MELJUN CORTES Intro to Computer System

Introduction to ComputersIntroduction to Computers

MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES

Tomographic ReconstructionTomographic Reconstruction


DATA DATA RECONSTRUCTION--RECONSTRUCTION--

COMPUTERCOMPUTER


Computer DefinitionComputer Definition

A general-purpose machine that processes data according to a set of instructions that are stored internally either temporarily or permanently. The computer and all equipment attached to it are called hardware. The instructions that tell it what to do are called "software." A set of instructions that perform a particular task is called a "program" or "software program."


At Most BasicAt Most Basic


A computer is an electronic machine that 1) takes in data and instructions (input)2) works with the data (processing)3) puts out information (output)

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

HARDWARE SOFTWARE PEOPLE




HARDWARE-PHYSICAL HARDWARE-PHYSICAL COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS


HARDWARE ORGANIZATIONHARDWARE ORGANIZATION

INPUT


The CPUThe CPUA central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with primary storage and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuit is usually known as a microprocessor.


CPU IN MICROCOMPUTERSCPU IN MICROCOMPUTERSMICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

PENTIUMAMDMOTOROLASPARC


MHzMHz

Abbreviation for megahertz. One MHz represents one million cycles per second. The speed of microprocessors, called the clock speed, is measured in megahertz. For example, a microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz executes 200 million cycles per second. Each computer instruction requires a fixed number of cycles, so the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the microprocessor can execute. To a large degree, this controls how powerful the microprocessor is. Another chief factor in determining a microprocessor's power is its data width (that is, how many bits it can manipulate at one

time).


MHz (MICRO)GHz (MICRO)MIPS (MINI,

MAINFRAME) BIPS (MINI,

MAINFRAME)

SPEED OF PROCESSORSSPEED OF PROCESSORS


CPU-BRAIN OF THE CPU-BRAIN OF THE COMPUTERCOMPUTER

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs have inside them very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.



INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES


OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world.


OUTPUT & INPUT DEVICESOUTPUT & INPUT DEVICES


INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT


inputs


Software InstructionsSoftware InstructionsSoftware refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware" to indicate that it falls into an uncertain area somewhere between hardware and software.

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

SYSTEM SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE


SYSTEM SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE (OPERATING SYSTEM)(OPERATING SYSTEM)

WINDOWSMAC OSUNIXLINUXDOSNOVELL


BASICCOBOLC++JAVALOGOFORTRANPASCAL

APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE


ABACUS 1642 PASCAL’S ARITHMETIC

MACHINE 1694 LEIBNITZ’S

CALCULATING MACHINE 1822 BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE

ENGINE 1890 HOLLERITH’S

ELECTRONIC TABULATOR 1944 MARK1 1946 ENIAC ( USED VALVE

TUBES 18,000) 1951 UNIVAC COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTERSHISTORY OF COMPUTERS


I 1951-1958 VACCUM TUBES, VERY SLOW

II 1959-1963 SOLID STATE DEVICES, LESS HEAT AND POWER USE

III 1963-1970 INEGRATED CIRCUITS, MULTIPROCESSING

IV 1971-1987 LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, MICROPROCESSOR

V ( TODAY) Ga-As CIRCUITRY, PARALLEL PROCESSING

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml;jsessionid=DEVRBMZJSIWEYQSNDLRCKH0CJUNN2JVN?term=computer&_requestid=485910

link

SUPERCOMPUTERSMAINFRAMEMINIMICRO

COMPUTERS COMPUTERS CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION


SERIALDISTRIBUTEDMULTITASKINGMULTIPROCESSINGPARALLEL PROCESSINGPIPELINING

DATA PROCESSING:DATA PROCESSING:

Using a computer to manage or store information.

FIRST COME FIRST SERVE, ONE AT A TIME.FIRST COME FIRST SERVE, ONE AT A TIME.

SERIAL PROCESSINGSERIAL PROCESSING

A technique for solving problems in which a computer begins at the start and works through to the end in a linear fashion


PARALLEL PROCESSINGPARALLEL PROCESSINGThe simultaneous use of more than one CPU to execute a program. Ideally, parallel processing makes a program run faster because there are more engines (CPUs) running it. In practice, it is often difficult to divide a program in such a way that separate CPUs can execute different portions without interfering with each other.

PARALLEL PROCESSINGPARALLEL PROCESSING


DISTRIBUTED PROCESSINGDISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

Distributed computing is a method of computer processing in which different parts of a program are run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network.


