CORINTH RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS VOLUME XVI MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECTUR IN THE CENTRAL AREA OF CORINTH BY ROBERT L. SCRANTON THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1957 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Corinth www.jstor.org ® © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.
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VOLUME XVI
MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECTURE
BY
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
1957
American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to
Corinth www.jstor.org
© A
PREFACE
The purpose of this work is to reveal as far as possible the architectural development of the Central Area at Corinth through the middle
ages. It is impossible to study the mediaeval architecture outside the Central Area system- atically at this time, for the larger parts of the mediaeval city are still unexcavated. It is even impossible to detail the entire history of the Central Area itself, because of the lack of essential records. Nevertheless the information available is important, partly because com-
parable evidence for certain periods of the
Byzantine era has not been found elsewhere and partly because it contributes to the pic- ture of Corinth as a large community inhabited almost continuously from the dawn of Greek
prehistory to modern times. The gaps in our information about the Cen-
tral Area are due in part to the circumstances of the excavation. When the American School of Classical Studies at Athens began the ex-
ploration of Corinth in 1896, the primary pur- pose was to discover monuments of the classical Greek city, and refined techniques of exca- vation were only then being born. Although success in the primary purpose was immediate and brilliant, at first little effort was made to
keep detailed records of mediaeval remains.
Very soon the excavators began to keep re- cords of non-classical discoveries, but at this distance of time it is almost impossible to
interpret the notations satisfactorily. From the 1920's more useful records are available, and in the early 1930's an effort was made to keep general, systematic accounts according to a co6rdinated plan. Thus our view of the area as a whole contains some sections which are com-
pletely blank, some only vaguely distinguish- able, and others with fairly sharp and rounded detail.
The plans and drawings in this study were
prepared for publication by Mr. S. L. Doukas, architect in Athens and Instructor at the national Greek Polytechnic Institute, with advice from Mr. John Travlos, architect for the Excavation of the Athenian Agora. No
independent surveys of the mediaeval remains were made, for the practical reason that almost all mediaeval construction has been removed from the Central Area in the process of the ex- cavation of the classical levels. Mr. Doukas
began by making a preliminary general plan of the major classical monuments of the area at 1:200 (a considerable task, as no such plan existed) and superimposed on this those ele- ments of the existing sectional plans of medi- aeval walls which I indicated. The nature of this process may be suggested by a comparison of Plan VII, the largest of the sectional plans, which shows almost all of the post-classical walls excavated in the southern part of the area
against brief indications of classical buildings, with Plan VI, the corresponding selective plan prepared by Mr. Doukas. In Plan VI there ap- pear, in addition to walls shown on Plan VII, a few other walls recorded in detailed sketches in the excavation note-books, and a few walls still standing, which were never put on the
drawing which is the original of PlanVII. Thus the drafting is the achievement of Mr. Doukas; the responsibility for interpreting the exca- vation records is mine.
I should also take the responsibility for the lack of finish, certain imprecisions, and some indecision evident in the drawings. I felt that there are still innumerable details which are
impossible to define with confidence and that it would be more honest to make this evident in the plans than to give them a refinement
implying absolute accuracy.
.
The original sectional plans were the work of architects present at various stages of the exca- vation, made from surveys conducted while the walls still stood. Thus J. M. Shelley and later Wulf Schaefer made Plan VII and the
original plans of the Monastery of St. John and of the West Shop area; L. M. Douglas, that of the area north of the Peribolos of Apollo; J. M. deWaele and Oscar Broneer, those of the Lechaion Road to the west of this section, and of the Hemicycle area. Wulf Schaefer made the original drawings of the Bema Church and the Church of St. John in Figures 3 and 6-10.
