

appears wel l - n i gh in credible . It is that pr ior to the great flood of Mar ch,1 893,

wh ich overflowed all the low - lyin g lands alon g th e banks of th e Br isban e River,

and caused great destru ction of l i fe and proper ty,this l itt le jewfish was

u nkn own in th e r iver,its place bein g taken by the “ golden jew , a fish of a

br ight yel low color,wh ich now occu rs on ly sine and at long in ter vals. F o l low

in g the subsiden ce of the waters a fter the 1 893 flood,the presen t species

appeared .

Uses :—Opin ion s d i ffer as to its value as a foodfish ; person ally I consideri t as a wel l - flavored and pleasan t addit ion to the m enu of the br eakfast table .

F ood —By comm on consen t prawn s are acknowledged to be the mostfavor ed bait for th e perch , bu t they w i l l also take a fish or fowl - gu t ba it . .

Ram a — Th is is on e of those spec ies of jewflshes wh ich have, a veryl im ited range . I have notes of its captu re at N erang Creek , Sou thpor t Pier ,Coom era and L ogan Rivers

,Cl eveland Jetty , Br isban e River , Doughboy Cr eek ,

S andgate Pier,Pin e River

,and B r ibie Island ,

all in the Moreton Bay D istr icta nd

,as be fore m en t ion ed

,in th e Mary River at Tiaro .

Dim g ingh am—N eve r or very rarely exceeds 300mm .

O u r i l lu strat ion is taken from a specim en in the Queen sland Museum .

R eg . N o . I. 2890.

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI ., PLATE XXIII .

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 79 .

ED IBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENS LAND—OGILBY. 79

SCIE NA NOVE - HOLLANDIIE S te iu da ch ne r .

( P late XXIII . )

S c-imna (Corv iaa ) noam- hollandiae S teindachner , S itz . Akad . Wien , l i i i , 1 866 , i, p . p] . v,

fig . 2 .

f J olmm'

us novw- hollandiaz B leeker , Verb . Akad. Am st .,xiv

,1 874

,S e isen , p . 44 ; id.

,Atlas Ichth .

,

vi i i,1 876

,pl . ccclxxxvi i , fig . 2 .

Cor'via a com es de Vis, Proc. L inn . S oc . N . S . Wa les, i x, 1 884, p . 538.

Pseudomyct erus onaocu llochi Og i lby , Proc. R oy . S oc. Queensl . , xxi, 1 908 , p . 96 .

BOTTLENOS E J EWF ISH .

Typ e loca lities : —Por t Jackson ,N .S .W . ( S . novm- kollandim ) .

Br isban e River . S Q. (C. comes ) .

Logan River , S Q. (P. m accu llochi ) .

Body el l ipt ical and robust , the dorsal con tou r m u ch m or e ar ched than theven tral

,its w idth ‘

1 -7 in its depth , wh ich is 3- 28 in its l ength and a l ittl e m or ethan the len gth of th e h ead . Abdom en m oderate

,its l en gth from ven tral - base to

ven t 3-25 to 34 in that of the body an d 1 -28 in the space between the ven t and theroot of the cauda l . Caudal pedu n cle a l itt l e longer than deep , its least depth 2 75in the len gth of the head . Head two n in ths deeper than W ide , its u pper profileand that of the n ape l in ear and m oderately accl ivous, its width 1 -6 to 1 -75 in its

l en gth,wh ich is 3-25 to 3- 5 in that of the body . Snou t obtu sely rounded and

con spicuou sly gibbou s in fron t,proj ect in g far beyond the jaws

,its len gth 31 4 in

that of the head . D iam eter of eye two seven ths to two fifths l ess than the l en gthof the snou t and 4 -33 in that of the head . Preorbital deep , its l east w idth 1 - 1 to

1 -28 in the eye - d iam eter . In terorbital region w ide and con vex , its w idth one fi fthm ore than th e eye - diam eter and 36 0 in th e len gth of the h ead . Upper jaw thelon ger ; cleft of m ou th bu t l ittl e obl iqu e

,not n ear ly r each in g to the level of th e

eye ; m axil lary extend in g to below the m iddl e of th e eye , its l en gth rath er l essthan a th ird of th e h ead . Preopercl e and posttem pora l en tire

,the form er w ith a

narrow crenu lated m em branou s border ; oper cle w ith a single spinou s poin t .Jaws w ith n arrow bands of vil l iform teeth

,the ou ter pr em axil lary row

en larged .

S cal es in 55 to 58 ser ies above the lateral l in e , in 7 or 1 5 between theor igin of the spinous dorsal and the ven t ; scal es of head , except those of thesnou t

, p reorb itals, and m andible,cten oid vert ica l fins sca ly alm ost to their t ips.

Latera l l in e w ith 46 to 48 tube - bearin g body - scales,form in g a lon g gen tle curve

to below the m iddle of the soft dorsal , the tu be straight and not r each ing to theborder of the scal e

,each w ith an ascend ing and a descending tu bu l e . An tero

in fer ior m argin of snou t bear in g fou r broad papil l iform processes, which separateand con cea l a ser i es of five por es ; a sin gle large open pore on the chin ,

fol lowedon each side by a sl it - l ike pore .

D orsal fins w ith x , i 28 or 29 rays,th e first or iginat in g above the pectoral

base ; last spin e of first dorsa l basal ly un ited to and n ear ly as long as th e spin e ofthe second dorsal ; second spin e sl igh tly lon ger than the third , 1 4 in th e len gth ofthe head and 1 - 1 2 in its basal l en gth

,wh ich is 2 - 1 4 in that of the second dorsal ,

60 MEM OIR S OF THE'

QUE E N S LAN D M USE UM .

the rays of which , except the last two, are of n ear ly equa l l en gth,abou t two

thirds of the second spin e and 2 37 in the length of the head ; length of base 23in that of the body . Cauda l fin cun eate , 3-8 in the body - l ength . Anal fin w ithi i 7 rays, or iginat in g below th e th irteen th dor sal ray ; spin es stron g, the second 29in the l en gth of the head and 1 44 in the first ray ; length of anal 3- 88 in that ofthe second dorsal . Pectoral po in ted, w ith 1 8 rays, its l ength 1 2 5 in that of thehead ; fou rth r ay lon gest

,extend in g to below the n in th dorsa l spin e . Ventral fin

in serted beh ind the pectoral , shorter than the pectoral , th e ou ter ray term inat in gin a shor t fi lam en t , wh i ch extends to m idway between its or igin an d the base ofthe fou rth ana l ray .

Gi l l - rakers short and Spinu lose,5 1 0 on the an ter ior ar ch

,the lon gest

abou t on e sixth of the eye - diam eter .

S ilv erv everywh ere so clouded w ith brown dots as to qu ite obscu re theground color . Ver tical fins darker than the body , except the base of the spinousdorsal

,which is du l l blu e .

D escr ibed from two exam pl es, the type of Corm’

wa com es dc Vis, a stuffed

specim en in fair condit ion ,m easu r in g 200mm .

,not 1 50 as stated by its descri ber

,

an d th e type of Pseudom ycterus m accu lloch fi,285 mm . lon g

,cau ght by M r . C. E .

Harr is in S eptem ber 1 906, and pr esen ted by him to th e Am ateu r F isherm en ’

s

Associat ion ,throu gh the cou rtesy of which it is now deposited in the type

col lect ion of the Qu eensland Mu seum . Reg . N os. I . 949 and I . 1 535 . W ithregard to the latter supposit it iou s genus and species M cCu lloch in form s m e ( in

lit . ) that ther e is an ou ter row of en larged teeth between the fleshy lip and thevi l l i form band in the u pper jaw ; it is so wel l h idden ,

however,that it may have

escaped you r not ice .

” This is in fact what actual ly occur r ed , and as thesupposed wan t of these teeth con st ituted th e ch ief r eason for the format ion of thegenus Pseudomycterus, it fol lows that the establ ishm en t of their pr esen ce ob viatesthe n ecessity for th e genus, and au tom atical ly r efers th e species to S ci-(Ewe proper .

N or cou ld the m atter rest ther e,for th is necessitated an in qu iry into th e status of

the species, and a car efu l compar ison w ith the other Qu eensland sciaen ids qu icklym ade i t eviden t that Pseudomyctcrus m aceullochi cou ld not be specifical lyseparated from Corm

'

fna com es . As I had al r eady associated that spec ies w ithS cimna nome- hollandiw, I am now in a position

,through the kindness of M r .

M cCulloch ,to clear up the som ewhat tan gled sy nonymy of S teindachner ’

s species.

In deal in g w ith that species I have been severely handi capped by m y inabil ity toconsu lt S teindachner ’

s descr iption,bu t in consideration of the local ity whence his

ho lotype cam e,and the m ore or less accu rate r esem blan ce of Bleeker ’

s figu re toth e B r isban e fish ,

I th ink i t m ay sa fely be con cluded that th e above ident ificationsa re substan tial ly correct . Ther e are

,however

,som e con flict ing characters which

m ay properly be poin ted out h ere . Gun ther,

32 for instan ce,gives the number of

so ft dorsal rays in S teindachner ’s fish as 25 on ly

,wher eas Bleeker (figu re ) , de

Vis,and I show respectively 29 , 2S, and 29 . Again our fish differs m arkedly in

som e respects f rom Bleeker ’s figur e

,which por trays a mu ch m ore sl ender species

,

having a depth of body 3-75 in its l en gth , and a shor ter snou t,its l ength being

Zool . Ree ,i i i

,1 866

,p . 1 43.

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XXIV .

QUE ENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 8]

E D IBLE FISHE S O I" QUE ENS LAND—OGILL’

Y. 8 1

bu t one fou rth of that of th e head . Th e Austral ian Museum is for tunate inpossessing a second specim en of th is in terestin g and eviden tly scarce seizen id , ofwh ich M cCu lloch wr ites as fol lows n ice l ittle spec im en ,

r egistered as

having been col lected by you rsel f in the Br isban e River in 1 886, is Pseudo

m ycterus m accullochi . I had alm ost iden t ified it w ith Corr in e com es dc Vis .

”

Th is exam ple '

was taken by hook at the rocks below Thorn street , Kan garoo Po in t .Many old B r isban e an glers consider that this is, to the best of th eir bel ie f , thespecies which was known to th em m any years ago as th e “ golden perch , and

which d isappeared so m yster iously a fter th e great flood of 1 893. M cCulloch’

s

iden t ificat ion of my 1 886 fish w ith P. m accu llochi len ds color to this su ggest ion .

Ou r i l lustrat ion is drawn from the holotype of P. m accu llochi.

SCIE NA SOLDADO (Lacepede‘

(Plate XXIV . )

Holocea trus soldado Lacepede, Hist. N at . Po iss.

,iv

,1 802

, pp . 344, 390.

Tella Ka tchelee R ussel l,F ish. V i z ag . ,

i i,1 803

,p . 1 3, pl . cxvi i .

Corr ina $ 3 m iles Cuvier Va lenciennes, Hist . N at . Poiss.,v,1 830, p . 94 ; idd.

,ib id . ,

ix,

p . 479 ; B leeker , Verb . Batav . Gen ,xxi ii

,1 850, S ciaan .

,p . 1 7 ; Jerdon , M adras Journ . L it .

S ci . , 1 85 1 , p . 1 31 ; Gun ther , B r it . M us . Cata l . F ish ,i i,1 860

,p . 300; M acleay, Proc.

L inn . S oc . N . S . Wal es, ix , 1 884, p'. 23.

S cicena arg en tea ( Kuhl van Hasselt ) Cuvier Va lenciennes, ib id. , p . 95 .

Corm’

na soldado Cantor, Cata l . M a lay . F ish ,1 850

, p . 70.

Corvina wolfiii B leeker , N at . Tijds. N ederl . Ind ,i i,1 85 1 , p . 66.

Carmina sam pi tensis B leeker , ibid . ,iii.

,1 852

, p . 42 1 .

Corvina celebica B leeker , ib id . ,v ii

,1 854

,p . 244.

Corv ina dorsalis Peters, Arch . f . N at .,1 855 , i, p . 242 .

J ohnius m iles B leeker , ib id. ,xvi i i

,1 859

, p . 364.

J ohnius celeb icus B leeker, Act . S oc . S ci. Indo—N eerl ., vi i i , 1 860, Borneo, p . 1 2 .

Pseudoscice aa. m iles B leeker , Verb . Akad. Am st . ,xiv

,1 874

,S ciaen

ap . 23 ; Atlas Ichth .

,viii ,

1 876,pl . ccclxxxv

,fig . 3.

S cicena m iles D ay, F ish . Ind ia,pt . 2 , 1 876 , p . 1 85, pl . xl i i i , fig . 5 ; Klun z inger, S itz . Akad. W ien,

lxxx,1 880

,i,p . 372 .

S cicrna mfilleri S teindachn er , Denk . Akad. W ien,xl i

,1 879

,i,p . 1 ; Klun z inger , ibid .

Carmina argen tea M acleay , ib id .,v i i i

,1 883

,p . 204.

S ILVER JEWFISH .

Typ e localities — Pondicher ry (C. m iles) .

Java ( S . argen tea K . v .

Banjerm assin,Born eo (C. u rolfiii ) .

Sam pit, Born eo ( C.

Macassar , Celebes (C. celebic'ns) .

Qu ilim ane (C. dorsa le'

s) .

Sou th Au stra l ia (C.

Lower Bu rdekin (C. arg en tea

Body deep and stron gly com pr essed,th e dorsal con tou r m uch m ore ar ched

than the ven tral , which is n ear ly l in ear from the isthm u s to the anal fin ,its width

3”S ciwna m iles in letterpress by lapsus ca lam i.

S2 M EM OIR S O F THE QUEE N SLAND M US E UM .

2 -75 in its depth , wh ich is 2 -88 to 3 in its l ength and a l it tl e mor e than the len gthof the head . Abdom en m oderate , its l en gth from ven tra l base to ven t 3-37 in thatof the body and 1 -28 in the space between the ven t and the root of the caudal .Caudal pedun cl e scarcely longer than deep , its l east depth 3 to 3322 in the lengthof the head . Head abou t on e hal f deeper than w ide

,its fron to - occip ital profil e

l in ear and rather strongly accl ivou s,that of the n ape even ly rou nded

,its w idth

a l ittle l ess than hal f its length , which is 3-25 to 3- 5 in that of th e body . Snou tbu t l ittle gibbous in fron t , its u pper profi l e .feeb ly con cave

,its l en gth 4 to 43 m

that of the head . D iam eter of eye equa l to or a l ittl e less than the len gth of thesnou t and 4 - 5 to 4 - 67 in that of the head . Preorbital - m oderate . its least w idth1 6 3 in the eye - diam eter . In terorbital r egion narrow and sl ightly convex

,it s

w idth five sixths of th e eye - d iam eter and 5 - 6 in the length of th e head . N ostr i lsapproxim ate , th e poster ior th e larger and situ ated dir ectly in fron t of th e eye .Jaws equ a l ; c le ft of m ou th sl ightly cu rved and bu t l itt le obl iqu e

, not n ear lyr ising to th e l evel of ‘

t he eye . Maxil lary extending to below the poster ior fou r thof the eye , its l en gth 233 in that of the h ead , the w idth of its obl iqu ely trun catehinder border abou t thr ee fou r ths of th e eye - d iam eter . An gle and Ver tical l imbof preopercl e w ith a few sm a l l r em ote den t icl es, the latter dir ected forwards and

upwards ; opercl e w ith two spinou s poin ts .

Premaxi llar ies w ith an ou ter row of strong , cu rved teeth , which decreasein size from the sym physis backwards, and a narrow band of vi l l i form teeth

,

broadest poster ior ly ; m and ibu lar teeth in two ser ies, the inn er row som ewhaten larged ,

bu t smal l er than those of the ou ter pr em axil lary row ; roof of m ou thand tongu e toothless.

S cal es of body ctenoid ,in 62 to 65 ser ies above the lateral l in e , in

below the spinou s dorsal ; scal es of h ead , except those of th e occipu t , cycloid ;th ey are very u n equ al in size

,m inu te on es bein g in term in gled w ith the others on

the cheeks,occipu t and opercu lar lobes ; head almost en t ir ely scaly , on ly the t ip

of the snou t and th e ch in n aked ; on the body they are arran ged in obl iqu e rowsboth above and below the latera l l in e , except on th e caudal pedun cle

“

and theb reast

,and are largest on the m iddl e of the sides. A sin gle row of scal es forms a

sh eath at the base of the so ft dorsal and several ser ies of smal l scal es cover abouta th i rd of t he m emb ran e between the rays ; scal es cover th e m em bran e of thecauda l fin and are presen t between the rays at the bases of the anal and pectoralfins. Lat eral l in e a lmost con cu rren t with the back from th e shou lder to abovet he an a l fin ,

then ce hor izon tal and extending to th e t ip of the tai l , the tubebear ing body - sca l es 49 to 5 1 . Tip of snou t w ith a round m ed ian pore , on eachside o f wh ich is a partly con cea led sl it - l ike pore ; ch in w ith a. transversely. ovalpore

,a t som e di stan ce behind wh ich is a m ed ian c ir cu lar pore .

Do rsal fin s w ith x , i 28 to 32 rays, th e first or iginating above the pectoralbase

,its last spin e u n i ted to bu t not so lon g as that of the so ft dorsal ; thi rd

spine long est , to 1 - 87 in the length o f the head , and 1 - 1 7 in that of its base ,wh ich is 2 to 2 -22 in that of th e second dorsal , the rays of wh ich in crease sl ightlyin l ength to about the twen tieth , wh ich is 1 5 in the th ird spin e and in the

84 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE E NSLAND M USE UM .

H istorica l : - Ou r first acquain tance w ith th is fine species com es throu ghL acepede , who tel ls u s that th e specim en from which h is descr ipt ion was

taken was a par t of the col l ect ion ,which he eu ph em istically descr ibes as having

been given by th e S tadholder of Hol land to F ran ce , and which u ndou btedly cam efrom som ewher e in the Du tch E ast Ind ies. He also m en t ions a second specim enas havin g com e from Cayen n e , th e capital of F r en ch Gu iana ; this is of cou rse am istake .

Ru ssel l and Sonn erat obta in ed it on th e Corom andel Coast Of India , atV izagapatam and Pond icherry r espect ively , while Val en c ienn es r epor ts thatMessrs. Kuh l and v an Hasselt sen t a Javan ese exam ple to the Museum of the

Low Coun tr ies, an d that D ussum ier found it abundan t at Bombay . Can tor statesthat sm al l ind ividua ls occu r at Pinang at all season s ; larger on es bu t. rarely .

”

Bleeker r eceived specim en s from Celebes, Bal i , Born eo, Java , Ban ca , Pinang , andBengal

,and r ecords that

,l ike m any of its con gen ers, it fr eely enters r ivers.

Peters added the w idth of the Indian Ocean to its ran ge by obtain in g Specim ensat Qu ilim ane

,an im por tan t cen t re on the w estern shor e of the Mozam biqu e

Chann el . Gun ther added Ceylon and Tenasser im to the l ist of r ecorded local iti es.

Its first occu rrence in Au stral ia is con ta in ed in S teindachn er ’s descr ipt ion of a

Sou th Au stral ian sciaen id by the nam e of S . m iillcri, which form was subse

qu en tly r epor ted from the Qu eensland Coast by Klu n z inger . Macleay n extr edescr ibed it , under the u n tenable n am e of Cor rine arg en tea, from exam plescol lected by Mor ton in th e estuary of the Bu rdekin River , where , he states, “ it isan abu ndan t and va lu able fish .

”F ina l ly the Qu een sland Museum possesses a

specim en col l ected m any years ago by M r . Kendal Broadben t at Dunk Island,and

a second,which probably belongs here

,is labeled “ Moreton Bay

Uses :—D u ssum ier r epor ted that at Bom bay it was considered “a good

fish,

”whil e in r egard to

.

Pinan g Can tor repeats his u sua l formu la“ eaten by the

n atives, bu t adds that “ the few air - vessels procurable are valu ed as goodisinglass.

Emma —F rom the E ast Coast of Afr i ca throu gh the S eas of India and

Malaysia to Sou th Austral ia and the Coast of. Qu een sland .

D im ensions :—Attains a l en gth o f at least 600mm .

I llustration —Taken from the l ectotype above re ferred to .

Th e fol lowin g d iffer en ces,som e at least of which can hard ly be cal l ed

t r ivial , occur between the Mor eton Bay exam pl e above m en tion ed and mydescr iption of S chema so ldado. N everth eless

,although it is a sl ight ly sm al l er

( 300mm . ) and m u ch deeper fish than either of the two u t i l i zed in p reparing thatdescr ipt ion ,

I look u pon i t as m erely a som ewhat abnormal exam ple of th e samespec ies.

Depth of body 2 7 in its l en gth and on e fou rth more than the l ength of thehead . Abdom en shor t , its len gth from ven tral - base to ven t 3- 8 in the length of

th e body and 1 - 5 in the space between the ven t and the root of th e caudal . Caudalpeduncl e a l ittl e deeper than lon g , its least depth 2 77 in th e l ength of the head .

ED IBLE FISHE S OF QUEENS LAND 85

F ron to - occipita l profil e mu ch more stron gly accl ivous. Snou t 3-75 in th e l engtho f the head . D iam eter of eye one fou rth l ess than the l en gth of the snout .Interorbita l region som ewhat w ider , seven eigh ths of the eye - diam eter and 5 -33

in th e len gth of th e head . Maxil lary exten din g to a l ittl e beyond the poster iorborder of the eye . D orsal fin or iginatin g in advan ce of the pecto ra l - base ; secondspin e longest , 1 6 in th e l en gth of th e h ead . S econd ana l spin e 1 -87 in the l ength-

of the head and subequal to th e fi rst ray ; base of ana l 4 -44 in that of the softdorsal . Pectoral lon ger , 1 - 28 in the len gth of the head , extending to below thefirst dorsal ray . Ou ter ven tra l ray w ith filiform t ip .

L oca lity— Mor eton Bay .

SCIIENA ALBIDA (Cu v ie r Va len c ienn es) .

Bola coibor Buchan an ,F ish . Ganges, 1 822 , pp . 78 , 368 .

Corvina a lbida Cuvier Va lenciennes, H ist . N a t . Poiss.

,v,1 830

,p . 93 ; Belanger , Voy . Ind.

O r ient.,Zool . , 1 834, p . 355 ; Giinther , Br it. M us. Cata l . F ish ,

ii,1 860, p . 304

-

D ay, Fish .

M a lab . 1 865 , p . 54 ; Caste lnau , Proc. L inn . S oc . N . S . Wa les, iii, 1 878 , p . 47 ; M acleay ,Proc. L inn . S oc . N . S . Wales, v , 1 88 1 , p . 52 1 .

J ohnius (m e/i B lyth, Proc. Asiat. Soc . Bengal , 1 860, p . 1 41 . N ot of B loch .

Pseudosciceno a lb ida B leeker,N ederl . Tijds. D ierk .

,i,1 863

,p . 1 45 .

Com ing. neilli D ay, ib id. ,p . 55 ; id .

, Proc. Zoo l . S oc . L ondon ,1 869, p . 300.

S cifeaa albida Day, F ish . Ind ia, pt. 2, 1 876 , p . 1 88,pl . xl iv

,figs. 4 85 6 .

IND IAN JEWFISH .

Type localities : —E stuary of the Gan ges (B .

Pond icher ry (C. a lbida ) .

Coch in ,Malabar Coast (0. n eilli ) .

Body slender ly subovate and com pr essed , the dorsal con tou r m u ch m or ea rched than th e ven tral , wh ich is almost leve l from the isthmu s to th e ana l fin ,

its depth rath er l ess than on e th ird of its l en gth and subequ a l to or rath er m or ethan the len gth of th e head . Abdom en m oderate , its l ength from ven t ra l - base toven t 3-4 in that of the body and in th e space between the ven t and the rootof the cauda l . Caudal pedun cl e abou t as deep as lon g, its l east depth on e thirdo f the h ead . Head abou t on e hal f deeper than w ide

,its upper p rofi le l in ear or

feebly em arginate,that of the n ape gen tly rounded,its w idth on e half its l en gth ,

wh ich is 3 to 3- 5 in that of the body . Snou t sl ight ly gibbou s in fron t , its profi l em oderately accl ivous. D iam eter of eye as m u ch as to on e fou r th less than thelength of the snou t and fromon e fou rth in th e imm atu re to on e seven th in theadu lt in the length of the head . Pr eorbita l n arrow

,its w idth abou t thr ee seven ths

of th e eye - diam eter . In terorbital r egion very sl ightly con vex . N ostr i ls approxim ate , the poster ior m u ch the larger

,and situ ated d irect ly in fron t of the eye .

J aws equal or th e u pper sl ight ly the lon ger ; cleft of m ou th bu t l ittle obliqu e , n otn ear ly r ising to the level of the eye ; m axil lary extend in g to below the last third

86 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

or even the h inder border of th e eye ; a blun t ish knob below the symphysis of thelow er jaw . Pr eopercle w ith som e serrat ions in the youn g , becom ing ind ist in ct inthe adu lt ; oper cu lar spin es feebl e .

Jaws w ith a band of vil l iform teeth , the ou ter row in the pr em axil lar i es:and th e in n er row in the m and ibles enlar ged .

S cal es of body m oderate and ctenoid ,in 55 to 60 ser i es above the lateral

l in e,in 7 behind th e spinou s dorsal ; scales of head cycloid . F in e scales.

cover the bases of the soft dorsal and anal fin s ; cauda l fin whol ly scaly in the

adu l t . L atera l l in e form in g a lon g gen t le cu rve to above the anal fin,the tub e

bear ing scales abou t 52 the tubes arborescen t poster ior ly . Three por es across.

th e fron t of t he snou t ; the fr ee edge of the skin of the snou t w ith five or ifices anda slight latera l lobe ; chin w ith a large open m ed ian pore , and two mor e on theside of eith er ram us. A shor t barbel between the m ed ian pore and the an ter iorlateral on e anda very m inu te on e at the poster ior por e .

Dorsal fins w ith ix or x,i 24 or 25 rays,

'

th e first or iginat ing above thepectoral - base

,its last Spin e u n ited to bu t not so lon g as th at of th e soft dorsal ;

spin es weak and flexible,the third the lon gest

,L 753 to 2 in th e l ength of the head ,

and in that of its base,wh ich is 1 - 67 in that of the second dorsal

,the rays of

wh ich in crease in len gth to abou t the fi fteen th,which is 1 -25 in the th ird spine

and 2 -4 in th e len gth of the head ; l ength of its base 26 7 in that of the body .

Caudal fin cu n eate in th e you ng , rounded in the adu lt , on e sixth to one seven thin th e body - l en gth . An a l w ith i i 7 rays

,or iginat in g below the eighth o r n in th

dorsa l ray , th e spin es strong,the second abou t half the length of the head and

n early as lon g as the first ray ; l en gth of anal 32 5 in that of the second dorsal .Pectora l poin ted

,w ith 1 8 rays

,the fi fth th e lon gest

,1 -38 in the len gth of the

head ,and extend ing to below the or igin of th e soft dorsa l . Ven tra l inser ted

below the pectora l - base,and a l i ttle shor ter than ' that fin

,the ou ter ray the

longest , term inatin g in a shor t fi lam en t,wh ich d isappears with age .

Pylor ic appendages five .

S i lvery , w ith a l ight streak a long each row of scales. A dark blu ish spot .on the operc les, m ost d ist in ct in th e you ng . F irst dorsa l w ith a black in terspinous m em bran e in th e youn g

,wh i ch is gradua lly redu ced to a dark ou ter

border in th e adu l t ; ou ter third of the second dorsa l sta in ed w ith gray ; caudal ,anal , and ven t ral fins yel lowish. (Albida, wh ite . ) 0

The above descr i ption is m ostly a r earrangem en t,extracted from Day ’

s

descr ipt ion and figu res, bu t shou ld su ffice to iden ti fy the species, shou ld . it be

red iscovered by ou r nor thern observers.

][istorical :—Large and abu ndan t as it is on the coasts o f IIindoostan thel i f'e h istory of th is fish is pitiably m eagre . If D ay be correc t as to the iden tityo f Bola coibor w ith S oiree-

ta a lbida. the ear l iest not ice of this fine species cam ef rom the pen of D r . F rancis Bu chanan in his h istory of the fishes fou nd in theGanges and its t r ibu tory stream s

, and it was not u n ti l e igh t years later that itr eceived from Val enc ien nes the nam e by which i t has sin ce been general ly known .

M EMOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL .PLATE

QUEENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 87.

ED IBLE FISHE S O F QUE EN S LxlN D—OGILB Y. 87

His spec im ens were sen t to the Par is Museum by L eschenau lt from Pondicherryand Belanger from Malabar , and i t is from the form er that we l earn that thefishery is con t inuous throu ghou t the year in . the roadstead of Pondi ch erry .

Giin ther later added Ch ina to its ran ge and thereafter nothing is h eard of it

un ti l Castelnau cla im ed to have obtain ed a twen ty - in ch exam ple from th e.Norm an River through th e agen cy of h is f ri end ,

M r . Gu l l iver . D ay , in theF ishes of Ma labar

,

”r edescr ibed it as Corr ine M illi

,bu t su bsequ en tly sat isfied

him sel f that his fish was inseparable from S . albida .

Uses —Accordin g to L eschenau l t the in habitants of Pondicher ry con

sidered th is fish to be “ good to eat”

; D ay ,however

,says that it is “

not in m u chesteem for the table .

”Possibly F ren ch cookery m ay br idge th e gu lf .

R ange —S eas of Ind ia and China ; N or th Coast of Qu eenslan d .

Dim ensions :—Attains a length of at l east 900 mm .

R ema rks — If it were n ot for th e d iff eren ce in the number of dorsal raysI wou ld be in cl in ed to th ink that th e N orm an River fish was S . sol-dado not

S . a lbida .

SCIIENA LEPTOLEPIS sp . n ov .

( P late xxv . )

SHARP- NOS ED J EVVF ISH.

Typ e locality :—Croker Island,N .T.

