See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269698579 Medication and tooth movement Article · October 2014 CITATIONS 0 READS 1,118 1 author: Nezar Watted University of Wuerzburg 198 PUBLICATIONS 486 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Nezar Watted on 18 December 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
American Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2014; x(x): xx-xx
Published online MM DD 2014 (http://www.aascit.org/journal/ajpp)
Keywords
Drugs,
Orthodontic Tooth Movement,
Systematic Review
Received: September 24, 2014
Revised: October 09, 2014
Accepted: October 10, 2014
Medication and tooth movement
Nezar Watted1, *
, Peter Proff2, Borbély Péter
3,
Abu-Hussein Muhamad4
1Department of Orthodontics, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine 2Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 3Fogszabályozási Stúdió, Budapest, Hungary 4Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Cytokines, Vitamin D, Osteocalcin, and Corticosteroids.
Suppressor agents are drugs which reduces bone resorption
examples are; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and
bisphosphonates.{62,63,64,70,71}
As a clinician, this information is very important because
orthodontic treatment does involve postoperative pain and
the form of pain management is very important because not
all drugs favours tooth movement. Many patients use over
the counter medications for immediate pain relief, which may
interfere with the treatment plan. Therefore, practitioners
should have a proper knowledge of the drugs being
prescribed and the patient should be well
informed.{5,6,7,62,70}
During orthodontic tooth movement, bone remodeling
process is related to the expression of mediators. Acute
inflammatory response is presented in the early phase of
orthodontic tooth movement. Inflammatory mediators may
stimulate the biological processes that associated with
alveolar bone resorption and deposition. Furthermore,
orthodontic forces can induce the bone remodeling process
by the local mediators, such as prostaglandins, cytokines and
growth factors, that play an important role in bone
remodeling. PGE2 has been involved in bone remodeling and
especially recognized as a potent stimulator of bone
resorption.{62,63,64}
There are several studies showing the usage of
pharmacologic agents to induce bone resorption and
deposition for control of tooth movement. For example, the
study of Yamasaki shows the usage of local injection of
prostaglandin to stimulate tooth movement.Other
pharmacologic agents such as calcitonin, and
1,25(OH)2D3can also induce tooth movement. The daily
injection of osteocalcininto the palatal subperiosteum in rat
showed it can stimulate tooth movement significantly in the
early period but not significantly after day 5th.One injection
of 1,25(OH)2D3 per 7 days into the PDL of cats increased
tooth movement 60% as well as in the human that received
PGE1 submucosal injection. Although the pharmacologic
agents can induce the tooth movement in both human and
animal study but they have side effects during the injection
procedure such as local pain and discomfort, so these
techniques are not practical to use for the patient.{5}
Role of vitamin D3 and Corticosteroids in still orthodontic
tooth movement{5,61,62,63} remains unclear. Some author
have reported that it promotes tooth movement but there are
also studies that demonstrate bone formation after application
of these drugs. So, it is important to have more clinical trials
on determining the exact role of Vitamin D3 and
Corticosteroids in orthodontic tooth movement.{61.62,63}
Bisphosphonates are drugs which also effect the calcium
homeostasis. It is known for its role in inhibiting tooth
movement. They are used in cases of prevention of
orthodontic relapse but it should be used with great caution
because of its severe side effects on long term use.{47.48}
Eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes are
group of drugs, which increases the rate of orthodontic tooth
movement.
They act by stimulating bone resorption. Eicosanoid
American Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2014; x(x): xx-xx 15
inhibitors on the other hand acts in preventing OTM.
Example of eicosanoid inhibitors are NSAIDs where it
inhibits the synthesis of prostanoids which is an important
mediator of bone resorption. So, it is important that the
patient does not take NSAIDs such as aspirin or other related
compounds for long periods of time during orthodontic
treatment[55]. The alternative that can be suggested to
patients is paracetamols. Paracetamol also known as
acetaminophen is a type of analgesic, which does not have
any deleterious effect on orthodontic tooth movement.
Hormones also play an important role in tooth movement.
Hormones such as thyroxin is known to increase the rate of
tooth movement by directly stimulating the actionof
osteoclast.Calcitonin and estrogen have the opposite effect on
tooth movement. It is very important to know if the patient is
under any oral contraceptive pills. It contains estrogens,
which inhibits tooth movement.{5,7,8,23}
NSAIDs such as Ibuprofen and aspirin can inhibit
orthodontic tooth movement. They reduce the synthesis of PGs
that results in decreasing osteoclasts in the pressure sides.
Because they have potential for slowing tooth movement, it is
not recommended to use them for relief of orthodontic pain.