In interpreting the drawings and other re- cords I had the advantage of some personal experience, particularly in supervising the ex- cavation of the Monastery of St. John and a small section south of Peirene. I was also gener- ally familiar with the course of excavation in much of the southern part of the area through having been present during the work of the
years from 1935 to 1938, but I had no close
personal contact with most of it. My part in this study has been largely the attempt to collate information preserved in the day-by-day excavation notes of the great number of members of the American School of Classical Studies who have worked at Corinth. I have no doubt failed in interpreting some of their
observations, and the work suffers from the
impossibility of continuing consultation with all of them, but the basic credit for the work
goes to them. I would record particular debts to Professors Oscar Broneer and Saul Wein-
berg who freely answered my questions sub- mitted by letter and allowed me to see manu-
script copies of their studies of the South Stoa and the Southeast Building, and to Professor John Kent for answering questions about
unpublished inscriptions. The work thus constitutes a general survey
of the architectural history of Corinth through
the middle ages so far as our information goes. It does not pretend to be a general history of Corinth through this period, although I have tried to provide an historical outline in the
paragraphs introductory to each section. Most of this derives from the work of John Finley and Antoine Bon, including Bon's contribution to Corinth, III, ii, listed in the Bibliography, but I have tried to add some details from other studies and independently. A real history of Corinth through this period is perhaps some- what closer to realization now that the archi-
tecture, together with the pottery and other
material, are available for evaluation. I conclude with noting happily my particu-
lar debts to Miss Alison Frantz of the staff of the Excavation of the Athenian Agora, who read the manuscript in an early stage and made useful criticisms; to Mr. Demetrios
Pallas, Ephor of Byzantine Antiquities in the
Peloponnesos and Western Greece for the Greek Archaeological Service, with whom I discussed matters frequently; to Professor Peter Topping, Director of the Gennadius
Library for generously offering facilities for work in the Library and for permission to
publish the print illustrated in Plate 14; to Professor John L. Caskey, Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens for generous and thoughtful assistance in many ways; and to my wife, for all kinds of aid. I am especially grateful for the careful and
kindly editorship of Miss Lucy Shoe. The work was done in 1953-1954 under a
Fellowship of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, while I held the post of Annual Professor at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens on leave from Emory University. To these institutions, without whose generous assistance I would have been unable to do the work, I am most profoundly grateful.
Emory University ROBERT L. SCRANTON
© A
CHAPTER I. THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD 395-610 ..................... 6
A. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA ................... ...... 9 THE JULIAN BASILICA AND THE METROPOLITAN CHURCH (11-12 H-I) ........... 9
THE SOUTHEAST BUILDING (11-12 J-K) .................. .... 11 THE CENTRAL STAIRS AND THE BEMA FOUNTAINS (4 L TO 11 J) ............. 12 THE PROPYLAIA (8 H) .... ..................... ... . . 14 THE HEMICYCLE AND RELATED BUILDINGS (6-7 C-D) .................. 14 THE AREA NORTH OF THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9-10 C-E) ............... 16
THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9-10 E-G) .. ......... ...... .... 21 THE FOUNTAIN PEIRENE (9-10 G-H) ......... ...... .. . 22 THE SOUTH STOA (4 0 TO 12 L) .... ...................... 2 THE WEST TERRACE (3 J-L) ............................. 24 THE NORTH MARKET (2-5 C-D) ................... . . . . . . . . 25 THE SYNAGOGUE NEAR THE THEATRE ................... .. 25
C. SUMMARY ...................................... 26
A. INTRODUCTORY ............. .. ...................27
B. BUILDINGS AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN THE CENTRAL AREA . ............. 28
THE GRAVES ................................ . 29
C. SUMMARY ...................................... 33
A. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA .................... .. 37 THE LECHAION ROAD (8 C-G) ..................... . . . . . . . 37 THE RAMP THROUGH THE PROPYLAIA (8 G-H) .................... .37
THE REGION NORTH OF THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9-10 C-E) . ............. 38
THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO AND THE CHURCH IN PEIRENE (9-10 E-H) .......... 38 THE HOUSE EAST OF PEIRENE (10 G-H) ..................... 839 OUT SOUTHEAST BUILDING (11-12 J-K) ........................41
rHE BEMA CHURCH (7-8 K-L) ............................ 42
© A