Body ell ipt ical and strongly compr essed,moderately robu st , the dorsal

con tou r m u ch more ar ched than th e anal , which is n ear ly lin ear from the isthm u s

to the ana l fin ,its w idth rather m or e than hal f its depth , which is 33 in its l en gth

and sl i ghtly m ore than the len gth of the head . Abdom en shor t,its len gth from

ven tral - base to ven t 3- 5 in the length of the body and 1 33 in the space betweenthe ven t and the root of th e cauda l . Caudal. pedun cl e abou t as lon g as deep

,its

least depth 32 in the len gth of the head . Head on e hal f deeper than w ide,its

u pper profi le l in ear w ith a feeble em argin ation in fron t of th e upper border of

th e eye,that of the nape gen t ly rounded, its w idth 2 1 2 in its l en gth , wh ich is

in that of the body . Snou t w ith scar cely a trace of an ter ior gibbosity , its profi lem oderately accl ivous, its length 36 in that of the h ead . D iam eter of eye on e fifthless than th e len gth of th e snou t and 433 in that of the head . Pr eorbitalm oderate

,its l east w idth 1 - 77 in the eye - d iam eter . In terorbital r egion n arrow

and convex,its w idth th ree eighths l ess than th e eye - d iam eter and on e sixth of

the l ength of the head . N ostr i ls approxim ate,the poster ior th e larger

,situ ated

dir ectly in fron t of the eye . Jaws equal ; cleft of m ou th obl ique, bu t not r ising tothe l evel of th e eye ;maxil lary extend in g to below the midd l e of th e. eye , itsl en gth in that of the head

,the w idth of its obl iqu ely trun cated h inder border

five eighths of the eye - d iam eter . Preoper cle fin ely crenu lated , w ith a few sm al land w idely separated spin es at the an gle ; operc l e w ith two flexibl e points.

Upper jaw w ith a sin gle ser ies of con ical teeth on each r amu s, l eavin g a

w ide naked in terspace in fron t , th e second fron t tooth on e ither side be in g th e

es MEM OIRS OF THE QUEE NS LAND M US E UM .

largest , beh ind wh ich the others are symm etr ical ly graded ; lower jaw w ith a

sim i lar ser ies of con ical teeth , bu t the largest are on th e m iddl e of the side , fromwhich th ey gradual ly decrease in size befor e and beh ind ; ou tside of th is row i s a

secon d ser ies, poster ior ly very sm al l,bu t even ly in cr easing towards the fron t , so

that at the sym physis they are fu l ly as lon g and stron g as those of the in n erser i es ; roo f of m ou th and ton gu e smooth .

Scales sm a l l,th in

,and del icate

,feebly cteno id

,in 82 ser ies above the

latera l l in e , in below th e spinou s dorsal : scal es of h ead , except those ofthe operc le and occ ipu t . cyc loid ,

on ly the tip of th e snou t and the ch in naked ; on“

the body th ey are arran ged in obl ique rows, except on th e cauda l pedu n cl e andbreast . Ctenoid

'

scal es in two ser ies form a basa l sheath for the so ft dorsal , thein ter radial m em bran e of which is scaly on its lower m oiety ; proxima l two thirdsof caudal sca ly ; ana l , pectorals, and ven trals w ith scaly bases. L ateral l in eform ing a lon g gen tle cu rve to below the m iddl e of the soft dorsal , the tubebear in g scal es 49

,th e tubes, which do not r each t he border of the scal e

,each

bein g provided w ith an ascend in g and a descend in g tubu l e . Tip of snou t piercedby eigh t pores ; a large m ed ian on e in fron t fol lowed by a cr escen t i c ser ies of threesm a l l er on es

,the in fer ior edge' having on eith er side a pa ir of sl it - l ike por es

,each

overhu ng by a nar row flap ; m andibu lar por es five ; a m ed ian transversely oblon gone

,fol low ed by two pa ired lon gitudina l sl its.

Dorsal fin s w ith x,i 31 rays

,the first or iginat ing above the pectoral - base ,

the last spin e part ly u n ited to bu t considerably shor ter than that of the softdorsal ; spin es w eak and fl exible

,the third the longest, con spicuou sly lon ger than

th e fou rth , 1 - 83 in the l en gth of the head,and 1 -22 in that of its base

,wh ich is

in that of th e second dorsal,th e rays of which in crease gradual ly to abou t the

fi fteen th,wh ich is 1 5 in the len gth of the th ird spin e and 27 7 in the len gth of the

head ; last ray , l ike that of the an al,div ided n ear ly to its base ; l ength of soft

dorsal 2 - 5 in that of th e body . Caudal fin cun eate,

in th e body - length . Analw ith i i 7 rays, or igin ating below the twel fth dor sal ray ; spines stron g and

pu ngen t , the second lon g an d tin ted, hal f as long as the head , and scarcely shor terthan th e fi rst ray ; l ength of anal 4-3 in that of th e second dorsal . Pectoralpo in ted ,

w ith 1 7 rays, th e fifth and sixth th e longest,

in the len gth of theh ead , and extend in g to below th e an ter ior dorsal ray . Ven tra l or iginat in g belowthe lowe r angle of the pectoral - base and as lon g as that fin

,th e ou ter ray th e

lon gest and term inat ing in a shor t fi lam en t .

Gi l l - rakers short and sl ender,6 1 0 with som e rudim en ts on the an ter ior

a rch , the lon gest two fi fths of the eye - d iam eter .

S i l very , darkest above , the sides and bel ly deeply washed w ith gold, as

a lso is the base of th e ven trals, the edge of the preoper cl e , and th e exposed

portion of th e m axillary . S pinous dorsa l dark - edged,the in terspinous m embrane

p ro fusely powde red w ith ru fou s brown ; the powder ing of the so ft dorsal andcauda l con fin ed to a st ri p along each ray . thin ; Aem ’

g , a scale . )

MEM OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XXVI.

QUEENSLAN D FISHE S .

Face page 89 .

EDIBLE FISHE S OF QUE ENSLAND—OGILBY. 89

D escr ibed from a specim en ,m easu r in g 21 1 mm . ,

n etted at Croker IslandN .T.

,by M r . John Col clou gh . Reg . N o . I . 1 534.

N 0te :—A lthou gh th is spec ies has not as yet been r ecorded from Qu eensland waters I con sider it advisable to in troduce i t here , so as to m ake this r ev iewcom pr ise all the known Austral ian spec ies.

PART X IV.—BAL ISTID/E (N o .

CANTHERINES MAYNARDI Ogilby .

( P late XXVI . )

Can ther ines zmaynardi Og i lby , Proc. Roy . S oc . Queensl . , xxvii i , 1 9 1 6 , p . 1 1 4.

BROWN - SPOTTE D L EATHER J ACKE T .

Body ovate , w ith the in terdorsal profil e em arginate , its depth above thepelvic spin e 2 , betw een the or igins of th e dorsa l and anal fins 24 ,

in its l ength ;cau dal pedun cl e rather sl ender , its l east depth less than th e w idth of the gil lopen in g . Head blun tly tr ian gu lar , its len gth 3-6 in that of the body . Snou tw ith an an ter ior protuberan ce, beh ind which it is feebly con cave to above then ostr i ls. E ye m idway between the t ip of the snou t and the 4th dorsal ray , andone and a hal f t im e n ear er to th e dorsa l spin e than to the gi ll - open in g, itsd iam eter 38 in th e length of th e snou t and equ al to the con vex in terorbitalw idth . Gi l l - open ing except ion al ly obl iqu e

,comm en cin g sl ight ly in advan ce of

the n ostr i ls and before th e m iddl e of the '

pectoral - base , and term inatin g belowthe m idd le of th e eye

,its w idth th ree fou rths m or e than the eye - d iam eter

,the

inn er flap bu t l itt le protrudin g .

Skin cover ed w ith soft granu les, which appear velvety to the touch , bu tcon tain a retrorse spin u le ; cauda l pedun c le w ithou t differen tia ted spin es S2) ;sides w ith a few short th read - like cir r i

,arranged in m or e or l ess r egu lar

longitudinal ser i es.

Dorsal spin e in ser ted above the last qu ar ter of the eye, arm ed an ter ior ly

w ith two rows of close - set blun t tu ber cles,poster ior ly w ith two m ore r em ote

rows of short blun t spin es,its l en gth 1 - 6 in that of the h ead ;3* 2nd dorsa l spin e

weak . So ft dorsal with 35 rays,its ou t l in e feebly rounded

,its height 43 in its

l ength , which equ a ls the distan ce between it s or igin and that of. th e anal .Caudal rounded and greatly developed

,its len gth sl ightly m or e than that of the

head . An al fin w ith 32 rays,or iginat in g below th e n in th dorsal ray and

term in at in g a l itt l e behind th e soft dorsa l,than which it is on e four th shorter

and a tr ifle h igher . Pectora l fin in ser ted below the an ter ior half of the eye ,

.

The Sp ine appears to have been in jured at som e t im e as, in add it ion to the b i furcat iono f the t ip , there is a prom inent tumor near the base.

90 MEMOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

rounded, w ith 1 2 rays,the second the lon gest , a l itt l e m ore than the w idth of th e

gil l - open in g . Ven tral spin e sm all and rou gh,not proj ectin g beyond the ven tral

flap,which is moderately developed .

S ton e - gray,th e head and body, except the throat and ven tral flap , with

n um erou s sm al l round brown spots ; ou ter edge of throat,in advance of the

gil l - open in g , w ith a m u ch larger blackish spot,which is c onn ected w ith its

fellow by a brown band ; above the spot are two con cen tr i c sem ic irc les of paleb lu e . Soft dorsal and an al gray , each ray w ith an in conspicuou s darker in trabasal spot ; caudal profusely brown - spotted . ( I have m u ch pleasu r e in nam ingth is spec ies after m y fr iend M r . L ew is Holden Maynard, of Bundaberg

,in

r ecogn it ion of h is keen in terest in th e b iology of ou r S tate . )

D escr ibed from a fine spec im en,m easu r in g 31 7 m illim . in total l ength

( 244 to root of caudal ) , captu r ed at Cowan - Cowan ,Mor eton Bay , by M r . Jam es

Pa lm er , and pr esen ted by him to th e Qu een sland Museum . Reg . N o . I . 2643.

The n ear est al ly of this species is Bleeker ’

s Can- the'rines macru r usfi" from

wh ich,however

,i t d iffers in n um erou s m in or characters.

In m y notes on the fishes traw l ed on the Qu eensland Coast by the

E ndeavou r I find th e fol low ing en try — “L eatherjacket . 3p .

( spotted ) . Possibly this r efers to the species under considerat ion . S evenexam ples w er e trawl ed at three stations

,nam ely— Off Jenny L ind Buoy, Por t

Cu rtis,one ; ou tside fa irway buoy , Hervey Bay ,

five ; off Hummocky Island, one.

On draw in g M r . M cCu lloch’s atten tion to these exam ples

,he kindly

com par ed them w ith m y or iginal descr ipt ion,and decided. that they were

iden tical . It is from on e of these E ndeavou r fish es that M r . M cN eill’s excel len t

draw in g was m ade .

“ M onacan thus m a cru ras B leeker , N at . Tijds. N ederl . Ind .,x1 1

,1 856

,p : 226 ; N ias ;

I’scudomowacan thns m acru ras Atlas Icht h .,v,p . 1 34

,pl . ccxxvi i i, fig . 2 .

M EMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .

,PLATE XXVII .

QUEENSLAND FISHE S .

Face page

F OUR QUEENSLAND FISHE S—MCCULLOCH . 9 1

FOUR QUEENSLAND F I SHES .

BY ALLAN R . MCCULLOCH ,Z ooLOGlST, AUSTRAL IAN MUS E UM .

(Co ntribut ions from the Austra l ian Museum . )

(Plates XXVII to XXX . )

TH E four speci es her e descr ibed and figu r ed have hitherto been on ly verybr iefly character ised ,

and their r ecogn it ion has been a m atter of som e l ittled ifficu lty . Pom a cen tr us ap ica lis, D e. Vis

,and Canther in es br aniw ens, Castelnau ,

have n ot been r ecogn ised sin ce they were or iginal ly descr i bed over thirty yearsago .

F AM ILY POMACENTR IDAE.

GEN U S POMACEN TRUS , L acepede .

POMACE NTRUS APICALIS , de Vis.

(Plate XXVII . )

Pomacentrus ap ica lis, D e Vis, Proc . L inn . S oc . N . S . Wa les, ix, 1 885, p . 874.

D . xiii/ 1 6 ; A . i i/ 1 3 ; P. 20; V . i/ 5 ; C. 1 5 ; L . lat . 20; 27 rows of scalesbetween th e oper cu lum and th e hypu ra l join t ; L . tr . D epth be fore theven trals 2 in to the len gth of the hypu ral jo in t ; head 33 in th e sam e . E ye

sl ightly n ar rower than th e in terorbital w idth , as long as the snou t , and 3-5 in the

h ead .

Body short and deep . Head sl ightly lon ger than deep . Sn out obtuselypoin ted

,the m axi l la reaching sl ightly beyond the an ter ior m argin of th e eye .

Suborbital strongly denticu late on its postero- in fer ior margin . Preopercu lumden t icu late on its hin der l im b , th e an gle rounded . Opercu lum with a smal lfiat Spin e . Head,

body , and ver tica l fin s closely cover ed w ith sca l es,th e edges

of wh ich are m inu tely c i l iated ; they extend forward to between the nostr i ls and

cover th e greater par t of the suborbital bon e, l eaving on ly th e end of th e sn ou tnaked . N ostr i l a l ittl e n earer th e eye than th e end of the snou t . D orsal

originating'

above th e end of the opercu lum ; the spin es in crease gradual ly inlen gth backwards, and th er e is n o inden tation between the sp inous and softdorsals ; the soft dorsa l an gu lar , its m ed ian rays longest . S econd anal spin e aslong as the distan ce between the preoper cu lum and the snou t, and lon ger thanthe dorsal spin es ; soft portion of fin rounded . Caudal bi fu r cate , the u pper lobelon ger than the lower . F irst ven tra l ray fi lam en tous, r eachin g th e second anal

sp in e .

92 M EM OIRS O F THE QUEENS LAND M US E UM .

Ca lc ium—A fter preservation in weak a lcoho l , the gen eral colou r is darkcoff ee brown ,

w ith indistin ct darker bases to the scal es. Most of the scales of theback , side , and soft dorsal w ith a m inu te pa le spot ; the sca les on the lowerpor tion of the opercu lum and the base of th e pectora l each w ith larger pa leblu ish spots. A row of l igh t in fraor b ita l spots. D orsa l fins with a broad orangemargin wh ich is m ost in ten se on the soft portion ; two irregu lar blu e streaksbetw een each of the th ird to last spin es ; a large black blot ch between th e u pperpor t ion of the secon d an d th i rd spin es. Tip of the u pper cauda l lobe br igh torange . Soft dorsa l , caudal , anal , pectorals and ven trals blackish , th e spin es of

th e anal and ven trals l ight blue .

D escr ibed from a spec im en mm . long from the snou t to the end of

th e m iddle cauda l rays. It agrees better w ith the second spec im en referr ed to

by de Vis than w ith that upon wh ich he bases his descr ipt ion .

L oc .

—Holborn Is . off Port D en ison,Qu eensland ; col lected by M r . E . H .

Rain ford .

F AM ILY TEUTHID IDZE .

GE N US TEUTHIS , L inné.

Hcpa tws .G ronow ,

Z oophyl . , 1 763, p . l l S—nonb iuom ial. S ee Jordan , Genera F ishes 1 9 1 7, p . 20.

Teuthis, L inné, Syst . N at .

,1 2th cd .

,1 766, p . 23 ( T. hepa tus, L inné) . Id , Jordan , loc. cit ,

p . 23.

TEUTHIS GRAMMOPTILUS, R icha rdson .

( P late XXVIII. )

Acan thu rus g rammop tilus, R ichardson , Ann . M ag . N at . Hist . , xi , 1 842 , p . 1 76 . Idz,Gunther ,

B r it. M us . Cat . F ish . ,i i i

,1 86 1

,p . 335 . Id . , M acleay , Proc. Linn . S oc . N . S . Wa les, i i ,

1 878,p . 354, and v

, 1 88 1 , p . 528 . [d . ,Klun z ingcr , S it z b . Akad. Wiss. Wien , lxxx, i ,

1 879,p . 393.

D . ix/ 27 ; A . i i i/ 25 ; P. 1 7 ; V. i/ 5 ; C. 1 6 . D epth before the ventral-s 1 -9

in t he length to the hypu ra l join t ; h ead 3 5 in the sam e . E ye 2 3 in its distan cefrom the u ppe r lip ,

and 3- 9 in th e head ; in terorbita l space w ider than the eye ,3 in t he head . L ast do rsa l sp in e 1 5 , e ighteen th dorsa l ray 1 9 in t he head .

Pectoral 1 -04,ven tra l 1 - 2 in the head .

Th e p rofi le from th e snou t to th e dorsa l fin is obliquely convex , th e forehead be fore the eyes form in g an obtuse angle between the con tou rs of the snou tand th e n ape . Opc rcles obl iqu e ; preopercu lar border and the whol e of theopercuh un st r iated . N ostrils approximate , the an ter ior mu ch larger than th e

MEM OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .

,PLATE XXVIII .

QUEENSLAND FISHE S .

Face page 93.

F OUR QUEENSLAND FISHE S— AIGCUL LOCH . 93

poster ior , wh ich is close to the border of the eye . Teeth depressed,their m argin s

rounded and un iform ly lobu late ; sixteen in the upper jaw . The exposed su rfacesof th e clavic le and supraclavicle are str iated .

Th e greater par t of the body is covered w ith sm al l,strongly ctenoid

scales, which becom e cyc loid on the breast and abdom en : head~scale~s deeplyem bedded and cycloid . Lateral l in e arched an ter ior ly

,then ce obliqu e to below

the hinder th ird of the soft dorsal , when ce it descends to the m iddle of th ecauda l pedun cle . Caudal spin e stron g

,its an ter ior free por t ion longer than

the poster ior .

Dorsal comm en cing above th e m idd le of the opercu lum,th e spin es

in creasin g even ly in len gth to the last . The m argin of the fin is even ly rounded,and the rays decrease even ly backwards to th e eighteen th , after which theybecom e rapid ly shor ter . An al comm en c ing below the poster ior dorsal spin es

,

and term in at ing a tr ifle behind the last ray ; its m argin rounded . Ven tralsacu tely poin ted, and r eaching the base of th e first an a l ray . Caudal dam aged ,

em arginate ( the lobes probably produ ced ) .

( b lown—Body brown be fore preservation ,t inged with yellow . The

greater par t of_

the sides cover ed w ith nar row dark - brown l in es,which are largely

hor izon tal , ir regu lar and anastom osin g . Ven tral su r face un i form brown . Som ebroad blu e bands around the eye en close l ight ar eas. Cheeks

, opercles, shou lder ,and base of pectoral brown

,

’ c lose ly covered w ith r et icu lating darker brownstr ipes. D orsal oran ge yellow ,

becom in g darker poster ior ly ; a broad blu eband a lon g the en tir e base and a second darker on e above it poster ior ly ; a n arrow

b lack m argin . An al dark gr een ish brown,w ith a pal e blu e border

,w ith indica

t ions of two blu e str ipes n ear th e base poster ior ly . Ven trals dark brown ;pectorals yel low ish

,darker between the rays. Caudal dark , w ith m any round

darker spots between the rays ; the base n ear the caudal pedun cle l ight in colour ;a blackish ar ea round the cauda l spin e .

D escr ibed and figu red from a specim en 2 1 8 mm . long from the Claren ceRiver , N ew Sou th Wales.

Variation —Two sm al ler exam p les from Masthead Island ,1 50 and 1 59

mm . lon g , are very sim i lar,though their m arkings are not so distin ct as in th e

larger exam ple ; in on e,the verm iform m arkin gs on the body are m u ch broader

and less num erous than in th e other . The dorsal and an al fins are m arked withabou t six longitudin al dark str ipes

,and are darker an ter ior ly than in th e Spec im en

figured . Th e white area around the cauda l pedun cle is more sharply defin edan ter ior ly

,and the extr em e m argin of the fin is wh ite .

L oos— Clar en ce River , N ew Sou th Wal es ; presen ted to th e Au stral ianMu seum by the F isher ies D epartm en t of N ew Sou th Wa les. Masthead Island,ofl Por t Cu rt is

,Qu een sland ; col l . A . R . McCu lloch . Specim ens are in the

Mac l eay Museum from Port D arwin,N orthern Terr itory .

94 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

FAM IL Y BLEN N IIDZE .

GEN US NOTOGRAPTUS,Gun ther .

NOTOGRAPTUS GUTTATUS, Gu nthe r.

( P late XXIX . )

N o tog rap tus g u tta tus, Giin ther , Ann . M ag . N at . Hist. xx , 1 867, p . 64 . Id . , M acleay ,P roc. L inn . Soc . N . S . Wa les

,ii,1 878, p . 359

,and v i

, 1 88 1 , p . 30. Id.,Klunz inger,

S it z b . Akad'. W iss. W ien '

,lxxx 1 1 879 , p . 393.

B lanchardia macu la ta , Castelnau , R es. F ish. Austr . ( V ict. Ofiic . R ec . Ph ilad. 1 875 ,p . 47 . 1 d .

,M acleay, Proc. Linn . Soc . N . S . Wa les

,vi , 1 88 1 , p . 272 . Id .

, Og i lby, M em .

Qld. M us ,i,1 9 1 2

,p . 2 1 6 .

D . lxn / l ; A . xxxvi i/ 2 ; V . 1 ; P ] 9 ; C. 1 0. The length from the snou t tothe ven t is 1 - 1 in th e distance between the ven t and the hypu ral join t . The headis 2 - 5 in its distan ce from the ven t . D epth at th e ven t abou t 2 - 1 in th e head ;orbit 5 in the sam e . Snou t 1 5 in the orbit and greater than t he in terorbita lWidth

,which is 2 -7 in the orbit . Pectora l 2 -2

,cauda l 1 - 5 in the head . Ven tral

ray almost equa l to the orbit in l ength . Poster ior dorsal spin e 32 ,and poster ior

an al Spin e n ear ly 4 in the head .

Body angu i l l iform ,som ewhat com pressed ,

and covered with m inu teimbr icate scales which extend forward to beh ind th e pectorals and ven trals thebreast and th e back above the latera l l ine are n aked . Head subcylindr ical

,n aked,

w ith ser ies of pores surround ing the ey e , above the Opercles, across the nape, andon th e m andibles. Snou t obtuse ; an ter ior n ostr i l in a short tube . Mou th n ear lyhor izon ta l , the m axi l la p rodu ced backward wel l beyond the eye ; its poster ior .

portion is rath er narrow,rounded, and exposed ; m andible shor ter than th e upper

jaw,with a sm al l m en tal barbel . A broad band of granu lar teeth on each ramus

of the jaws, wh ich becomes n ar rower as it extends backward ; the sym physes are

naked ; a broad band of sim i lar teeth on each palatin e , vom er tooth l ess. Tongueslende r

,largely free . E ye large

,its an ter ior m argin free from th e orbital

m embran es. Opcrcles un arm ed , the preopercu lar m argin hidden ben eath theskin ; subopercu lum with obl iqu e r idges. Gi l l - open ing w ide

,lateral

,the mem

bran es broadly attached to the isthmus. L ateral l ine extending obl iquely upwardf rom t he opercu lum to near th e back

,wh en ce it runs backward to the base of

the fou rth last dorsal spin e ; it is form ed of a con tinuous ser ies of en largedtubul es.

D orsal fin or iginat ing above the end of the head ; the spines of the greaterportion are slender with fl exi bl e t ips

,bu t they becom e thicker poster ior ly and

are acu tely poin ted ; they in crease gradual ly in l ength to the last ; the sin gle rayis branch ed and lon ger than the spin es

,and is u n ited with the caudal . An al

sim i la r in form to t he dorsal,comm en c ing below the twen ty - eighth spin e of

that fin ; its spin es a re a ll strong and acu te,and in crease in length to th e last ;

M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .,PLATE XXX .

QUE ENSLAND FISHE S .

Face page

9 6 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

( b lown—Un i form brown ish green ,the caudal fin w i th cu rved ser ies of

darker cross- ban ds.

D escr ibed and figu red from a spec im en 72'

mm . lon g , which d iffers insevera l deta i ls from Casteln au

’

s descr iption . His exam ple was said to have on lytwen ty - seven an a l r ays, whereas m in e has th irty - two ; b e coun ted on ly sevencauda l rays, bu t doubt less over looked th e. five narrow rays wh ich are in term ediatebetween the seven thick on es.

L ac— S t . Cr ispin reef,off Port D ouglas

,on the ou ter ‘ edge of the Great

Bar r i er,Qu een sland ; in a t ida l rock - pool ; col l . A . R . M cCu lloch

,June

,1 9 1 8 .

The holotype of the Species, which is the on ly other specim en known , was

secu red at Kn ob Island , N orth Au stral ia .

1

Knob Island is probably a m ispr int for N ob Island,which is one of the Hom e Group

off Cape Grenvi l le,North Queensland.

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTE S (N o. 4 )—OGILBY. 97

lCHTHYO LOGlCAL NOTES (No .

BY J . DOUGLAS OGILBY .

‘

ORE CTOLOBIDJE .

a c'ronosus TENTAcuLA'rUS Peters.

‘

IN m y Check - L ist of Qu een sland S elach ians” 2 I expressed a doubt as towhether the Port Adela ide and Cape York sharks recorded by Griin ther3 underth is n am e wer e iden t ical , po in t in g ou t that the species had n ever been takenat any in term ed iate station . Th is doubt was, however , d ispel led by the r eceptionof a fin e exam ple forwarded from Port Darw in to th is Museum by M r . G. F . H i l l .

STEGOSTOMA TYGRINUM (Bo nn a te i re ) .4

D u r in g Chr istm as week on e of these sharks was captu red at Sou thpor t ,and forwarded to the Qu een sland Un iversity .

MOBUL IDE .

MOBULA Rafin esqu e.

MOBULA EREGOODOO (Can to r ) . 5

Throu gh the kindn ess of M r . J . H irst S tevens,In spector of F isher ies,

the Museum becam e possessed of two fin e exam ples, a m a le and a fema l e,of

th is “ horn ed ray ,”wh ich had been exh ib ited in th e F isher i es Cou r t of the 1 9 1 7

Agr icu ltu ral Show . S in ce that tim e I know of a third specim en havin g beencau ght in Mor eton Bay ,

b u t this was un for tunately lost to scien ce,its captors,

havin g brou ght it up the r iver as far as Pinken ba , dec idin g to j ett ison it . Thou ghfrom th e in frequ en cy of its captu r e the spec ies is bu t l itt l e known to ou r

fisherm en,wh ether professional or am ateu r , it is possibly by no m ean s so rare

as is gen eral ly su pposed .

ARGE NTIN IDJE .

RETROPINNA SEMONI (We ber ) .G

Du r in g the last week of Apr i l 1 9 1 7 I had the good for tun e to be askedaccom pany Messrs. A ird (Waterworks ) and S tevens ( Inspector of F ish er i es)

1 Crossorhinu s ten ta cu la tu s Pete rs , M on . Akad . Be rl in ,1 864, p . 1 23.

2 M em . Queens] . M u s . , v , 1 9 1 6 , p . 76 , footno te 1 5 .

3 Br it . M us . Ca ta l . Fish . ,vi i i

, 1 870, p . 41 4.

4 S qualu s tygrinu s Bonna te rre ,En cycl . Meth ,

Ichth . , 1 788, p . 8 .

5 D iceroba tie eregoodoo Can to r . Cata l . Ma lay . Fish . , 1 850, p . 438.

6 Prototroctes semoni Webe r , Zoo l . Fo rsch . ,1 895 , p . 2 74.

98 M EM OIRS OF - THE QUE ENS LAND M US E UM .

on a tr ip to the head waters of th e N oosa. River . Th e aim of the exped it ion wasto test the possibi l it ies of procu r ing from th is sou r ce a sufficien t quan t ity of

Golden Per ch (Plectrop litcs am b ig-a -

us )T to stock the n ew Gold Creek Reservoir .

I m av her e r em ark paren th etical ly that , though we w er e su ccessfu l in catchingqu ite a num ber of these excel l en t fishes by tro l l in g w ith a

‘

spoon- bait

, we fai l edto br in g any of them al ive to Br isban e , a heavy thunderstorm which brokeover th e cam p on th e last n igh t of ou r stay bein g doubtl ess a poten t cau se ofth eir u n t im ely decease . These and a sin gl e Lon g - finn ed E el (Anguilla

r et'

nha rd t'ifls con st itu ted the en t ir e produ ce of ou r hook and l in e fishing . On

arr iva l at the forks of the Upper N oosa, beyond which n avigat ion is im possibl e,

we noticed that the laun ch was qu ickly su rrou nded by num bers of smal l,high

sw imm in g fishes. A few,a very few

,of th ese

,for they w er e l ightn in g - qu ick

in their movem en ts,we m anaged to catch throu gh th e agen cy of som e bread

crum bs and a sm al l land ing - n et . They proved to be Cr im son - Spotted Sunfishes(M elan otranla fitz roycn sis )

9and Qu eensland Sm elts (R etrop iom a same /ml)

“ in

the proport ion of abou t thr ee to on e, thu s add ing another local ity to the ran geof the latter in terest in g anadrom . On ou r way hom ewards we n ot iced a viol en tcomm otion in th e water u nder an overhan gin g ban k

,and on

'

in v est igating w ith a

paddl e we had the good lu ck to pick u p fou r - large and healthy River J ewfishes (Te ndon

-

as tandanus) ,1 ° th e m ar r iage cer em on ies of wh ich we had thus

cru el ly and wan ton ly in terru pted . The tr ip throu gh the water system s of theLower and Upper N oosa and across L akes Cooroiba and Cootharaba is m osten joyable

,the scen ery everywher e beau t ifu l and rom an tic

,w i ld and sol itary ;

i t can be earn est ly r ecomm ended to anyon e in sear ch of health or pleasu r e .

The cl earn ess of th e water in th e u pper r eaches was r espon sib le for a mostexqu isite and fa ithfu l r eprodu ct ion of each l ea f and bough of the overhangin gtrees

,even th e del icate fronds of the fragile “ cl imbing m a idenha ir ” 1 1 bein g

photograph ed r eversedly w ith a viv id in tensity almost unbel ievable, br ingingback to one

’

s m ind Wordswor th ’

s wel l - n i gh forgotten du pl icate swan .

MONOPTE RIDE .

MONOPTERUS ALBUS ( Z u iew ) .

