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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ORTHODONTIC TOOTH
MOVEMENT AMONG WOMEN DURING MENSTRUATION AND
OVULATION PHASE
Sola Rajan*, Poornima R. Jnaneshwar and K. Ravi
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SRM Dental College,
Ramapuram Chennai- 600089.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To elucidate the difference in orthodontic tooth movement
among women during menstruation and ovulation phase. Materials
and Methods: Twenty-four women aged between 18-25 years were
divided into Menstruation group and Ovulation group. All subjects
were treated with fixed orthodontic appliance. An orthodontic force of
150 grams was given at the time of menstruation in Menstruation
group and ovulation in the Ovulation group for en-masse retraction
using module and ligature (Frictional mechanics). Orthodontic tooth
movement and levels of estrogen and progesterone were measured
during menstruation and ovulation. The blood test was done to
estimate the hormone levels and the orthodontic tooth movement was
measured using digital Vernier caliper. Results: Statistical results showed significant
difference in the orthodontic tooth movement during menstruation and ovulation phase (p
=0.01). When hormone levels decreased i.e. during menstruation, tooth movement due to
orthodontic force was accelerated when compared to the ovulation group where the hormone
levels were increased. Limitations: The sample size of 24 may not be sufficient to represent
the entire population. Therefore further studies are required with a greater sample size to
extrapolate the findings to the whole population. Blood samples were collected from all the
24 female participants which was an invasive procedure. Conclusion: Orthodontic tooth
movement was accelerated during menstruation phase (decreased hormone levels) when
compared to the ovulation group (increased hormone levels). Clinicians could seek advantage
of this concept while treating female patients to reduce the treatment duration as well as
achieve better patient acceptance.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 10, Issue 7, 1646-1660 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Sola Rajan
Department of Orthodontics
and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, SRM Dental
College, Ramapuram
Chennai- 600089.
Article Received on
12 May 2021,
Revised on 02 June 2021,
Accepted on 22 June 2021
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20217-19304
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KEYWORDS: Estrogen, progesterone, orthodontic tooth movement, menstruation,
ovulation.
INTRODUCTION
Orthodontic therapy is a specialized treatment in the field of dentistry that deals with the
diagnosis, prevention, and correction of irregular teeth and jaws. In recent times, a huge
number of the population undergoes orthodontic treatment to attain proper dental esthetics
along with better occlusion, improved oral function as well as pleasing facial appearance.
The total treatment duration is an important factor to be considered as to why most people
shy away from undergoing orthodontic therapy. The long-term orthodontic treatment causes
demineralization of enamel, resorption of the root, periodontal diseases and the severity of
these side effects increases as the treatment duration prolongs. Therefore, many orthodontists
have been aiming to decrease the treatment duration by accelerating the orthodontic tooth
movement. Tooth movement was successfully accelerated using various procedures like
systemic administration of Vitamin D3, Parathyroid hormone, peizocision or corticotomy but
most of them had drawbacks of being invasive or painful(1-3). This is an issue that needs to
be thoroughly investigated by all orthodontists to find a non-invasive, effective, and simpler
way to accelerate the orthodontic tooth movement.
Progesterone and estrogen are the two most vital hormones in the female body that are
accountable for various female characteristics in the body. The ovaries are a pair of ova-
producing organs that maintain the health of the reproductive system in females. In addition,
these ovaries act as an endocrine gland because of the capability to secrete hormones—
primarily estrogen and progesterone—that are important for normal reproductive
development and fertility.
In women, the menstrual cycle consists of four phases with the sex hormones varying during
the cycle and the phases are as follows
1. Menstrual phase – The sex hormone levels are the lowest (0-7days)
2. Follicular phase - Increases gradually (7-14days)
3. Ovulatory phase- Reaches its peak (14-21days)
4. Luteal phase – Decreases gradually(21-28days)
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And finally, the sex hormones decrease rapidly again during the menstrual phase. The
estrogen and progesterone level are associated with metabolism of bone therefore, the
variation in the estrogen and progesterone levels induce variations in bone remodeling.[4,5]
Increased demand for orthodontic treatment makes it necessary to have a proper
understanding of hormonal changes and their influence on the process of orthodontic
treatment. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of estrogen and
progesterone on orthodontic tooth movement in adult females. In this study the null
hypothesis was stated as ―There is no statistically significant difference in the rate of tooth
movement between menstruation and ovulation group‖.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of SRM Institute of Science And
Technology. The entire subjects included in this study were patients who came and sought
orthodontic treatment in the Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedic Department of SRM
Dental College, Ramapuram.