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE "GOVERNOR'S PALACE" (4-5 H-I) ........................ 46 THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE AGORA (4 0 TO 12 L) ..................... 47 THE WEST TERRACE (3 J-L) ............................. 47 THE WEST SHOPS (1 J TO 2 M) ............................ 48
THE NORTH MARKET AND THE NORTH ROAD (2-5 C-D) ................. 48
C. SUMMARY . ............. ................. . ....49
A. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
BUILDINGS OF THE EARLIER PHASE (LATE ELEVENTH CENTURY) ............ . 54
THE AREA OF THE BEMA . ..... ............... .... .. .. 54
THE BEMA CHURCH (7-8 K-L) ..................... ..... 54 THE BEMA SHOPS (7-8 J-K) ............................ 55
THE WEST TERRACE (3-4 J-K) ........................... 56 BUILDINGS OF THE LATER PHASE (TWELFTH CENTURY) .................. 57
THE MARKET AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
THE PLATEIA (5 K TO 8 J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 THE SHOPS (8 J TO 4 L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 STRUCTURES IN THE WEST END OF THE MARKET (4-5 J) ............... 60
PUBLIC BUILDING AT THE EAST END OF THE MARKET PLATEIA (8 J) .......... 60
THE INN (9 J) ................................ 60
THE MONASTERY OF ST. JOHN THEOLOGOS ....................... 61
THE CHURCH (3 J) .............................. 61 THE MONASTERY (2-4 J-K) ............................ 64
THE SOUTHWEST QUARTER ............................. 66 THE HOUSE (3-4 L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 THE SOUTHWEST BUILDING (1-2 L-M) ....................... 67 THE CEMETERY AROUND TEMPLE E ....................... 67
THE WESTERN SOUTH-CENTRAL QUARTER ....................... 67
THE CERAMIC FACTORIES (5 L-N) .......................... 67 THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN QUARTER (6-8 L-N) ..................... 68
THE TOWER COMPLEX (6-7 L) ........................... 68 THE SOUTH BATH (6-7 M) ............................ . 70 THE BEMA CHURCH (7-8 K-L) ........................... 71 THE AREA SOUTH OF THE BEMA CHURCH (8 L-M) ................. . 73 THE BOULEUTERION HOUSE (8 M-N) ....................... 73
THE EASTERN SOUTH-CENTRAL QUARTER (9-10 K-M) .................. 73 THE GRAPE EMPORIUM (10 J-K) .......................... 74
THE SOUTHEAST BUILDING (11-12 J-K) ........................ 75 THE EAST QUARTER (11-12 H-J) .......................... 75
THE SHOPS (10-11 I-J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 THE TAVERN (10 I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 THE HOUSE (10-11 I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
THE NORTHEAST ROAD (9 H-10 F) ................... ..... 76 THE LECHAION ROAD (8 C-H) ............................ 77
THE PROPYLAIA (8 H) ............................ 77 PEIRENE (9 H) .................... .....77 THE SHOPS (7-8 D-G) ...................7... .. 77 THE AREA NORTH OF THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9 D-E) ............... 78
THE NORTH BATH (8 C) ................... ... ....... 78
THE AREA OF THE HEMICYCLE (6-7 C-D) ..................... 79
© A
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
THE NORTH ROAD (6 H TO 4 C) ........................ . 80 THE AREA OF THE NORTH MARKET (2-5 C-D) .................... . 80 THE TEMPLE ROAD (2-5 G) .. ...... ... .................. 81 THE NORTHWEST ROAD TOWARD SIKYON (4 J TO 2 G) ..... ............ 81
THE NORTHWEST TAVERN (3-4 I) .................8........ 82 THE NORTHWEST HOUSE (2-3 I) ............................ 82
C. SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
CHAPTER V. THE FRANKISH PERIOD 1210-1458 ........................ 84
A. INTRODUCTORY .. ...... .. . ... ............ ...... ... 84 B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA .................. . .. .... 86
CHAPTER VI. THE TURKISH PERIOD 1458-1858 ................... ..... 88
A. INTRODUCTORY .................................. 88 B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA ...... .................. 91
PART 2. ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS ....................... .. . 97
CHAPTER I. TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION ..................... .... 97
W ALLS AND SUPPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES ...................... ..... . 97
FUNCTIONS ...................... 99 DOORS AND WINDOWS . ... ..... ....................... 100 FLOORS AND STAIRWAYS ................................. 101
CEILINGS AND ROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CHAPTER II. ORNAMENT ................ . .. . .......... . 103
CHAPTER III. PLANS AND TYPES OF BUILDINGS .................... .... 123
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS .. .. ... ........ ................. 123 CIVIC BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS ................ ................ 126 DOMESTIC BUILDINGS .................... .............. 128 SERVICE STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . 131
PITHOI .... ................................. 131
GROUP PLANNING .................................. . 133
APPENDICES . .... ....... ... ...................... . 137
A. THE GRAFFITI ................... ............... . 137 THE FORTIFICATION GRAFFITO ............................ 137 THE ROUND SHIP GRAFFITO ............................. 138 THE GALLEY GRAFFITO ............................... 139