D u rin g last Jun e I r eceived from m y good fr iend M r . Jam es Palm erof Cowan Cowan ,

Moreton Bay , a smal l bu t m ost in ter estin g col l ection of fishesobta ined by. him at that place . It con sisted of a very large N om eus gronovm

7 D a les ambiguu s R icha rdso n ,Zoo l . E rebu s Te rro r , n ,

1 844, F islr , p . 26 , pl . xix.

3 S to inda ch ne r , S itz . Aka d . W ie n , IV , 1 867 , p . 1 5 .

A ristea s fitz roycnsia Cas t el na u ,Pro c . L in n . So c . N . S . Wa les , i i i , 1 878 , p . 1 41 .

1“Plotosu s (Tanda nu s ) tu ndanu s M i tche ll , E xp . In t . E ast . Aust r . , ed . 2 , i , 1 838 , p . 95,

pl.v,fig . 2 .

1 1 I/ ygodium g ra ndam ( Swa rt z ) Ba i ley , Queens l . Flo ra , vi , 1 902 , p . 1 934.

1 2 l‘

l/Iu rw na a lba Z u iew ,N o v . Ac t . Acad . Sc i. Po tm po l . , V 1 1 , 1 797 , p . 299 , pl . v n , fig . 2 .

1 00 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

n in e exam ples, m easu r in g between 1 54 and 427 mm .

,I find that the propor t ional

l en gth of the body averages 1 to 34 . On th is basis the exam ple in qu est ionwou ld have m easu r ed fu lly 700 mm . to the end of the hypu ral bon e and 925

to the tip of th e caudal fin . Pr evious to this r ecord the largest Specim en of

which I have a note was on ly 520 mm . lon g over all .

BE LON ID JE .

TYLOSURUS MACLEAYANUS

Throu gh the gen erosity of M r . J . Tr evethan the Museum , du r ing lastOctober , becam e the r ecip ien t of th e largest exam ple of th is n eed le - fish whichI have as yet seen ,

its total l en gth from the t ip of the snou t to the end of thelower cauda l lobe being mm . F oll ow in g are som e of the m or e im por tan tm easur em en ts taken from the fr esh specim en — Tip of snou t to ven t 686

,w idth

of body 70, depth of body 72, l ength of head 255, of postorbita l head 73, of

snou t 1 72 , d iam eter of eye 27,w idth of in terorb it 46

,lower caudal lobe 1 23mm .

I do n ot think Ty losurus imp otc fnsl 8 can be separated from this species, notwithstanding that the m axillary is partly visible when the m ou th is c losed .

SE RRAN ID Z E .

CROMILEPTES ALTIVELIS (Cu vier «St

A fine exam ple of th is nor thern spec ies was taken r ecen tly by an an glerat the “ yellow patch, ” Moreton Bay , and presen ted to the Am ateur F isherm en ’

s

Associat ion,in whose col l ect ion it now is. The m ost sou th er ly poin t from

which it has pr eviously been r ecorded is “Cairn s Reef , ” 2 0 which is located som e

m i les sou th of Cooktown ,the other known Au stra l ian stat ions bein g Darn l ey

Island“ and Por t E ssin gton .

2 2 Th is lu cky captu re , ther efor e , not on ly adds

another in terestin g spec ies to the fauna of ou r wonderfu l Bay , bu t extends thefish ’

s sou th er ly range by abou t m i l es.

POMADAS ID ZE .

pnacronnrucnus RETICULA'I‘US (G unther- l ”In the last issu ed part of the E ndeavou r F ishes M cCu lloch descr ibed and

figu red this spec i es from an unspec ified N ew Sou th Wales loca l ity . Abou t thesam e tim e a specim en

,cau ght in Mor eton Bay , cam e in to my hands, and is now

in th e S tate Museum . There are now,ther efore , fou r r ecorded Austral ian

local it ies for th is fish,n am e ly—Cape York (Gun ther ) , L ittle Island, W. A . and

N ew S ou th Wal es Coast (M cCu lloch ) , and Moreton Bay .

1 7 Belonc m a clea ya nu, Ogil by , Cata l . N . S . Wa les Fish . ,1 886 , p . 53.

‘3 Og il l iy , Proc . R oy . So c . Queensl . , xxi , 1 908 , p . 89 .

1 ”.S'erra nus a llw c lis Cu vie r Va le ncien n es , Hist . N a t . Bo iss . , u ,

1 82 8,p . 324, pl . xxxv .

2° McCu llo ch , in lit .2‘Ogil b y ,

M em . Queensl . M us . , u ,1 9 1 3, p . 90.

2 2 Bo u lenge r, B rit . M us . Ca ta l . Fish , ed . 2,i,1 895 , p . 272 .

“

43 Ij iugm mma reticu la tum Gunthe r , Br it . M us . Ca ta l . Fish , i , 1 859 , p . 334 .

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTE S (N o . 4 ) —OGILBY. 1 01

SCOMBRID JE .

GRAMMATORYCNUS BICARINATUS (Qu oy

In S eptem ber , 1 9 1 5 , M cCu lloch descr ibed and figu red a spec im en of th isfish wh ich had been taken by trol l ing a few m i l es sou th of the Tweed Headsin Ju n e , 1 9 1 4, th is bein g the first record of its occu rr en ce on the Coast of E asternAu stral ia . It was, ther e for e , w ith m u ch pleasu r e that I r ecogn ised a fine

specim en amon g the fishes exh ibited in the F isher ies Cou r t at th e last Agricu ltura l Show . Th is Spec im en was captu r ed off Cape Mor eton and, thou gh presen ted to the Museum by the Inspector of F isher i es, was su rr ept it iously takenaway and consum ed by som e un cr ed ited ind ividua l . S in ce th en I have beenshown by M r . C. D ah l a draw in g of a fish

, taken off Moreton Bay by two

Mait land spor tsm en , u sin g a trol l ing rod and l in e . In th is figu r e not on ly isth e double lateral l in e corr ectly shown

, bu t the posit ion of the ver tical fin s and

the num ber of fin lets are accu rately given . It wou ld ,ther efor e

,appear that

this fish an nual ly visits ou r offshore waters du r ing the w in ter mon ths, and thato u r fai lu r e hitherto to r eal ise the pr esen ce of th is and al l ied species is m er elydue to th e lack of proper appl ian ces for th eir captu r e .

TEUTHID ID ZE .

TEUTHIS MATOIDES (Cu vier Valen cien n es ) .Du r in g the latter end of N ovem ber 1 9 1 7 the Museum r ece ived throu gh

t he cou r tesy of M r . A . A . Gi lm ou r ,

"

m anager of the S tate F ish Market , an

e xcept iona l ly fin e exam ple of th is fish, m easu r in g no l ess than 444 mm . To one

who on ly knows th e Species from pr eserved specim en s the colou rs of the freshfish wer e a r evelat ion . The head and body wer e of the deepest im per ia l pu rple ,shading to l i lac on the br east and throat

,while the ou ter fou r th of the pectoral

w as br i l l ian t ly golden . The ver t ical fins,however

,were w ithou t b lu e l in es.

SCORPE N IDE .

PTE ROIS Cuvier .

Key to the Queen sland species .

a1 Pecto ra l fin s extend in g beyon d the base o f the cau da lb l . Inte ro rbi ta l regio n deep .

cl

. Ge na l r idge n a rrow and feebly spinose .

d‘. Su p rao rb it-al fi lam en t lc n g nape na kedd z . Su prao rbita l filam en t sho rt n a pe sca ly

02

. Gena] r idge broad and dense ly spinu lose .

cl. Inte ro rbita l region deep ; su prao rbita l fi lam en t m oderate 3. kodz

'

pumgi28

2“Thyn nus b ica r ina tus Quoy Gaim a rd , Voy . U ra n ie , Zoo l . , 1 824, p . 357 , pl . l x i , fig . 1 .

25 Aca n thu r us m a loides Cu vie r Va lencien nes , Hist . N a t . Poiss . ,x,1 835 , p . 204 .

2“Gasterosteus volitans L inn aeus , Syst . N a t . , ed . 1 0, i , 1 758 , p . 296 Am bo ina .

2 7 Schlegel , Faun . Ja po n . , Pisc . , 1 842 , p . 45 , pl . xi x : Naga s a ki , Ja pan .

28 Blee ke r , N a t . Tijds . N ederl . Ind . ,i i i

, 1 852 , -

p . 450 Ban ca, .

1 02 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

a' Pecto ra l fin s no t extend in g to the cau da l (D E N D ROCBIR U S ).

fl . Inte ro rbita l re gio n broad an d sha llow ; gena l r idge broa d an d densely spinu lose su prao rb ita l filam en t sho rt 4 . m iles”

jg

. Inte ro rbita l region na rrow and deep ; gena l r idge na r row and feeb ly spinose su prao rbita lfilam ent lo n g 5 . z ebra“o

CARACANTHIDZ E .

CARACANTHUS UNIPINNA (Gray ) .31

The r epu ted scleroderm from the Banks Islands descr ibed by D e Vis32 as

Trackyccphal'

us‘“3 bawlricnsis proves on exam in at ion to be iden t ical w ith the above

fish . I am in debt ed for th is determ ination to m y fr iend and col leagu e M r .

A l lan R . M cCu lloch , to whom I forwarded thr ee exam ples under the im pr essionthat they wer e an aberran t GOb ‘iOdO Il . We do n ot consider the tr iv ial characterof the con tinu ity of th e dorsal fin sufficien t just ificat ion for the r em oval of th isfish to th e spec ial genus Amphip rionich thys.

M r . M cCu lloch kindlv sends m e the synonymy of ou r genu s and speci es,

which m ay be advan tageou sly inser ted her e .

GEN US CARACANTHUS ,Kroyer .

Il l ic rop us G ray , Zoo l . M isc , 1 831 p . 20. (M . m acu la tu s G ray ) . N o t M icropu sWo lf,1 81 0.

Ca ra ca n thu s Kroye r , N a tu rh ist . Tidsskr . , i , 1 844, p . 267 . (C . typicu a K roye l') Jo rda n E ve rm a n n , Bu ll . U . S . F ish . Com m . , xxi i i , i , 1 905 , p . 453.

Amphip rion ichthys B lee ke r , N a t . Tijds . N ede rl . Ind . ,v i i i

,1 855 , p . 1 70 (A . apistu s Bleeke r ) .

C'en tropus Kne r , Sit z . Akad . W ien ,

xxxi x,1 860, p . 531 (C . sta u rophoru s Kne r ) . N o t Cen tropu s

Illige r , 1 8 1 1 .

Croeaoderm a Gujeheno t , N o u v . Arch . Mus . Hist . N a t . ,v,1 870, p . 1 94. (C. m adagasca rie

'n se

Gu icheno t ) .

Trachyccpha lus D e Vis , Proc . L inn . So c . N . S . Wa les , vii i , 1 884, p . 455 . ( T . bankiensia de Vis )

N o t Tra chycepha lu a Tschu di, 1 838 , n ee a lio .

Trachyccpha lus D e Vis proves to be synonym ous w ith CaracavnthusKroycr ,

and agrees wi th the subgenus Amphip r fio -

nich thys Bleeker in having the dorsalfins u n i ted .

2° S corpam a. m iles J . W . Bennett , Fish . Cey lo n ,pl . i x Ce y lo n .

3° Cu vie r Va len cien nes , Hist . N a t . Po iss . , i v , 1 829 , p . 367 Ma u r itius .

31.M icrop us u n ip inna G ra y ,

Zoo l . M isc . , 1 831 , p . 20.

32 Pro c . L in n . So c . N . S . Wa les ,vi i i

,1 884, pp . 455 , 456 .

33 D e Vis was u nfo rtu nate in h is cho i ce o f a gene r i c nam e , Trachycepha lu s ha ving beenu sed th r i ce p re vio u s ly—by Tech ud i in Batra chia ns 1 838 , b y Swa inso n in Fishes 1 839 , and b yG ra y in Re pti les 1 845 .

1 04 M E MOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

l iberated in a dam ,wh ich comm un icates w ith the Br isban e River . On return in g

from a visit to N ew Zealan d I recomm en ced th e work , and on the 28th of May

l iberated eigh teen in th e E noggera Reservoir . Twenty - one were taken to

1Varwiek on the 31 st of Ju ly and pu t in the Condam in e . On the 29th of Au gustsixteen were l iberated in th e waters of the Upper Coom era . Two were on thesam e day placed in a pond at th e Botan ical Gardens .

” 3” I have r ecords of severalspec im ens from the Pin e and Coom era Rivers, of on e from th e E noggera D am

,

and of one from th e Condam in e havin g been ki l led . It is m u ch to be regrettedthat

,after all the trouble and expense wh ich has been in cu rred to transplan t these

u n i qu e fishes to n ew hom es,t hey are relen tlessly destroyed when oppor tun ity

ofiers. It m ay be u sefu l h ere to r em ind my r eaders that these fishes are now p ro

tec ted by law,and that their destru ction is

,th erefore

,a pun ishable offen ce . Su ch

as are cau ght shou ld at on ce be r eturn ed to the water . In this case , however ,M r . Whal l ey , its captor , in form s m e that th e fish was taken in salt water at

th e m ou th of the r iver ; when first seen it was lyin g ou tside the n et,and appear ed

to be si ck and un able to help itself, so that he l i fted the n et and pushed itunder with an oar ; eviden tly its con d ition was due to the sal in ity of th e water .

ADDENDA .

TORPED INID Z E .

HYPNOS SUBNIGER D um éril .“0

Th rough the cou rtesy of M r . J . Hirst S tevens, In spector of F isher ies, theQueensland Mu seum has acqu ir ed a very fin e fem ale exam pl e of this e lectr ic ray ,which form ed on e of the exh ibits in th e F isher ies Cour t of the N ationa l Show,

1 9 1 8, and was an object of m u ch cu r iosi ty and n o l ittle scep t ic ism—as r egards its

shock - givin g procl ivities— to thousands of in ter ested sight - seers. It was‘ captured

by sein e n et at Cape Moreton by M r . George Crou ch and par ty“

, and m easu res572 mm . from the t ip of the snout to that of the tai l . This is the fou rth r ecorde dQu eensland occu rren ce

,the other -s bein g“ a, a young fem al e

,labeled Moreton

Bay , belon ging to the Old Col l ection of th e Qu eensland Museum ; 1) and c, an

imm atur e pa ir , m a le and femal e,traw l ed by the E ndeavou r in 1 3 fathom s on fine

dark sand off S ou th Hi l l .CARANGID ZE .

APOLECTUS NIGER

D u r ing August the Queensland Museum received a fin e spec im en of thisfish , m easu r ing 380 mm . in total l ength and weigh ing sl ight ly over five pounds.

F or th is noble add it ion to our m ar in e fau na I have again to thank the acumen oft he office rs of the S tate F ish Market who

,recogn i zing that it was a novel ty, at

8 9 set a lso Ba nc ro ft, P roc . R oy . Soc . Quee nsl . , xx i i i , 1 9 1 2 , p . 25 1 i b id .,xxx

, 1 9 1 8’

4" lt e v . M ag . Zoo l . , 1 852 , p . 2 79 .

S ee O gi lby , Mem . Quec ns l. M u s . ,v, 1 9 1 6 , p . 83.

‘2 S trom a t eu e n iger Blo ch , Au sl. F isch . ,x i i

,p . 93, pl . c cccxxn .

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTE S (N O . 4 )—OGILBY. 1 05

on ce pu t it aside for my inspect ion . The fish was taken in th e Coom era River byM essrs. Brady Bros. on the 1 4th inst . , and is the first r ecorded instan ce of its

occu rren ce in Austral ian waters.

SPARIDZE .

SPARUS BERDA F orskao

t l.“

On the 24th inst . , wh en paying m y weekly visit to the F ish Market, 1 wasshown a sm al l bream ,

which had been taken alon g w ith the ordinary species at

Ca loundra ,and was su rpr ised and del igh ted to r ecogn ize in it a r epr esen tative

of the n orthern “ pikey br eam,

”of wh ich the m ost sou ther ly previous record was

t hat of Macleay from the L ower Bu rdekin . Possibly the species m ay not be sorare as is supposed,

bu t has been con founded w ith the common br eam (S .

F rom th is and th e tarwhin e (S . sarba )“ it is at on ce distingu ish

able by the great s ize and strength of the second ana l spin e,wh ich has su ggested

the vern acu lar n am e here emp loyed .

SCOMBRID ZE

GRAMMATORYCNUS BICARINATUS (Quoy Ga im ard 149

Dur ing th e first week of Augu st , wh en payin g a visit to th e S tate F ishMarket , I was shown a spec im en of this fish

,weigh in g 30 1 b . , which was cau ght in

t he Bay in company w ith S chool Macker el ( S com berom orus spp . )

URAN OSCOPIDE .

ICHTHYSCOPUS LEBECK (Schne ide r ) . 47

To M r . J . Tait , of Tewan t in ,the Museum is indebted for an except ion al ly

large exam ple of this stargazer,

m easu r in g 542 mm . in total len gth . On

open ing it the stom ach was fou nd to be fi l led to r epletion with the r em ains of

o ther fishes,som e of which

,on the eviden ce of th e bon es, m ust have been of

con siderable si ze . Th e specim en was a fem a le,and the ovar ies con tain ed eggs in

an advan ced stage of matu r ity . These are exceedin gly sm al l for the size of thefish

,so m u ch so that I con sidered it worth while attem pt ing to com pu te th e

n um ber of ov a abou t to be shed bv this specim en . The m ass of eggs wei ghedexact ly 7 oz .

,and by car e fu l ly r em oving a port ion weighin g on e sixty ~fou rth of

a n olm ec (3 and wash in g this ou t un t il each ovum becam e separated fromits fel lows, I ar r ived by carefu l cou n t in g at eggs for the 3 grs.

,which when

m u lt ip lied by 448 gives th e aston ish ing total o f M r . L on gman,who

m ade his ca lcu lat ion s by a som ewhat differ en t m ethod to that em ployed by m e,

arr ived at a tota l of sl igh tly under half a m i l l ion ,a differen ce qu ite inappreciable

when deal in g w ith figu res of su ch m agn itude .

43 D esc r . An im . , p . 32 . See a lso rem a rks unde r S . laws b y Jordan 81, Thom pso n ,Proc . U S . N a t . M u s. , x l i , 1 9 1 2 , p . 5 85 - 6 .

44 Chrysophrys au stm lis G un the r , B r it . M u s. Ca tal. F ish .,i, 1 859 , p . 494 .

45 F o rskail , ibid . , p . 31 . S ee rem a rks u nde r S . aries b y Jorda n Thom pson ,ibid . ,p . 483.

46 See p . 1 01 an te a .

47 Uran oscop us lebeck Schne ider , in B loch , S yst. Ichth . , 1 801 , p . 47 .

1 06 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USEUM .

ENTOMOLOGICAL CONTR IBUTIONS .

BY HE N RY HACKE R , F .E .S .

(Plates XXXI, XXXII. )

NOTES ON COLLECTING HYMENOPTERA.

WH ILE som e of ou r wasps and bees have a w ide r an ge , m any of them are

very local ; con sequ en tly the n um ber to be obtain ed in any one local ity is usua l lynot large and is gr eatly in flu en ced by the cl im ate , soi l , and flora . In Qu eenslandthe r ich est local it ies are‘con tain ed within the coasta l str ip of coun try between thesea and the Main Ran ge. On e m ight th ink that the N orth ern scr ubs or rainfor ests, w ith their dense tropical vegetat ion and a hot steamy atm ospher e

,wou ld

be an ideal place for Hym enoptera , b u t it - is not so . As the m ajor ity of the waspsand bees m ake bu rrows and n ests in the ground,

it is essen tial that both they and

their food suppl ies be kept dry and free from condit ion s favou rable to the growthof fun gi and m ou lds. Con sequ en tly a com parat ively dry cl im ate

,together w ith

a l igh t sandy soi l in which the fossor ia l species can easi ly bu rrow , w i l l be foundthe m ost favou rablehabitat . The flora also is an. im portan t factor ; distr icts w itha var ied flora , th e flower in g per iods of wh ich extend over the whol e summ er , wi l lobviously suppor t a m u ch larger popu lation of bees than a local ity whe re theplan t popu lation is l im ited and the flower in g per iod las ts on ly a few weeks. Thisapplies to the dom est icated as wel l as the wi ld bees.

The best col lecting grounds for Hym en optera in the Br isbane d istr ict areon the Sou th Coast line a t Sunnybank

,Birkdal e

,and Cleveland

,and 01 1 th e N or th

Coast line at Caloundra . S tradbroke Island, wh ich consists most ly of pure sand,is very r ich in Hym enoptera . It is also rem arkable in possessin g severa l species ofThynn ida

'

: wh i ch , whi le occurr in g common ly abou t Sydn ey , have not yet beenr ecorded from the Queensland coas t .

In m ost local ities in Sou th Qu een sland,bees and wasps m ake their appear

an ce in early sp ring,sim u ltan eously w ith th e flower ing of L ep tospermum ,

whichgen e ral ly comm en ces abou t the last week in Au gu st and con tinu es throughou tS eptem be r . A fter th is spr ing bu rst of insect l ife there isa constan t succession of

f resh form s u n ti l th e hot m idsumm er,wh en a lu l l takes p lace . A lthough the

species are m ore num e rous at this t ime,the spec im ens are l ess plen tifu l . and

r equ i re to be spec ial ly searched for in favou r ite local it ies. After the summ er rains,

308 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

the day th is n ectar dr ies u p and th e flowers consequ en tly lose m ost of theirattract ive power . My exper i en ce is that one hou r ’

s col lectin g in the ear ly partof the day is m or e produ ctive than that of two hou rs in the a fternoon .

NOTES ON N ESTS OF MON EREBIA EPHIPPIUM , Fab r.

1

A fin e n est of this wasp was found at Sunnybank on Ju ly 1 3th , attached tot he in side of a hol low log lyin g on the grou nd . It was abou t seven in ches long ,fou r in ches w ide , and con tain ed ten ce l ls. The cel ls wer e “

made of sand m ixedw ith clay

,and were arran ged a lternately in two rows. The wal ls of the cells

were very th ick , and th e en tir e n est had su ch a m assive appearan ce that it washard to beli eve it to be th e work of a single wasp . In this part icu lar n est theusu a l fu n n e l - shaped en tran ce had been broken , on ly a sm al l portion being leftattach ed to th e n est . On two previous occasion s I have found n estsof th is wasp ,an d each was furn ished w ith a funn el - shaped en tran ce .

S ix of the cel ls con tain ed fu l l—grown l ivin g larvae . The in ter ior of thesec e lls was beauti fu l ly sm ooth

,and was l in ed w ith a th in si lken m em bran e

r esem bl ing tissu e paper . The ou ter side of the n est was of clay which had beenplaster ed smooth

,so that it had a sh iny or greasy appearan ce . The cl ean

,smooth

appearan ceof the in ter ior of these ce l ls m ade on e wonder what had becom e of theexcreta and débr is of food . On fu rther exam inat ion it was found that at the endof each ce ll , ou tside the si lk l in in g, between that l in ing and the wal l of the cel l ,there was a cav ity in to which the larvae had closely packed all excreta and deb ris.

Two of the cel ls were foun d to be fu l l of dead caterp i l lars ( all consistin gof th e sam e spec ies, Clan-ta ign obilis, Wlk. ,

belon ging to the fam i ly Psychidze ) ,em pty pu par ia of Tach in id fl i es, dead Tachin id flies

,and som e excreta .

The con ten t-s of the first cel l were fou rteen dead larvae of Clania ig nobilt'

s,

n ine em pty pu par ia of Tachin id fl ies,six dead Tachinid fl ies, three dead Tach in id

fl ies st i l l con ta in ed in pupar ia . Th e second of the two cel ls con tain ed fifteen deadlarvae of Clania ig nobilis, eleven dead Tachin id fl ies, eleven em pty pupar ia of

Tach in id fl ies.

Judging by th e con ten ts of these two cel ls, it wou ld appear that the caterp il lars were parasit ised by Tach in id fl ies before bein g placed in the cel ls by theMon crcb ia . The you ng Moncr ebz

'

a larvae had starved owin g to the Tachin idlarvae having con sum ed the m ost nu tr itious portion of th e caterpi llars. Theadu l t Tach in id fl ies had d ied after successfu l ly emergin g from the pupa l state ,because of th eir inabi l ity to leave the sea l ed - up cel ls.

Two oth er M onar ch/5a cel ls were found to be occupied by l iv ing larvae of a

sm al l er species of wasp,Pison au reoser

'iccum , Rohw . Both cel ls had been d ivided1 I ha ve u se d t he n am e JVIon e -

rebia in stead of t he b e tte r - know n Abisp a on t he a utho r ityo f Meade -wa ld o (An n . M ag . N a t . H is . , 46 1 ,

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM—VOL . VI .

,PLATE XXXI .

F ig . 1 .

—1\-ION EREBIA E PH IPPI‘UM F ab r .

1,Larva ; 2, pupa ( ear ly stage ) ; 3, pupa ( later stage) .

F ig . 2 .

—M ON EREBIA E PH IPP IUM Fahr .

4,Adu lt wasp ( fem a le ) ; 5 , part of n est show in g excreta packed in end of cel l .

All Natura l S i z e.

Ph otograph s by H . Hacker . Face page 1 08.

M E M OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

NOTES ON WASPS FR EQUENTING ASCLEPIAS

CURASSAVICA .

Asele-p ias curassav ica is not ind igenou s to Australia, having been introdu ced in to th is coun try from Am er ica w ith in comparat ively recen t years. At thepr esen t t im e the p lan t ex ists throughou t the eastern coast lands of the con tinen t .It is a wel l - known and in ter est in g fact that the introduct ion of the plan t m arkeda lso the in trodu ct ion of the bu tterfly D anaida a

-

rehipp us, F ahr .

, th e existen ce ofwh ich in th is coun try is co- extens ive w i th th e existen ce of the plan t .

While col lect in g in sects last season ,I captu red a wasp having the cu r ious

w inged pol len of the above plan t attached to its tarsi . By lookin g special ly forwasps sim i lar ly affected, I obtain ed qu ite a num ber

i

bclonging to the fol lowingspecies —Chlor ion v estit us, Sm . ; Odyn erus tricolor, Sau sa ; Ody

'ne

'rus m

'

y ro

c-inctus, Sau ss ; E cthromorpha insidiator , Sm . All these species had the paddleshaped pol l en of Asclepias attach ed to their tarsi , tarsa l c laws, and occasional lyto the ir m ou th par ts.

A ll the above - m en t ion ed wasps are endemic , and have a w ide range inAu stral ia ; an d th r ee of them possess stron g powers of fl ight . Ther e is litt ledoubt that their assistan ce in fer t il isin g the flowers of Asclepias has tended tospread the plan t over ar eas on which it was n ot previously found .

N OTES ON BE ES .

L estes bombylans, Sm .

—A num ber of n ests belongin g to these bees wer ecol lected a t var ious places n ear Br isban e, and i t was noticed that they m ade useof several d ifferen t kinds of wood in which to bu i ld th eir cel ls. At Caloundra

the n ests were plen t ifu l in the ear ly summ er in side the dry flower - stem s of Grass

trees,Xa

'

n th.

-0rrh ( aa . Th e n ests we re also found on the edge of a swam p insidedead L ep tosp erm um stem s. At S tradbroke Island they were num erous, and werea ll fou nd inside the stem s of youn g Shea - oaks (Casuarina ) wh ich had been killedby grass fi res. N on e of the S tradbroke Island spec im ens were found occupyingX an- thor rhtea flower - stem s

,a lthough that plan t occu rred plen t ifu l ly in the n eigh

bou rhood .

Whi le the n est is under constru ction ,the fem ale bee spends the n ight just

inside the en tran ce - hole . If distu rbed, or if danger threatens, she r ushes to thehole

,wh ich she blocks up w ith her head, at the sam e tim e m aking a loud buzzin g

n oise .

Tr iehocollctes v em asta, Sm .

—D u ring a per iod of fou r years of observationth is spec ies has been found to be the first to appear in the spr ing . There are a

few b ees which m ay be taken singly on fine days throughou t the win ter mon ths,

2 Fi rst reco rded b y M isk in a s occu rr ing in conside rab le n um be rs a t B risba ne in 1 870

( E n t . M o . M ag ,v o l. v i i i , p .

M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM—VOL . VI .

, PLATE XXXII .

F ig . l .

— L E STIS BOM BYLAN S at flowers of Leptospermum flavescens. Natura l S iz e .

F i g . 2 ,

—Sect ion of SHEA - OAK ( Casuar ina ) show ing n est of Lesta’s bomb g/lans.

Ha l f Natura l S i z e .

Ph otograph s by H . Hacker . Face page 1 1 0.

ya_4

[O M EM OIRS OF THE QUE E N SLAN D M USE UM .

SOM E BEES CO LLECTED IN QUEENSLAND .

BY T . D . A . COCKE RE LL .

THE presen t pape r is a report on a col le ction of bees re cen tly sen t from theQueensland Museum . Al l were col le cted by Mr . H . Hacker in Queensland , with theexce pt-ion of a single Halictus from N ew Sou th Wa les . Mr . Ha cker ’

s industry isrevea ling a rem arkable bee - fa im a in the region abou t Brisban e . A rather surprisingn um ber of the Ma ckay spe cies, known from the co l le ctions of Row land and Gi lbertTu rne r , go sou th to Brisbane while se vera l of the N ew Sou th Wa les spe cies a lsoo ccur , no dou bt near the northern lim it of this range . There are , in addition , m anyspecies di sco vered by Mr . Hacker , and not at presen t known from other parts of thecoun try . The n um be rs ci ted in the list are those of the Queensland Museum .

COLLETID E .

Paracolletes hackeri n . sp . Brisbane , Sept . 20, 1 9 1 6 .

52. Length 1 0 mm . head , thorax , and legs black ; abdom en wi th firs t threesegments dark stee l blue , the others black ; pubescen ce greyish white , m i xed wi thbla ck on m esothorax , black on scutellum ,

and cauda l fim b ria black ; u nder side oft horax , abdom en , and bases of legs wi th pu re wh ite hai r ; c lype us shin ing , distin ctlypun ctu red lowe r part of suprac lypea l area sm ooth and po lished anten nae dark , theflagellum reddened api ca lly m esothorax and scute llum shin ing , sparsely pun cturedbasa l part of a rea of m etathorax du l l and granu lar , no transverse carina on in etathorax;

tegu lae black ; wings slightly dusky , stigm a and nervu res black ; first r .n . joiningm idd le of se cond s .m . , b .n . m eeting t .m . hind tibia l scopa white ; abdom en sm ooth ,wi th weak pun ctures .