Women with good general and oral health, regular menstrual cycle (26 – 32 days each month)
and malocclusion that required bilateral first premolar extraction with no previous history of
orthodontic treatment were included in the study. Patients treated with contraceptive drugs,
female patients diagnosed with systemic disease or periodontal disease and women who were
pregnant or breastfeeding were excluded from the study.
Female patients requiring orthodontic treatment with the above-mentioned criteria were
chosen after explaining the clinical procedure involved in the study. After deciding the
treatment plan, separators were placed in the mesial and distal aspect of the first four molars
and the patients were recalled on the next day for banding procedure. Bonding procedures
were initiated using MBT prescription brackets with 0.022 slot. MBT chart was used as a
reference for bracket placement.
Brackets were bonded from right to left second premolar in the upper and lower arch and
0.014‖ NiTi archwire was inserted. This was followed by a series of archwire sequence to
complete the alignment and leveling stage.
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En-masse retraction was initiated using frictional mechanics (module and ligature) on 0.019‖
X 0.025‖ stainless steel archwire. Force of 150 grams per side was applied to initiate space
closure and the force was calibrated using Dontrix gauge.
The selected subjects were divided into two groups i.e.
Group 1:– Menstruation group (Subjects undergoing menstruation)
Group 2:– Ovulation group (Subjects undergoing ovulation)
In the menstruation group, the menstrual phase was determined at the time the subject first
noticed the bleeding. On the first day of the menstruation, en-masse retraction was initiated
using frictional mechanics (module and ligature) (first activation) (Fig 1) on 0.019‖ x 0.025‖
stainless steel archwire and the blood samples were collected to measure the estrogen and
progesterone levels. Impressions of the upper and lower arch were recorded before activation
and the study models were duplicated to determine the linear distance (mm) from the distal
surface of canine to the mesial surface of the second premolar on right and left side.
The second activation of en-masse retraction was done when the subjects had menstrual cycle
after 1 month. Impressions of the upper and lower arch were recorded and the study models
were duplicated to estimate the rate of space closure. En masse retraction was continued
using module and ligature and this procedure to determine the space closure rate was
recorded for 3 consecutive months.
In the Ovulation group, the Ovulation phase was ascertained by Ovulation Kit (I- Sure
Ovulation kit). On the first day of ovulation, en-masse retraction was initiated using frictional
mechanics (module and ligature) (first activation) (Fig 2) on 0.019‖ x 0.025‖ stainless steel
archwire and the blood samples were collected to measure the estrogen and progesterone
levels. Impressions of the upper and lower arch were recorded before activation and the study
models were duplicated to determine the linear distance (mm) from the distal surface of
canine to the mesial surface of the second premolar on right and left side.
The second activation of en-masse retraction was done when the subjects had the ovulation
phase after 1 month. Impressions of the upper and lower arch were recorded and the study
models were duplicated to estimate the range of space closure. En masse retraction was
continued using module and ligature and this procedure to determine the space closure rate
was recorded for 3 consecutive months.
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Determination of estrogen and progesterone level was done by withdrawing 5 ml of blood
(venous puncture) and then blood was collected in vacutainer tubes. Blood samples were
taken in SRM Hospital Laboratory, Ramapuram and were processed using the ELISA method
by the same technician for all the samples. To estimate the rate of space closure, alginate
impressions of the upper and lower arch were recorded and the study models were duplicated.
Digital Vernier Calliper was used to accurately determine the linear distance (mm) from the
distal surface of canine to the mesial surface of the second premolar on all four quadrants by
the same observer (measured three times per quadrant) for all the twenty-four samples.