Nowadays, the numbers of adult orthodontic patients are
increased, so orthodontists for long-term treatment for chronic
diseases such as arthritis, tricyclic antidepressants, and
antiarrhythmics that can experience reduced rate of tooth
movement. COX-2 inhibitor reduce the osteoclast activity and
inhibit tooth movement as well as NSAIDs.{28,30}
Orthodontists should be aware of the patients who under
short- and long- term therapy with COX-2 inhibitors because
these drugs can decrease the rate of orthodontic tooth
movement. Acetaminophen acts at the central nervous system
and does not stimulate PGs synthesis, so it does not interfere
with the orthodontic tooth movement. The numbers of
osteoclasts in the pressure areas are not decreased, and the
bone regeneration does not change by acetaminophen.So, it is
a drug of choice that orthodontists should recommend to their
patients for relieving the discomfort during orthodontic
treatment.{5,7,33,36,61,62,63}
Bisphosphonate is used in patients who have bone
metabolism disorders. It can inhibit tooth movement.
Furthermore, it impairs bone healing and induces
osteonecrosis in alveolar bones of maxilla and mandible.
Medication screening and patient counseling are essential in
these patients.{47,48,49}
13. Conclusion
As more and more chemical analogues are being used in
the form of new drugs to avoid resistance, today’s clinicians
should mandatorily update his knowledge on the clinical
efficacy of the new drugs as well as the beneficial and
harmful effects on human tissues . It is always advisable for a
dentist to confirm with the family physician or the concerned
physician for fitness of the patients who under go
orthodontics involving tooth movement.
Orthodontists should assume that many patients are taking
prescription or over-the counter medications regularly. The
orthodontist must identify these patients by carefully
questioning them about their medication history and their
consumption of food supplements and it should consider a
part of every orthodontic diagnosis.
References
[1] Proffit WR. The biological basis of orthodontic therapy. Contemporary orthodontics. 3rd ed. St. Loius: Mosby Year Book; 2000:296-325.
[2] Collett T. Biology of tooth movement. In: Fricker JP, editor. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. Australia: Jacquii McLeay; 1998:349-76.
[3] Storey, E., The nature of tooth movement. Am J Orthod, 1973. 63(3): p. 292-314
[4] Robert WE, Garetto LP, Katona TR. Principles of orthodontic biomechanics: metabolic and mechanical control mechanisms. In: Carlson DS, Goldstein SA, editors. Bone biodynamics in orthodontic and orthopedic treatment. Monograph 27. University of Michigan: Center for Human Growth and Development,Ann Arbor; 1992:189-255.
[5] Tyrovola, J.B. and M.N. Spyropoulos, Effects of drugs and systemic factors on orthodontic treatment. Quintessence Int, 2001. 32(5): p. 365-71.
[6] Baumrind, S. A reconsideration of the propriety of the 'pressure-tension'hypothesis. Am J Orthod,1969; 55, 12-22.
[7] Picton, D. C. A. On the part played by the socket in tooth support. Arch Oral Biol,1965;10, 945-955.
[8] Cockran, G. V., Pavvluk, R. J. & Bassett, C. A. L. Stress generated electric potentials in the mandible and teeth. Arch Oral Biol, 1067;12, 917-920.
[9] Grimm, F. M. Bone bending, a feature of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod, 1972;62, 384-394.
[10] Epker, B. N. & Frost, H. M. Correlation of bone resorption and formation with the physical behaviour of loaded bone. J Dent Res, 1965;44, 33-41.
[11] Zengo, A. N., Pawluk, R. J. & Bassett, C. A. L. Stress-induced bioelectric potentials in the denlo-alveolar complex. Am J Orthod, 1973;64, 17-27.
[12] Tanne, K., Saduka, M. & Burstone, C. J. Three dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod, 1987;92, 499-505.
[13] Justus, R. & Luft, J. H. A mechanochemical hypothesis for bone remodellinginduced by mechanical stress. Cak Tiss Res, 1970;5, 222-235.
[14] Davidovitch, Z., Shanfield, J. L. & Batastini, P. J. Increased production of cyclicAMP in mechanically stressed alveolar bone in cats. Eur Orthod Soc Trans,1072; pp.477-485.
[15] Gianelly, A. A. Force-induced changes in the vascularity of the periodontal ligament. Am J Orthod, 1969;55, 5-11.
[16] Mostafa, Y. A., Weakes-Dybuig, M. & Osdoby, P. Orchestration of toothmovement. Am J Orthod, 1983;83, 245-250.