Close ly a l lied to P . providers Sm ith , b u t dific ring in the scu lptu re of the abdom en .

All my spe cim ens of P. provida s are from Vi cto ria , where i t seem s to be comm on .

Paracolletes helichrysi n . sp . Tam bou rine Mtn . , a t flowers of Helichrysum bractea tum ,

Oct . 27 , 1 9 1 2 .

9. Len gth 7 m m . ; robust , bla ck , the hind m argins of abdom ina l segm entsb roadly fusco - te sta ceous pubescen ce greyish whit-e , on dorsum of thorax pale ochreous,w i th som e da rk fuscou s ha i r on disc of scu te llum and m esothorax clypeus shining ,wi th la rge , i rregula r pun ctures ; fa ce broad ; tongue as in Collctcs ; flagellum short ,du ll fe rruginous beneath , except basa lly ; m eso thorax and scute llum shiny , feeblypun ctu red ; a rea of m etatho rax t riangu la r , sm oo th and shining ; tegu lae black ;wi ngs hya line , fain tly d usky a t apex

, sti gm a and ne rvu res da rk fuscous b .n . a rched ,

m eeti ng t .m . , se cond s .m . n a rrow , re cei v ing r .n . abo u t m iddle legs with greyish - white

S OME BE E S COLLECTE D IN QUE E N SLAN D—CUCKERE L L . 1 1 3

hair , orange on inn e r side of t-a rsi hind ti bial scopa loose and strongly plum oseabdomen du l l , appearing fin e ly granu lar u nder a lens ; apica l fim b ria m ore or lessbrown ish .

Rather li ke P . halicti/orm is Ckll. and P. s igilla tus Ckll . , bu t qu ite distin ct .

PR OSOPID IDXE .

Prosopis constricta Okll . Brisbane , Aug . 2 , 1 9 1 6 . ( 1 7 1 ,The

'

m ark between the an tenn ae is presen t in one spe cim en ,absen t in the other .

Prosopis nigrescens 1 1 . v ar . Bri bie Island , J an . 1 9 1 7 .

F lage llum . black , obscure ly brown beneath ; stigm a and nervu res brown ishblack .

Prosopis disjuncta Ckll . Ca loundra , J an“

. 20, 1 9 1 6 . ( 1 74)

Prosopis chromatica ckn. Brisbane, Sept. 1 0 and 1 6,1 9 1 4 and 1 9 1 5 , the Sept . 1 6 oneat flowers of M ela leu ca preisstand . ( 1 75 ,

Prosopis nubilosella susbp . mediosticta Ckll . S tradbroke Island , at flowers of greygum , Dec . 3, 1 9 1 2 .

Prosopis eugeniella Ckll . Brisban e , Sept . 1 0,1 9 1 5 .

Prosopis eburniella Ckll . Brisban e , Oct . 3 and Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 . ( 1 8 1 ,

Prosopis amiculiformis Ckll . Brisbane , Sept . 1 2 ,1 9 1 6 .

Prosopis amicu la Sm i th . Br isban e , Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 .

Prosopis serotinella Ckll . Brisban e , Oct . 3, 1 9 1 6 , S2 Sept . 26 , 1 9 1 6 , d‘

The m ale is new ; i t di ffers from the fem ale by the bright lem on - yellow face ,labrum

,and m andibles, the supraclypea l m ark sem i circu lar , the latera l m arks broadly

tru n cate just be low antennae ; flagellum'

long , _

ob scu re brown beneath ; an terior andm iddle kn ees , tibiae (except a dark spot ) and tarsi ye llow hind t ibiae pa le yellow at

base ; hind basitarsi whi te at extrem e base ; m arginal ce ll on ly feebly in fuscated,

darkest just beyon d stigm a , and c loud be low m a rginal cell a lso fa in t . The abdom enis flat t ish , ven ter not m odified .

Prosopis aurifera n . sp . Stradbroke Island , Sept . 1 7 , 1 9 1 5 .

82. Length abou t 8 mm . , wit h ra ther short abdom en ; black , w ith chrom eyellow m arkings , as fo llows : Clypeus (e xcept lower m argin , and a. narrow band downeach side ) , broad supraclypcal m ark (truncate above and with obli qu e sides) , broadlatera l m arks e xtending a short distan ce above an tenn ae . stri pe on cheeks (on ly thelower end tou ching orbit ) , upper border of prothorax (not reaching tu berc les) tu berc les,and basa l two - fifths of hind t i biae . Mandi bles ord

i

nary ; face broad ; flagellum du llferruginous ben eath except basal ly ; an terio r tibiae red in fron t except “

apica lly ;fron t and m esothorax du l l , bu t pu n c tu res m o re d istin ct on fron t than on t ho rax ;area of m etathorax du llish ; tegu lae dark fuscous ; wings sl ightly dusky ; nervu resand stigm a piceous b lack , first r .m . m eeting first t o . abdom en dorsa lly shiny , withou te viden t ha ir ; ven ter not m odified .

A very distin ct species, su pe rficia lly resem bling Gna thoprosop is bitubercu la ta

31 4 M EM OIL’S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

The fo l low ing key wi l l be con ven ien t for the separation of the above spe cies .

I include a lso two othe r form s , descr i bed below .

Abdom en w ith som e red l.

Ab dom en w itho u t red 2 .

l . The red 8 ba nd o n a pe x o f fi rst segm en t a nd base of seco nd E u ryglossa hypoleuca .

The red includin g m o re tha n a segm en t Prosop is constricta .

Ab dom en a t least pa rt ly b r i l l ian t b lueAbdom en b lack 5 .

3. Tho ra x a n d face bla ck P. cya n emnican s n igrescens .

Tho ra x blu e 4 .

4 . Ma le tube rcles l i ght ye l low , n o t co n tin u o us with ye l low o f p rotho ra x P . dism ncta .

Fem ale ; tu be rcles br ight ch rom e , co nt in u ou s w ith yel low m a rg in o f p ro tho ra x, whi ch howeve r

is ve ry broad ly in te rru pted in m idd le P. chrom a tica .

5 . Ma rgin a l ce l l deep fu scou s P . scrotinella 9 .

Ma rgina l cel l n o t thu s fuscou s 6 .

6 . Scute l lum and postscu te l lum br ight ch rom e ye l low P . n u bilosella m ediosticta .

Scute l lum and postscu te llum black 7 .

7 . Ax i ll ae ye l low Pa laeorhiz a m elliceps .

Axi l l ae b la ck . 8 .

3, C1 ype u s bla ck la te ra l m a rks cream co lou r ve ry sm a l l Prosop ié?e-

ugem’

ella .

C lypeu s n o t b lack 9 .

9.A black str i pe be t -w een clypeu s a nd late ra l m a rks la rge r spe cies P . au r i/era .

N o su ch b lack str i pes sm a l le r species 1 0,

1 0, Tu be rcles white P. ebu rm'

ella .

Tu be rcles ye l low 1 1 .

1 1 . Ye l lo w o f p ro tho ra x i n te rru pted in m idd le P. am icu lilorm is .

Ye l lo w o f pro tho ra x no t i n t e rru pted 1 2 .

1 2 ,Fa ce na r row legs nea rly a ll yel low P . am ic ula ,

Fa ce broa d legs w ith less yel low P . aerotinella d‘.

Prosopis b identata Sm i th .

Th is species was descr ibed by F . Sm ith in 1 853 (Ca t . Bym . E .M . , Pt . i , p . 28 )from a m a le in the J . S . Ba ly colle ction , the loca lity bein g given as

“N ew Holland .

It is no t represen ted in th e B ritish Museum , and I do not know the presen t loca tionof th e type . M r . Ha cker has co llected on Stradbroke Island , Septem ber 1 7th , 1 9 1 5 ,

a m a le wh ich h e considered to belong to P . cu rt/cm Ckll . It is, however , too large

for au rifera ,and is , I am sure , a distin ct species . The fron t is not dist in ctly

pun cta te as in .au rifera , the m eso thorax is du ller , a nd the tegu lae are m a inly reddish .

It is , I am sure , the long - lost P. biden tata , w ith th e description of which i t agreesvery well . The first recu rren t n ervu re jo in s the second subm argina l cell n ear itsbase , a s i t shou ld no t do in biden ta ta ; b u t th is discrepan cy may be due to varia tion ,

o r even to an error in the o rigina l a ccoun t . The species is a very striking on e ; thelong ven tra l abdom ina l te eth or spines a re a t the end of a long con vex r idge , andbo t h ridge and t eeth are po l ished and sh in ing . The m andibles do not a ccord w iththose of Gna lhoprosopis ; th e orange fa ce is du ll , no t o ily and po lished , and the scapeis no t dila ted . In other respec ts, however , the spe cies seem s c lose to Gna tiwprosopiS ,

a nd it is perhaps dou btfu l wh e ther tha t gen us shou ld be m a in ta in ed .

1 1 6 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Euryglossa neglec tula Ckll . v ar . m ica n .v . Brisban e , Oct . 1 0, 1 9 1 6 . (208 )

Le ngth near ly m m . shin ing black ; the abdom en slightly brownishbla ck ; face broad , entire ly bla ck ; flagellum obscu re ly reddish ben eath ; head and

thorax m odera te ly hai ry area of m etathorax po lished tegu lae piceous wings slightlydusky , n ervu res and stigm a sepia co lou r second s .m . broad b .n . falling a considerabledistan ce short of t .m . legs bla ck , an te rior tibiae obscure ly reddish in fron t , tarsireddish ; abdom en broad , n ot banded .

I form erly ca l led this form v ar . a . .It diflers from true neglectu la by the n arrowface , slightly dusky w ings , and

'

abdomen not at all pu rplish . It is easi ly known fromE . inconspicua Ckll . by t he dark ti biae . It is qu i te possi bly a distin ct spe cies .

Pachvprosopis indicans n . sp . Brisban e , Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 .

Length about 5 m m . robust , with a broad face ; black , with face be lowan tenn ae bright chrom e ye llow , the la tera l m arks extending a short dista n ce u pwardwi th the ou t line of a closed hand wit h index finger pointed ; labrum ,

broad base ofm andi bles , and m ark be low eyes also yellow scape ra ther broad , yellow in fron t andbehind , slightly su ffused with reddish flagellum black , ferruginous ben ea th , exceptat base and apex fron t dul lish , extrem e ly fine ly pun ctured thorax wi thou t yellowm arkings , extrem ely finely pu n ctured ; tegu lae bla ck ; wings hyaline , stigm a and

n e rvures black ; first r .n . joining e xtrem e apex of first s .m . ; legs reddish yellow ,

an terior fem ora wi th a large black patch behind abdom en b read , wi th du llish surface .

Closely re lated to P. angophoraa Ckll . , bu t easi ly distingu ished by the yellowface . By the yellow legs i t resem bles P. auran tipes Ckll . , bu t i t is otherwise qu itedi fferent .

Euryglossella globuliceps n . sp . Brisbane , Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 .

9. Length less than 4 mm . , shining black , the abdom en very fa in tly pu rplishflagellum short , obscu re ly reddish ben eath anter ior tibiae very obscure ly reddish infront wings hya line stigm a long , dusky am be r an in com plete se cond su bm argina lce ll prese n t head la rge , wi th broad cheeks , front po lished .

The vena t ion is like that of E . a tomaria Okll . , whi ch is easily se parated fromE . globu liceps by the yellow fem ora , &c .

ANDREN ID ZE .

Nom ia halictell'

a Ckll. Brisban e , Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 . 5 .

Halictus sem ipolitus Ckll. Brisbane , Sept . 20, 1 9 1 6 . ( 1 92

Halictus urbanus Smi th . Brisbane , Sept . 1 0, 1 9 1 5 .

Halictus oxoniellus Ckll . B ri bie Island , N o v . 2 , 1 9 1 3. ( 1 94

A varie ty o r race wi th green m esotho rax .

Halictu s eyrei Ckll. B risbane , Feb . 1 5 , 1 9 1 6 .

Halictus v itripennis Sm i th . Brisbane , Sept . 1 0, 1 9 1 5 , and Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 .

Halictus ery thrurus Ckll . Oxley , Brisbane , Sept . 1 7, 1 9 1 4.

S OM E BE E S COLLE CTE D IN QUE ENSLAND—COCKE RE LL . 1 1 7

Halictus erythrurus v ar . atrocyaneus n .v . Brisban e , Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 . ( 1 99 )

52. Very sm a ll , abou t 4 m m . long m esothorax very dark blue . Very distinctin appearan ce , b u t I believe on ly a var ie ty . The

.

tho rax, excepting the m esothorax ,

is bla ck abdom en chestnu t red , the first segm en t black except apica lly m andiblesred ; clypeus shin ing , w ith scattered large pun ctu res ; flagellum dark red ben eath ;m esothorax du llish , extrem e ly finely pun ctu red ; area

'

of m etathorax rugose , with a

b road'

shi ning rim tegu lae dark reddish wings hya line , stigm a testaceous , nervu respa llid legs black , an terior t i biae obscu rely reddish in fron t abdom en shin ing .

Halictus clarigaster n . sp . Ca loundra , J an . 20, 1 9 1 6 .

9. Length abou t 65 mm . ; h ead and thorax bla ck , abdom en c lear brightferruginous , slight ly dusky api cal ly ; labrum and m andibles dark red ; head broad ,

c lypeus shining and sparse ly pun ctu red ; fron t du ll , except at extrem e sides supracly

pea l area con vex , prominen t flagellum clear ferruginou s beneath , except first join ta nd extrem e apex ; ha i r of head and thorax du l l whi te m eso thorax du llish , veryfin e ly and c losely pun ctu red ; area of m etathorax semi lunar , glistening , wi th finem ain ly longitudina l ru gae tegu lae light ferruginous wings m oderately dusky ; stigm a

and n ervures dusky reddish , outer r .n . and t .e . weaken ed ; legs bla ck wi th a ll theknees , an terior ti biae in fron t , and the other ti biae on inner side , ferruginous hind spurw ith a few strong spines abdom en w ithou t bands or patches of ha ir , bu t delicate lywhite—pruinose from fine ha ir . Qu it e distin ct from the sim i lar H ewam

'

Okll .

Halictus eboracensis n . sp . E bor , D ec . 30, 1 9 1 5 . (A . J . Tu rner . )

52. Len gth abou t 1 0mm . black,the bases of abdomina l segm ents 3 and 4 wi th

ve ry broad bands of pa le greyish tom en tum , and the base of se cond segm en t with a

c unei form patch of the sam e on each side hind spur with a stou t tooth toward base .

Closely a l lied t o H . sedu ctus Ckll . , for whi ch it wou ld be taken on casua l e xamina tion ,

b ut the m esothorax is not du ll an teriorly , and the pli cations at base of m et a thoraxare not so fine . The m etathora ci c plications resem ble those of H . circumda tus Ckll . ,

b u t otherwise the spe cies is qui te distin ct .

Halictus speculellus n . sp . Brisbane , Feb . 1 5 , 1 9 1 6 . ( 1 93 )

9. L ength abou t 5 mm . bla ck,with the la brum and m andibles (exce pt base )

d u l l red ; flagellum ferruginous ben eath ; tegu lae clear ru fo - testa ceous ; tarsi rathero bscu re ferruginous wings dusky , stigm a dark reddish brown c lypeus shinin g ,sparse ly pun ctu red fron t du ll , except at sides area of m etathorax with very finep licae , the _

b road rim du ll ish ; abdom en broad ,thin ly hairy , hind m argins of segm en ts

b rownish . Mesothorax po lished , the disc . withou t pun ctu res , except a few a long them idd le line . Very li ke H . repertu lus Ckll . (m a le ) , bu t no t its fem a le , as reper tu lus hasa distin ct ly pun ctu red m esothorax . Also a llied t o H . S lum! Ckll . , bu t sm a l ler , wit hm ore dusky wings, and di fferen t m et-athorax .

Halictus brisbanensis n . Sp . Brisbane , Sept . 1 7 , 1 9 1 4 .

52. L ength 5 mm . or a li ttle ove r head and thorax black , wi th the m esothoraxd u l l blue - green ; abdomen shining chestnu t red ,

the hind m a rgin s of first three segm ents

1 1 8 M EM OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M USE UM .

wi th broad black bands , not re aching extrem e sides labrum bla ck m andibles c learred , with the ape x dark ; scape with a red spot at ext rem e base flagellum obscu rereddish beneath , e xce pt at base m esot horax appearing granu lar , m edian groovedistin ct area of m etathorax with ’

v ery fine pli cae ; tegu lae bright rufo - testa ceous wingssli ght ly dusky . Stigm a large and dark ; an terior knees, ti biae, and tarsi light ferruginous m iddle and hind kn ees , midd le t i biae in fron t , hind tibiae at base and apex , and

middle and hind tarsi , rather -red sides of apical part of abdom en wi th l ong“hairs .

9. v ar . a. Brisban e , Sept . 1 0, 1 9 1 5 . (202 )

Abdom en reddish bla ck , the broad base and sides of se cond segm en t , e xtremesides of thi rd and fou rth except m iddle , red .

9. v ar . b . Brisban e , Sept . 1 , 1 9 1 4, at flowers of L ep tospermum . (206 )

Mesothorax yellowish green , the m edian su lcus scarce ly developed abdom ene ven darker than in v ar . a.

Related t o H . Sphecodoides Sm ith , of whi ch it m ay be a race b ut i t differs bythe da rker abdom en and tarsi .

Parasphecodes brib iensis Ckll . Stradbroke Island , O ct . 20,1 9 1 1 .

The spe cim en has the abdom en con tracted , and so looks qu ite difle ren t fromthe type at first glan ce . A characteristic featu re of the species is the pair of ele vatedbosses on each of the first two abdomina l segm ents .

Parasphecodes inscu lptus n . sp . Tam bou rin e Mt n . , Dec . 28 , 1 9 1 1 .

9. Le n gt h 8 mm . or a li ttle m ore black , wi th dusky w ings anterior ti biaereddish in fron t , tarsi redden ed api ca lly mandibles red su bapica l ly clypeus polishedand shin ing , wi th sparse sm a ll pun ctu res ; supraclypeal area large and . t riangu lar ,.

sm ooth b ut glau cous , wi th scattered m inu te pun ctu res ; flagellum obscu re reddishbeneath m esothorax sm ooth and very feebly and remote ly pu nctu red , but glaucousscutel lum like m esothorax area of m etatho rax du l l and wi thou t scu lpture tegu laebright ferruginous , wi th a large dusky c loud ; stigm a and n ervu res dark reddishfusco us ; abdom en wit h e xtrem ely m inute pun ctu res ; a narrow band of whitetom en t um a t e xt rem e base of se cond and thi rd segm en ts

Re lated to P. plora tor Ckll . , b u t readi ly distingu ished by the du llish abdom en ,

w ith c losely a nd ve ry m inutely pun ctu red se cond segm ent . F rom P . a tron itens Ckll .

i t is known by the dul l se cond a bdom ina l segm en t , not polished be tween the pun ctu res,the scu lptu re of the m esothorax , &c .

The abo ve spe cies of Halictus and Parasphccodes m ay be sepa rated by thefollowing t ableMeso tho ra x b la ckMes o tho ra x g ree n o r b l ue

1 . Ab do m en rod o r redd ishAbdom e n b la ck

2 . Abdom e n cle a r red , ra the r n a rrowAbdo nn c n dus ky redd ish , ve ry b ro ad

1 20 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

n e rvures pa llid ; an terior ti biae and ta rsi ferruginous ; m iddle and hind ti biae red(m ore o r less) a t base and a pex , and thei r ta rsi pa le reddish abdom en long . Alliedt o E . plora tu la Ckll . , diffe ring in the co lou r of the fem ora .

Exoneura hackeri Ckl l . Br isbane , Feb . 8 , 1 9 1 6 , 52 5‘

The fem a le re presen ts a varie ty w ithou t the dark abdom ina l bands . Them a le has the bands its face m arkings resem ble those of E . clarissima Ckll . , bu t tha tspe cies has the scape white in fron t , whi le in hackeri i t is en tire ly bla ck . E . kaokem

'

was descri bed as a va riety of E . angophorae, bu t I thin k i t is a distin ct spe cies .

Exoneura hackeri v ar . incerta n . v . Brisbane , Sept . 1 2 , 1 9 1 6 . (2 1 8 )

9. Late ra l face - m arks redu ced t o . sm a ll spots ; stigm a c lear ferruginous ;scape red a t base tegu lae dusky fe rruginous abdomina l bands represen ted by faintduskv c louds . Possi bly a distin ct spe cies .

Exoneura hamulata Okll . Stradbroke Island , Sept . 1 7 , 1 9 1 5 . 9 .

The m a le , from the same loca li ty , is descr i bed in Proc . Acad . N at . Sci . , Phi la . ,

1 9 1 3, p . 30.

The above species of Exon eum are separable thusAbdom e n red

Abdom en black1 . W ith a l i ght spo t o r m a rk O n each s ide o f faceW itho ut l i ght spots a t s ides o f fa ce 0

9

10

pa

r

Tegul ae da rk ru fo - fusco us spots o n fa ce t r ian gu la r , qu i te la rge st i gm a fu sco u s E . hacker/i.

Tegu l a - fe rru ginou s spo ts o n s ides o f fa ce v e ry sm a ll , o b scu re sti gm a fe r ru ginou sE . ha s/cert v . in ce'r ta .

Ma le face w itho u t late ra l pro ject io ns from l i ght a rea abo ve E . hackem'

.

Fem a le fa ce w ith an cho r -m a rk E . ham u la ta .

4 . Ma le fa ce -m a rks i vo ry whi te E . a terrim a .

Fem a les face b la ck 5 .

S i ze o f E . a terrim a E . m elcena .

Sm a l l E u ryglosein a- l i ke species (i .

6 . M iddle a nd b ind fem o ra. clea r red E . plom tu la .

M iddle a n d b ind fem o ra b la ck E . gra cilia .

N EW GENE RA AN D S PE CIE S OF AU S TRALIAN THYSANOPTERA— HOOD .

N EW GENERA AND SPECIES O F AUSTRAL IAN

THYSANOPTERA .

1

BY CAPTAIN j. DOUGLAS Hooo , M .A.

(Of t he United State s B io logica l Su rvey ,Washington ) .

IN this paper descri ptions are given of four n ew gen era and twenty - fou r new

speci es of thr ips collected by Mr . Alexandre A . Girau lt in the coasta l region of N orthQueensland . As the specim ens were all taken by sweeping , li ttle data appears on

life habits or food plan ts .

The au thor wishes to announ ce the in ten tion of con tinu ing his studi es on

Australian Thysanoptera wi th the object of working gradua lly toward the preparationof a monographic work , and to sta te tha t he w il l be pleased to recei ve specim en sfor determ ination . Thrips shou ld be co l lec ted directly in to num bered tu bes of 70

per cen t . ethyl alcohol by m eans of a sm a ll cam el ’s- ha ir brush and fu l l data ,giving

locali ty , date , col lector , and any possi ble notes on ecology , shou ld a lways be en teredunder a corresponding num ber in a no te - book carr i ed for the purpose , or , in thecase of flower—inhabitin g speci es

, on an en velope con ta in ing a specim en of the plan tfrom which the insect was taken . Care shou ld be taken t o use a su ffici en t quan ti tyof a lcoho l , and parti cul arly to for ce down into the li qu id - a tightly fitting wad of

cotton , so tha t no air bubble wi ll rem a in to flow a bou t and break the specim ens du r ingshipm en t .

One set of types has been reta in ed by the au thor for referen c e in further work ,whi le another set has been deposi ted in the Queensland Museum .

RHIPIDOTHRIPS CINCTUS sp . n o v .

F em a le (macropierous) .—L ength abou t 1 - 6 mm . Co lour light brown ,

w ithhead ,

a bdomina l segm en ts 6 - 1 0,

’

and middl e and bind ti biae darker ; abdom ina lsegm en ts 4 and 5 and an tenna l segm en ts 3 and 4 ,

a lm ost white ; fore wings whitewith apex brown and wi th a transverse brown band in api ca l third .

Head a lm ost sm oo th behind eyes, verte x transversely st i iate ; occipu t andcheeks with abou t 30 shor t , distinc t br istles. E yes longer than their distan ce fromback of head and slightly narrower than their interva l . Ocelli abou t equidistan t .An tenn ae wi th segm en ts 7 - 9 som ewhat m ore com pactly jo in ed than the otherssegm en ts 1 , 2 , and 6 - 9 brown , 2 pa ler than 1 3 and 4 n early wh i te , 4 infuscate la tera lly . Maxillary pa lpi three—segm en ted .

1 With a cata logu e of t he North Am e r ican species of Hap lothrip s and M o th /r ip s.

1 22 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

Pronotum wi thou t scu lptu re , bu t wi th num erou s short bristles. Mesoscu tumvery c losely transversely striate m etascutum longitudinally striate at sides, reticu lateat m iddle . Wings and legs of norm a l structu re .

Abdom en of norm a l stru ctu re,very fa in tly scu lptu red at sides near base .

Measu rem en ts of ho lotype —Length 1 - 57 m m . head , length 0- 1 56 mm . ,

width 0- 1 73 m m . ; prothorax , len gth 0- 1 38 mm . , w idth 0-228 mm . ; pterothorax ,width 0-276 mm . fore w ing

,length 08 28 m m . , width n ear base 0-096 mm .

,at m iddle

0- 1 08 m m . abdom en ,width 0-456 m m .

An tenna] segm en ts : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 9

L engt h (t ) 30 4s 83 72 45 31 33 20 1 5

Width (t ) 36 2s 22 22 2 1 2 1 20 1 4 7

Tota l length of an tenna ,0-377 m m .

D escri bed from two fem al es taken by sweeping in fields at Cooktown , N orthQu eensland , February 4 and 24,

1 9 1 2 , by Mr . A . A . Girau lt .

This is the only speci es of the genus known from ou tside E u rope , and m ay be

know n by the banded wings and abdom en .

PHYSOTHR IPS MACULICOLLIS sp . n o v .

Fema le (ma crop lerou s ) .—Lengt h abou t 1 -4 m m . Gen era l colou r brown ishye l low abdom en (especially posteriorly ) and pterothorax in fuscate ; head wi th a

dark vit t a behind eyes a long cheeks prothorax wi th severa l obscu re dark spo ts anda larger subbasa l blot ch ; an tenn ae blackish brown , wi th the two basa l segm en ts

”

pa ler and segm ent 3 a lm ost clear yellow ; fore wings li ght gray in basa l third ,m u ch

darker beyond legs brown ish yellow ,with m id and b ind femora brown .

Head on ly sligh tly wider than long , su bangu late and w idest just behind eyes,sides converging to base occiput wi th a n um ber of slightly anastomosing transverselines fron ta l costa n arrow

,w i th a sha llow no tch in terocellar bristles half as long

as eyes,situated ou tside the ocellar triangle ; all o ther cepha lic bristles m inu te .

E yes longer than cheeks and narrowe r than thei r i nterva l . Ocel li n early equ idistan t ,pigm en t red . Ant ennae abo u t 2 - 25 tim es as long as head , of norm a l structure .

Prothorax abou t 1 - 1 5 tim es the length of head ,even ly stria te wi th anasto

m osing li nes visi ble on ly u nder h igh m agn ification ; posterior angu lar bristles ha lfthe lengt h of prono tum other bristles m in u te , brown ,

distinct . Wings of fore pa irwith a bo ut seven dark bristles in basa l third of an terior vei n and three w idelysepa rated o nes beyond posterior vein w i th a seri es of abou t seventeen bristles .

Abdom en of no rm a l form ,a lm ost wi thou t scu lptu re segm en t 8 with a dorsa l

poste ri or com b wh ich is broadly ii‘ite rrupt ed a t m iddl e segm ent 1 0 divided above ina pica l th ree - fifths .

Measurem en ts o f ho lo type —Length 1 -37 mm head , length 0- 1 56

width 0- 1 75 m m . ; pro thorax , l ength 0- 1 80 mm .,width 0-235 mm . ; ptero thorax ,

width 0-308 m m . fore wing , length 0- 936 mm .,w idth nea r base 0-094 m m .

,at m iddle

0-000 m m . a bdom en ,width 0-362 m m .

1 24 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US E UM .

o cellus directed forward, scarcely overhanging ; posterior ocel li di rected laterally .

An tenn ae short , eight - segm en ted ; slender beyond segm en t 2 , whi ch is broad and

goblet - shaped ; sense - con es sim ple ; style short . . Maxi llary pa lpi two - segm en ted .

Prothorax short,withou t strong br ist les, latera l m argin explana te , particularly in

an terior ha lf . Wings of. fore pair pu bescen t onlv at m argins, with a prom in en t ringvein , one longitudina l vein ,

and a cross- vein n ear base ; an terior m argin bare,

w ithou t fringe or Spines ; m edian vein withou t br istles . Legs short . Abdom en of

n orm a l stru cture in m a le ,withou t expanded ,

fan - shaped bristles on segm en t 1 0.

Genotype z—Plerothi ‘ips quadra tu s sp . no v .

Close t o Eh-ip iphorolhrips, which i t c losely resem bles in the vena tion of

t he fore w ings and t he com plete absen ce of br istles and hairs from the costa lm argin , b u t cert ain lv distin ct by the tran sverse vertex and the arm atu re of thet enth abdom ina l segm ent .

PTEROTHR IPS QUADRATUS sp . n o v .

M a le (m acroptcrou s) . —Length abou t 0- 9‘

mm . Body thi ckly chitin i zed . Colou ra lm ost t estaceous , wit h head , m esoscu tum ,

par t of m etascu tum ,and sides of ptero

t horax , blackish brown tip of abdom en pale brow n an tenn ae un i form pal e yellow ,

w ith a pi ca l ha lf of segm en t 6 and all of 7 and 8 , blackish brown l egs yellow ,fem ora

very slightly darker at sides fore wings wi th scale , basa l portion and veins , brownishye llow ,

rem ainder clear .

Head very prom in en tly and heavi ly reticu late,blun t in fron t , broadest across

eyes, cheeks sinuately converging to n eck , whi ch is sharply delim ited by an anteriorlya rcuat e , ra ised l in e . E yes abou t twice as lon g as their distan ce from posterior m argino f head , less than hal f as wide as their in terval . Ocelli nearly equ idistan t

,ocellar

area elevated . An tennae abou t twice the length of head ; segm en ts 4 and 5 wi th short ,a brupt pedicels ; 3 and 4 each wi th single

,stou t sense - con e arising from pit on lower

o uter api ca l su rface .

