MC0087-PPT-Unit-01

C o n f i d e n t i a l

MC0087-TCP/IPUnit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

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Program : MCA

Semester : 6

Subject Code : MC0087

Subject Name : TCP/IP

Unit Number : 1

Unit Title : Architecture of TCP/IP

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Objectives

• Describe the purpose and history of the TCP/IP protocol suite.• Describe the internet standards process • Define common terms used in TCP/IP• Describe the architecture of TCP/IP protocol suite.

Architecture of TCP/IP

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Introduction

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a protocol that connects thousands of networks throughout the world. It connects several:

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Universities Government agencies

Libraries

Private companies

Individuals



Here are some of the major milestones of TCP/IP protocol.

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History of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Year Development Application

1970 Network Control Protocol (NCP) used by ARPANET hosts

Communication

1972 Telnet protocol Terminal Emulation for connecting different systems.

1973 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File transfer between different systems.

1974 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Enhanced Communication

1981 Internet Protocol (IP) - IP version 4 Addressing and Routing services

1982 TCP/IP protocol suite by Defense Communications Agency (DCA) and ARPA

Enhanced & Reliable communication

1983 ARPANET moved from NCP to TCP/IP Reliable communication

1984 Domain Name System (DNS) Provides domain names (IP address)

1995 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Provided Internet services

1996 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), also IP version 6 (IPv6) standards

HTTP used for World Wide Web



Several organizations and agencies manage the standards of Internet and they come under Internet Society.

A technical group called Internet Architecture Board is mainly responsible for:

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Internet Standards Process

Internetworking Technologies

Applications of the Internet

Development and Availability of the Internet

Development of the Standards and Protocols

Publishes Requests for Comments (RFCs)



Internet Architecture Board governs the following bodies:

Requests for Comments (RFCs) are the documents in which standards for the protocol suit (TCP/IP) are published. The information it contains is the: Internal working details of Internet Database of historical developments Experiments and previous information, etc.

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Internet Standards Process (contd…)

Internet Assigned Number Authority

(IANA)

This body is responsible for assignment of

protocol identifiers used over Internet.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

This body looks after the research projects of TCP/IP

suit.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Handles technical related issues and develop standards

called RFCs.



Some of the generic terms related to TCP/IP are:

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TCP/IP Terminology

Node: Any device (a router or host) that implements IP. Router: A device (node) that transfers packets of data. On an IPv6

network, it has information related to host configuration. Host: Is a node that transfers IP packets. It acts as source

and destination for IP traffic. It can discard the traffic. Upper Layer Protocol: A protocol used above Internet Protocol LAN Segment: Part of subnet with one medium and bounded by

bridges.

Node Router Host UL Protocol Segment

Subnet Network Interface Address Packet



Some of the generic terms related to TCP/IP are:

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TCP/IP Terminology

Subnet: Also called as link, it is bounded by routers and has same prefix of IP address.

Network: Group of subnets connected to each other by a router. Interface: A physical or logical connection between node and

subnet. Example: Adapter Address: It is an identifier, given to interface at the Internet

layer, so as to transfer the IP packets. Packet: It is a data unit (PDU), which has header and payload.

It is exists at the Internet layer.

Node Router Host UL Protocol Segment

Subnet Network Interface Address Packet



DARPA model is four-layer conceptual model given by U.S. government agency. The layers of TCP/IP protocol maps to DARPA layers. The architecture of TCP/IP protocol suite mapping to DARPA model is shown below:

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP Protocol Stack



The Network Interface Layer

The Network Interface Layer sends and receives the TCP/IP packets. This layer is also named as Network Access layer.

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite – Layers.

The Network

Interface layer

include the two

layers of OSI model

namely, Data Link

layer and Physical

layers.

.

Unlike Data Link

layer of OSI model,

the Internet layer of

DARPA does not

support services

like sequencing and

acknowledgment.

.

Sequencing and

acknowledgment

services are taken

care by Transport

layer or the

Application layer.



The Internet layerThis layer resembles Network layer of OSI model. The functions of this layer include:

The protocols used in this layer are:

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite – Layers

Addressing Packaging Routing.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).



The Transport layerThis layer is also named as Host-to-Host Transport layer. It offers session and datagram communication services to the Applications layer. The main protocols used in this layer are:

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Connection-oriented

One-to-one

Reliable

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Connectionless

One-to-one or many

Unreliable.



The Application layerThis layer allows applications to access the services of other layers.

The main protocols used in this layer are:

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• It sends files that form pages on World Wide Web.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• It sends standalone files for interactive user session.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• It is used to send messages and attachments of mail.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)



• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a protocol that connects thousands of networks

• A technical group called Internet Architecture Board is mainly responsible for developing Internet standards.

• Requests for Comments (RFCs) are the documents in which standards for the protocol suit (TCP/IP) are published.

• Some of the generic terms related to TCP/IP are: Node, Router, network, Subnet, Upper layer protocol, etc.

• DARPA model is four-layer conceptual model given by U.S. government agency.

• The Network Interface Layer sends and receives the TCP/IP packets.

• The Internet layer resembles Network layer of OSI model.• Transport layer is also named as Host-to-Host Transport layer.• The Application layer allows applications to access the

services of other layers.

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Summary



1. Name any three protocols used at Internet layer.A. The three protocols used at Internet layer are:

– Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)– Internet Protocol (IP)– Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

2. What kind of services does TCP provide during transmission.A. The services provided by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

are:– Connection establishment– Sequencing– Sending Acknowledgement– Recovering of packets.

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Test Your Understanding



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Draw the architecture of OSI and TCP/IP model and bring out the comparison between both.

Activity

MC0087-PPT-Unit-01

Documents

architecture of tcpip

protocol suit tcpip

architecture of tcpip

tcpip terminologynode

previousc o n f i d

technology domain of

standards of internet

tcpip reliable communication