McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved SECTION 5.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved

SECTION 5.1SECTION 5.1

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

5-2

INTRODUCTION

• Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization– Hardware - consists of the physical devices

associated with a computer system– Software - the set of instructions that the

hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

5-3

HARDWARE BASICS

• Hardware components include:1. Central processing unit (CPU)

2. Primary storage

3. Secondary storage

4. Input device

5. Output device

6. Communication device

5-4

Central Processing Unit

• Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor

• Control unit

• Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

5-5

Advances in CPU Design

• Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip - type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly

• Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip - limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute – these are faster than CISC chips.

• Virtualization - a protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines

5-6

Primary Storage

• Primary storage - the computer’s main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

5-7

Primary Storage - RAM

• Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus– Volatility – Cache memory

5-8

Primary Storage (ROM)

• Read-only memory (ROM) - the portion of a computer’s primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power, AKA non-volatile.

• Portable ROM– Flash memory – Memory card– Memory stick

5-9

Secondary Storage

• Older devices use magnetic tape

• Optical mediums use laser technology:– Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) – Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive– Digital video disk (DVD) – DVD-ROM drive– Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)

5-10

Input Devices

– Manual input devices• Joystick• Keyboard• Microphone• The textbook lists 4 more types

– Automated input devices• Bar code scanner• Digital camera• Magnetic ink character reader• The textbook lists 4 more types.

5-11

Output Devices

• Output device - equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests – Cathode-ray tube (CRT)– Liquid crystal display (LCD)– Printers– The book forgot to list speakers.

5-12

Communication Devices

• Communication device - equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another– Dial-up access– Cable– Digital subscriber line– Wireless– Satellite

5-13

COMPUTER CATEGORIES

• Computer categories include:– Personal digital assistant (PDA) – Laptop– Tablet– Desktop– Workstation – Minicomputer – Mainframe computer– Supercomputer

5-14

System Software

– Operating system software – runs everything. • Mac/OS2• Linux• Unix• Windows

– Utility software - provides additional

functionality to the operating system. • Can you give some examples?

5-15

Application Software

• Types of application software – does user tasks.– Browser– Communication– Data management– Desktop publishing– E-mail– Groupware– Presentation graphics– Programming– Spreadsheet– Word processing

McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved

SECTION 5.2SECTION 5.2

Enterprise ArchitectureEnterprise

Architecture

5-17

ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

5-18

Backup and Recovery

• Backup - an exact copy of a system’s information

• Recovery - the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure

• What is the difference between – Fault tolerance – Failover

5-19

Disaster Recovery Cost Curve

5-20

Infrastructure Architecture

• Flexibility – Changing business needs

• Scalability – Changes in demand volume

• Reliability – Information is correct

• Availability – Percentage of time system is accessible to users.

• Performance – Speed and throughput

• Managed by Capacity planning

5-21

Capacity Planning 1

• Demand will fluctuate

• Capacity should at least match peak demand, not average demand

5-22

Capacity Planning 2

Assume you need 110 GB Capacity. Which setup would you prefer?

100 GBCapacity

100 GBCapacity

40 GBCapacity

40 GBCapacity

40 GBCapacity

40 GBCapacity

Plus backup of

5-23

APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE

• Application architecture - determines how applications integrate and relate to each other

5-24

Web Services

• An Event occurs when a condition exceeds normal limits. It triggers action

Event

5-25

THE PORTER FIVE FORCES MODEL

5-26

Porter Model – In Class Exercise

• Select a company.

• Analyze its profit potential using the Porter Five Forces model.– Buyer Power– Supplier Power– Substitute Products– Barriers to Entry/Exit– Industry Structure

5-27

The Splane Five Factors Model

# of People buying Enough of Something

at a Price that exceeds Costs

equals Profits