Prothorax quadrangular , obscurely reticu late la tera l m argin thin and broada nteri orly . Mesoscutum and triangul ar m iddle portion of m esonotum deeply ret icu

late li ke head . Legs roughen ed .

Abdom en ret icu late,especia l ly at sides, segm en ts 1 - 8 wi th a m ore or less

sca l loped , transverse , sub - basa l lin e tergi te 9 wi th two pairs of long bristles whosebases form a sem icircle .

Measu rem ent s of ho lotype —Length 0 924 mm . head length 0- 1 08 mm . ,

w idth 0- 1 80 m m . ; prothorax , length 0- 1 20 mm . ,width 0- 1 98 mm . ; pterothorax ,

w idth 0- 234 mm . fore wing , length 0- 624 mm width near base 0-066 m m . , at m iddle0044 m m . a bdom en ,

width mm .

Ant enna l segm ents l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Lengt h ll“) ( 1 8 ) (42 ) 49 31 27 26 1 1 1 5

\Vidt h (H) (24) 36 1 9 1 9 20 1 8 9 5

Tota l lengt h of an tenna , 0-2 1 9 mm .

D escri bed from one m a le taken by sweeping at Pen tland, N .Q .

,January 6 ,

1 9 1 3, by Mr . A. A . Gi rau lt .The quadra ngula r head and prothorax ha ve suggested the specific nam e .

N EW GENERA AN D SPE CIE S OF AUS TRALIAN THYSANOPTERA—HOO D . 1 25

PHIBALOTHR IPS gen . no v .

(qiiffia itog ,2slender Hpufi,

a wood - worm ) .

Body deeply reticu late . Head longer than b read ,abruptly and strongly

constricted at base ; vertex elevated between eyes and produ ced . E yes stronglypro t rudin

-

g in fron t , not longer than cheeks . Ocelli approxim ate , the an terior ocellusoverhanging. and directe d forward ,

i

the posterior ocelli directed latera lly . An tenn aeseven - segm ented ,

very slender beyond segm en t 2 , whic h is broad and goblet - shaped5 - 7 com pactly u n ited in a fusi form m ass , 7 n eedl e - like sense - con es sim ple . Maxi llarypa lpi two - segm en ted . Prothorax slightly transverse , wi thou t strong bristles la tera lm argin explanate . Wings very slender ; fore wings with com plete m argina l vein ,

on ly costa-l m argin wi th n either fringe n or bristles . L egs short and stou t . Abdom enunusua l ly long and slender , apica l segm en ts m ore heavily ch itin i zed segm en ts 2 and9 longest 9 distin ctly longer than 1 0 and with three pairs of strong , dorso - latera lbristles , of which the m idd le pa ir is slightly longer than segm en t 1 0,

and twice thelength of the lateral pairs ; term ina l segm en t con ica l , rounded at tip , div ided in

its en tire length .

Genotype —Phiba lotkrips exil'is sp . nov .

Phiba lothm’

ps is a m em ber of the Heliothrips grou p , and is c losely related toRetithrips , Rhip iphorothrips, and Pterothrips. Wi th all of them i t agrees in lackingthe an ter ior fringe of the fore wings. The an tenn al stru ctu re is distincti ve , as is a lsothe slender body and the absence of longitudina l wing - veins .

PHIBALOTHRIPS EXILIS sp . n o v

F ema le (ma cropterous) .—L ength abou t 1 - 1 mm . Head , prothorax , m esoth orax , scu tellum ,

and an t enn al segm en ts 6 and 7 , dark brown ; rem a inder lem on

yellow ,with sides of m etathorax and of abdomina l segm en ts 9 and 1 0, tinged wi th

orange .

Head longer than wide , sides alm ost perfectly stra ight to the rectangu larn eck - like const rict ion deeply reticu late above , wi th two sm oother chevron - shapedareas extending from side to side fron ta l costa narrow , notched . E yes an teriorlyacu tely produ ced and protruding , considerably surpassing the vertex and the baseof the first an tenna l segm en t .

Prothorax only 1 -25 tim es as wide as long, a lm ost smooth , w i th a narrow

band of reticul ation n ear an ter ior m argin an d wi th a few m inu te bristles lateral flangesmooth . Mesothorax scu lptured both above and below . Metathorax sm ooth , exceptthe very a cu te , reticu late scu tellum . Legs yellow ,

reticu late . Wings alm ost co lou rless, washed wi th yellow along the veins .

Abdom en slender and elongate , reticu la te except a long m ed ian lin e segm en ts3- 8 wi th a serrate , su bbasal line ; posterior m argins of tergites 1 - 8 serrate a t sideswi th short , blun t te eth tergites 2 - 7 wi th two m edian ,

posteriorly con verging lin es ofscu lptu re .

2 This w ord , thou gh n ot com m on ly gi ven in lexicons , is t o b e foun d in that of Constan t in e

1 26 211 13 1 1 01 1 1 3 0 1" THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Measu rem en ts of ho lotype —Length 1 - 1 4 mm . head ,length 0 1 62 mm . ,

w idth 0 1 40 mm . ; prothorax , length 0- 1 44 m m ., width 0- 1 80 mm . ; pterothorax .

w idth 0- 1 80mm . fore wing, length 0- 828 m m . , width n ear base 0-060mm .

,a t m iddle

0-033 mm . abdom en , width 0- 264 m m .

A ntenna l segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Length (24) (45) 62 5 1 53 27 38

“Udth (y ) 24 33 1 7 1 5 1 8 1 3 4

To ta l length of an tenna , 0-300 mm .

D esc ri bed from one fem a le taken by sweeping in forest at N elson , N .Q. , August1 1 9 1 3, by M r . A. A . Girault .

HAPLOTHRIPS Am yot and Serville , 1 843.

1 843. Hap lo thr ip s Am yot and Se rv ille ,H ist . N a t . In s . Hém . , p . 640. [Type Phlaeoth'r ips alb 'ip enn is

Bu rm e ister Thr ip s acu lea ta Fabr ic iu s teste H aliday ) , by m on ot ypy . ]

1 8 95 . A n tho ihr ip s U z e l , M on . (1 . O rdn . Thys . ,p . 237 .

1 899 . A n thothr ip s R en te r , Acta S oc . Faun a Flo ra Fen n ica , v ol . xv n ,

'

N o . 2,pp . 1 7, 2 7 .

1 902 . An tho thrip s Hinds , Proc U . S . N a t . Mu s . ,v ol . xxv i , p . 1 88 .

1 9 1 0. A n tho th r ip s Try b om , Schu lt z e Zoo l . u . an t h r . E rgebn . F orseh .~R eise west l . u . z en t r .

S i'

ida fr . ,b d . i v , l ief . i , p . 1 72 .

1 9 1 2 . Hap lo thr ip s Kam y , Zoo l . Aim . ,v o l . i v , p . 324 .

1 9 1 3. Hap lothr ip s Schm u t z , S it z u ngsb . K . Akad . W iss . W ien , Mathem .- n a tu rw . K lasse

,bd . cxxn ,

a b t . i , pp . 1 02 5,1 033.

1 9 1 6 . An thothr ip s Watson, E n t . New s , v o l . xxvi i , p . 1 2 9 .

This genus now con ta ins abou t fifty apparen tly va lid speci es recorded from all

portions of the world . They are very c losely related am ong them selves and theirseparation is correspondingly di fficu lt . One of the m ost satisfactory characters

,in

the wr iter ’

s expe ri en ce,for the differen tiation of closely a llied form s is the presence

o r absenc e of the sense—cone on the inner surface of the apex of the third an tennalsegm ent . In th e cri tica l exam inat ion of severa l thousand specim ens of this genus ,this character has been found absolu tely constan t , and in the fo llow ing key i t is u sedfor the prim ary di vision of the gen us .

Before proceeding w i th t he synopsis and discussion of the Australian speci esof Ha plolln

'ips, i t m ay be we l l to com m en t bri efly on one of the papers ci ted above ,nam ely , Mr . Watson ’

s recent con tri bution to E n tom o logica l N ews.

”On exam ina

tion o f t h is paper,i t wi l l be seen that the author has fa iled to em ploy the proper

gen e ric term for this genus , and has used instead a nam e which for fou r years hadreposed in synonym y . In addition he adopts , in his key to sixN orth Am eri can speci es ,fo u r syno nymous nam es, whi le five additiona l N orth Am eri can species are com pletelyo ve rlooked . The new spe cies dcscribed is a synonym of one characterised fou r y earspre viously by the presen t writer . The correc ted list of North Am eri can species ,a fter adding o ne published since the appea ran ce of Wa tson ’

s paper , is as fol lows1 . Pbellua Ho od a n d Wi l l iam s , Jou rn . N . Y . E n t . Soc . ,

v o l . xxi i i , 1 9 1 5 , p . 1 25 , pl . vi i i , figs. 2 - 5 .

2 . fa u rei Ho od ,Proc . Bi o l . S o c . Wash . ,

v o l . xxvi i , 1 9 1 4 ,p . 1 57 , pl . 3, figs . 5 , 6 .

3. fla v ipea (Jo n es ) Te ch . Se r . 23, pt . 1 , Bu r. E n t . , U . S . D ept . Agr .,1 9 1 2 , p . 1 8 , pl . v , figs . 5 - 7 (An

Mo t/t r ip s ) .

1 28 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

1 9 1 3. H a -p lo thr ip s gowdey i Hood , I ns . Inse . Men st r .,v ol . i , p . 1 52 .

1 9 1 6 . An tho th rip s va r iabil is, W'

atson , E n t . News , v ol . xx vi i , p . 1 2 9 .

Origina lly descri bed from Barbados and su bsequ en tly recorded from Cuba ,

N icarag ua ,and Mexico by Crawford and from Porto'Ri co by the au thor . this species

is represent ed in the Australian m ater ia l by a ser i es of seven fem a les taken by Mr .

Giraul t in North Qu eensland . These specim en s,which were co llect ed at Al oom ba

Ju ly 7 , 1 9 1 2 , a t Hali fax , F ebru ary 28 , 1 9 1 3, and at N elson , Apri l 2 and 4, 1 9 1 3,

have been found indistinguishable from N eotropi ca l and N earctic specim ens evenafter a carefu l study of a large ser i es of specim ens cleared in potassium hydroxide .

In co lou r , form ,and the m u l ti tudinou s deta ils of chitinous stru cture there is very

little variation indeed , and I have no hesitation in declar ing that we are here concern ed wi th bu t a single speci es whi ch,through the m edium of comm erce , has b een .

distri bu ted to m any parts of the world ; or which has persisted withou t m odificationin spite of com plete geographi c iso lation .

The in sect frequ en ts flowers of m any speci es, and the student is referred tothe papers by Franklin and Crawford for their enum eration .

HAPLOTHRIPS VARIUS sp . n o v .

F ema le (m erop terous) .—Length abou t 1 - 6 mm . Colou r dark blackish brow n

with fore tarsi yellow and fore ti biae yellow apica lly an tenn ae brown , segm en ts 1 , 2 ,and 5 - 8 darkest 3 slightly pa ler

,particu larly alon g ou ter surface and at base .

Head slightly lon ger than wide , sides n early straight vertex produ ced , thean terior ocellus overhanging and slightly surpassing frontal costa postocu lar bristlesblunt , two - thi rds as long as eyes . Eyes one—third as long as head ,

slightly widerthan their in terva l . An tenn ae of norm al stru cture , segm ent 3 sm al l

,almost exactly

as in H . kum ilis (see Proc . Biol . Soc . Wash .,vol . xxv i i , 1 9 1 4, pl . i v , fig .

-but w i th asense - cone on inner surface segm ent 4 large 7 and 8 rather c losely un ited .

Prothorax smooth all usua l bristles presen t,blunt , the two pairs at posterior

angles longest , o thers su bequa l in length to postocu lars. Wings of fore pa ir broad ,

very m uch narrowed at m iddle , the scal e and the region of the three subbasal brist lesbrown , rem ainder colou rless su bbasa l bristles approxim ate

,equally blunt , form ing

an a lm ost e qu ilatera l triangle no a ccessory ha irs . Fore tarsus with a m inute tooth .

Abdom inal bristles m ostly blun t term inal bristles abou t 1 -2 tim es the lengthof tu be .

Measurem e nts of holotype —Le ngth 1 - 63mm . head , length 0-209 mm .,width

0- 1 94 m m . prothorax , length 0- 1 56 mm . , width (inclusw e of coxae) 0-360 mm . ;

pterotho rax,width 0-384 m m . abdom en

,width 0-408 mm . tube , length 0

widt h at base 0-068 mm . . at apex 0039 m m .

Antenna l segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Le ngth ( 14) 36 5 1 45 5 1 50 45 ' 44 32

Width (H) 32 30 30 33 31 26 22 1 4

Tota l lengt h of an tenna , 0-354 m m .

N EW GENE RA AN D SPE CIE S OF AU S TRALIAN THYSANOPTE RA—HOOD . 1 29

D escri bed from one fem a le taken by sweeping , Proserpine , N .Q. , N ovem ber2 , 1 9 1 2 , by Mr . A . A. Girau lt .

The broad w ings, abru ptly narrowed ati

m iddle , withou t accessory hairs,and with the su bbasal bristles approxim ate and disposed t o form a nearly equ i latera ltriangle , together with the darkly coloured an tenn ae and the presen ce of a sense - coneon the inn er sur face of the third an tenna l segm en t . m ake this speci es readi ly dist ingu ishab le .

aarm raarrs ANCEPS sp . n o v .

F ema le (macropterous ) .—Length a bou t 1 -4 mm . Colour blackish brown ,

with m ost of fore tibiae , and all tarsi , lem on yellow antenn a l segm ents 35 yellow ,

4 and 5 very slightly infuscate .

Head abou t 1 1 tim es as long as w ide , cheeks very slightly arched ; vertexslightly produ ced , the anterior ocellus overhanging, not atta in ing fron ta l costa ;postocular bristles sligh t ly m ore than ha lf as long as eyes, blun t . E yes abou t 0-4 as

long as head , n arrower than their interva l . An tennae of norm a l stru cture segm en t 3slender and elongate , w ithou t sense - con e on inn er su rface segm en ts 7 and 8 ra therclosely un i ted . Mou th - con e norm al to genus .

Prothorax sm ooth , all usu a l bristles presen t , blun t , the two pairs at the posteriorangles longest and abou t equal in length to postoculars, the others shorter anteriorm argina ls half the len gth of postoc ulars . Wings of fore pa ir narrow ,

sparsely fringed ,

on ly sl ightly narrowed at m iddle w ith abou t fou r accessory ha irs ; sca le and theregion of the three su bbasal br istles slightly brown ed ; su bbasa l bristles knobbed ,

disposed on a n early straight lin e , the ou ter bristle m u ch the longest . Fore tarsuswith a m inute tooth .

Abdom en of norm a l stru cture ; m ost bristles knobbed term ina l bristlesdistin ctly lon ger than tube .

Measurem en ts of ho loty pe —Length 1 42 mm . head ,len gth 0- 1 92 mm .

,

width 0- 1 75 mm . prothorax,length 0- 1 44 mm .

,w idth (in clusi ve of coxae ) 0-260mm .

pterothorax , width 0-31 2 mm . abdom en ,w idth 0-324 ,

mm . tube , length 0- 1 1 5 mm . ,

width at base 0-058 mm .,at apex 0-032 mm .

An tenna l segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L eng th (12 ) 35 46_

45 46 45 39 38 27

Width 33 28 24 30 25 24 20 1 2

Tota l l ength of an tenna ,0232 1 mm .

M a le (macroptem as) . —Lengt h abou t 1 -2 mm . Co lour and structure essen tia llyas in fem a le fore tarsus wi th a stou t , triangu lar tooth .

Measu rem en ts of allotype z—Length 1 - 1 8 mm . head,length 0 1 85 m m . ,

w idth 0- 1 60mm . pro thorax,length 0- 1 32 mm . ,

width (inc lusi ve of coxae) 0-257 mm .

pterothorax width 02 58 mm . abdom en . width 0-241 mm . tu be,l engt h 0- 1 1 5 mm .

,

w idth at base 0-057 m m . , at apex 0029 mm .

1 30 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Antenn a l segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L engt h (p ) 30 41 42 46 44 40. 37 25

Width ( 11 ) 29 24 20 26 22 2 1 1 8 1 1

Tota l length of an tenn a . 0-305 m m .

D escri bed from six fem a les and n ine m ales,taken by sweeping,at N elson , N Q .

(type locality) , Apr i l 2 ,4,and 27 , 1 9 1 3 at Proserpine , N .Q.

, Novem ber 2 and 3 1 9 1 2at Septem ber 1 3, 1 9 1 2 and at Hin chin brook Island , N .Q. , Ju ly 1 9 ,1 9 1 2 .

The prin ci pa l diagnostic characters are the colour of the legs and an tennas,

the long third antenn a l segm en t w ithout a sense - cone on its inner surface , and thewell - developed anterior m argina l brist les .

HAPLOTHRIPS FROGGATTI sp . n o v .

F ema le (ma cropterous) .—Length a bou t 1 -4 m m . Colour dark blackish brown ,

wit h fore tarsi ye l low and fore t i biae yellow apically an tenn ae brown , segm ents 1 , 2 ,and 6 - 8 darkest 3 paler , particularly a long ou ter su rface and at base .

Head as broad as long, w ith sides very slightly arched vertex slightly produced ,

t he an terior ocellus o verhanging and usu a lly just attain ing fron ta l costa ;postocu lar bristles blunt , a li ttle m ore than half as long as eyes. E yes n early 0-4 as

long as head , narrower than their interva l . An tennae of norm a l stru cture segm ent3 sma l l

,alm ost exactly as in H . hum ilis (see Proc . Bio l . Soc . Wash .

,vol . xxvi i , 1 9 1 4,

pl . i v , fig . withou t sense - con e on in ner surface segm en t 4 large 7 and 8 ratherclosely u ni ted .

Prothorax smooth all usu al bristles presen t , blunt , the two pai rs at posteri ora ngles sli gh tly the longest , others equ a l in lengt h to postoculars. Wings of fore pa irbroadened at base and distinctly narrowed at m iddle the scale and the r egion of the

three subbasa l bristles brown , rem a inder co lou rless ; su bbasa l bristles equidistan t ,arranged n early on a straight line , the ou ter longest and less blun t abou t accessoryha irs. Fore tarsus unarm ed .

Abdom ina l bristles m ostly blun t ; term inal bristles abou t 1 -3 tim es as longas tu be .

Measurem en ts of holo type z—Length 1 -43mm . head,l ength 0 1 8 1 mm . , widt h

0- 1 81 m m . ; prothorax , length 0 1 32 mm . , width (in clusi ve of coxae) 0-269 mm . ;

pterotho rax ,width -31 2 mm . a bdom en ,

width 0-31 8 mm . tube,length 0- 1 1 5 mm . ,

w idth a t base 006 1 m m . ,a t apex 0-033mm .

Antenna l segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Le ngt h (p ) 34 45 39 48 42 40 37 25

Width (p ) 30 27 26 31 . 27 24 1 9 1 2

Tota l length of anten na,0-31 0 mm .

M a le (m acm plerous ) .—Length abou t 1 - 2 m m . Alm ost identica l wi th fem a lein co lo ur and structure fore tarsus wi th a stou t , triangu lar too th .

Measu rem en ts of a llotype —Length 1 -23mm . head ,length 0- 1 79 m m .

,width

0 1 68 m m . ; protho ra x , len gth 0- 1 28 m m . , width (inclusive of coxae ) 02 42 mm . ;

pte rotho ra x , w idth 02 88 m m . abdom en ,width 0-270 mm . tube

,length 0- 1 1 5 mm . ,

w idt h a t base 0054 m m .,a t apex 0-030mm .

1 32 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

3. cas ta -nece Hood , Bu ll . Brook . E n t . Soc . ,v ol . x , 1 9 1 5 , p . 76 .

4 . c z'

lr ico rm'

s (Hood ) , Can . E n t . , v o l . xl , 1 908, p . 305 , fig . 1 5 (Phyllo thrip s ) .L . fla voa n ten n is Watson , E n t . News, v ol . xxv ii , 1 9 1 6 , p . 1 29 , pl . vi , figs . 7 - 9 .

5 . da -mosa (M oul ton ) , Tech . Ser. 1 2 , pt . i i i , Bu r . E n t . , U . S . D ept . Agr . ,1 907, p 63 (Tr ichothr

-

ip s

flex v a r . dumosa ) .

6 . floridensis (Watson ), En t . News, v ol . xxi v, 1 9 1 3, p . 1 45 , pl . v i,figs. 1 - 4 (Cryp tothrip s) .

7 . fuacus (M organ ), Proc . U . S . N at . Mu s. ,v ol . 46 , 1 9 1 4, p . 30, figs. 55 - 57 (Tr ichothrip s) .

8 . flex (M oulton ) , Tech . Se r. 1 2 , pt . i i i , Bu r . E n t . U . S . D e pt . Agr . ,1 907, p . 62 , pl . vi , figs . 47 - 49

(Trichothr ip s) .

9 . Ieucogon is Hood ,Bul l . Brook . E n t . Soc . ,

v o l . x , 1 9 1 5 , p . 78 .

1 0. m exica n us (Crawfo rd ) , Pom on a Co l l . Jou rn . E n t . ,v ol . 2 , 1 9 1 0, p . um br z

'

p enm'

s

v a r . m exica na ) .

l l . ma n ta -

nus Hood ,Proc . B iol . Soc . Wash . ,

v ol . xxvi , 1 9 1 3, p . 1 63.

1 2 . ocella tus Hood , Bull . Ill . State L ab . N at . Hi st . , vol . vi i i , 1 908 , p . 375 .

1 3. sam bu ci Hood ,Proc . B io l . Soc . Wash . ,

v ol . xxv i , 1 9 1 3, p . 1 63.

1 4. u m br ip enn is (Hood ) , E n t . N ews,v ol . xx , 1 909 , p . 30, fig. 3 (Phyllothrip s) .

1 5 . va rico -

rn-is Hood , Proc . B iol . soc . Wash v ol . xxv

,1 9 1 2 , p . 74, fig. 6 .

Key to Australian Species.

a . Fo re ta rsu s of fem ale n ot toothed w in gs darkl y in fu sca te throu ghou t .b . Head abou t 1 -3 t im es as lon g as w ide ,

n o t lon ger than tu be u m bra tus Hood .

bb. Head abou t 1 - 8 t im es as lon g as wide and 1 - 6 t im es as lon g as tu be tenn is H ood .

Fore tarsu s of fem a le with a stou t tooth w in gs clea r , or a t m ost sl ightly in fu scate a t base .

0. Head abou t 1 - 2 t im es as lon g as wide .

d . An tenn a l segm en ts 7 an d 8 n o t com pactly un ited t o form a single m ass , 8 m ore thantw ice as lon g as grea test w id th disjun ctus Hood .

dd . An tenn a l se gm en ts 7 and 8 com pactly un ited , form in g a s ingle m ass, 8 less thantwice as lo n g as greatest w id th conn a tua Hood .

cc . Head very sl ightly ,if at a ll

,lon ger than w ide .

e. Head sl ightly lon ger than w ide an tenn as slende r , segm en t 5 abou t 2 -4 t im es as lon gas w ide prothora x 0 73 as lon g as head ,

br istles lon g and pa le ,those a t the an ter ior

and poste r ior an gles e qu a l in len gth. t o eyes gracilior Hood .

ee. Head sl ightly w ide r than lon g an tenn as rathe r stou t , segm en t 5 abou t 1 - 7 tim es as

lon g as w ide ; prothora x 06 4 as lon g as head ,bristles short , da rk , su be qu a l , and

a bou t ha lf as long as eyes brer iden s Hood .

LIOTHRIPS UMBRATUS sp . n o v .

F ema le (ma cropterous) .—Length abou t 2 -3 mm . Colour dark blackish brown ,.

w ith articu lations of legs, tarsi , most of fore ti biae , and an tennal segm ents 3 6 , yellowfore wings darkly infuscate ,

particu larly at base and along m edian lin e .

Head 1 2 8 tim es as long as wide , n early smooth cheeks rou nded , con vergingto the slightly constricted base vertex broadly rounded ,

slightly produ ced in fron tof eyes ; posto cu la r bristles poin ted ,

equa l in len gth to eyes . E yes slightly m o rethan one - thi rd as long as head , not protruding, slightly narrower than their in terval .Anterior o cellus overhanging, di rected forward . An tennae of norm al stru cture ,a bo u t 1 - 8 tim es the length of head segm en ts 7 and 8 rather m ore closely un i ted thant he o thers

,b u t no t com pactly join ed sense - cones arranged as usu al in t he genus

N EW GENE RA AN D S PE CIE S OF AUS TRALIAN THYSAN OPTE IZA—HOOD . 1 33

s egm ents 1 and 2 abou t concolou rous with head ,2 yellow at apex ; 3- 6 lem on yellow ,

6 infuscat-e in apica l ha lf ; 7 and 8 blackish brown . Mouth - cone broadly rounded,

a ttaining apica l fourth of prosternum .

Prothorax abou t 05 4 as long as head and (in c lusi ve of coxae) abou t 2 - 7 tim esa s wide as m edian dorsal length su rface sm ooth , with short m edian thicken ing a ll

u sua l bristles presen t , pointed ,the ou ter posterior pair longer than postocu lars , the

inn er poster ior pair abou t equa l in length to postoculars, other bristles less than ha lfa s long . Wings long , broad ,

fore pa ir with abou t seventeen accessory hairs on posteriorm argin and wit-h the three su bbasa l bristles of the sam e si ze as '

postocu lars hindwings clouded along m argins and w ith a dark m ed ian line . Fore tarsus unarm ed .

Abdom en of norm a l form and stru ctu re . Tube abou t equ al in len gth to head .

Abdom inal bristles long, poin ted , dark brown in colour , those on segm ent 9 longer thant ub e .

Measu rem ents of holotype —Length 2 29 m m . head , length 0307 mm .,

w idth 0240mm . prothorax , length 0 1 64 m m . , width (inclusi ve of coxae) 04 44 mm .

p terothorax , w idth 0 480mm . abdom en , width 0480m m . tube,length 03 1 2 m m . ,

w idth at base 0 1 1 2 mm .,at apex 0054 mm .

Antennal segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Len gth (1 1 ) 60 66 84 8 1 84 74 69 39

Width ( 1 1 ) 5 1 4 1 41 47 42 41 33 1 6

Tota l length of an tenna ,mm .

D escri bed from three fem ales taken by sweeping in jungle at N elson , N .Q. ,

M ay 25 , 1 9 1 3, by Mr . A. A. Girault .

A tru e I/ iothrilps, easily known by the long tu be and the colouration of thewings and antennas.

LIOTHRIPS TENUIS sp . no v .

F ema le (m acropterous) .—L ength abou t 2 7 mm . Colour dark blackish brown( almost black ) , w ith tarsi , apex and inner surface of fore ti biae , and m ost of an tennals egm ents 3—6 , lem on yellow ; fore wings darkly infuscate , particul arly at base anda long m edian lin e .

Head 1 8 tim es as long as wide , n early sm ooth ; c heeks nearly para llel , cons t ricted n ear base ; vertex not produ ced ; postocular bristles slightly longer thane yes, n early poin ted . E yes abou t on e - third as long as head ,

flatten ed at sides, prot ruding at poster ior angles, slightly narrower than their interval . Ocelli equ a l in si zea nd equ idistan t , the anterior ocellus directed upward and not overhanging. An tennaeo f norm al structure , n early 1 5 tim es as long as head segm ents 7 and 8 m ore closelyu n ited than the others b u t not com pactly join ed sense - c on es arranged as u sua l int he genus ; segm en ts 1 , 2 , 7 , and 8 con colou rous with head ,

2 slightly paler at apex3- 6 lemon yellow ,

4 and 5 lightly infuscate at apex, 6 dark brown in apica l two—fifths .

Mou th - cone broadly rounded ,reaching abo ut half across prosternum .

Prothorax abou t 04 as long as head ; surface rou ghened , and w i th shortm edian thicken ing all usua l bristles presen t , n early pointed , dark brown in ‘

colou r ,

t he two posterior pairs longest b u t decidedly shorter than postoculars, the others ‘

1 34 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE E NSLAND M USE UM .

abou t one - third as long. Wings long and broad ,fore pa ir with abou t thirteen accessory

ha irs on poster ior m argin su bbasa l bristles n early po inted , the outer equa l in si z et o posterior angulars, the other two su ccessi vely short er hind w ings clouded and withdark m edian lin e . Fore tarsus unarm ed .

Abdom en slender , of norm al structure . Tu be abou t 0- 6 as long as head .

Abdom ina l bristles long , n early po in ted , dark brown in co lou r , those on segm en t 9shorter than tu be termina l br istles abou t 08 as long as tu be .

Measurem ents of holotyp e —L ength 2 69 mm . head , length 0384 mm . , width02 1 0 mm . prothorax , lengt h 0 1 58 mm . , width (in clusi ve of eoxae) 0420 mm .

pterothorax , w idth 04 80m m . abdom en , width 0 498 mm . tu be , length 02 40mmw idth at base 0 1 04 m m . ,

at apex 0049 mm .

An tennal segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L en gth (a) 60 65 85 86 84 78 66 37

Width (p ) 47 38 36 40 37 33 27 1 5

Tota l l ength of an tenna , 0 56 1 mm .

D escr i bed from one fem a le taken by sweeping in jungle at N elson , N .Q.,

Apr il 1 2 , 1 9 1 4, by Mr . A. A . Giraul t .

E asi ly know n by the long head and dark wings.

LIOTHRIPS DISJUNCTUS sp . no v .

F ema le (macropterous) . —L en gth abou t 1 -9 m m . Colour dark blackish brown ,

w ith tarsi , m ost of fore ti biae , dista l ends of m iddle and hind ti biae , and an tenna lsegmen ts 3- 6

, lem on yellow wings a lm ost clear , lightly infusca te at base .