The normality of the range of tooth movement and level of estrogen and progesterone were
assessed by the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Since the distribution of the sample was normal,
the independent t-test was used to identify differences between range of orthodontic tooth
movement in menstruation and ovulation group and to identify the difference in estrogen and
progesterone levels in menstruation and ovulation group.
RESULTS
This study evaluated 24 female patients aged between 18 – 25 years. The collected raw data
were analyzed with IBM.SPSS statistics software 23.0 Version. In all the statistical tools the
probability value 0.05 is considered as significant level.
To find the significant difference between the estrogen and progesterone levels in
menstruation and ovulation group independent t-test was used. The independent t-test showed
significant differences in the mean progesterone and estrogen levels during menstruation and
ovulation group The mean and standard deviation of estrogen during menstruation and
ovulation was 34.97pg/ml +/- 8.1403 and 255.75pg/ml +/- 46.9993 respectively (p=.0005).
The mean and standard deviation of progesterone during menstruation and ovulation was
36.58pg/ml + /- 24.898 and 123.18pg/ml +/- 18.0733 respectively (p=.0005). The results
showed that the hormone levels decreased during menstruation and hormone levels increased
during ovulation period which was statistically significant. (Table No 1and 2)
The independent t-test was used to identify differences between the rate of tooth movement in
menstruation and ovulation group.
The mean value of the interdental space in the upper right canine and second premolar were:
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5.49 mm and 5.70 mm in the menstruation group and ovulation group respectively during
the first month i.e. before the commencement of retraction force.
4.51 mm and 5.07 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
second month i.e. one month after the retraction force.
3.48 mm and 4.42 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
third month.
2.47 mm and 3.73 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
fourth month.
The values suggest that there was a statistically significant reduction in the upper right
quadrant interdental space in the 2nd
, 3rd
and 4th
month in menstruation group (p= .044, .005,
.0005) (Table No 1&2) (Graph 1).
The mean value of the interdental space in the upper left canine and second premolar
were
5.33 mm and 5.15 mm in the menstruation group and ovulation group respectively during
the first month i.e. before the commencement of retraction force.
4.38 mm and 4.93 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
second month i.e. one month after the retraction force.
3.36 mm and 4.03 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
third month.
2.42 mm and 3.40 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
fourth month.
The values suggest that there was a statistically significant reduction in the upper left
quadrant interdental space in the 3rd
and 4th
month in the menstruation group. (p= .044, .011)
and was not found to be statistically significant in the reduction of upper left quadrant
interdental space during the 2nd
month (p=.485) (Table No 1&2) (Graph 2).
The mean value of the interdental space in lower right canine and second premolar
were
4.52 mm and 5.04 mm in the ovulation group and menstruation group respectively during
the first month i.e. before the commencement of retraction force.
3.50 mm and 4.33 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
second month i.e. one month after the retraction force.
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2.67 mm and 3.71 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
third month.
1.83 mm and 3.16 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
fourth month.
The values suggest that there was a statistically significant reduction in the lower right
quadrant interdental space in the 2nd
, 3rd
and 4th
month in menstruation group (p= .043, .016,
.001) (Table No 1&2) (Graph 3).
The mean value of the interdental space in lower left canine and second premolar were
4.35 mm and 4.96 mm in the menstruation group and ovulation group respectively during
the first month i.e. before the commencement of the retraction force.
3.35 mm and 4.56 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
second month i.e. one month after the retraction force.
2.50 mm and 3.92 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
third month.
1.75 mm and 3.38 mm in the menstruation and ovulation group respectively during the
fourth month.
The values suggest that there was a statistically significant reduction in the lower left
quadrant interdental space in the 2nd
, 3rd
and 4th
month in menstruation group. (p= .004, .001,.
0005) (Table No 1&2) (Graph 4).
The results of orthodontic tooth movement and hormones were compared with independent t-
test and significant differences were detected between the menstruation and ovulation group.