16 Nezar Watted et al.: Medication and Tooth Movement
[17] Schwarz, A. M. Tissue changes incidental to orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Orthod, 1932;18, 331-352.
[18] Christiansen, R. L. & Burstone, C. J. Centers of rotation within the periodontal space. Am J Orthod, 1969;55, 353-369.
[19] Stephens, C. D. The orthodontic centre of rotation of the maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod,1969; 76, 209-217.
[20] Crabb, J. J. & Wilson, H. J. The relation between orthodontic sprin force and spaceclosure. Dent Practit, 1979;22, 233-240.
[21] Reitan, K. Effects of force magnitude and direction of tooth movement on differen alveolar types. Angle Orthod,1964; 34, 244-255.
[22] Buck, D. L. & Church, D. H. A histologic study of tooth movementAm J Orthod, 1972;61,507-516.
[23] Nikolai, R. J. An optimum orthodontic force theory as applied to canine retractionAm J Orthod, 1975;68, 290-302.
[24] Quinn, R. S. & Yoshikawa, D. K. A reassessment of force magnitude in orthodontics.Am J Orthod,1985; 88, 252-260.
[25] Dermaut, L. R. & De Munck, A. Apical root resorption of upper incisors caused by intrusive tooth movement. A radiographic study. Am J Orthod, 1986;90, 321-326.
[26] Reitan, K. Some factors determining the evaluation of forces in orthodontics. Am J Orthod, 1957;43, 32-45.
[27] Burstone, C. R. Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod, 1977;72, 1-22.
[28] Kyrkanides S, O’Banion MK, Subtelny JD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in orthodontic tooth movement: Metalloproteinase activity and collagen synthesis by endothelial cells. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2000;118:203-9.
[29] Ito A, Nose T, Takahashi S, Mori Y. Cyclooxgenase inhibitors augment the production of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (progelatinase B) in rabbit articular chondrocytes. FEBS Lett 1995;360:75-9.
[30] Chan FKL, Hung LCT, Suen BY, Wu JC, Lee KC, Leung VKS, et al. Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole in reducing the risk of recurrent ulcer bleeding in patients with arthritis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:2104-10
[31] De Carlos, Cobo J, Perillon C, Gareja MA, Arquelles J, Vijande M and Costales M . Orthodontic tooth movement after different coxib therapies. Rural Journal of Orthodontics2007; 29(6) 596-599.
[32] Chumbley AB and Orhan CT . The effect of indomethacin on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics1986; 89 312-314
[33] Gameiro GH, Pereira-Neto JS, Magnani MB and Nouer DF. The influence of drugs and systemic factors on orthodontic tooth movement. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 2007;41 73-7
[34] Mohammed AH, Tatakis DN, Dziak R. Leukotrienes in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989;95:231-7.
[35] Sari E, Olmez H, Gurton U. Comparison of some effects of acetylsalicylic acid and rofecoxib during orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2004;125:310-5.
[36] Wong A, Reynolds EC, West VC. The effect of acetylsalicylic acidon orthodontic tooth movement in the guinea pig. Am J Orthod DentofacialOrthop. 1992;102:360.365
[37] Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Reddy MS, Johnson HG, Hall CM, Goldhaber P. Ibuprofen: an inhibitor of alveolar bone resorption in beagles. J Periodont Res 1988;23:225-9.
[38] Kehoe MJ, Cohen SM, Zarrinnia K and Cowan A . The effect of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and misoprostol on prostaglandin E2 synthesis and the degree and rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthodontist 1996;66 339-349.
[39] Arias OR, Marquez-Orozco MC. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen: Their effects on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2006;130:364-70.
[40] Roche JJ, Cisneros GJ, Acs G. the effect of acetaminophen on tooth movement in rabbits. Angle Orthod 1997;67:231-6.
[41] Laurariwasaki et al: Tooth movement and cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid and whole blood in growing and adultsubjects AJODO;2005:128;483-91.
[42] Juneja P, Shivaprakash G and Kambalyal PB . An overview of the role of drugs and systemic factors on orthodontic tooth movement. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 2008;42 36-47.
[43] MK Collins et al: the local use of vitamin D to increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement AJODO 1988;94:278-84.
[44] Collins MK, Sinclair PM. The local use of vitamin D to increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94:278.284
[45] Kale S, Kocadereli I, Atilla P and Asan E . Comparison of the effects of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol and prostaglandin E2 on orthodontic tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2004;125 607-614.