Head abou t 1 2 tim es as long as wide,en tire dorsal su rface rather deeply and

distin ctly reticul ate wi th a nastom osing lines, cheeks evenly rounded to eyes and to

base vertex slightly produ ced postocu la r bristles capita te,a l ittle m ore than ha lf

as long as eyes. E yes abou t 0- 4 as long as head , not pro truding , sl ightly narrowerthan their in terval . An terior o cellus overhanging , directed forward . An tennae of

norm a l structu re , ful ly 1 8 tim es as long as head ; segm en ts 7 and 8 m ore closelyu n ited than the others, b ut. no t com pactly jo ined ; sense - con es arranged as usualin the genus segm ents 1 , 2 7

,a nd 8 con colourous w ith head , 2 pa ler a t apex 3- 6

lemon yellow ,the last infuscate apica lly . Mo u th - cones b roadlv rounded ,

atta in ingm iddle of prostern um .

Prothorax abou t three - fourths as long as head and (in clusi ve of eoxae) slightlym ore than twice as w ide as long ; surface distinctly reticulate with anastom osinglines, a nd with short m edian thicken ing ; a ll usua l bristle-s presen t , capita te , the pairat posterior angles m u ch the longest and abou t equa l to postoculars. Wings long,broad ; fore pa ir wi th eight a ccessory hairs on poster ior m argin and wi th the threesubbasal bristles capita te , equ a l , and abou t the si ze of anterior laterals. Fore tarsusw ith a stou t , slightly hooked tooth .

1 36 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Measur em ents of'

ho lotype—Lengt h 1 6 3mm . head , length 0240mm width

0 1 99 mm . ; prothorax , l ength 0 1 6 1 m m .,width (inclusi ve of coxae) 0341 m m . ;

pterothorax , width 0390m m . abdom en , width 0 444 m m . tu be , length 0 1 75 mm .,

width at base -083 m m .,at ape x 0036 mm .

An tem ia l segm en ts l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length ( 1 1 ) 48 60 65 62 6 1 56 47 24

Width ( 11 ) 4 1 33 29 34 31 33 27 1 7

Total lengt h of an tenna ,04 23m m .

D escri bed from one fem ale taken by sweeping in forest -at Pen tland N .Q. ,

D ecem ber 24,1 9 1 2 ,

by Mr . A . A . Girau l t .

LIOTHRIPS GRACILIOR sp . no v .

F em a le (m orepteroas) .—Length abou t 1 - 9 mm . Colour dark bla ckish brown ,

with tarsi , proxim a l and dista l ends of a ll tibiae , and basa l portions of antenna lsegm ents 3- 6 , yellow wings c lear .

Head very n early as w ide as long , en tire dorsa l surface rather deeply and

distin ctly reticulate with anastom osing lin es ; cheeks strongly con verging to eyes,n early parallel poster iorly except for a slight su bbasa l constriction ; vertex not

produ ced , an ter ior m argin straight and n early vertical postocular bristles long , palein co lou r , capitate , e qu a l in length t o eyes. E yes slightly m ore than one - third as longas head , not a t all protruding , equ a l in width t o their in terva l ven tral length fiveseven ths of dorsa l , ven tra l interva l n ear ly twice the ven tra l w idth . An ter ior ocellusslightly overhan ging, directed forward . An tenn ae of n ear ly norm a l stru cture , twiceas long as head , segm en ts 7 and 8 com pactly united t o form a single m ass, 8 abou t1 6 7 tim es as long as wide sense - con es disposed as u sual in the genus segm ents 1 ,

2 ,7,and 8 con colou rou s with head ; 2 pa ler at apex

, 3- 6 yellow , slightly infuscatedistal ly , 4 and 5 irregu larly brown in

'

api ca l ha lf, 6 brown except base . Mou th - cone

rounded , nearly atta ining base of prosternum .

Prothorax abou t 0 73 as long as head and (in clusi ve of eoxae) abou t 23 tim esas wide as long pronotum sm ooth at m iddle m argins wi th fa in t , anastom osing linesm edian thickening distinct all usua l bristles presen t , capitate , the an terior m arginalsand posterior m argina ls shorter than the others, which are subequ a l and n ear ly as

long as postoculars. Wings broad , colou rless, fore pai r wi th abou t fou rteen accessoryhai rs on posterior m argin ,

and w ith the three subbasa l bristles capitate . Fore tarsuswith a long

,stou t , slightly hooked too th .

Abdom en of norm a l form and stru cture . Tube abou t 0 77 as long as head ,

sides stra igh t , Abdom ina l bristles long , pale , capitate , those on segm en t 9 threefou rt hs as long as tu be .

Measurem ents of ho lotype —L ength 1 8 6 m m . head ,length 02 50mm . , width

02 45 m m . prothorax , l ength 0 1 8 1 m m . , width (inclusi ve of eoxae) 04 1 5 m m .

ptero tho rax , width 04 20m m . a bdom en, width 05 22 mm . tube

,length 0 1 92 mm . ,

width a t base 0090mm . , at apex 0042 m m .

N EW GENE RA AN D SPE CIE S OF AU S TRALIAN THYSANOPTE RA—HOOD . 1 37

An tennal segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L ength (p ) 54 72 84 76 69 6 1 54 30

Width (p ) 45 33 31 33 29 32 28 1 8

To tal lengt h of an tenna , 05 00mm .

D escri bed from one fem a le taken by sweeping in forest at Pen tland ,N .Q.

,

D ecem ber 26 , 1 9 1 2 , by Mr . A . A . Giraul t .

LIOTHRIPS BREVIDENS sp . no v .

F ema le (macropterous) .—L ength abou t 1 4 mm . Co lour dark blackish brown ,

w i th tarsi , dista l ends of fore tibiae , and basa l portions of an tenn a l segm en ts 3- 5 ,

y ellow wi ngs clear .

Head very slightly wider than long , entire dorsa l surface deeply and distin ct lyreticulate w ith anastomosing lin es cheeks strongly con verging t o eyes, near lyparallel posteriorly vertex not or on ly very slight ly produ ced ,

an terior m arginn early straight and vertica l postocu lar bristles short , dark in colou r , capitate , ha lfas long as eyes . E yes n ear ly 04 as long as head ,

not at all protruding, slightly n ar

rower than their in terva l ven tra l len gth abou t fiv e - seven ths of dorsa l , ven tra l widtha li ttle less than half of ventra l interva l . An terior ocellus slightly o verhanging , directedforward . An tennae of'

n early norm a l stru cture , n early twice as long as head , segm ents7 and 8 com pactly united to form a single m ass, 8 short , abou t 1 - 7 tim es as long aswide sen se - con es disposed as usu a l in the genus segm en ts 1 , 2 ,

7,and 8 con co lourou s

with head , 2 paler at apex ; 3 yellow ,lightly in fuscate dista lly ; 4 and 5 brown ,

yellow in basa l third , 6 8 blackish brown . Mou th - con e poin ted , with sides stra ight ,a ttain ing base of prosternum .

Prothorax abou t 064 as long as head and (in c lusi ve of eoxae) abou t 25 tim esas wide as long ; prono tum sm ooth a t middle , m argins with strong anastom osinglin es ; m edian thickening short and indistin ct ; all usua l bristles presen t , short ,stou t , capitate , dark in co lour , su bequal in length , and ha lf as long as eye . Wingsbroad , colou r less, except at extrem e base fore pair wi th abou t n in e accessory hairson posterior m argin an d wi th the three su bbasa l bristles capitate . Fore tarsus withslightly hooked tooth abou t one - third as long as width of tarsus.

Abdom en of norm a l form and stru cture . Tube a bou t three - fourths as long ashead , sides straight . Abdom ina l bristles rather short , brown ish , capitate , those onsegm en t 9 ha lf as long as tube terminal br ist les abou t 08 as long as tu be .

Measu rem en ts of ho lotype —Lengt h 1 42 mm . head ,length 01 98 mm .

,width

02 1 1 mm . ; prothorax ,’ lengt h 01 26 mm .

,width (in clusi ve of eoxae) 03 1 6 mm . ;

pterothorax , width 0336 mm . abdom en , width 0 408 mm . tu be,length 0 1 50mm . ,

width at base 0075 mm . ,at apex 0034 m m .

Antenna l segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L en gth (u) 48 54 60 58 5 1 48 45 27

Width (p ) 36 31 27 31'

30 32 29 1 6

Total len gth of an tenna , 039 1 mm .

1 38 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

M ale (ma cropterous) . —L ength abou t 1 -3mm . Colour and stru cture essen tia llyas in fem a le

, b u t with the longest br istles on segm en t 9 of the abdom en abou t 08 thelengt h of t ube .

Measurem en ts of allotype —Length 1 2 5 mm . head , length 0 1 86 mm . , width0 1 98 mm . prothorax , length 0 1 28 mm .

,w idth (in c lusi ve of coxae ) 0322 mm .

pterothorax , width 0326 mm . abdom en , w idth 0 341 m m . tube , length 01 39 mm . ,

w idth at base 0066 mm . ,at apex 0032 mm .

An tenn a l segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length ( 1x) 40 49 54 54 53 48 45 24

Width (y ) 34 28 25 28 2-8 27 25 1 5

Tota l length of an tenn a , 036 : mm .

D escri bed from three fem ales and four m ales taken by sweeping fo liage andgrass in forest at Pen tland

,N .Q. , D ecem ber 26 , 1 9 1 2 , and J an uarv 6, 1 9 1 3, by Mr.

A . A . Girau lt .

RHYNCHOTHR IPS SOROR sp . n o v .

Fema le ( 1mwropterous ) . —Length abou t 1 -4 m m . Colour dark blackish brown ,

w ith tarsi,both ends of m iddle and hind tibiae

,dista l portion and inn er surface of fore

ti biae,and third an tenna-l segment , yellow or ochreus.

Head 1 04 tim es as long as wide ; cheeks slightly arched ,n early parallel ;

lat era l portions of occipu t reticu late w ith fine anastom osing lines vertex not produced,n early vertical , its fron t m argin stra ight postocu lar bristles broadly capitate , twothirds as long as eyes. Eyes n early 04 as long as head ,

slightly wider than theirinterva l ro unded and not protruding ; ven tra l exten t m u ch less tha n dorsa l , thelength and w idth equa l and abo ut 0- 6 of the v en tra l interva l

,the in ner poster ior

angle abou t Anterior oce llus overhanging and directed forwa rds An tennae2 2 5 tim es as long as head

,a lm ost as in B11 . den tifer (see Proc . En t .

‘ Soc . Wash . ,vol .

xiv,1 9 1 2

,pl . vi

,fig . segm en ts 7 and 8 com pactly un ited ; sense - cones short ;

fo rm ula : 3, 0- 1 4,1 - 1 + 1

; 5 , L b”; 6 ,

l 7 with one on dorsum nea r apex ;segm ents 1 and 2

,and 4—8 conco lourous wi th head

,2 paler at apex 3ochreus, in fuscate

apica l ly . Mou th - cone very long , slender,equa l in length t o dorsum of head ,

sur

passing base of prosternum .

’

Prothorax a long m edian dorsa l lin e n ea rly equa l in length to head and (inc lusiveof coxae) 2 1 tim es as wide as long pronotum wi th sho rt m edian thickening a ll usua lbristles present , pale , sim i la r t o postocu lars and of abo ut the sam e length . Pterotho rax wi th sides rather strongly converging posteriorly . L egs m ode rately short. andsto ut , fo re fem ora longer than hea d fore tarsus w ith a long, hooked tooth . Wingsc lear .

Abdom en broad and of no rma l structure ; tube abo ut 0 83 as long as head,

less than twice as long as basa l width,and 2 - 25 tim es as wide at base as a t apex ,

slightly n a rrowed to m iddle and aga in at apex ; abdom ina l bristles pa le , capitate ,those a t apex of segm ent 9 abou t “ half as long as tube ; term inal bristles longe rtha n t ube .

1 40 M EMOIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Measu rem ents of ho lotype —Lengt h 28 8 m m . head ,l engt h 0396 mm width

a cross eyes 02 35 mm .,at base 01 62 mm . ; prot horax length 0300 mm .

,w idth

(inclusi ve of eoxae) 04 99 m m . ; pterothorax , width 05 40 mm . ; abdom en,width

04 62 m m . tube,length 031 3mm . ,

w idth at base 0 1 09 m m . ,at ape x 0057 mm .

Ant enna l segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L ength (y ) 60 68 1 06 1 05 8 1 69 6 1 38

(a) 50 36 50 48 38 31 25 1 3

Tota l length of an ten na,0 588 m m .

M a le (macrop terous) . —L ength abou t 2 -2 m m . Co lou r and stru ctu re essentiallya s in fem a le .

Measu rem ents of a llo type —L engt h 22 4 m m . head “

, lengt h 0342 mm . , widtha cross eyes 0 2 1 6 mm . ,

a t base 01 50 m m . prothorax , lengt h 02 22 mm . , width(in c lusi v e of coxae) 0384 mm . ; pterothorax , width 0408 m m . abdom en ,

w idth04 1 4 m m . t ube , length 02 64 mm . , w idth at base 009 1 mm . ,

at apex 0049 mm .

Antenn al segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length (p ) 5 ] 58'

93 93 75 60 47 33

Width (p ) 45 33 41 44 34 29 24 1 3

Tota l length of antenna , 05 1 0 mm .

D escri bed from one fem a le and two m ales taken by sweeping in jungle at

N elson ,N .Q Jun e 2 , 1 9 1 4, and August 31 , 1 9 1 3, by Mr . A . A . Girau lt .Very c lose indeed to M . jordani , and perhaps m erely a race of that species .

The on ly di fferen ces observed lie in colouration ot' the wings and an ten nae , and the

longer postocu lar bristles of a uslm liw .

EUOPLOTHRIPS gen . nov .

( eve /mos, well - arm ed firm/x, a wood - worm . )

Head m u ch longer than w ide and m u ch longer than prothorax , widest acrosse ves and strongly const ricted at base vertex con ica l ly produced , bearing the anter ioro cellus at its extrem ity ; cheeks w ith a few m in ute bristles . E ves rather large ,rounded , finely faceted ,

prom inent , narrower than . their interval . Ocelli anteriorin positio n . Ante nnae eight - segm ented ,

form ed as in M esolhr ips. Mou th~cone shortertha n its basa l w idth , broadly rounded . Prothorax m u ch shorter than head ,

stronglyw idened posterior]y and fu llv twice as w ide across coxae as at an terio r margin , bristlesrathe r short . ]"o re fem o ra slightly en la rged ,

wi th a long too th near m iddle of inners u rface ; fo re tibiae with a l inge r- l ike projec tio n ne'ar m iddle of in ner surface ; foreta rsi w ith a long hooked to o th . Wings of fo re pa ir wide n ear base , na rrower apically ,sligh tly const ricted at m iddle . Abdom en slender

,nar rower than pterothorax . Tu be

no rm a l , shorter tha n head .

Genotype E noplo‘

llar ips bagnalli sp . nov .

R ela ted to M esollz rips, Gym ikolhrlps , and Andrelhr'ips, bu t differing fromthem and from a ll o the r known genera of Thysanoptera in the arm ature of the forelegs . It is witho u t do ubt a gal l - m aking genus .

N EW GENE RA AN D SPE CIE S OF AUS TRALIAN THYSANOPTE RA—HOOD . 1 4 1

EUOPLOTHR IPS BAGNALLI sp . n o v .

F ema le (m acrOplerous ) .—Length abou t 2 -2 mm . Co lou r dark blackish brown(nearly black ), w ith fore tibiae and tarsi and bases of interm ediate an tennal segm en tsyellow ish wings fuligino us, darker at base , and with a dark m edian line .

Head 1 6 4 tim es as long as w ide , broadest a cross eyes, cheeks n early straight,

slight ly con verging poster ior ly and strongly constricted at base , which is 0- 73 of thewidth across eyes dorsa l and lateral surfaces nearly sm ooth , the transverse auastem osing lines faint

,th ree or four minute bristles v isible in profil e ; vertex con icallv

produ ced ; postocu lar bristles blun t , abou t half as long as eye . .Iy es large and

prom in ent , abo ut 036 as long as head and abou t three - fourths as wide as their interval .Ocelli e qu idistant , the anter ior ocellus overhanging and on a line with the base of thefirst antenna l segm ent . Antennae of norm a l structure , form ed as in M esotkr ips,

1 1 5 tim es as long as head ; sense—con e form ula 3, 1 - 2 4, 2 - 2 5,1 6 , L 1 “ ;

7 with one on dorsum n ear apex segm en ts 1 , 2 , 7 , and 8 con colourous w ith head , 2

paler at apex 3 and 4 w ith pedicels yellow , the rem ainder of these segm ents darkfuliginous, pa ler at apex 5 yellow in basa l third , fuliginous beyond ; 6 fuliginous,pedicel paler . Mou th—con e shorter than its basa l width , broadl v rounded .

Prothorax large , heavy, and 0 6 1 as long as head , the breadth a cross co xae 1 8 4tim es the length and abou t 23 tim es the apica l breadth ; pronotum sm ooth

,w ith

shor t m edian thicken ing all usu al br istles presen t , an ter ior m argina ls greatly redu ced ,

the others blun t and abou t as long as postocu lars . F ore legs slightly if at all en larged,

the fore fem ora with a long, stra ight acu te tooth near m iddle of inner surface foretibiae, n ear m iddle of inn er surface , with a fiuger - like projection two - fifths as long asfem ora l tooth bearing a m inu te br istle at its tip ; fore tarsi with a long, hookedtoot h . Fore wings slightly narrowed at m iddle , with about t en accessory hairs on

posterior m argin,and with the three subbasa l bristles b lunt and equa l in length to

postocu lars wings of both pa irs pale fuliginous, darker at base and in apical ha lf,

and with dark m edian streak extending to n ear apex of both pairs.

Abdom en slender , m u ch narrower than pterothorax , . broadest across segm en t2 . Tu be abou t 06 2 as long as head .

-All bristles long , po inted , yellowish , those at ap e xof segm ent 9 n early as long as tube term ina l bristles brown , abou t equa l in lengthto tu be .

Measurem en ts of ho lotype - Length 2 1 6mm . head ,length 0336 mm . , width

across eyes 02 04 mm . , at base 0 1 48 mm . ; prothorax lengt h 02 06 m m .,w idth

(inclusi ve of coxae) 0380 mm . ; pterothorax , Width 0372 mm . ; abdom en , width0332 mm . tube

,length 02 08 m m .

,w idth at base 0082 mm .

,at apex 0039 mm :

An tenna l segm ents 1 . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length (H) 60 63 83 89 81 69 57 40

Width (H) 46 35 46 45 36 27 22 1 2

To ta l length of an tenna ,mm .

D escribed from one fem ale taken by sweeping in jungle at N elso n,

i

N .QMay , 30, 1 9 1 2 , by Mr . A . A . Girau lt .

N am ed after Richard S . Bagna ll , E sq , of Penshaw , E ngland ,in recogn ition of

his work on the Thysanoptera and in appreciation of his m any courtesies to th ea uthor .

1 42 M EM OIR S OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US EUM .

CRYPTOTHRIPS U zel, 1 895 .

1 895 . Cryp tothr ip s U z e l , M on . d . O rd n. Thys . ,p . 228 . (Type n o t design ated 6 species in cluded

n igr ip es R eu t .,la ta n o v . sp . , angus ta n ov . sp .

,Icarus n ov . sp . , den tip ea R eu t . , and

b icolor Heeger . )1 899 . Cryp to thr ip s R en t e r , Ac t -a Soc . Fau n a Flora F enn iea ,

v o l . xv n , N O . 2 , pp . 1 6 , 2 1 .

1 9 1 2 . Cryp to thr ip s Tryb om, Ar kiv f. Zoo l . , bd . 7 , N o . 33, p . 9 .

1 9 1 2 . Cryp to thr ip s Ke r my ,M a rcellia , v ol . xi , p . 1 38 .

1 9 1 4. Cryp to lhr ip s Kam y , Z e it sch r . f. W iss . In s .- B io l . , b d . x , p . 2 94 .

1 9 1 6 . Cryp to thr z'

p s Hood , Bu l l . Broo k . E n t . S oc . ,v ol . xi, p . 64 . (Type designated as C. la ta

U z el . )The four Austra lian species which the wr iter has assigned to t his genus are

c losely a l lied t o the form s found in E urope , and have not been assigned here sim plythrough lack of a m ore appropr iate place to pu t them . The first speci es is related t oC . la lus Uzel , the second and th ird t o C. fear -

as Uzel , and the fourth t o C. bicolo -

r

(Heeger ) .Key to Aust ra lian S pecies.

a . Head l on ge r than w ide .

b . Head less than tw ice as lon g as w ide .

0. Head n ea rly as w ide as lon g , broadest across eyes cheeks stra ight , strongly con vergin gposter ior ly e yes d irected m o re n ea rly forwa rd than latera l ly ,

n ot a t all protrud in gm ed ian do rsa l len gth of prothora x less than ha lf t he len gth of head la ticeps Hood .

cc . Head abou t 1 - 6 t im es as lon g as w ide , as broad in b asa l third as across eyes chee kss in u ate , con str icted just behind eyes and aga in a t base eyes d irected m ore n earlylatera l ly than fo rwa rd , rathe r stron gly protrud in g ; m ed ian do rsa l len gth of p ro

tho rax m o re than ha lf t he len gt h p f head bad'ius Hood .

bb . Head ve ry e lon gate,fu l ly tw ice as lon g as w ide dolichos Hood .

o u . Head w ide r than l on g abd om en n ea rly black , rem a inder of b ody and all appendages yel lowd'im id ia lua Hood .

CRYPTOTHRIPS LATICEPS Sp . n o v .

If‘

em a le (macroplcrous) .—L engt h abo ut 1 - 8 mm . Colour dark blackish brown ,

w ith tarsi , apex of segm ent 2 of a ntennae and base of segm ents 3, paler fore w ingsbrow n

,darkest a t base and becom ing quite pa le toward apex .

Head sm o ot h , sl ight ly longer tha n wide , broadest across eyes , cheeks straighta nd con verging to base , which is only 0- 8 of the greatest width vertex not at a ll prod uced postocu lar bristles pointed ,

abou t 1 - 5 tim es as long as eyes a ll other bristlesm in ute . E yes sm a ll

, not protruding , si tuated on the fron t , rather than the latera l ,pa rt of t he head ,

broader on dorsa l than on ventra l surface , and ,as seen from above ,

q uadra ngu la r in form . Ocelli of posterior pa ir widely separated . Antennae of norm a lst ruct u re

,a lm ost exactly as in C. longiceps (see Pro c . E nt . Soc . Wash vol. xiv , No . 3,

1 9 1 2 , pl . viii . fig . Mouth - cone broadly rounded , nearlv attain ing posterior m argino f pro tho ra x .

Protho rax a lo ng m edian dorsa l li ne less than ha lf the le ngth of head ,w ith

sligh t m edian th icken ing a ll u sua l bristles present , po in ted , the outer posterior pai rlo ngest , a nterio r m a rginals shortest a nd weakest . Fore tarsus u narm ed . Fo re wi ngsrather broad a nd o f equa l width throughout , with abo u t 1 2 accessory ha irs.

1 44 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Prothorax w ith anastomosing lin es along posterior m argin and wi th a long,distin ct , m edian thicken ing ; a ll bristles poin ted and m oderate in si ze

,the two pos

t erior pa irs longest and strongest , the anterior m argina ls greatly redu ced . Pterotho . ax

redu ced . Fore tarsus u narm ed .

Abdom en stou t , heavy , m u ch broader than pterothorax . Tube about threefou rt hs as long as head and abou t 2 - 6 tim es as wide at base as at apex

, sides con cavea ll bristles yellowish , po inted ,

the term ina l bristles shorter than tu be .

Measurem en ts of holotype —Length 2 08 mm . head , length 0348 mm width02 1 1 mm . ; pterothorax , length 0 1 92 mm . , width (in c lusi ve of eoxae) 0372 mm .

pterothorax , width 0360mm . abdom en , width 05 52 mm . tube,length 02 64 mm . ,

width at base 0 1 1 8 mm . ,a t a pex 0044 m m .

Antenn al segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Lengt h (u) 63 69 1 04 1 04 96 72 68 48

Width (it ) 5 1 39 35 37 33 29 27 1 5

Tota l length of an tenna , 06 24 m m .

M a le (apterou s) .—Very sim i lar t o fem a le in colou r and stru cture, bu t with the

fore tarsus arm ed with a stou t triangu lar too th and the tube with a prom inen t scale”at base .

Measu rem en ts of a llotype —L ength 1 7 5 mm . head , length 0305 mm . , width02 00 m m . prothorax , lengt h 0 1 69 m m . , width (inc lusive of eoxae ) 02 36 mm .

pterothorax , Width 0324 mm . abdom en , width 04 68 mm . ; tube , length 02 20mm . ,

widt h at base 0099 mm . ,at apex 0045 m m .

Antenn al segm en ts 1 2 3 4. 5 6 7 8

L ength (H) 57 63 94 94 90 69 6 1 42

Width ( 14) 47 36 35 34 32 28 25 1 3

Tota l length of antenna , 05 70 m m .

D escribed from t wo fem a les a nd three m ales, taken by sweeping in forestN elson , N .Q. ,

January 29 , August 27 - 28 , October 9 , and Novem ber 2 , 1 9 1 2 ,by Mr .

A . A. Girau lt .Very close t o C. icarus, b ut easi ly known by the longer head and the different

co loration .

CRYPTOTHRIPS DOLICHOS sp . no v .

M a le (a pterou s) .—Length abou t 2 - 1 mm . Co lour light yellowish brown , withlast fou r segm ents of abdom en nearly black .

Head very long and slender 2 - 1 t im es as long as wide , sides sinuate narrowesta l ittle behind eyes and narrowed aga in at base

,smooth above

,cheeks with several

rather strong bri stles vertex no t produced postocu lar bristles long , poin teda nother pa ir of strong bristles between and near eyes. Eyes smal l b ut prom inent andstrongly protruding , only about one - sixth the length of head and less than ha lf as wideas their inte rva l . Ocelli wanting. An tenna l segm ent 1 elongate , equal in length to 2rem a ining segm en ts wanting in the un ique type .

N EW GENERA AN D SPE CIE S OF AU S TRALIAN TH l’

SAN OPTE RA—HOOD . 1 45

Prothorax a long m edian dorsal line abou t 0 4 the length of head ,without m edian

th icken ing ; anterior m argina l br istles wan ting , a ll others presen t , po inted , theposterior pairs m uch the longest . Fore tarsus wit h a stou t , sl ightly c ur ved too th .

Wings wan ting .

Abdom en stou t and heavy . Tube abou t 0- 7 as long as head ,side-s stra ight .

Abdom ina l bristles long, po inted ,yellowish ,

those at apex of segm ent 9 abou t 0 6the length of tube .

Measurem ents of holotype -L ength 2 52 m m . head , length 0456 m m .,w idth

02 1 6 m m .prothorax , lengt h 0 1 8 1 mm .

,w idth (in cl usi ve of eoxae) 04 27 m m .

ptero thorax , w idth 0396 m m . abdom en ,width 0 540m m . tube , length 03 1 2 mm . ,

w idth at base 01 1 4 m m . ,at apex 005 1 m m .

Antenn a l segm en ts : 1,length 69a,

width 2,length w idth 39a ;

rem a inder of an tenna wanting .

D escribed from one m a le taken by sweeping floor of forest , Double IslandQu eensland , D ecember 24, 1 9 1 1 , by Mr . A . A . Girau lt .

The decidedly anom alous character of this species seem s t o warrant its description at the present tim e , e ven from a specim en as poorly preserved as the type . Whi lethe unusu a l co lo uration m ay not perhaps be norm a l

,th e very long , slender head and

the small,protruding eyes m ark it at on ce as very distinct . It is a tr ue Cryptothr ips,

as that gen us is at presen t interpreted , and is a llied t o U z el’

s icarus .

CRYPTO'I‘HRIPS DIMIDIATUS sp . n o v .

F ema le —Length about 1 -4 m m . Head and thorax yellow ; theform er darker and the latter washed at sides with brown legs and antennae lem on

yellow,the latter with segm en ts 7 and 8 (rarely 5—8 ) infuscate abdom en black .

Head n early sm ooth , abou t tim es as w ide as long, narrowed poster ior ly ;vertex flat and even ly deoli vous postocu lar bristles abou t as lo ng as dorsal lengt h ofeyes, poin ted another pa ir o f poin ted bristles abou t ha lf as long between and neareyes . E yes scarcely protruding , sm a l l and very w idely separa ted ,

produ ced posterior lyon ven tra l su rface of head . Ocell i wan ting, or on ly m inu te anterior ocellus presen t .Anten nae of the sam e genera l stru ctu re as in C. yz

'

lm'

pes (see Proc . Bio l . Soc . Wash . ,

v o l. xxvii,1 9 1 4,

pl . v,fig . b ut stou ter and wi th the interm ediate segm en ts m o re

rounded segm en t 3 with one sense - con e on inner and one on ou ter surface . Mouthcon e shor t and broadly rounded .

Prothorax with all u sua l bristles present,poin ted ,

the two posterior pa irsabou t equa l in length to postoc ulars ; m idlaterals , an ter ior latera ls, and an ter iorm argina ls successi vely shorter . Pterothorax sma ll and narrow . Fore tarsus unarm ed .

Abdom en stou t heavy , m u ch broader than pterothorax . Tu be about threefou rt hs as long as head ,

tw ice as wide a t base as at apex,sides paral lel in basa l fifth ,

then ce con verging to apex all bristles brown ,poin ted ,

the term ina l bristles shorterthan tube .

K

1 46 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Measurem ents of holotype z—Lengt-h 1 38 mm . head ,length 0 1 90m m .

, width02 2 1 m m . ; proth orax , length 0 1 44 m m .

, width (in c lusi ve of coxse ) 02 90 m m . ;

pte rothorax , w idth 03 1 2 m in . abdom en , width 04 68 mm . tube,lengt h 0 1 45 mm . ,

width a t base 0084 mm .,a t apex 0042 m m .

An tenna l segm en ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length (a) 45 54 69 66 63 57 44 31

Width (p ) 44 37 30 32 31 30 24 1 4

Total lengt h of an tenna , 0 429 m m .

M a le —Very similar to fem a le in co lour and stru ctu re, bu t with the

fore tarsus strongly toothed and the pronotum with a short,dark

,m edian thicken ing .

Measurem en ts of allotype —L ength 1 03m m . head,length 0 1 50mm .