B. THE "SIGMA TABLES" ................................ 19
© A
FIGURES IN THE TEXT Fig. PAGE
1. Plan of the Early Christian House North of the Peribolos of Apollo .............. 18
2. Plan of the Tenth-Century House East of Peirene ...................... 39
3. Plan of the Bema Church, Actual State. Scale 1:150 ..................... 44
4. Plan of the Bema Area in the Eleventh Century, Restored .................. 55
5. Plan of the West Terrace Area in the Eleventh Century, Restored. .............. 56
6. Plan of the Church of St. John Theologos, Actual State. Scale 1:150 ............. 62
7. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking East. Scale 1:150 ......... 94
8. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking West. Scale 1:150 ......... 94
9. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking North. Scale 1:150 ....... . 95
10. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking South. Scale 1:150 ........ 95
11. Drawing of Sill Block in Use in Twelfth Century ........... ...... . 100
12. Schematic Drawing of Vaulted Tomb. Scale ca. 1:40 .......................... . 127
13. Drawing of Graffito Representing Fortifications. Scale 1:6 .................. 137
14. Drawing of Graffito Representing Round Ship. Scale 1:5 .................. 138
15. Drawing of Graffito Representing Galley. Scale 1:3 ............. .... .... 139
© A
PLATES Plate
1 1 The Early Christian Central Stairs in the Agora 2 The Early Christian Fountain West of the Bema
2 1 The Hemicycle just after Excavation 2 The Court of Peirene during Excavation
3 1 The Early Christian House North of the Peribolos of Apollo, from the North 2 The Latrine in the House 3 The Private Bath in the House 4 The Tenth-Century House East of Peirene, in 1954
4 1 The Tenth-Century Ramp through the Propylaia, as Excavated 2 Arched Doorway in Cellar West of Bema Church
5 The Bema Church Area from the West, as Excavated
6 1 The Bema Church from the East, as Excavated 2 The Bema Church from the West, as Excavated
7 1 The Church of St. John Theologos from the West, in 1937 2 The Church of St. John Theologos from the East, in 1937
8 1 Interior of Church of St. John Theologos, looking East, in 1937 2 Interior of Church of St. John Theologos, looking West, in 1937
9 1 The Tower Complex from the West, as Excavated 2 The Tower Complex from the North, as Excavated
10 1 The South Central Bath from the North, during Excavation 2 The South Road, as Excavated
11 1 The Wine Press Building, in 1954 2 A Corner of the Inn on the Market Plateia, as partially Excavated
12 1 The North Bath on the Lechaion Road from the Northwest, in 1954 2 The North Room in the North Bath, in 1954 3 The Pithos Room in the North Bath, in 1954 4 A Window Mullion Re-used as Sill
13 1 Arch in Southernmost Lechaion Road Shop 2 The Apsidal Building in the South Basilica from the East, as Excavated
14 View of Corinth about 1700, from Copper Engraving by G. Bodenehr in 1720, perhaps elaborated from sketch by V. Coronelli about 1708
15 1 Mediaeval Walls over Eastern Central Shops 2 Mediaeval Walls East of Bema Church
16 1 Mediaeval Wall in South Stoa, Room "H" 2 Mediaeval Walls in Area of Ceramic Factories
17 1 A Flat-Roofed Tomb 2 A Vaulted Osteotheke
© A
Plate
18 1 A Built Pithos 2 A Ceramic Pithos 3 Lips of Pithoi in Southeast Building 4 A Cistern
19-85 Carved Architectural Ornament
86 1 Successive Water Channels North of Peribolos of Apollo 2 Marble "Sigma Table" from the Peribolos of Apollo 3 Marble "Sigma Table" from the Building Behind the Hemicycle 4 Marble "Sigma Table" from the Kranion Church
PLANS
II. Sketch Map of the City Area of Corinth
III. Plan of the Central Area of Corinth to…
MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECTURE
BY
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
1957
American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to
Corinth www.jstor.org
© A
PREFACE
The purpose of this work is to reveal as far as possible the architectural development of the Central Area at Corinth through the middle
ages. It is impossible to study the mediaeval architecture outside the Central Area system- atically at this time, for the larger parts of the mediaeval city are still unexcavated. It is even impossible to detail the entire history of the Central Area itself, because of the lack of essential records. Nevertheless the information available is important, partly because com-
parable evidence for certain periods of the
Byzantine era has not been found elsewhere and partly because it contributes to the pic- ture of Corinth as a large community inhabited almost continuously from the dawn of Greek
prehistory to modern times. The gaps in our information about the Cen-
tral Area are due in part to the circumstances of the excavation. When the American School of Classical Studies at Athens began the ex-
ploration of Corinth in 1896, the primary pur- pose was to discover monuments of the classical Greek city, and refined techniques of exca- vation were only then being born. Although success in the primary purpose was immediate and brilliant, at first little effort was made to
keep detailed records of mediaeval remains.
