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11 Copyright © 2006, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2006, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Body Structure Body Structure and Directional Terminologyand Directional Terminology
What a piece of work is a man! How noble What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving, how express and admirable! and moving, how express and admirable!
In action how like an angel! In apprehension, In action how like an angel! In apprehension, how like a god! The beauty of the world! how like a god! The beauty of the world!
The paragon of animals!”The paragon of animals!”
– – William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare
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1.1. Alzheimer disease is an example of a(n):Alzheimer disease is an example of a(n):
a.prefix.a.prefix.
b.eponym.b.eponym.
c.word root.c.word root.
d.decodable term.d.decodable term.
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2.Arthr/o is an example of a:2.Arthr/o is an example of a:
a.prefix.a.prefix.
b.suffix.b.suffix.
c.word root.c.word root.
d.combining form.d.combining form.
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3.3. In the term “hypodermic,” the prefix is:In the term “hypodermic,” the prefix is:
a.hypo.a.hypo.
b.dermo.b.dermo.
c.derm.c.derm.
d.icd.ic
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5.5. The rules for combining a word root and The rules for combining a word root and a suffix that starts with a vowel indicate that a suffix that starts with a vowel indicate that you should:you should:
a.add a combining vowel before the suffixa.add a combining vowel before the suffix
.b.directly connect the word root and suffix..b.directly connect the word root and suffix.
c.reverse the suffix and word root so that the c.reverse the suffix and word root so that the suffix comes first.suffix comes first.
d.add another word root to join the suffix and d.add another word root to join the suffix and initial word rootinitial word root
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6.6. Which is a diagnostic sign?Which is a diagnostic sign?
a.fevera.fever
b.dizzinessb.dizziness
c.painc.pain
d.itchingd.itching
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7.7. What type of diagnosis begins suddenly What type of diagnosis begins suddenly and severely and ends after a short period of and severely and ends after a short period of time?time?
a.signa.sign
b.acuteb.acute
c.symptomc.symptom
d.chronicd.chronic
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8.8. Which of the following disorders is an Which of the following disorders is an inflammation?inflammation?
a.cardiomegalya.cardiomegaly
b.ophthalmodyniab.ophthalmodynia
c.enteritisc.enteritis
d.gastrorrhexisd.gastrorrhexis
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9.9. The “o” in the term thermometer is a:The “o” in the term thermometer is a:
a.prefix.a.prefix.
b.combining form.b.combining form.
c.word rootc.word root
d.combining vowel.d.combining vowel.
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10.10. The basketball player was back for yet The basketball player was back for yet another visual examination of his knee joint. another visual examination of his knee joint. He was there for an:He was there for an:
a.arthrotomy.a.arthrotomy.
b.arthrotome.b.arthrotome.
c.arthroscopy.c.arthroscopy.
d.arthroscoped.arthroscope
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Organization of the Human BodyOrganization of the Human Body
Human organismHuman organism
Organization Organization CellsCells (cyt/o) (cyt/o)
Tissues (hist/o) Tissues (hist/o)
Organs (viscer/o)Organs (viscer/o)
systemssystems
Role of homeostasisRole of homeostasis
Home/o + -stasis - the process of balance needed to Home/o + -stasis - the process of balance needed to maintain a healthy body maintain a healthy body
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedCells (cyt/o)Cells (cyt/o)
Energy conversionEnergy conversion
Metabolism (meta-) act of converting energy Metabolism (meta-) act of converting energy
Anabolism (ana-) building up substances Anabolism (ana-) building up substances
Catabolism (cata-) breaking down substances Catabolism (cata-) breaking down substances
(bol/o) to cast (-ism) condition of(bol/o) to cast (-ism) condition of
(ana-) up (cata-) down (meta-) change (ana-) up (cata-) down (meta-) change
Metabolism = anabolism + catabolismMetabolism = anabolism + catabolism
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinued Cell componentsCell components
Cell membraneCell membrane
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Organelles Organelles
NucleusNucleusThe Cell
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinued Tissues (hist/o)Tissues (hist/o)
Four types of tissuesFour types of tissues Epithelial – covers and/or lines Epithelial – covers and/or lines
Skin, stomach lining Skin, stomach lining
Connective- supports and/or binds other tissues and body parts Connective- supports and/or binds other tissues and body parts Bone, blood, fat, tendons, ligaments,cartilageBone, blood, fat, tendons, ligaments,cartilage
Muscular- three types Muscular- three types Smooth- involuntary- visceral Smooth- involuntary- visceral
Striated- voluntary – skeletal Striated- voluntary – skeletal
CardiacCardiac
Nervous- transmits impulses – activates, coordinates, controlls Nervous- transmits impulses – activates, coordinates, controlls function of much of body function of much of body
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedOrgans (organ/o, viscer/o)Organs (organ/o, viscer/o)
Termed “viscera” (Termed “viscera” (s.s. viscus) viscus)
Arrangements of various types of tissuesArrangements of various types of tissues
HeartHeart
Endocardium (epithelial)Endocardium (epithelial)
Myocardium (muscular)Myocardium (muscular)
Conduction system (nervous) Conduction system (nervous)
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedSome combining forms for organs:Some combining forms for organs:
Bladder:Bladder: cyst/o, vesic/ocyst/o, vesic/o
Bone:Bone: oste/o, oste/o,