, width0 1 8 1 m m . prothorax , length 0 1 30 mm width (in c lusi ve of coxae ) 02 40 mm .

pterothorax , width 02 28 mm . abdom en , width 03 1 2 m m . tu be,length 0 1 08 mm . ,

width a t base 0069 mm . ,a t apex 0034 m m .

An tenna l segm en ts : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L ength (n) 36 45 5 1 50 49 45 33 26

Width (la ) 36 31 27 28 29 27 22 1 3

Tota l length of an tenna ,0 335mm .

D escribed from six fem ales and one m a le,all taken by Mr . A . A. Gira ult by

sweeping in forest , a t Proserpine , N .Q. (type loca li ty ) , N ovem ber 2 and 3, 1 9 1 2 at

N elson ,N .Q. , May 29 , 1 9 1 3, and at Pent land , N .Q. ,

January 8,1 9 1 3.

E asily kn own “from dent-ipes, gilvipes, and bicolor , its c losest allies, by its sm a llsi ze

, short head ,and co lour .

PHAULOTHRIPS gen . nov .

(r/mfiAog , good - for - nothing ‘9p t lr’l , a wood- worm ) .

Head elo ngate , rec tangular , m u ch longer than wide , and ful ly twice as long asm edian dorsa l length of pronotum ,

slightly elevated a long posterior portion of m edianline vertex not produced ,

tho ugh overhanging , with a pair of prom in ent forwardlydirec ted bristles latera l of m edian ocellus cheeks straight and para l lel , with a pa iro f long latera l br istles behind eyes postocu lar bristles long . Antennae slender ,eight - segm en ted , segm ents 4 - 7 (particu larly 5 and 6) prolonged on ventra l surface a ta pex segm en t 3 longest 7 and 8 n ot c losely uni ted . E yes sma ll

,less than one - fourth

as long as head . An te rior ocellus directed forvirard and upward . Mouth - con e not aslo ng as width a t base , semi ci rcu lar at apex , abou t a ttain ing m iddle of prosternum.

Protho rax m ore than t wo and o ne - half tim es as wide across cox-

cc as m edian length ofdo rsum ; anter io r m argin of pronotum deeply , rou ndly em argina te and som ewhatth ickened ; t he t wo pa irs o f bristles a t posterior angles

'

long, others m inute . Foreta rsi (a t l east in the m a le ) stro ngl y a rm ed . Wings long, broad , not narrowed a t m iddle .

Abdom en broad a nd hea vy . Tube m uch shorter than head , constricted a t apex .

1 48 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

D escr i bed from two m a les taken by sweeping in forest at N elson , N .Q. , August7 and N ovem ber 5 - 6

,1 9 1 3, by Mr . A . A . Girau lt .

N am ed a fter the late M . AndréVuillet , form erly of the E ntom o logica l Stationat Paris

,fi an ce , who was one of the m ost prom ising studen ts of the Thysanoptera .

ADIAPHOROTHRIPS GIRAULTI sp . n ov .

M a le (ma croplerous) . —Length about 3- 5 m m . Colour dark blackish brown ,

with tarsi,knees. part of fore tibiae , and at least the basa l port ions of an t em i al seg

m ents 3- 5 (som etim es 3 yellow wings clear , or yellowish toward base .

Head 1 6 tim es as long as wide,depressed,

broadest across eyes cheeksnarrowed a little behind eyes

,r oundly broaden ed at basal third ,

and wi th a distin ctconstriction n ear base behind wh ich they are aga in broadened ,

surface set with abou teight st rong parallel lateral bristles, dorsa l and latera l surfaces with fine c lose st riv e

which becom e reticu late on posterior portion of occipu t vertex not produced posto cular br istles pointed ,

longer than eyes . E yes about one - fourth as long as head and

two - thirds as wide as their in terval,ven tra l extent slightly less than dorsa l . Ocelli

widely separated , t he an terior ocellus on a line with the posterior m argin of firstantenna l segm ent posterior o celli con tiguous to im i er m argins of eyes.

- An tennaeslender . abou t 1 8 5 tim es the length of head segm en ts 3 and - 4. subequa l in length ,5 slightly shorter sense - con es short and in conspicuous form u la 3, 1

- 1 4, 2

- 2

5,1 - l + 1 6 , 1

- 0+ 1 7 wi th one on dorsum n ear a iex segm en ts 1 , 2 ,7,and 8 dark

bla ckish brown 3 and 4 (som etim es on ly 3) yellow 5 yellow at base , dark brownbeyond 6 dark brown or with pedicel yellow . Mou th - cone shorter than width at base ,sem icircu larlv ro unded at apex .

Prothorax abo ut 0 57 as long as head and (in clusi ve-

oi coxae ) abou t2 -4 tim esas wi de as long ; pronotum smooth , with strong m edian thi cken ing , and with thean terior border emarginate and thi cken ed ; all usual bristles presen t , po inted , thetwo posterior pa irs about as long as postocu lars, o thers sm all . Fore legs en largedfore fem ora with a few sto ut spines on inner surface and on ou ter basa l m argin foretarsi with a ver y large hooked tooth which is n ear ly as long as tarsus. Wings long ,broad ,

o f equa l width througho ut , a nd with abo ut 42 accessor v hairs on posteriorm a rgin .

Abdom en la rge , broad t ube nea rly as long as head and abo ut three tim es aslong as its basa l width , sides stra ight . Abdom ina l bristles long, pointed , pale , thosea t a pe x of segm ent 9 abo u t as long as tube term ina l bristles brown ,

three - fo urthsthe length of t ube .

Measu rem ents of ho lotype —Length mm . head ,length 05 26 mm . ,

width0 328 m m . ; pro tho rax , length 0300 mm . ,

w idth (inclusive o f eoxae ) 07 32 m m . ;

pte ro tho rax , width 07 92 m m . abdom en , w idth 0 876 mm . tube,length 0 480mm . ,

width a t base 0- l62 m m a t apex 0075 m m .

NEW GENE RA AN D SPECIES OF AUS TRALIAN THYSANOPTERA—HOOD . 1 49

An tenna l segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length (it ) 90 1 02 1 65 1 7 1 1 53 1 26 89 78

Width (H) 69 5 1. 50 5 1 44 33 27 2 1

Tota l length of antenna , 0 974 m m .

D escribed from three m a les taken by sweeping in fo rest at

'

N elson , N .Q. ,

February 1 6 , 1 91 1 , June 1 3, 1 9 1 2 ,and August 1 2 ,

1 9 1 2 , b v Mr . A. A . Girau lt .

A large and conspicuo us species,ver y di fferen t from th e Bornean A . simpler

a nd one which I take pleasure in n am ing for Mr . Alexandre A. Giraul t .

Mr . Bagna ll , who described the gen us Adifaphorothrips, has kindly exam ined oneo f the types of gim ulti and con cu rs in m y assignm ent of the species t o this genus .

The shorter t ube , the posit ion of t he poster ior ocelli , and the differen t proportionatel engths of t he third ,

fo urth , and fifth antennal segm ents m ake gelm u lti easilv recogn isable .

LEEUWENIA CONVERGENS sp . n o v .

F em a le (mrt c'ro-

pterous ) .—L ength abou t 38 m in . Colo ur dark brown ,w ith

an tennae , tarsi , fore tibiae , and dista l thr ee - fifths of m iddle and hind tibiae , clear pa ley ellow .

Head abou t 1 -8 tim es as long as w ide , broadest at extrem e - base,the cheeks

s tra ight and converging anterior ly , constr icted behind eyes ; vertex con vex , not

produced ; postocu lar br istles very short , poin t-ed ; surface with asperate , a h astem osing lin es . Eyes OG" as long as their distan ce from poster ior m argin of head and 1 6

t im es as wide as their in terval , im i er m argins straight and con verging poster iorly .

O celli placed far forward,opposite anterior portion of eyes, the anterior ocellus shght ly

m ore distan t from the poster ior pa ir than these from each other ; pigm en t red .

Antenn ae slender , one and three—fourths tim es as long '

as head ; segm ents 1 and 2

c on colourous with head , the apex of 2 pa ler rem ainder c lear pale yellow with apica lportions of 6 and 7 and all of 8, lightly in fuscate sense—con es very long and slender ,ful lv ha lf the length of the in term ediat e segm en ts. Mouth - con e very broadly rounded ,

reaching t o posterior third of prosternum .

Prothorax half as long as head , indistin ctly and irregu larly su b ret icu late ,

m uch sm oother than head ; one short capitate brist le at ant erior angle and a long,s to ut , capitate one at poster ior angle

,born e at the apex of a tubercle ; m idlatera l

very short , stou t ; other bristles wan ting . Pterothorax broad , sides of m etathoraxswo ll en . Wings colour less, slightly narrow ing apical ly , withou t accessory hairs on

posterior m argin . L egs moderat ly short fore tarsus unarm ed .

Abdom en m oderat ely slender,dist inct lv reticulate at sides and on last three

s egm ents tube exceedingly“ long and slender , m ore than thr ee tim es as long as head anda bou t seven teen tim es as long as greatest width , surface sparsely and in conspicuouslypubescen t posterior m argins

_of tergites 2 - 8 w ith two pa irs of long , stou t , capitate

bristles,the latera l pair born e on distinct tubercles tergite 9 with blun t bristles which

a re not as long as basa l width of tube term inal bristles m odera t ely long .

1 50 M EM OIR S OF THE QUEE NSLAND M USE UM .

Measurem ents of holotype - Len gth 3 82 mm . head ,length 04 28 mm .

, width02 42 mm . prothorax , length 02 1 2 mm . , w idth (in c lusi ve of eoxae) 04 56 mm . m esothorax , width 05 ] 6 mm . m etathorax , width 05 76 mm . abdom en , width 05 40mm . ;

t ube,length 1 -39 mm . , w idth at base 0083mm . ,

at apex 0046 mm .

An tenn al segm ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Length (n) 54 66 1 41 1 2 1 1 28 1 20 75 47

Width (n) 44 36 28 32 33 - 34 26 1 5

Tota l lengt h of an tenna , 07 52 mm .

D escri bed from two fem ales,taken by sweeping in jungle at N elson , Q . May

25 and August 31 , 1 9 1 3, by Mr . A. A . Girau lt .

Very differen t from the Javanese L . gladiatrix and perhaps generica lly distin ct .The anterior ly con verging sides of the head, the long an tenn ae , and the in conspicuouslypu bescen t tu be are the m ost im portan t di fferentia . It is withou t dou bt a gall - m akingspe cies.

1 52 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

t hese are represen ted by squam iform lobes and I have previously shown 1 that thefem ale of E scala cz

’

rcumducla Wa lk . was erron eously descr ibed as a species of thegenu s Loboplera Brunn er . In this instan ce the fem a les, having com e to spend theirentire existen ce u nder the bark of trees, have a lm ost discarded their organs of flightwhi lst the m a les, on ly associated w ith th em du ring a br ief pair ing season , havereta ined theirs . A sim ilar sexua l dim orphism obtains in the Panchlorine genusOn z

’

scosoma Bru nn er , the fem a les of wh ich are w holly apterous, whilst th e m ales are

fu lly w inged . Here both sexes m ay be found together under bark all the year round ,

and I have ‘

n ever taken the m ale on the wing and both sexes are typ ically depressedinsects . The sam e o ccurs com m on ly in the Ep ilam prinae whilst in the Polyz osteriagroup of the Blat t inae m ay be found every condition of the flying organs , from the

fu llv spread tegm ina and w ings of both sexes of M ethane S tfil , through thequadrate tegm in a and squ am iform wings of S cabine Shelf ,

the quadrat etegm ina and absen t w ings of Tem nelytm Tepper , the squam iform tegm ina and

absen t w ings of m os t species of Platyz oste'r ia Brunn er and Ou tili‘a Sta], up to the

completely apterou s condition of the whole of Polyz oster ia Burm eister , and m anyspecies of Pla tyz osteria and Cutilia ; som e apterous species still showing in a fa in tcrum pling of the latera l parts of th e m esonotum and m etan otum a vestige of theun requ ired and discarded organs of flight . My exper ien ce of th e Polyz oste'r ia group(w ith th e exception of the genus Polyz oster ia itself , of whose habits I am a t presen tin ignoran ce ) , and of the other sem i—apterous and apterous form s a lluded to above ,leads m e t o the con clusion that a ll the known species are cryptic in their habits,being found under fa llen wood , u nder loose bark of standing trees, and in crev icesvery seldom seen u n til their habitat is disturbed and that there is a defin ite correlation between a depression of form and an absen ce of flying organs.

In Paneslhia th ere are in the one gen us exam ples of th e var ious stages in th isadvan ce , from species w ith fu lly explicate tegm ina and w ings , to com pletely apterousforms , wi th the addit ion of wha t appears to be an in term ed ia te stage . I refer to thecondition which Brunn er v . Wa t tenwyl

2 wr ites of as an a cciden ta l m u tilation foundin se vera l species of Paneslhia . It has been previously suggested by m e

3 that th isw as a purposefu l rather than an acciden ta l abbreviation of the flying organs , and

I look u pon i t as one of the ear ly steps towards th e discarding of organs of flight inspecies whose m od ified habits no longer dem and their reten tion . The squam iformtegm ina and w ings wo u ld be afurther step , anda cond ition to be properly descr ibedas vestigia l rather than r udim entary . D r . R . J . Tillyard in forms m e that no adu ltfossi l cockr oaches a re known w ith abbreviated organs of flight and it seem s

probable tha t Mr . Shelford“was righ t when he suggested , though on other grounds,that o ur Polyz osleria group of cockroaches ,

'

instead of being prim itive form s , ar e on

th e con tra ry very h ighly evo lved .

1 Shaw : V icto r ia n Na tu ra l ist,xxxi

, 7, 1 9 1 4, p . 1 04.

2 Br un ner : N o u v . Syst . B la tt. 1 865 , p . 39 1 at seq .

3 Shaw : V ict . N a t . , xxxi , 7 ,1 9 1 4 , p . 1 07.

She lfo rd : Trans. E n t . Soc . Lo nd . 1 909 , p . 2 54.

AUS TRALIAN BLATTIDAL'

.

—E LAND SHAW 1 53

SU BFAM ILY BLATTIN ZE .

GE N US PLATYZ OSTERIA Brunn er V . Wat tenwyl .

PLATYZ OSTERIA INCURVA sp . n ov .

D ark castan eous to black , except por tions of the dista l abdom inal som ites, n itid .

Visible m argin s of a ll the tergites and abdom ina l stern ites ci liate . Head reddishbrown , m argin of the clypeus and labrum pa ler , antennae con colorou s . Thorac ictergites w ith a few sha llow pun ctures, and furn ished w ith a sparse erect pubescen ce .

N o vestiges of tegm ina or w in gs . Poster ior angles of the 5th abdom ina l tergite backwardly produced of 6th m ore strongly produ ced , and th e poster ior th ird of th is terg iteis occupied in, abou t it s outer fou rth by an orange yellow macu la , broadest externa l ly ,

and not reac hing to the extrem e m argin which is dark 7 th abdom ina l tergite w iththe posterior angles strongly produ ced backwards, posterior th ird orange yellow ,

bu t the latera l m argins of the tergite and the apices of th e spin es are dar k ; 9th

a bdom ina l t ergite orange yellow except the angles which are black , and which are

produced in to sharp spin es . Supra - anal lam ina of 3 (Text - figure 1 ) black , trigona l ,apex trun cate , widely and deeply em arginate w ith 1 to 3 spines abou t theposter ior extern al angles . Cerc i large , depressed ,

black,with the tips reddish brown ,

exceeding the supra—ana l lam ina in len gth . Supra - anal lam ina of S2 (Text - fig . tri

gonal , apex trun cate, w ith a w ide sha llow em argination ,

angles den ticu late .

Subgen ital lam in a of 5‘(Text - fig . 2 ) subqu adrate with rounded angles, term inating

in two large, strongly in curved , acum ina te processes or spines . Styles long , acum in ate , black , w ith tips reddish brown and in serted extern ally to the base of the largein curved spin es . Subgen ital lam in a of 52 black , latera l m argin s yellow , va lves black .

Coxae m argin ed w ith yellow . L egs reddish brown . Posterior m e tatarsus n early as

long as the rem a ining jo in ts, not spin ed , with its pu lvillus occupying n early thew hole length of the join t . Arolia large .

Length— 5 1 6 mm . $2 1 6 mm . Pronotum 3 x 6 mm .

Types—3 and 9, Co ll . Au ct . (Spm s. N o . 7 5‘and N o . 8 E2. )

Ha bitat — Queensland : Green Island—Moreton Bay , Cleveland , Wyn n um(Au ct . ) Mt . Coot - tha near Br isbane (H . Tryon ) Br isban e (J . C. Bridwell ) N earBr isban e” (Q . Mus . H . Hacker ) .

N OTEs .—The form of the su bgenita l lam ina of the 5 and the yellow co louring

o f the distal abdominal tergites, un like anyt hing else in the genus Platyz osteria ,

'

m ake

t his species qu ite distin ctive . There is considerable variation,from castaneous to

black , in the gen era l colour .

‘ The orange - yellow portions of the dista l tergites are

a lso variable ; the base of the supra—ana l lam in a of the 5‘ being orange in som espec im en s, as are a lso the angles of the 9th tergite ;

1 54 M E MOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND M US E UM .

The subgenita l lam in a of the larval 5 is sim ilar to that of the. adu lt, and that

of the larva l 9 is of the usu al Blat t in e form .

Te xt - fig . l .

—Pla ty z osteria incu rva . Text -fig . 2 ,

—Pla tyz osteria incurva .

Su pra - an a l lam i of 5 , m u ch en la rged . Subgen ital lam in a of 5 , m u ch en larged .

(D rawn from Sp N o . 9 , Co ll . Au ct . ) (D rawn from t he type , Spm . N o . 7 , Co l l . Auct .

Text - fig . 3.

—Pla tyz osteria incu rva . Su pra - an a l lam in a of 9, m u ch en larged .

(D rawn from the type, Sprn . N o . 8, Co l l . Au ct . )

PLATYZ OSTERIA SUBARMATA sp . n o v .

N igro - castan eous , nit id , a few sca ttered.

im pressed do ts on the thoraci ctergites , latera l and posterior m argins of a ll the tergites ci lia te , not scabrous . Headn igr o - castan eous o celliform spots yellow

,an tennae ru fo - castan eous , w ith abou t the

proxima l l; of their length darker . Thorac ic terg ites som ewha t ru fous' latera lly ,darker on the disc . N o vestiges of tegm ina or w ings . Abdom ina l tergites with a

darker band occupying the posterior ha lf m argins m ore ru fous, espec ially towardsthe apex of the abdom en , where th e posterior latera l angles of the tergites and thedista l portions of the appendages are ru fo - castaneous. Angles of abdom ina l tergites5 ,6, and 7 backward]y produced. latera l m argins o f tergites 6 and 7 not den ticu late .

S upra - anal lam ina of 5 (Text - fig . 4) triangu lar , produced in to two long spines, withor w ithou t a spine on the latera l m argin , extending beyond the cerc i which ‘

are

very long . S ubgen ita l lam ina of 5 (Text - fig . 5 ) qu adrate , emarginate , styles long ,

acum ina te , slightly incurved ,inserted latera lly , and w itho u t a spine at the base .

Coxze m argin ed with yellow,legs castan eous, an t e rior and m iddle fem ora pa ler than

poste rio r fem ora . D ista l tarsa l jo ints pa ler than the m etatarsus, wh ich is ratherlong , not spined ben eath , and w i th its pu l villus occupy ing a lmost the who le of its

length . Arol ia la rge .

1 56 M EM OIRS OF THE QUEEN SLAN D M USE UM .

a nd are u sual ly ru fo - castan eous . Wings absen t . Abdom in a l tergites w ith theirposter ior ang les backwardly produ ced , la tera l m argins, which are slightlyt h icken ed and pa ler , en tir e . Poster ior m argin of the 7th abdom ina l tergite sin uate .

S upra - ana l lam in a of 5 (Text - fig . 6 ) qu adrate , angles obtu se , latera l m argins everted ,

fin ely pun ctate , poster ior m argin c i liate , w ith a w ide , sha llow , angu lar em argination .

Cerc i extending considerab ly beyond the lam in a in both sexes , tips fuscou s. Supraana l lam ina of 9 (Text - fig . 8 ) tr iangu lar , apextrun cate

,con cavely em arginate , not

den sely ci liate , and w ith “ea ch e xtern a l angle term ina ting in a defin ite spine , latera lm argins c i liate . Su bgen ita l lam in a of 5 (Text - fig . 7) su bquadrate , posterior m argincon vex , w ith a stou t spin e at th e base of the styles . Styles inserted on the poste riorborder w ith in the angles

,a cum inate , slightly in curved . Wh en viewed dorsa lly the

styles partl y con cea l the lam ina l spin es, thereby assum ing a broad - based appearan ce .

The two lamin ae are of abou t equ a l length . Coxae bordered w ith yellow ish on theu pper surfa ce (n ext the stern ites) and are

, w ith the fem ora , dark castan eous .

Trochan ters and t ibiae considerably lighte r in co lour , the tibiae usua lly ru fo - castan eous .

Poster ior m etatarsu s long , biser iately spined beneath ,its pu lvi llus api cal , rem ain ing

jo in ts u n spined ,their pu lvilli o ccupying their who le length . The two proxim a l join ts

of the tarsi are very dark castan eous ; and the thr ee dista l jo in ts m u ch paler .

Aro lia presen t .

Text - fig . 6 ,

—Cu t ilia n itidella . Te xt - fig . 7 .

—C'

atilia n itidella .

Su pra - an a l lam in a o f 5 , m uch e n la rged . Subgen ita l lam ina of 5 ,

‘

m uch en la rged.

(D raw n from Spm . N o . 24, Co l l . Au ct . ) (D rawn from cotyp e , Sp rn . N o . 1 2 , Co ll. Auct . )

Text - fig . 8 ,

—Supra - ana l lam ina o f 9, m uch en la rged . (D rawn from Spm . N o . 25 , Col l . Auct . )

L ength—5 1 5 - 1 6 m m . 9 l 7 - l 8 m m . Pro no tum 535 x 9 m m .

Cotype.s.—2 5 and 2 9, Co l l . Auct . (Sp ins . N os . 1 1 and 1 2 5 ; N os . 1 3 and 1 4

l -Iab ita l .—Queensland : Brisbane , Wynn um , Capa laba , Orm iston , WellingtonPo in t , Tinga lpa , Cleveland , La idley Sunnybank (H . Tryon ) , Brisban e( Q . M us . H . Hacker ) , (J . (J. Bridwell ) .

A US TRAL IAN BLATTID zE .—E LAND SHAW. 1 57

00theca .—Chitinous , longitudina lly flu ted , the length abo u t tw ice the depth ,

carried w ith the su tu re upperm ost , su tur e serrate . Th e oo theca of C . n itidella differsgreatly from that of C . n itida Brun .

,w h ich is very long and sm ooth . Com parative

m easurem en ts are given below . One of the 9 co types (Spm . N o . 1 4 , .Coll . Auct . ) has

the ooth eca stil l a tta ched .

0 . n itidella m ihi . C . m’

lida Brun .

L ength . 8 m m . 1 7 mm .

D epth 4 mm .

N o . of serrations 20 30

L ongitud in a l kee ls N um erou s, on One on ea ch side ,sides and base . below su tur e .

N oTE s .—This spec ies is very com m on around Br isban e . At first sight it

appears t o be black b u t m ost of th e specim ens taken are n igro—castan eous. Theco lour of the legs w ith its a lternating shades of dark coxae , paler trochan ters, darkfem ora , pa ler tibiae , dark proxim a l and pa le dista l portion s of tarsi , is distin ctive ;and this appearan ce is especially n oticeable in the larvae .

OUTILIA TEPPERI sp . n ov .

D rym apla n eta (Perip la neta ) circumc in c ta Tepper , M S .

Ru fo - castan eous w ith a broad flav o—testaceous border all round . D isca l colourdarker towards the latera l borders and on the dista l tergites, a lso considerably ~

darker in the 5 than in the S2. The flav o - testa ceou s border is, on the m argins of thetergites , ou tlined w ith reddish brown . Head w ith the ver tex ru fo - castan eous fron syellow , the disc bein g occupied by a broad longitudin a l reddish—brown m acu la ;la brum fu lvous, eyes bla ck , an tennae testaceous. L atera l m argins of the tergitesslightly thicken ed . N o vestiges of tegm ina or w ings. Poster ior m argin s of abdom ina ltergites l and 2 slightly con vex , of tergi te 3 n ear ly stra igh t , of tergites 4 and 5 slightlycon cave , and of tergites 6 and 7 s inuate . Posterior angles of tergites 5 , 6 , and 7

backwardly produ ced , tha t of 7th tergite m ore produ ced in the S2 than in th e _ 5 .

Poster ior m argin of 7th abdom inal tergite broadly flavo - testaceou s . Supra - ana l

Text - fig. 9 .

—Cu tilia tepp eri . Text—fig . 1 0.

—Cu tilia tepp eri .

Su pra - an a l lam ina of 5 , m u ch en la rged . Subgen ita l lam in a of 5 , m u ch en larged .

! D rawn from Spm . N o . 26 , Co l l . Auct . ) (D rawn from Spm . N o . 26 , Co l l . Au ct . )

1 58 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M US EUM .

lam in a of 5 (Text - fig . 9 ) triangu lar ,apex tru n cate , w idely and angu larly em arginate ,

latera l m argins en tire , a litt le everted , exceeding the su bgenita l lamin a in length .

Basa l port ion n igro - castan eous, apica l portion flav o - testaceous . Cerc i m u ch exceedingt he lam in a in lengt h , bla ckish , tipped pa le . S upra—ana l lam ina of 9 sim ilar to thato f 5 ,

b u t the em argin ation is con cave rather than angu lar ._Subgen ita l lam ina of 5

(Text - fig . 1 0) qu adr ate , angles obtu se , ’ castan eou s , n o spin es . S tyles insertedextern ally t o the angles, a cum inate , slightly in curved , reddish - brown . Abdom in a lstern ites fusco - castan eous la tera l and poster ior m argin s pa ler in S2. L egs testaceou s,spin es reddish brown , a castan eous m acula a t th e base of the coxae . Poster iorm etatarsus long , biseriately spin ed ben eath ,

it s pu lvi llus apical ; r em a in ing join ts1m spined ben eath , their pu lvill i o ccupying their who le length . Arolia presen t .

L ength— 5 1 2 - 1 3 mm . 9 1 3- 1 5 m m .

Colypes .—2 5 and 2 9, Coll . Auct . (Spin s . N os . 1 8 and 1 9 5 , N os . 20 and 2 1

Habita i .—Victoria Wim m era distr ict , 1 9 1 1 (L . Kelly ) , Dookie , - 1 9 1 3 (L . Kelly) .

N oTEs .

—My fr iend Mr . Lesli e Kelly fir st sen t m e th is species from the Wim m eradistr ict of Victor ia , and la ter in abu ndan ce from D ookie ; and i t appeared to beiden tical w ith specim ens in the N at . M us . Melh .

, labelled D rym aplaneta circum cincta

Tepper .

” Two of these specim ens w ere am ongst the Victor ian Blattidae sen t to Mr .

Tepper for determ in ation in 1 895 and w ere return ed by him nam ed D rymaplaneta

(Per-iplaneta ) circum cin cta n . sp . N o m en tion , however , is m ade of the species in

his paper dea ling w ith this co llection (Tran s. R oy . Soc . S . Austr . 1 895 , pp . 1 46

nor cou ld any published nam e or descr iption be foun d . Mr . Tepper , wr iting tom e in May ,

1 9 1 6 , in reply t o inqu ir ies , says he kcann ot find any pu blished record of

t he spec ies, and that he “m ust have ent ir ely m issed it ” adding , It is ther efore

qu ite at you r disposit ion both as t o genus and spec ies n am e .

”

As She lford po in ts ou t (Trans . En t . Soc . Lond . 1 909 , p . 265 et seq ) , Tepperfounded his gen us D rym aplcmela on an imm ature condition of the subgenita l lam inaof 9. The genus cannot stand , and the species pla ced therein by Tepper -w ill probablygo into Pla ly z osleria or Cu tilia . The poster ior m eta tarsus of the presen t species beingtypica l ly that of Cu lil-ia l have pla ced it in that gen us, and have added as specific nam etha t o f M r . Tepper , the discoverer of the spec ies, and one t o whom we owe so m u chfor h is work onAustra lian Bla ttidae .

CUTILIA UNCINATA sp . n o v .

N igro - castan eous w ith a broad reddish - yellow border . Head with the vertexm fo - casta nerm s ,

frons n igro - castan eous w ith a rufo - castaneous spo t between the

a ntenna l sockets o celliform spo ts large , rhom bo ida l , yellow margins of thec lypeus and la bru m “

rufo - fuscous , the la tter deeply em arginate w ith rounded lobes *

pa lpi long an tennae fusco us . Pro no tum sm ooth n itid , an ter ior ly parabo lic m arginsdefl exed anterio r ly , w ith a few sca ttered im pressed pun ctures, and som e sparse erectha irs p os terio r m argin nearly stra ight , n igro - castaneous

'

w ith a broad yellow latera l

1 60 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

Length—5 1 9 m m . S2 1 5 mm .

Types—5 and 9, Col l . Au ct . (N o . 78 5 ; N o . 77 SE) .

Habita t — Queensland L izard Id .

, E agle Id . (W. J . Young,Ju ly

N OTE S .—Thr ee specim en s w ere taken by Mr . Young , a 5 on L izard Island ,

and 5 and $2 on E agle Island , N .Q . These w ere sen t t o m e for determ ination byM r . F . H . Taylor , of Town sv ille , who has kindly presen ted m e with the types,and t he th ird specim en is in his collection . The form of the vestigia l tegm ina and theextraordin ary asymm etr ica l subgen ita l lam in a of the 5 are , as far as I know , un iqu eam ongst the Blat t in ae . The L izard Island 5 is larger than that from E agle Island ,

whi ch is of the sam e dim ensions as the S? b u t both have the tegm ina and su bgen itallam inae iden tical in form .

CUTILIA MELANESUE She lf.Shelford : Tran s . E n t . Soc . Lon d . 1 909 , p . 29 1 .