Very soon the excavators began to keep re- cords of non-classical discoveries, but at this distance of time it is almost impossible to
interpret the notations satisfactorily. From the 1920's more useful records are available, and in the early 1930's an effort was made to keep general, systematic accounts according to a co6rdinated plan. Thus our view of the area as a whole contains some sections which are com-
pletely blank, some only vaguely distinguish- able, and others with fairly sharp and rounded detail.
The plans and drawings in this study were
prepared for publication by Mr. S. L. Doukas, architect in Athens and Instructor at the national Greek Polytechnic Institute, with advice from Mr. John Travlos, architect for the Excavation of the Athenian Agora. No
independent surveys of the mediaeval remains were made, for the practical reason that almost all mediaeval construction has been removed from the Central Area in the process of the ex- cavation of the classical levels. Mr. Doukas
began by making a preliminary general plan of the major classical monuments of the area at 1:200 (a considerable task, as no such plan existed) and superimposed on this those ele- ments of the existing sectional plans of medi- aeval walls which I indicated. The nature of this process may be suggested by a comparison of Plan VII, the largest of the sectional plans, which shows almost all of the post-classical walls excavated in the southern part of the area
against brief indications of classical buildings, with Plan VI, the corresponding selective plan prepared by Mr. Doukas. In Plan VI there ap- pear, in addition to walls shown on Plan VII, a few other walls recorded in detailed sketches in the excavation note-books, and a few walls still standing, which were never put on the
drawing which is the original of PlanVII. Thus the drafting is the achievement of Mr. Doukas; the responsibility for interpreting the exca- vation records is mine.
I should also take the responsibility for the lack of finish, certain imprecisions, and some indecision evident in the drawings. I felt that there are still innumerable details which are
impossible to define with confidence and that it would be more honest to make this evident in the plans than to give them a refinement
implying absolute accuracy.
.
The original sectional plans were the work of architects present at various stages of the exca- vation, made from surveys conducted while the walls still stood. Thus J. M. Shelley and later Wulf Schaefer made Plan VII and the
original plans of the Monastery of St. John and of the West Shop area; L. M. Douglas, that of the area north of the Peribolos of Apollo; J. M. deWaele and Oscar Broneer, those of the Lechaion Road to the west of this section, and of the Hemicycle area. Wulf Schaefer made the original drawings of the Bema Church and the Church of St. John in Figures 3 and 6-10.