The mean value of the overall interdental distance in the menstruation group was 3.50 mm ±
0.79 and in the ovulation group was 4.34 mm ± 0.66. The values suggest that there was a
statistically significant acceleration in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in menstruation
group when compared to the ovulation group i.e., statistically significant reduction in the
overall mean value of the interdental space in the menstruation group (p-value=.010) (Table
3, 4)(Graph: 5).
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Table 1: Descriptive data.
Groups N Mean Std. Deviation
UR1 M 12 5.4925 .61993
O 12 5.7092 .85281
UR2 M 12 4.5167 .62861
O 12 5.0775 .87024
UR3 M 12 3.4858 .60377
O 12 4.4275 .86511
UR4 M 12 2.4742 .63613
O 12 3.7300 .82903
UL1 M 12 5.3342 .74357
O 12 5.1533 .89872
UL2 M 12 4.3825 .75462
O 12 4.9367 .98381
UL3 M 12 3.3692 .72894
O 12 4.0308 .97913
UL4 M 12 2.4217 .74186
O 12 3.4008 .96018
LR1 M 12 4.5275 1.16496
O 12 5.0417 1.19382
LR2 M 12 3.5042 1.25007
O 12 4.3342 .87673
LR3 M 12 2.6742 1.09327
O 12 3.7183 .85846
LR4 M 12 1.8325 .90439
O 12 3.1650 .87575
LL1 M 12 4.3542 1.18796
O 12 4.9642 .88189
LL2 M 12 3.3575 1.15494
O 12 4.5683 .57630
LL3 M 12 2.5058 1.01790
O 12 3.9250 .55157
LL4 M 12 1.7500 .95737
O 12 3.3825 .52496
E M 12 34.917 8.1403
O 12 255.750 46.9993
P M 12 36.58 24.898
O 12 123.183 18.0773
ABBREVATION
UR1 – Upper right interdental space during 1st month
UR2– Upper right interdental space during 2nd
month
UR3– Upper right interdental space during 3rd
month
UR4– Upper right interdental space during 4th
month
UL1 – Upper left interdental space during 1st month
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UL2– Upper left interdental space during 2nd
month
UL3– Upper left interdental space during 3rd
month
UL4– Upper left interdental space during 4th
month
LR1– Lower right interdental space during 1st month
LR2– Lower right interdental space during 2nd
month
LR3– Lower right interdental space during 3rd
month
LR4– Lower right interdental space during 4th
month
LL1– Lower left interdental space during 1st month
LL2– Lower left interdental space during 2nd
month
LL3– Lower left interdental space during 3rd
month
LL4– Lower left interdental space during 4th
month
E - Estrogen
P - Progesterone
M - Menstruation
O - Ovulation
Table 2: Independent T. test.
UR1 .484
UR2 .044
UR3 .005
UR4 .0005
UL1 .597
UL2 .485
UL3 .044
UL4 .011
LR1 .297
LR2 .043
LR3 .016
LR4 .001
LL1 .071
LL2 .004
LL3 .001
LL4 .0005
E .0005
P .0005
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Table 3: Descriptive Data- mean difference of overall interdental distance in
Menstruation and Ovulation group.
Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Average M 12 3.50 0.79 0.23
O 12 4.34 0.66 0.19
Total M 12 55.98 12.66 3.65
O 12 69.47 10.60 3.06
Table 4: Independent T. Test – Differences between range of tooth movement in
Menstruation and Ovulation group.
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t Df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Average Equal
variances
assumed
.55
8
.463 -2.8
29
22 .010 -.842
66
.297
88
-1.46
042
-.224
89
Total Equal
variances
assumed
.55
8
.463 -2.8
29
22 .010 -13.48
250
4.76
605
-23.36
668
-3.59
832
Graphs
M O
1s t
month 5.49 5.70
2n d
month 4.51 5.07
3rd
month 3.48 4.42
4t h
month 2.47 3.73
MENSTRUATION
OVULATION
Graph 1: The mean value of interdental space between the upper right Canine and
Second premolar for each month in both groups.
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M O
1s t
month
5.33 5.15
2n d
month
4.38 4.64
3rd
month
3.36 4.03
4t h
month
2.42 3.40
Graph 2: The mean value of interdental space between the upper left Canine and
Second premolar for each month in both groups.