Kidney:Kidney: nephr/o, ren/onephr/o, ren/o
Ovary:Ovary: oophor/o, ovari/ooophor/o, ovari/o
Skin:Skin: cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/ocutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o
Testis:Testis: test/o, orchid/otest/o, orchid/o
Liver: Liver: hepat/o hepat/o
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More body parts: More body parts:
brain: brain: cerebr/o, encephal/ocerebr/o, encephal/o
StomachStomach gastr/o gastr/o
Intestine: Intestine: enter/o enter/o
Arteries Arteries arteri/o arteri/o
VeinsVeins ven/o, phleb/o ven/o, phleb/o
HeartHeart cardi/o cardi/o
LungsLungs pulmon/o pulmon/o
SkinSkin cuane/o, derm/o, dermat/ocuane/o, derm/o, dermat/o
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedBody systemsBody systems
MusculoskeletalMusculoskeletal
IntegumentaryIntegumentary
GastrointestinalGastrointestinal
UrinaryUrinary
ReproductiveReproductive
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Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinued
Blood/Lymphatic/ImmuneBlood/Lymphatic/Immune
CardiovascularCardiovascular
RespiratoryRespiratory
Nervous/BehavioralNervous/Behavioral
Special SensesSpecial Senses
EndocrineEndocrine
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Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedAnterior (anter/o)Anterior (anter/o)
Ventral (ventr/o)Ventral (ventr/o)
Posterior (poster/o)Posterior (poster/o)
Dorsal (dors/o)Dorsal (dors/o)
anterior posterior
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Positional and Directional TermsPositional and Directional Terms
Terms we use to describe positions and Terms we use to describe positions and directions in the human body.directions in the human body.
anteroposterior posteroanterior
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Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedSuperior (super/o)Superior (super/o)
Cephalad (cephal/o)Cephalad (cephal/o)
Inferior (infer/o)Inferior (infer/o)
Caudad (caud/o)Caudad (caud/o)
superior inferior
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Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinued Medial (medi/o)Medial (medi/o)
Lateral (later/o)Lateral (later/o)
Unilateral (uni-)Unilateral (uni-)
Bilateral (bi-)Bilateral (bi-)
medial lateral
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Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedSuperficialSuperficial
DeepDeep
Proximal (proxim/o)Proximal (proxim/o)
Distal (dist/o)Distal (dist/o)
proximal distal
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Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedSupineSupineProneProne
SupinateSupinatePronatePronate
PalmarPalmarPlantarPlantar
prone
supine
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Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedDextrad Dextrad
(dextr/o)(dextr/o)
Sinistrad Sinistrad (sinistr/o, levo-)(sinistr/o, levo-)
afferent efferent
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Planes of the BodyPlanes of the Body
SagittalSagittal
MidsagittalMidsagittal
sagittal midsagittal
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Planes of the Body, continuedPlanes of the Body, continued
Frontal/coronalFrontal/coronal
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Planes of the Body, continuedPlanes of the Body, continued
TransverseTransverse
ObliqueOblique
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Dorsal cavitiesDorsal cavities
Cranial (crani/o)Cranial (crani/o)
Spinal (spin/o)Spinal (spin/o)
Ventral cavitiesVentral cavities
Thoracic (thorac/o)Thoracic (thorac/o)
Abdominal (abdomin/o)Abdominal (abdomin/o)
Pelvic (pelv/i)Pelvic (pelv/i)
body cavities
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Body Cavities, continuedBody Cavities, continued
Ventral cavity detailVentral cavity detail
ThoracicThoracic
Mediastinum (mediastin/o)Mediastinum (mediastin/o)
Pleural cavity (pleur/o)Pleural cavity (pleur/o)
Abdominal Abdominal
Diaphragm (diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o, phren/o)Diaphragm (diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o, phren/o)
Peritoneum (peritone/o)Peritoneum (peritone/o)
PelvicPelvic
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Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Nine regionsNine regions
Left and right hypochondriacLeft and right hypochondriac
EpigastricEpigastric
Left and right lumbarLeft and right lumbar
UmbilicalUmbilical
Left and right iliac (inguinal)Left and right iliac (inguinal)
HypogastricHypogastric
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Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right upper quadrant (RUQ) LiverLiver
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Stomach and spleenStomach and spleen
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Appendix and McBurney’s pointAppendix and McBurney’s point
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Munro’s pointMunro’s point
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11.11. The normal dynamic process of balance The normal dynamic process of balance in the body is:in the body is:
a.catabolism.a.catabolism.
b.metabolism.b.metabolism.
c.anabolism.c.anabolism.
d.homeostasisd.homeostasis
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12.12. Hist/o is a combining form for:Hist/o is a combining form for:
a.cells.a.cells.
b.tissues.b.tissues.
c.organs.c.organs.
d.body systems.d.body systems.
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13.13. Back to front is:Back to front is:
a.anteroposterior.a.anteroposterior.
b.distoproximal.b.distoproximal.
c.posteroanterior.c.posteroanterior.
d.proximodistald.proximodistal
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14.14. The scrapes on the elbows of the child The scrapes on the elbows of the child were described as ____ injuries.were described as ____ injuries.
a.supinea.supine
b.superiorb.superior
c.superficialc.superficial
d.supinated.supinate
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15.15. One who studies cells is a:One who studies cells is a:
a.cytologist.a.cytologist.
b.histologist.b.histologist.
c.cystologist.c.cystologist.
d.pathologistd.pathologist