In interpreting the drawings and other re- cords I had the advantage of some personal experience, particularly in supervising the ex- cavation of the Monastery of St. John and a small section south of Peirene. I was also gener- ally familiar with the course of excavation in much of the southern part of the area through having been present during the work of the
years from 1935 to 1938, but I had no close
personal contact with most of it. My part in this study has been largely the attempt to collate information preserved in the day-by-day excavation notes of the great number of members of the American School of Classical Studies who have worked at Corinth. I have no doubt failed in interpreting some of their
observations, and the work suffers from the
impossibility of continuing consultation with all of them, but the basic credit for the work
goes to them. I would record particular debts to Professors Oscar Broneer and Saul Wein-
berg who freely answered my questions sub- mitted by letter and allowed me to see manu-
script copies of their studies of the South Stoa and the Southeast Building, and to Professor John Kent for answering questions about
unpublished inscriptions. The work thus constitutes a general survey
of the architectural history of Corinth through
the middle ages so far as our information goes. It does not pretend to be a general history of Corinth through this period, although I have tried to provide an historical outline in the
paragraphs introductory to each section. Most of this derives from the work of John Finley and Antoine Bon, including Bon's contribution to Corinth, III, ii, listed in the Bibliography, but I have tried to add some details from other studies and independently. A real history of Corinth through this period is perhaps some- what closer to realization now that the archi-
tecture, together with the pottery and other
material, are available for evaluation. I conclude with noting happily my particu-
lar debts to Miss Alison Frantz of the staff of the Excavation of the Athenian Agora, who read the manuscript in an early stage and made useful criticisms; to Mr. Demetrios
Pallas, Ephor of Byzantine Antiquities in the
Peloponnesos and Western Greece for the Greek Archaeological Service, with whom I discussed matters frequently; to Professor Peter Topping, Director of the Gennadius
Library for generously offering facilities for work in the Library and for permission to
publish the print illustrated in Plate 14; to Professor John L. Caskey, Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens for generous and thoughtful assistance in many ways; and to my wife, for all kinds of aid. I am especially grateful for the careful and
kindly editorship of Miss Lucy Shoe. The work was done in 1953-1954 under a
Fellowship of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, while I held the post of Annual Professor at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens on leave from Emory University. To these institutions, without whose generous assistance I would have been unable to do the work, I am most profoundly grateful.
Emory University ROBERT L. SCRANTON
© A
CHAPTER I. THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD 395-610 ..................... 6
A. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA ................... ...... 9 THE JULIAN BASILICA AND THE METROPOLITAN CHURCH (11-12 H-I) ........... 9
THE SOUTHEAST BUILDING (11-12 J-K) .................. .... 11 THE CENTRAL STAIRS AND THE BEMA FOUNTAINS (4 L TO 11 J) ............. 12 THE PROPYLAIA (8 H) .... ..................... ... . . 14 THE HEMICYCLE AND RELATED BUILDINGS (6-7 C-D) .................. 14 THE AREA NORTH OF THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9-10 C-E) ............... 16
THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9-10 E-G) .. ......... ...... .... 21 THE FOUNTAIN PEIRENE (9-10 G-H) ......... ...... .. . 22 THE SOUTH STOA (4 0 TO 12 L) .... ...................... 2 THE WEST TERRACE (3 J-L) ............................. 24 THE NORTH MARKET (2-5 C-D) ................... . . . . . . . . 25 THE SYNAGOGUE NEAR THE THEATRE ................... .. 25
C. SUMMARY ...................................... 26
A. INTRODUCTORY ............. .. ...................27
B. BUILDINGS AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN THE CENTRAL AREA . ............. 28
THE GRAVES ................................ . 29
C. SUMMARY ...................................... 33
A. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA .................... .. 37 THE LECHAION ROAD (8 C-G) ..................... . . . . . . . 37 THE RAMP THROUGH THE PROPYLAIA (8 G-H) .................... .37
THE REGION NORTH OF THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9-10 C-E) . ............. 38
THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO AND THE CHURCH IN PEIRENE (9-10 E-H) .......... 38 THE HOUSE EAST OF PEIRENE (10 G-H) ..................... 839 OUT SOUTHEAST BUILDING (11-12 J-K) ........................41
rHE BEMA CHURCH (7-8 K-L) ............................ 42
© A
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE "GOVERNOR'S PALACE" (4-5 H-I) ........................ 46 THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE AGORA (4 0 TO 12 L) ..................... 47 THE WEST TERRACE (3 J-L) ............................. 47 THE WEST SHOPS (1 J TO 2 M) ............................ 48
THE NORTH MARKET AND THE NORTH ROAD (2-5 C-D) ................. 48
C. SUMMARY . ............. ................. . ....49
A. INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
BUILDINGS OF THE EARLIER PHASE (LATE ELEVENTH CENTURY) ............ . 54
THE AREA OF THE BEMA . ..... ............... .... .. .. 54
THE BEMA CHURCH (7-8 K-L) ..................... ..... 54 THE BEMA SHOPS (7-8 J-K) ............................ 55
THE WEST TERRACE (3-4 J-K) ........................... 56 BUILDINGS OF THE LATER PHASE (TWELFTH CENTURY) .................. 57
THE MARKET AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
THE PLATEIA (5 K TO 8 J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 THE SHOPS (8 J TO 4 L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 STRUCTURES IN THE WEST END OF THE MARKET (4-5 J) ............... 60
PUBLIC BUILDING AT THE EAST END OF THE MARKET PLATEIA (8 J) .......... 60
THE INN (9 J) ................................ 60
THE MONASTERY OF ST. JOHN THEOLOGOS ....................... 61
THE CHURCH (3 J) .............................. 61 THE MONASTERY (2-4 J-K) ............................ 64
THE SOUTHWEST QUARTER ............................. 66 THE HOUSE (3-4 L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 THE SOUTHWEST BUILDING (1-2 L-M) ....................... 67 THE CEMETERY AROUND TEMPLE E ....................... 67
THE WESTERN SOUTH-CENTRAL QUARTER ....................... 67
THE CERAMIC FACTORIES (5 L-N) .......................... 67 THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN QUARTER (6-8 L-N) ..................... 68
THE TOWER COMPLEX (6-7 L) ........................... 68 THE SOUTH BATH (6-7 M) ............................ . 70 THE BEMA CHURCH (7-8 K-L) ........................... 71 THE AREA SOUTH OF THE BEMA CHURCH (8 L-M) ................. . 73 THE BOULEUTERION HOUSE (8 M-N) ....................... 73
THE EASTERN SOUTH-CENTRAL QUARTER (9-10 K-M) .................. 73 THE GRAPE EMPORIUM (10 J-K) .......................... 74
THE SOUTHEAST BUILDING (11-12 J-K) ........................ 75 THE EAST QUARTER (11-12 H-J) .......................... 75
THE SHOPS (10-11 I-J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 THE TAVERN (10 I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 THE HOUSE (10-11 I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
THE NORTHEAST ROAD (9 H-10 F) ................... ..... 76 THE LECHAION ROAD (8 C-H) ............................ 77
THE PROPYLAIA (8 H) ............................ 77 PEIRENE (9 H) .................... .....77 THE SHOPS (7-8 D-G) ...................7... .. 77 THE AREA NORTH OF THE PERIBOLOS OF APOLLO (9 D-E) ............... 78
THE NORTH BATH (8 C) ................... ... ....... 78
THE AREA OF THE HEMICYCLE (6-7 C-D) ..................... 79
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
THE NORTH ROAD (6 H TO 4 C) ........................ . 80 THE AREA OF THE NORTH MARKET (2-5 C-D) .................... . 80 THE TEMPLE ROAD (2-5 G) .. ...... ... .................. 81 THE NORTHWEST ROAD TOWARD SIKYON (4 J TO 2 G) ..... ............ 81
THE NORTHWEST TAVERN (3-4 I) .................8........ 82 THE NORTHWEST HOUSE (2-3 I) ............................ 82
C. SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
CHAPTER V. THE FRANKISH PERIOD 1210-1458 ........................ 84
A. INTRODUCTORY .. ...... .. . ... ............ ...... ... 84 B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA .................. . .. .... 86
CHAPTER VI. THE TURKISH PERIOD 1458-1858 ................... ..... 88
A. INTRODUCTORY .................................. 88 B. THE BUILDINGS OF THE CENTRAL AREA ...... .................. 91
PART 2. ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS ....................... .. . 97
CHAPTER I. TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION ..................... .... 97
W ALLS AND SUPPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES ...................... ..... . 97
FUNCTIONS ...................... 99 DOORS AND WINDOWS . ... ..... ....................... 100 FLOORS AND STAIRWAYS ................................. 101