M O
1s t
month 4.53 5.04
2n d
month 3.50 4.33
3rd
month 2.67 3.72
4t h
month 1.83 3.16
Graph 3: The mean value of interdental space between the lower right Canine and
Second premolar for each month in both groups.
M O
1s t
month 4.35 5.16
2n d
month 3.35 4.57
3rd
month 2.50 3.93
4t h
month 1.75 3.38
Graph 4: The mean value of interdental space between the lower left Canine and
Second premolar for each month in both groups.
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Groups Mean Std.deviation
Menstruation 3.50 0.79
Ovulation 4.34 0.66
Graph 5: The mean values of interdental distance in both groups.
Figure 1: Menstruation group – Clinical photo.
Figure 2: Ovulation group – Clinical photo.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
DISCUSSION
This study was done by activating orthodontic force during the peak of estrogen and
progesterone level i.e. on ovulation phase and during the lowest estrogen and progesterone
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level i.e. on menstruation phase. The force applied for en-masse retraction was approximately
150 grams determined by dontrix gauge. The results showed that fluctuations in estrogen and
progesterone levels during menstruation and ovulation phase can affect tooth movement due
to orthodontic force. When estrogen and progesterone levels declined i.e at the time of
menstruation, tooth movement increased, whereas when estrogen and progesterone levels
increased i.e at the time of ovulation, tooth movement decreased (p=.01). This was in
accordance with a study where they found that the estrogen levels can affect the orthodontic
tooth movement in cats. They concluded that the estrogen levels were inversely proportional
to the orthodontic tooth movement. (p=.05).[6]
According to a study done to evaluate the
effects of progesterone on orthodontic tooth movement, the increased progesterone levels
could reduce the rate of tooth movement. This study was conducted on rabbits that received
long-term, short-term and no progesterone injection and orthodontic force were applied and
they concluded that the long term administration of progesterone reduced the orthodontic
tooth movement.[7]
The levels of biomarkers of tooth movement and this correlation to female sex hormones
were evaluated in a study. They found that the biomarkers like serum TRAP, pyridinoline
that were increased during orthodontic tooth movement were inversely related to estradiol
whereas serum osteocalcin was inversely related to progesterone.[5]
This correlates with our
study where it was found that levels of estrogen were found to be higher during ovulation
phase and least in menstruation (p=0.0005) and the levels of progesterone were found to be
higher during ovulation phase and least in menstruation (p=0.0005). Orthodontic tooth
movement was found to be accelerated during the menstruation phase which was statistically
significant (p=0.010) when estrogen and progesterone levels were least and thus rejecting the
null hypothesis. This result correlates with other studies which confirm that the estrogen
levels were inversely proportional to tooth movement by orthodontic therapy in rats.[8,9]
Another study evaluated the effects of ovariectomy on orthodontic tooth movement in rats.
They found out there is a significant increase in the rate of tooth movement in the absence of
ovaries in the lag phase ( 12 – 21 days ) but there was no great difference between the two
groups up to 12 days.[10,11]
The effect of progesterone on orthodontic tooth movement was studied in pregnant rats and
they found that the progesterone was helpful in alveolar bone formation. Osteoclasts were
primarily observed 2 days after force application. But there was a decrease in the number of
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osteoclasts in pregnant rats 2 days after appliance insertion. This decrease in osteoclast
number may be due to the gradual increase in progesterone during pregnancy.[12]
The same
result was shown in studies which proved that estrogen and progesterone levels were also
inversely proportional to orthodontic tooth movement in rats.[11,13]
The clinical application of this study is that the sex hormone levels vary during the menstrual
cycle; the sex hormones are lowest during menstruation phase and highest during ovulation
phase. Since the low levels of these hormones are linked to cause an osteoclastic activity, an
orthodontic force during menstruation phase can accelerate the tooth movement and reduce
the treatment time.[4,5]
This study may suggest an option for orthodontists to accelerate the
tooth movement by performing activation of orthodontic force during menstruation in female
patients. This method was safer, more comfortable and the orthodontic treatment was found
to be more effective and efficient.
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