[46] Brandi ML, Creseioli C, Tanini A, Frediani U, Agnusdei D, Gennari C. Bone endothelial cells as estrogen targets. Calcif Tissue Int 1993;53:312-317
[47] Zahrowski JJ. Bisphosphonate treatment: An orthodontic concern calling for a proactive approach. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2007;131:311-20.
[48] Kim TW, Yoshida Y, Yokoya K, Sasaki T. An ultrastructural study of the effects of bisphosphonate administration on osteoclastic bone resorption during relapse of experimentally moved rat molars. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1999;115: 645-53.
[49] Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, Broumand V. Bisphosphonate induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63:1567-75.
[50] Masella RS, Meister M. Current concepts in the biology of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2006;129:458.468.
[51] Neupert 3rd EA, Lee JW, Philput CB, Gordon JR: Evaluation of dexamethasone for reduction of postsurgical sequelae of third molar removal. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50: 1177-1182, discussion 1182-1173.
[52] Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids— new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J
American Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2014; x(x): xx-xx 17
Med. 2005;353:1711–1723.
[53] Nimeri, G., Kau, C. H., Abou-Kheir, N. S., Corona, R. Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment-a frontier in Orthodontics. Progress in orthodontics. 2013;14(1):42.
[54] Kalia S, Melsen B, Verma C. Tissue reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in acute and chronic corticosteroid treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res 2004;7:26-34.
[55] Klaushofer K et al. Bone-resorbing activity of thyroid hormones is related to prostaglandin production in cultured neonatal mouse clavaria. J Bone Mineral Res 1989;4:305-12.
[56] Miyajima K, Nagahara K, Iizuka T. Orthodontic treatment for a patient after menopause. Angle Orthod 1996;66:173-78.
[57] Potts JT, Gardella TJ. Progress, paradox and potential. Parathyroid hormone research over five decades. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1117:196-208.
[58] Tripathi KD . Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, Vedition. Khan R, Antony VV. The role of drugs in orthodontic tooth movement. Indian Dentist Research and Review2009; 4 28-32.
[59] Taddei SR, Andrade I Jr, Queiroz-Junior CM, Garlet TP, Garlet GP, Cunha Fde Q, et al. Role of CCR2 in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;141:153-60.
[60] Bartzela, T., Türp, J. C., Motschall, E., Maltha, J. C. Medication effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2009;135(1):16-26.
[61] Sandy JR, Harris M. Prostaglandins and tooth movement. Eur J Ortho 1984;6:175-82.
[62] Yamaski et al: clinical application of PGE 1 upon orthodontic tooth movement AJODO 1984;Jun:508-18.
[63] Rygh P. The response of the periodontal ligament to orthodontics forces. In:Carlson DS, Goldstein SA, editors. Bone biodynamics in orthodontic and orthopedic treatment. Monograph 27. University of Michigan: Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor; 1992:257-80.
[64] Yamasaki K, Shibata Y, Imai S, Tani Y, Shibasaki Y, Fukuhara T. Clinical application of prostaglandin E1(PGE1) upon orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1984;85:508-18.
[65] Yamasaki K, Miura F, Suda T. Prostaglandin as a mediator of bone resorption induced by experimental tooth movement in
rats. J Dent Res 1980;59:1635-42.
[66] Holtgrave EA, Donath K. Periodontal reactions to orthodontic forces in the diabetic metabolic state, Fortschr Kieferorthop. 1989 Aug;50(4):326-37.
[70] Krishnan V and Davidvitch Z (). The effects of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 4 163-171
[71] Krishnan V and Davidovitch Z . Cellular, molecular and tissue level reactions to orthodontic force. American Journal of Orthodontics2006; 129 469e 1-460.
[72] Krishnan V . Orthodontic pain: from causes to management –a review. European Journal of Orthodontics2007; 29 170-179.
[74] Theodosia B, Jens CT, Edith M, Jaap CM. Medication effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:16-26.
[75] Arias O, Marquez-Orozco MC. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen: Their effects on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:364-70.
[76] Carmen G, Hitoshi H, Ken M, Tatsunori S, Joseph HY. Effects of Steroidal and Non-steroidal drugs on tooth movement and root resorption in rat molar. Angle Orthod 2009;29:715-25
[77] R Liu ZJ, King GJ, Gu GM, Shin JY, Stewart DR. Does human relaxin accelerate orthodontic tooth movement in rats? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1041:388–94.
[78] oodman GD. Role of cytokines in the regulation of bone résorption. Calcif Tissue lnt. 1993;53:94-98
[79] Chung CJ, Baik HS, Soma K. Bone formation and tooth movement are synergistically enhanced by administration of EP4 agonist.AmJOrthod Dentofac Orthop 2007;132:427.e13-20.