Shelford descr ibed the 5 from Torres Stra it , and the type is in th e BritishMuseum . The single 52in my co llection from N . Qu eensland is , I th ink , t o be referredt o this species in spite of th e fact tha t th e posterior tarsi are un fortun ately brokenoff. In Cu tilia the an ter ior and m idd le m e tatarsi a lso are longer than in Pla tyz osteria ,

and th is obta ins in the 52 under con sideration . To Shelford’

s description m ay beadded

9 . Head w ith a broad transverse castan eou s str ipe o ccupying the ver texbetw een the eyes ; labrum ru fo - castan eous. Mesono tum and m etanotum fin elyimpressed pun ctate latera lly , a lso the abdom ina l tergites , the pun ctures en croachingfur ther on the disc in the dista l tergites ; 7th abdom in al tergite w ith the posteriorm argin sin uate . Supra - an a l lam in a triangu lar , apex trun cate , w idely con cavelyem arginate . Subgen ita l lam ina of the u su a l Blat t in e form . Tegm ina vestigial ,m ore thickly and coarsely pun cta te than the m esonotum ; w ings n one . Posteriorcoxae w ith th e dorsa l su r fa ce m argin ed very pa le . Anter ior and m iddle m etatarsiw ith a few basa l spines beneath .

L ength— 9 20 mm . Pronotum , 6 mm . x 5 - 5 m m .

Type . .—5 , British M us. of 9, Co l l . Auct . (Spm . N o .

Habita t—N . Queensland Lower Burdekin D istric t (L . Kelly,

CUTILIA NIGROFASCIATA sp . n o v .

Testaceous banded with black . Head w ith the vertex exposed , testaceous ;vertex of a blackish - brown co lour , wh ich is con tinued down the frons in a broadlongit udina l stripe w ith irregu lar edges , the co lour gradually dim in ishing in in tensityto the m argin of the clypeus and the labrum which are brown ish testaceous eyesblack an ten nae m issing except the first segm en t which is brown ish testa ceous palpipa le . Pron otum w ith the la tera l m argin a li ttle thicken ed , and slightly deflexeda nter iorly ; fo re m argin trun cate ; the an terior portion of the disc occupied by a

black m acula ,wh ich fades thro ugh brown into the testa ceous ground co lour . The

AUS TRALIAN BLATTID Z E .—E LAND SHAW. 1 6 1

sam e obta ins in the dark bands of all the tergites . E x trem e latera l m argin of all thetergites n arrowly brown posterior border of th e pronotum banded black extendingto the angles. Mesonotum testaceous w ith a black band an ter ior ly and poster iorly

,

the form er n ot reaching the lateral m argins .- Tegm ina vestigia l , on ly partly separa ted

from th e m esono tum ,testa ceous w ith the tips blackish brown . Metanotum sim i lar

in colou ring , the poster ior angles slightly produced no vestiges of wings . Abdom in a ltergites testa ceous, w ith a broad bla ckish - brown band occupying the poster ior border ,b u t narrow ing la terally angles of th e 5 th , 6 th , and 7 th tergites backwardly produ cedposter ior m argin of the 7 th tergite sinua te , la tera l m argins en tire . Supra - ana l lam inaof 5 su bquadra te , shor t , w idely em arginate , c i lia te , latera l m argin s en tir e , m edia llylongitudinal ly su lcate , the su lcus broad at th e base and o ccupied by a poin ted brownstreak , the po in t not reaching the apex of th e em argination . Cerc i abou t tw ice thelength of the lam in a , testa ceous .

Supra - ana l lam ina of 9 longer , tr iangu lar , apex trun cate , em argina te,la tera l

m argins en tire , n ot con cea ling the tips of the su bgen i ta l valves, testa ceous , w ith a

broad - based tr iangu lar bla ckish m acu la basally situ ate . Su bgen ita l lam ina of 5subquadra te , abou t equa lling the supra - an a l lam in a in length

,angles obtuse , con cavely

em arginat e , of a br ight pale brown . S tyles stou t , long, and acum inate,placed

external ly to the angles . Ben eath : thorac ic ster nites testaceous ; abdom ina l sternitesbright pa le brown on the disc with a broad testaceous latera l border . L egs testa ceous,spin es brownish ; poster ior m eta tarsus longer than the r em ain ing jo in ts together ,biseriately spin ed ben eath ; pu lvi llus apica l ; rem ain ing jo in ts w ith their pu lvillio ccupying their whole length , unspin ed arolia large an ter ior and m iddle m etatarsilong , the latter biseria tely spin ed ben eath in the basa l third ,

pu lvillus apica l .Length

—5 1 6 m m . 92 1 75 m m .

Types —5 and 9, Co l l . Au ct . (N o . 93 5 , N o . 94

Habita t .—Waddouring , W . Australia , Oct . 1 9 1 5 . (Presen ted by the WestAu stra lian Museum . )

N OTES—The species in colouring bears a grea t resem blan ce t o C . triangu la ta

Brunn er (L eptoz osteria secunda Tepper ) , b ut is sm al ler , not so depressed , and theform of the supra - ana l lam ina of 5 is di fferen t . The pronota l m arking of triangu la tais qu ite distin ctive .

OUTILIA KELLY! sp . n ov .

5 n igro—castan eous , of sm a l l size , convex spec ies . Head ru fo - castan eous,w ith the ocel liform spots, and m argin of the c lypeu s pa le eyes black an tenn ae ru focastan eou s, longer than the body . Pronot-um parabo lic , form ing in transverse sectionan ar ch a lm ost sem icir cu lar , poster ior m argin straight , sm ooth , nitid , w ith a few

erect ha irs, and scattered pun ctu res, dark castan eous . Mesonotum and m etanotumsim ilar ; tegm ina l vestiges com pletely separated , m ore thickly pun ctate , sharplypoin ted , and extending slightly beyond the tergite ; postero—la tera l angles of th em etanotum som ewhat backwardly produ ced . Abdom ina l tergites darker than th ethoraci c , a lm ost piceous posterior ly ; la tera l m argins ru fo - castan eous ; posterola tera l angles backwardly produ ced ; 2nd t o 5th tergites slightly scabrous latera lly ,

1 62 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND MUSE UM .

6 th m ore scabrous , and 7 th w ith th e poster ior half and sides scabrous. Supra - anallam in a (Text - fig . 1 4) tr iangu lar , apex trun cate , fain tly em argin ate , c iliate , latera lm ar gins som ewhat everted , en tir e , scabrous ; cerci considerably longer than thelamin a .

Text - fig . 1 4 .

—Cu tilia kellyi .

Su pra - anal lam in a o f 5 , m u ch en la rged . (D rawn from t he type , Spm . N o . 79 , Coll. Au ct . )

Subgenita l lam in a su bquadr ate , poster ior m argin convex styles long , slightlyin cur ved ,

w i th a large stou t spin e within the base of each . Ben eath castan eous legsrufo - castan eous poster ior m etatarsus exceeding the rem ain ing jo in ts in length ,

biser iately spin ed ben eath ,its pu lvillus apica l ; m iddle m etatarsus long, pu lvillus

occupying abou t ha lf its length , and a few basa l spin es beneath .

L eng th— 1 3 mm .

Type —5 , Coll . Auct . (Spm . N o .

Habita t .—N . Qu eensland Lower Burdekin District, 5 (Mr . L . Kelly ) .

N OTEs .— I w ish to record in the n am e of this species my appreciation of a

keen natura list , m y friend Mr . L eslie Kelly , of Healesvi lle , Victoria , one w ith whomI spen t m any pleasan t days cockroach hun ting , who has sen t m e m any specim ens

,

and who , a t the t im e of wr it ing, is in F rance fighting for his coun try .

GE N U S COSMOZ OSTER IA S ta].

COSMOZ OSTERIA SUBZ ONATA Tepper .

Pla tyz oateria au bz ona ta Tep p . , Tran s. R oy . S oc . S . Au st r : 1 894, p . 1 8 1 .

Coam oz oateria au b z ena ta Ki rby , Syn . Ca t . O rth . E .M . , v o l , I . ,p . 1 33

Th is species was described from specim ens presen ted to Mr . Tepper by Mr . C.

F rench . The loca lity is giv en as Victoria ,

”b u t possibly this is an error , as with

the exception of C . bicolor Sauss . (which also occurs in Qu eensland ) recorded fromthe D ar ling and the Hunter Rivers , a ll the known species of the genuscom e from Queensland , and n early a ll of them from the northern parts of that S tateand Tepper himself qu eries5 the accura cy of the loca lity Victoria (French) ” for

'

the Cooktown species C . pic/a Tepper . I have taken 0 . subz ona ta Tepper not un comm on ly in the Brisban e distric t , and som e of these specim ens sen t to the S . A.

Museum have been com pared with Tepper ’s types, and are stated by the Museum5 Teppe r : T ra n s . Roy . S o c . 8 . Aust. 1 894, p. 1 82 .

1 64 M EM OIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

SU BFAM IL Y PAN CHLOR IN ZE .

GE N U S LEUCOPHZEA Brunn er v . Wat tenwyl .

LEUCOPHE A SURINAMENSIS, L inné.

Bla tta sur in am enaz’

s L inn . , Syst. N a t . (ed . x ) , i , p . 424 , n . 3

This cosm opo litan spec ies has not been previously recorded from Austral ia ;bu t i t is w idely distr ibu ted in Qu eensland , and fur ther observation w il l probablyrevea l its presen ce in m any lo calit ies other than those here enum erated . Cleveland ,

where in 1 9 1 5 I found it under loose ston es n ear the ligh thouse , was in ear ly daysexpected t o develop in to an im portan t p or t : b u t i t is m ore than ‘half a cen turysin ce any overseas shipping cam e in there

,and it is probable tha t this spec ies has

o ccu pied its iso lated position at the po in t of the Cle veland pen insu la for m any years .

Loca lities —Qu een sland : Cleveland ,Brisban e (Au ct . ) Town sv i lle , L i zard

Island (F . H . Taylor ) Ayr (L . Kelly ) ; Ca irns, Gordonva le (J . F . Illingworth) .

GE N US NAUPHGflTA Burm eister .

NAUPHCETA CINEREA O l iv ie r .

Bla tta cinerea O l iv . E n c . Meth . In s , i v . , p . 31 4, n . 3

N a up haz la btv itta ta Bu rm ._Hand b . E n t . ,

i i,p . 508, n . 3

Another cosmopo li tan species hi therto u nrecorded from Austral ia .

Loca lities —Ayr (L . Kelly, 1 9 1 5 ) Brisban e (Q . Mus . H . Hacker ) Towns

ville (J . F . Illingworth , F . H . Taylor ) ; Ca irn s, Gordon va le (J . F . Illin gworth ).

SUBFAM ILY PAN E STHIIN ZE .

GE N U S PAN ESTHIA Serv i lle .

The four Queensland spe c ies of which brief descr iptions are given below appearto be new . Two of them , parva and obtuse , are fu lly winged , a lthough the tegm inaand wings m ay be broken o ff short in the line of fractu re usua l to the genus . The

o ther two, aloanei and tryom‘

,are qu ite apterous .

PANESTHIA PARVA sp . nov .

Sma ll , black , n itid , a ll visible tergites and stern ites thickly pun ctate , thepu n ctures becom ing coarser on the abdom ina l tergites 5 , 6 , and 7 . Head : vertexof 5 w ith a very large foveo la m argin of the clypeus, ocelliform spots, term inal fiVesegm ents of the antenna ‘

and tarsi pale . Pronotum transverse , an teriorly w idelyem arginate in 5 , th e em argination a lmost as w ide as the interocu lar spa ce , and

bo unded laterally by large , prom in en t , rounded , and som ewhat ever ted tuberc les ;fa in tly emarginate in 9. not tu bercu la te disc in 5 excavated in its an terior 3, theexcavation showing a prom inen t m edian , longitudina l carina , and being boundedposterio rly by 4 or 5 smal l di verticu la . Tegm ina and w ings either fu lly explicate ,and deepl y infusca te , w ith dark - brown veins , or broken a cross in the m ann er com m on

to t he genus . Anterio r fem ora u nspined , b u t for a single apica l spin e in the posteriorbo rder , no gen icu lar spin e . Abdom ina l tergites w ith n o ne of the posteri o r anglessharply produced 7 th w ith the la tera l m argins en tire , the posterio r m argin straigh tand the po stero - la tera l angles ro undly produ ced . S upra - ana l lam ina w ith thepo ste rio r m argin gen tly a rcuate , en tire .

’

AUS TRALIAN BLATTIDA'J .—E LAND SHAW. 1 65

L ength—5 1 8 m m .

, 9 1 7 - 1 8 mm .

Cotypes .— 2 5 and 2 9 (Coll . Au ct . , N os . 64 and 82 5 N os . 83 and 84

Habitat—Qu eensland : L a idley (Au ct . Moun t Gravatt n ear Brisban e(H. Tryon ) .

N O TE S .—In Ju ly , 1 9 1 5 , I took 2 5 and num ero us S?and larval specim ens a t

La idley from firewo od obtain ed in the n eighbou rhood . More recen tly I found som especim ens from Moun t Gra vatt n e'a r Brisban e , in the co llection of Mr . H . Tryon ,

Govt . En tom ologist , on e of which (cotype of 5 , N o . 64 , Coll . Au ct . ) he kindlygave m e . The rem a in ing cotypes are from Laid ley . This is the on ly Austra lianspecies whose 5 has de Saussur e ’s “

depression en fossette” on the vertex , and thefov eo la is rela tively m u ch larger than in any of the o ther species possessin g it , whichI have exam in ed .

PANESTHIA OBTUSA sp . n ov .

N igro - castan eous‘

, n it id . Head w ith the vertex and frons fin ely pun ctate :ver tex of 5 n ot foveo late ocelliform spots, m argins of the c lypeus, and of the labrum ,

a nd dista l segm en ts of the an tenn ae brown ish yellow , also the tips of the pa lpi in 5 .

Pronotum tran sverse , fin ely pun ctate , disc of 5 excavated in it s anterior the excavation ending poster ior ly in thr ee diver ticu la ,

the large m edian diverticulum hav inga longitudina l carina, and being bounded by a blun t tuberc le on each sidean terior m argin roundly em arginate , a rounded tuberc le on each side disc of 9 sim i lar ,b u t less pronoun ced , excavation not extending so far backwards, with the an teriorportion of its floor t um efied , and the em argination of the an terior border obsolescen t .M esonotum and m etanotum w ith a few scattered pun ctur es, the m iddle of theposterior border of each obtusely backwardly produ ced . Tegm ina and wings darklyinfum ate , veins black ; fully explicate , or fractur ed in the usua l lin e . Abdom ina ltergites pun cta te , the l st tergite w ith only a few scattered pun ctur es, which becom em ore n um erous, and coarser towards the dista l tergites, un til in the 5 the 6th and

7 th tergites are densely and coarsely pun ctate 7th tergite w ith the posterior m argins traight , the lateral m argins

_deeply sinu a te , backwardly produ ced in to a blun tly

roun ded process (Text - fig . N o . Supra - an a l lam in a of 5 densely and coarsely.

pun ctate , posterior m argin gen tly arcu ate , n ot crenu la te , latera l processes blun tlyrounded ; cer c i fu lvous in the dista l half . Abdom ina l stern i tes pun ctate , m ore

Text - fig . 1 5 .

—Pan esthia obtu sa 9 .

D ista l tergites x 6 . (D rawn from Spm . N o . 96 , Co l l . Auct . )

1 66 M EM OIRS‘

OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

coarsely so in 5 . Legs castaneous, trochan ters and tarsi paler . An ter ior fem ora

l or 2 spin ose .

L ength—5 25 mm .

, 9 26 mm .

Types —5 and £2, Coll . Au ct . (5 N o . 87 , 9 N o .

Habita t—Qu eensland Spring Bluff (W. G . Jones) , Man ly , Brisbane D istr ict ;Tam bour in e Moun tain N . S . Wa les : Arm idale (F . W. Carr ) .

N OTE s .—This species is near P . aw tm lis Brunn er b ut is sm aller , the postero

latera l angles of the 7th tergite , which in austra lz'

s are den tiform , are in obtusa,

roun dly and blun tly produ ced , and the m arkedly sinua te la tera l m argin of the sam etergite is d istin ctive . In both species the poster ior m argin of the supra - anal lam in a .

is en tire b ut in obtusa it is less arcuate , and the latera l processes though relativelylarger are m ore blun tly rounded . These stru ctu ra l p ecu liar ities are m ore m arkedin the 5 . Two $2 from Tam bour in e Moun ta in , S .Q. , are

.

sm a ller than the type , oneof them m easur ing on ly 235 m m .

PANESTHIA SLOANEI sp . n ov .

5 large , apterou s, of a r ich chestn u t brown , darken ing towards the m argins .

Head im pun ctate , castan eous, m argin of the c lypeus , m argin of the labrum , and

dista l half of the an tenn ae pa le n o foveo la of the vertex no pale ocelliform spots.

Pronotum deeply excava ted in its an ter ior the excavation with its floor scabrous,and presen ting tum efactions, extending poster ior ly in to a large , wide diverticulum ,

and bounded la tera l ly by two tu bercles, the poster ior tubercle being m u ch the m ore

prom in en t an ter ior m argin round ly em arginate , the emargination bounded on eachside by a strong , recur ved tubercle , the t ips of which extend backwardly a shal lowtran sverse furrow on the disc posterior to the excavation , divided in to two por tionsby a m edian r idge . Mesonotum and m etanotum sm ooth , im pun ctate w ith a lateralcrum pling . Abdomin a l t ergites 1 , 2 , 3, and 4 with a few pun ctures la tera lly , the 4thw ith som e m inu te pun ctur es in the disc a lso ; 5 th , 6th , and 7th tergites coarselypun c ta te , the surfa ce between the pun ctures sm ooth ; .7th tergite with the posterola tera l angles sharply backwardly produ ced

,latera l m argins en tir e . Supra - ana l

lamin a (Text - fig . 1 6 ) densely and coarsely pun ctate , posterior m argin prom in en tlyden ticu la te . Ben eath con co lorous. Legs with the fem ora and trochan ters ratherpaler anterior fem ora b i - spinose .

Text - fig . l 6 .

—Panesthia aloan ei 5 .

S upra - an a l lam in a x 6 . (D rawn from Spm . N o . 90, Co l l . Auct . )

1 68 M EM OIR S OF THE QUEE NSLAND M USE UM .

THE ENDOPARASITES O F THE DOM ESTICP IGEON IN QUEENSLAND .

BY T . HARVE Y JOHNSTON , M .A ., D .Sc . ,

Walter and E l iza Hall Fellow in Biology , Un iversity ,Brisbane ;

Hon . Zoologist , Queensland Museum .

(With N ine Text - figures .)

in terna l parasites have as y et been recorded from the dom estic pigeon(Colum ba livia domestica ) in this State , though an examination of m ater ia l col lectedrecen tly in Brisban e revealed the presen ce of three distin ct Species.

FACULIFER ROSTRATUS (Bu chho l z ) .In the tissues surrounding the p er icardium and the great blood - vessels, in the

su bcutan eous region of the n eck and also below the skin adjacen t to the pectora lm uscles, there were found m any sm a l l whitish parasites representing the hypopia lnymph stage of F . rostm tus, a tiny Sarcoptid m ite belonging t o the subfam ily Ana lgium, whi ch occurs in its adu lt condition as an epi zoon infesting the barbu les of thefeathers .

The Hypopus appears to be fairly comm on here , b ut the only Austra lian.

record of its o ccu rren ce is that m ade by D r . G . Sweet l who found i t in Melbournepigeons and published a figu re and brief description .

N eum ann2 has a lso given an accou nt of this acar id .

The sam e species is t o be m et with as an interna l parasite of the pigeon in thev i cini ty of Sydney , N . S . Wa les .

BERTIELLA DELAFONDI (R a inier ) .A n um ber of ri pe segments of this rare. unarm ed cestode were brought to m e

by one of m y students, b u t unfortunately the greater part of the pigeon ’

s intestin ehad been thrown away before I had had an opportun ity t o obta in the rem a inder ofthe worm .

G . Sweet , The E ndopa rasites of Au stra l ian Stock , & c . , P.R .S . Vict . , 2 1 , 1 908 , pp .500, 623.

3 L . G . Neum ann ,Pa ras ites e t m a lad ies pa rasita ires des o iseau x d om est i qu es , Paris, 1 909,

pp . 46 - 8,figs . 31 - 2 .

E NDOPARASITE S OF D OM E S TIC PIGE ON .—JOHNS TON . 1 69

The tapeworm has been recorded from two or three species of pigeons(in c luding the turtle dove ) from E u rope [Delafond ,

Megnin ,R ailliet , Wolffhugel] ;

from a Bra z ilian species [Fuhrm ann ] ; and from a Sou th African pigeon [Gough3].The presen t notice consti tu tes the first reco rd of its occu rren ce in Aust ralasia .

A brief a ccoun t has been given by Megu in4 and L instow5 under the nam eTcem

'

a sphenocepha ltt R ud . ,and by R ailliet 6 who nam ed i t Tcemfa delafonrli . A

summary was published by Stiles7 bu t the best accoun ts have been given by F uhrm ann

8 and Wolfihugelfi I have not had a ccess t o the papers wr itten by the last

nam ed au thor regarding B . delafondt and consequ en t ly have com pared my specim enswith the accoun t pu blished by F uhrmann who exam in ed R aill iet ’s origina l m ateria l .

Ripe segm en ts m easure 2 5 to 32 mm . in breadth by abou t one m i llim etrein len gth . The greater part '

of the m edulla is occupied by the large u teru s bu t thereceptacu lum semin is and vestiges of the ovary and '

vitellarium persist .

Q IZ SQM

t r a m

Fi g..

I .—Ber tiel la delafondi. R i pe segm en t show in g shape of u teru s ; a lso remn an ts of

o vary . fer t.d. ,fert i l ising du ct ; l .n . ,

lon gitud in a l n erve ; ov . , o va ry ; ou ter vesicul aserninalis ; r .8 em . , receptacu lum sem in is ; tran sverse e xcretory vesse l ; tr .m . , transversem u scul atu re , wel l developed an ter iorly and poster ior ly in each r i pe proglott is ; u t. , u teru s ; v .

vagin a ; v ia, v itel la r ium ; v .v . , ven tra l vessel .F ig . 2 .

—E gg , show in g shells and on cosphere .

3 Gou gh , Notes on Sou th Afr ican Para sites, R ep . S . Afr . .Assoc . 6 , 1 908 p . 2 .

4 M egn in , Un n ou veau Ten ia du pigeon on plu tot un e espece dou teuse de R udolphi re

habil itée , C . R . Soc . B io l . , Par is 3, pp . 75 1 - 3.

L in stow , Beobachtu ngen an Vogelt aen ien ,

‘ C . Bakt 1 2,1 892 , p . 501 .

‘R ailliet , Su r un e Taen ia du pigeon , &c . ,C . R . Soc . B io l . , Par is 4, pp . 49 - 53.

7 St iles, Tapeworm s of Poul try , Bu l l . 1 2 ,U .S .D .A 1 896 , 88 pp .

3 Fuhrm ann , D ie An oploceph aliden der Voge l . C . Bakt . , 32 , 1 902 , pp . 1 32 - 5 .

9 Wolffhugel , E in in teressan tes E xem plar des Tau ben bandwu rm es Ber tin delafondi, Be rl int ierar z t l Wochen sch r . ,

1 904 (3) (n ot a va ilable ) .

1 70 M EMOIRS OF THE QUE ENSLAND M USE UM .

The genital du cts a ltern ate irregu larly , opening near the jun ction of the firstand second thirds of the proglottid m argin . A genita l papi lla is absen t though thereis a relati vely long narrow cloaca .

The m usculature is strong ly developed ,especia lly the longitudinal , which

occupies a con siderable portion of a tran sverse sect-ion (figs . 3 and 4) and consists ofa very large n um ber of sm all closely arranged bundles form ing a zone severa l bundlesin thickness, the largest being situated m ost inwardly , n ext t o the transverse fibres.

The latter are part-icularlv developed in the an terior and poster ior regions of eachsegm en t (fig . 1 tr . D orso - ven tra l fibres are ra ther weak . Ca lcareous corpusclesdo not appear t o be abundant . They m easure seven to eight micra in diam eter .

as i . It sem

Fi g . 3.—Po re - bea rin g edge of segm ent in t ra v sv erse sect ion .

Fi g . 4,—The opposite edge in tran sverse sect ion . o .s . , cirr us sac ; d.v dorsa l vessel

rl orsov en t ral m u scle fib res eggs g.cl . , gen ita l cloaca t .v . 9em in terna l vesicu la sem ina l is ; t.m . , lon gitud in a l m u scle fib res ; l .n . , lon gitud in a l n e rve ; tr . m . ,

tran sverse m u scle fibres ;u t. , u teru s ; wax,

vagin a ; v .v .,ven tra l vessel .

The excretory system of each side consists of a large thin - wal led ven tral canal lyingc lose to t he transverse m uscu la ture

,and of a very narrow dorsa l vesse l, difficu lt to

recogn ise in sections, situated adjacent to the ou ter edge of the m ature u terus.

‘ Thet ransverse canals are wide . The m ain longitudina l n erve is relatively large . The sexcana ls pass ou twards above i t and both excretory vessels.

1 72 1 1 5 1 1 01 8 8 OF THE QF E E N SLA ND M USE UM .

lengt h of t he m al es was 40 mm .,and of t he fema l es 55 mm . Schneider l 2 gives the

lengths as 1 6 and 20 mm . re spec ti vely R aflliet 1 3 as 1 6 to 26 mm . and 20 to 34 mm .

for eac h N eum ann“ as 1 6 t o 30 and 20 to 40 or even 70 mm . re spectivel y ; whil eTra vassos1 5 gi ves the sam e dim ensions as R ailliet . The a ccount and figure givenb y Travasso s differ som ewha t from those of ear lier parasito logists, parti cular ly inregard t o the n um ber and disposi tion of the m ale papil lae.

On accou nt of t he discre pan cies I have deem ed it adv isa ble to give a. few

figures . Most of m v m ature spec im ens are m u ch longer than the average m en tion edb y t he au t hors quoted . The diflerence betw een the sexes is n ot readily recogn isedb y the naked eye

,though ma ture fem ales not infrequen t lv assum e a la n cet—like form .

The shape of the an terior and posterior ends is shown in the accom panying figures.

F ig . 5 . -

~l sca r idm c wl um bce. An te r io r end—d orsa l v iew . 01 0 , ala ; d . l. , dorsal lip ; n .r . ,

n e rve ring ; p . , papilla on d o rsa l lip ; p ha n ,pha ryn x ven tra l li ps .

F ig . 6 .

—L i ps , &c

The three lips are pra ctica ll y equ a l in si ze . The dorsa l lip is provided wi tht wo sm all papillae . On t he v ent ra l surface of the pa rasite just behind the lateral

there m a v be see n a transverse fo ld of the cutic le , At ea ch side of the anteriorend of the worm is a m ore or less broad t hough delicate ala of an elli pt ica l out lin e ,e xt endin g ba ckwardly for som e little distan ce . The n erve - ring in large spec im enslies a t. abo ut - 5 mm . behind the ant erior extrem it y .

The vagina opens a t about t he m idregion of the body . There is a ho llowingo f t he end of t he fem a le between the re lati vely Wide a na l aperture and the tip of theta i l . E gg s m easure from -06 to 07 m m . in length by abou t -04 mm . in breadth .

" Schn e ide r . Mon ogra phie de r Nema toden , 1 866 , p . 7

u Ra ill ie t , Tra ité de z oo logie m edicale e t agr ico le,ed it . 2 , 1 895 .

1 ‘Neum an n , Pa rasites e t m a ladi es pa ra sita i re s des o ise au x dom est i qu es 1 907 , p . 1 46 ; a lsoin Tm it é des m a lad ies pa rasita i res ,

&c .,ed it . 2 , 1 892 .

Tra vasso s , So b re as espec ias b ra z flie ras da su bfam ilia Hete rakin a‘ , Mem . Inst . Oswa ld oC ru z , Rio de .l an eiro , 5 , 1 9 1 3 pp . 2 7 1 - 31 8 . Re pr in t p 1 5 .

E NDOPARASITE S OF DOM E S TIC PIGE ON .—JOHNS TON 1 73

The m ale spicu l es are approxim ate ly equa l in length ( 1 -59 to 1 - 6 1 mm . ) thoughone often appears to be rather longer than the other . The su cker is provided witha chitinous ring and m easures from to 2 0 mm . in diam eter . On each side of the

F ig—Ta i l of fem ale—s ide V iew . a . , an u s ; r .,

rectum .

F ig. 8 .—Ta il of a. m a le—ven tral View .

9 .—Ta i l o f an other m a le—s ide V iew . e.

, su cker .

m ale ta il is a sm all ala . The arrangem en t of the papillae is som ewhat varia bl e . Thepresen ce of four large ones on each side between the anus and the m idregion of the

su cker appears t o be characteristic . In fron t of these there are two sm aller pairs.

1 74 M EM OIRS OF THE Q UEENSLAND M USE UM .

Si tuated latera lly t o the anus is a promin ent projecting papilla in the vicinity of

which are two m ore . Behind these on each side are four others, the last projectingon the ala and situated c lose t o the m u cronate tip of the ta i l . There are thus thirteenor fourt een pa irs b ut som e m ay not be developed on one or other side . The shape of

the m ale tai l and the papillary distribu tion in the specim ens exam in ed by m e are

m ore like tha t figured by Schn eider though the num ber of papillae approxim ates tha trecorded by Travassos.

N eum ann1 6 has referred to constitu tiona l disturbances set up by A . colum bae

when presen t in abundance .

D r . Sweet 1 7 in 1 9 1 0 found a few Specim ens of a Heterakis from a dom esticfowl in Victoria which she regarded as being c losely re lated to H. ma cu losa . Thoughsom e of the chara cters m en tion ed suggest that the spe cim ens belong to a species of

Asca ridia ,yet the difieren ces between them and A . colum bae, as m en tion ed by D r .

Sweet , preclude the possibili ty of these fowl parasite s being in c luded under the latterspecific nam e .

1 ‘Neum an n , l .o. ,pp . 1 46 - 8 .

1 7 G. Sweet , Som e N ew an d U n record ed Parasites from Austra lian Chicken s, P.R .S . Vict . ,23, 1 9 1 0, p . 246 .

By Author ity : ANTHON Y J AM ES CUM MIN G, Governm ent Pr inter, Br isbane.