CEILINGS AND ROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CHAPTER II. ORNAMENT ................ . .. . .......... . 103
CHAPTER III. PLANS AND TYPES OF BUILDINGS .................... .... 123
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS .. .. ... ........ ................. 123 CIVIC BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS ................ ................ 126 DOMESTIC BUILDINGS .................... .............. 128 SERVICE STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . 131
PITHOI .... ................................. 131
GROUP PLANNING .................................. . 133
APPENDICES . .... ....... ... ...................... . 137
A. THE GRAFFITI ................... ............... . 137 THE FORTIFICATION GRAFFITO ............................ 137 THE ROUND SHIP GRAFFITO ............................. 138 THE GALLEY GRAFFITO ............................... 139
B. THE "SIGMA TABLES" ................................ 19
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FIGURES IN THE TEXT Fig. PAGE
1. Plan of the Early Christian House North of the Peribolos of Apollo .............. 18
2. Plan of the Tenth-Century House East of Peirene ...................... 39
3. Plan of the Bema Church, Actual State. Scale 1:150 ..................... 44
4. Plan of the Bema Area in the Eleventh Century, Restored .................. 55
5. Plan of the West Terrace Area in the Eleventh Century, Restored. .............. 56
6. Plan of the Church of St. John Theologos, Actual State. Scale 1:150 ............. 62
7. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking East. Scale 1:150 ......... 94
8. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking West. Scale 1:150 ......... 94
9. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking North. Scale 1:150 ....... . 95
10. Section through the Church of St. John Theologos, looking South. Scale 1:150 ........ 95
11. Drawing of Sill Block in Use in Twelfth Century ........... ...... . 100
12. Schematic Drawing of Vaulted Tomb. Scale ca. 1:40 .......................... . 127
13. Drawing of Graffito Representing Fortifications. Scale 1:6 .................. 137
14. Drawing of Graffito Representing Round Ship. Scale 1:5 .................. 138
15. Drawing of Graffito Representing Galley. Scale 1:3 ............. .... .... 139
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PLATES Plate
1 1 The Early Christian Central Stairs in the Agora 2 The Early Christian Fountain West of the Bema
2 1 The Hemicycle just after Excavation 2 The Court of Peirene during Excavation
3 1 The Early Christian House North of the Peribolos of Apollo, from the North 2 The Latrine in the House 3 The Private Bath in the House 4 The Tenth-Century House East of Peirene, in 1954
4 1 The Tenth-Century Ramp through the Propylaia, as Excavated 2 Arched Doorway in Cellar West of Bema Church
5 The Bema Church Area from the West, as Excavated
6 1 The Bema Church from the East, as Excavated 2 The Bema Church from the West, as Excavated
7 1 The Church of St. John Theologos from the West, in 1937 2 The Church of St. John Theologos from the East, in 1937
8 1 Interior of Church of St. John Theologos, looking East, in 1937 2 Interior of Church of St. John Theologos, looking West, in 1937
9 1 The Tower Complex from the West, as Excavated 2 The Tower Complex from the North, as Excavated
10 1 The South Central Bath from the North, during Excavation 2 The South Road, as Excavated
11 1 The Wine Press Building, in 1954 2 A Corner of the Inn on the Market Plateia, as partially Excavated
12 1 The North Bath on the Lechaion Road from the Northwest, in 1954 2 The North Room in the North Bath, in 1954 3 The Pithos Room in the North Bath, in 1954 4 A Window Mullion Re-used as Sill
13 1 Arch in Southernmost Lechaion Road Shop 2 The Apsidal Building in the South Basilica from the East, as Excavated
14 View of Corinth about 1700, from Copper Engraving by G. Bodenehr in 1720, perhaps elaborated from sketch by V. Coronelli about 1708
15 1 Mediaeval Walls over Eastern Central Shops 2 Mediaeval Walls East of Bema Church
16 1 Mediaeval Wall in South Stoa, Room "H" 2 Mediaeval Walls in Area of Ceramic Factories
17 1 A Flat-Roofed Tomb 2 A Vaulted Osteotheke
© A
Plate
18 1 A Built Pithos 2 A Ceramic Pithos 3 Lips of Pithoi in Southeast Building 4 A Cistern
19-85 Carved Architectural Ornament
86 1 Successive Water Channels North of Peribolos of Apollo 2 Marble "Sigma Table" from the Peribolos of Apollo 3 Marble "Sigma Table" from the Building Behind the Hemicycle 4 Marble "Sigma Table" from the Kranion Church
PLANS
II. Sketch Map of the City Area of Corinth
III. Plan of the Central Area of Corinth to…
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