MULTITASKINGMULTITASKING

In multitasking, only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one program to another so quickly that it gives the appearance of executing all of the programs at the same time


MULTIPROCESSINGMULTIPROCESSING


Pipelining is a technique used in the design of computers and other digital electronic devices to increase their instruction throughput (the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time).Pipelining assumes that successive instructions in a program sequence will overlap in execution

PIPELININGPIPELINING


7 = 0111 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0

10 = 1010 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0

THE BINARY NUMBER THE BINARY NUMBER SYSYTEMSYSYTEM


An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit, which converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage (or current) to a digital number. The digital output is in binary digital information

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSIONANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

ADCADC


ADC DIGITAL PROCESSOR ADC

ADC/DACADC/DAC


SAMPLER QUANTIZER CODERANALOG DIGITAL

ADCADC


VOICE RECOGNITION VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEMSYSTEM


PROCESSING HARDWAREPROCESSING HARDWARE

PROCESSORSMEMORY- ROM & RAM


MICROPROCESSORS:MICROPROCESSORS:

BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER.

DATA FROM THE MICROPROCESSOR IS STORED IN MEMORY.


PROCESSOR MEMORYBUS

DATA FLOWDATA FLOWDATA FLOWDATA FLOW



PROM EPROM EEPROM

ROMROM

Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because data stored in ROM cannot be modified (at least not very quickly or easily), it is mainly used to distribute software


•Programmable read-only memory (PROM), or one-time programmable ROM (OTP), can be written to or programmed via a special device called a PROM programmer. Typically, this device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip. Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once.

PROMPROM


EPROMEPROM

•Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light (typically for 10 minutes or longer), then rewritten with a process that again requires application of higher than usual voltage. Repeated exposure to UV light will eventually wear out an EPROM, but the endurance of most EPROM chips exceeds 1000 cycles


EEPROMEEPROM

•Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is based on a similar semiconductor structure to EPROM, but allows its entire contents (or selected banks) to be electrically erased, then rewritten electrically, so that they need not be removed from the computer


RAM RANDOM ACCESS RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORYMEMORY

SDRAM DRAM

Short for Synchronous DRAM, a type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus and is capable of running at 133 MHz

dynamic random access memory

OUTPUT DEVICES IN CTOUTPUT DEVICES IN CT

MONITORPRINTERPLOTTER


STORAGE HARDWARESTORAGE HARDWARE

FLOPPY DISKSCDDVDMAGNETIC TAPESHARD DISK


STORAGE HARDWARESTORAGE HARDWARE


RAID SYSTEMSRAID SYSTEMS

These systems provide data fault tolerance in event of damage to the CT backup disk

Redundant Array of Independent Drives (or Disks), also known as Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives (or Disks), (RAID) is an umbrella term for computer data storage schemes that divide and/or replicate data among multiple hard drives. RAID can be designed to provide increased data reliability and/or increased I/O (input/output) performance.

DATA DATA TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION DEVICESDEVICES

MODEMNIC


MODEMMODEM


COMMUNICATION SPEEDSCOMMUNICATION SPEEDSBAUD/SECONDBAUD/SECOND

VOICE BAND 110-9600MEDIUM BAND 9600-256000BROAD BAND 256-1000000


NETWORK TOPOLOGIESNETWORK TOPOLOGIES

BUSSTARRINGHIERACHICAL


BUS BUS NETWORKNETWORK

STAR NETWORKSTAR NETWORK


RING NETWORKRING NETWORK


HIERARCHICAL NETWORKHIERARCHICAL NETWORK


NETWORKSNETWORKS

LAN MANWAN


INTERNET-1959INTERNET-1959


INTERNET INTERNET PROTOCOLPROTOCOL

TCP/IP

The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet and most commercial networks run. It has also been referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite, which is named after two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were also the first two networking protocols defined. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of two developments that began in the 1970s, namely LANs (Local Area Networks) and the Internet, both of which have revolutionized computing.

DR. BERNERS-LEEDR. BERNERS-LEEWWWWWW


COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

PACS-PICTURE ARCHIVING PACS-PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

SYSTEM FOR: ARCHIVING, TRANSMITTING, VIEWING, AND

MANIPULATING IMAGES


PACSPACS


COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS

HL-7 HEALTH LEVEL 7 ( HIS & RIS) DICOM-DIGITAL IMAGING & COMMUNICATIO IN

MEDICINE (PACS)


MELJUN CORTES Intro to Computer System

Technology

mainframe meljun cortes

computers meljun cortes

basic meljun cortes

inputs meljun cortes

univac computer meljun

input devices meljun

linear fashion meljun

data processing