Max Fajardo Simplified Methods on Building Construction

SimplifiedMethodson BUILDING CONSTRUCTION MAX 8. FA.JAAOQJR. B.S.Architecture,NationalUniversity1961;Passedthe . BoordExamforArchitects1961;FormerDeonCollegeof Architectureand UniversityofNorthEastern Pl)ilippines;Architect, . Public';tNorksProvince ofComorines Sur;PractisingArchitectandContractor;Authorand UsherofS'implifiedConstruction PhilippinesCopyright 1983 by MAXB.FAJARDO,JR. AllRightsReserved Everycopyofthisbookmustbear the genuinesignatureof theauthor.Copiesnothavingthesignaturewillbedeemedto hoveemanatedfromonillegalsource. FOREWORD Experiencedbuildersagreet hatBuilding Construct ionis con-sideredosthemostchallenging,complicotedandarticulatework inthefieldofconstruction.To discussthesubjectmatterembra-cingt hewholeaspect b_uildingconstructionfromthelaying outupfothelosttouchofthefinished workrequires several vol-umes. Theauthorinthisf irstvolumepresents therudimentary knowledgeoswellosthetechnie:a/aspectandof buildingconstruction. Thebookwasdesignedtopresentthetechnicaltradein--formationinashort,concise,directandplainlanguageac-companiedwithillustrationsos ovisualaidtothereader.Use-fultables,conversionfoetorandformulaefromtheEnglishto theMetricSystem(Sil,variouspermitforms,problemsandso-lutionswerealsoincorporated. Handtools,powertoolsandequipmentincludingtheirres-pectiveusesandfunctionsint heconstructionwerealsopre- . sentedbecausetheauthorconsideredthosetobethefirstone abuildershouldbefamiliarwi thbeforeanyotherthinginthe construction.ThebookcouldbeofgreathelptoArchitecture andEngineeringstudentsaswellastradeschoolstudents,car-pentersandlaymenwho haveinterest inthe fieldofconstruction. Forthefirst.vqlume, theauthorwishestoexpresshisgrate-fulacknowledgementtothe.valuableresearchandcontribu-tions. ofPepinN.Fajardo,and alsototheconstructive ofSupervisorJhonnyBlonquerawhofirstreadthepreliminary . manuscript.Theauthorlikewiseexpresseshisindebtednessand gratitudetothepersonshereunnamedwroinone wayorano-ther hovecontributed tothefullrealizationof thisbook. M.B.F. } TAILEOFCONTENTS CHAPTERITOOLS 11 1-2 1-3 1-4 l -5 1-6.. 1-7 l-8 1-9 1-lO I -ll 1-12 1- 13 1- 14 1- 15 Measuring iools. . . ... . . . .. . .. .. . . ... .. MarkingTools . . . ... .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . TestingandGuidingTools ... .. .. .. . FasteningToo I5. .. .. RoughFoc:ingTools. . .. . . .... . ..... . .... Toothed CuttingTool!>. . ... .. . . . .. . . . .. .. Sharp-EdgedTools.. . . . . .. . . . .... . Smoot hFacingTools. . ...... . : . ... .. ..... . . BoringorDrill ingTools... .. . . .. .... . . .. . . . HoldingTools... .. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. . .. .. SharpeningTools. . . . . .. .. ... . . . . . .. ..... . WorkBench.. .. .. . .. .. ... . .. . ...... RoughingUpTools.. . . .. .. . . .. : . . . . ... . . . SurfaceFinishingToofs.. . .. . .. \ .... . ... . . . Miscel laneousMasonryTools. .. . . . ...... . CHAPTER2WO 00 Page 2 5 6 12 13 14 19 22 26 29 31 32 33 35 37 2-1Introduction... .... .. ... ......... ,,. .. . ...,,. ,. :.... ..42 2-2DefinitionofTerms.... ...- .,)-"' . . ... . . ..... .,.,..._.42 2-3ClassificationofWood.i . . .r ' '.., ,,.,..,. _43 2-4PreparationofWood. . . .. .. ". . .. . . . ... .. , ,__, ,44 2-5DefectsinWood. .... ., . , . . , ... .. .... ... .. ,45 4!-6SeasoningofWood. .. .. .... .... .. . .... . .,,... 46 2-7CausesofDecay andMethods of..F!JeServotrtm. --:':'J47 MeasuringofWood. .. .. , . ... . ... .... ..... . ,. .49 2-9EnglishtoMetricMeasureo.f' ,_.. ._. .;.. .51 CHAPTER3LA.YOUT AND EXCAVATIONS. 3-l 3-2 3-3 3-4 J ...s 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9. 3-10 Defini t ion. . . ... . .... ... . . ... .. . . . .. .. Lay'outMethodsc;mdProcedures.. .. ... ... .. . MinorExcCtvation... . ,. ... ..... . . . .. .. . . .. MajorExcava t ion.. . ... . . . . . . . . . : ......... . SheetingandBraci ngShallowExcavat ion.. . SheetingandBracingofDeepExcavation. . SheetPiles..... . ..... . ..... .. ... . ..... . . Excavat ioninSond.. . .... ,.. ......... . . .. . ExcavationinClay . . . . ... . . . .. . . .. ... ... Filling... . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. ; ... . . . . ..... . 53 53 57 59 61 63 65 67 68 69 CHAPTER4C 0N C RE T E 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 Concrete........ , ............... , , ...... ~.. Cement........................... ~...... . Aggregate............................... Water......................... , . ~........ . Types of Concrete ond Their Weight........ MixingofConcrete....................... Segregation.............................. RequirementforGoodQualityConcrete..... . Curing............................. , . , .. . Admixture.............................. . ConcreteProportion andWater Cement Ratio.. Tests....................................... .. CHAPTER5METAL REINFORCEMENT 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5- J 1 S-12 SteelReinforcement.................. , . SteelBarsfromEnglishto MetricMeasure.... PrestressedSteel.............. WeldedWireFabric..................... Identificationof SteetBars................. . Bar CutOffandBend Points............... BarSplicing....................... ; ... . Bar Spacing............... .' ............. . Concrete ProtectionforReinforcement....... . Bundle ofBars.... ; .................... Control of Crocks......................... . MetalReinforcementSpecifications... .. .. CHAPTER6F 0U N D AT I 0N 6-l 6-2 63 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6 ~ 8 6-9 6-10 6-ll 612 613 BriefHistory. !......... . WallFooting..................... , ... . IsolatedorIndependentFooting........... CombinedFooting..................... ContinuousFooting.................... RaftorMatFooting..................... PiileFoundation....................... Piles.......... ............. . TheImportantFunctionsorUsesofP i l e ~... . QualityandDurability ofPiles...... , ..... . TimberPiles............................ DeteriorationofWoodPiles............... ProtectionofTimberPiles.................. 7J 71 71 72 72 73 76 76 77 78 78 82 86 87 90 91 91 93 94 94 95 97 98 98 100 102 102 106 107 107. 109 109 110 112 113 114 114 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20 6-21 6-22 6-23 6-24 6-25 PileDr.ivi ng.................. .. .... .... . Con.reteandPipePiles...... .... ........... . PrecastConcretePiles............ -. -.- ... . Deteriorationof ConcretePiles.... .... ..... . Metal' Pile........ - .. ,... : . .... . . . . . ... DrivingEquipment............. : . ... . Pile Spacing.............. ........ ........ . DrivingofPilesThroughonObstruction... . CausesofPileDeflectioninDriving SettlementofFoundation............. . .. . . FailureofPileFoundation................. . GrillageFooting.............. .......... . CHAPTER7SOIL TEST 115 118 119 119 120 120 124 124 125 125 126 l27 7-1AugerBoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .f 28 7-2WoshBoring. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .128 7-3HollowStemAugerBoring. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .129 7-4RotaryDrilling................. : . . ; . .129 7-5PercussionDrilling . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .130 7-6Penetrometer. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 7J7DutchConePenetration.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .130 7-8VoneShearTest..... :. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .131 7-9StandardLoadTest.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .182 CHAPTER8POST AND COLUMN 8-1Definition. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .13'-4 8-2WoodenPost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 8-3.Rein'forcedConcreteColumn. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .136 8-4TiedColumn. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 8-5SpiralColumn. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .149 8-6Composite cotumn. . . .... . . .. . .. . . . .. . .159 8-7Combined .Column.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .160 8'-8LallyColumn.. . . .. .. .. .... . .. .. .. . .. . . .l 61 CHAPTER9PLATFORM- FLOOR STRUCTURE 9-1WoodFloorSystem . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .162 9-2Beam.... .. ....... .. ....... .. : . . .165 9-3RelationBetweentheMaterials and Structure. .16.7 9-4Behavior of BeamUnder the Influence of Load.l69 9-5ReinforcementofConcreteBeam. . . . . . . . .170 9-6TheCompressionandTensionmaBeam. . .171 9-7SpacingofReinforcingBarsinSeam... ~ . .173 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9- 14 9-15 9-16 9-17 SplicingHooksandBends.. .. .. . .- .. SteelBorsCut Off'ond -BendPoint...... .. BeamsReinforced- forCompression. . .. WebReinforcement....... . . . ...... .... . Tor&ioninReinforced ConcreteMember. . T-BeamDesign&limitation, . . . ... . . OtherCausesofBeamFailure.......... ConcreteSlob.. ...... . . RibbedFloodSlab. ...... ............... .. TheAC IonConcreteJoistFloorConstruction. CHAPTER10 STEELFRAMING 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 l0-5 l0-6 10-7 10-8

10-10 10-1 1 10- 12 10- 13. Introduction. . .. . . . ..... . . . ...... . .. StructuralShapes. . ..... .... . . . .. ... StructuralSteel... . ....... . .. . .. . ........ . HighStrengthSteel....... .. . ...... . .. .. . RivetsandBolts. . . . . . . . . .. ...... . .. .. RivetingProcedures. . ... ... . .......... . ConditionsforPunchingandDrilling.. : ... . Bolts. ...... .. . ...... ..... ,... . _ :... ... . Connect ionofStructuralMembers.... . . ... . PlateGirders. .. .. ... . ..... . .. ... ..... . .. . WebPlatesandIntermediateStiffeners..... . RoofTrusses........ . ............... . . .. . WeldedConnections....... .. ..... .. .... . CHAPTER1.1 TIMBERROOFFRAMING 174 175 176 177 177 178 178 179 186 189 190 191 195 195 196 196 197 200 200 206 207 211 212 11-1Introduction. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .215 11 .. 2TypesofRoof.. .. ... .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . ..216 11- 3Types of RoofFrame. . .... ... , . . . . . . .. .. .220 11 -4TimberFramingFasteners. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .225 11-5lntf!rmediate Joints. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 11-6EndJoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 1 1-7Splicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 11-8GluedLaminatedLumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 CHAPTER12'ROOF AND ROOFING MATERIALS 12- lRoofingMaterials.. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..242 12-2GalvanizedironSheets... . . . - ..............243 12-3CorrugatedG.J.RoofingFasteners......... .246 t 2-4Advantagesand Disadvantagesof G. I.Rivets. .247 12-5Advantages andOisadvcntagess of G. I.Nails. :247 12-6 12-7 12-8 12-9 12-lO 12-1 1 TechnicalSpecifications.. . .......... . .. PlainG.l.Sheet......................... . Flat,Standing Seom and Botten_ Roofing..... . SlopeofRooF . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .... . CloyTileRoofing... . .... ... ....... .. ... . . Asbestosond Color. Bond Roofing. .. .... .... . CHAPTER13 STAIRS 248 249 252 . . 252 255 256 13-1Introduction....................... .259 13-2Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .259 13-3Laying Out of Stairs ...................... .263 13-4laying OuttheStringer. , . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .263 13-5TypeofStringers. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .265 13-6HandrailandBalusters. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . ..266 13-7ReinforcedConcreteStairways. . . . . . .. . . . . .266 CHAPTER14 PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION 14-1

14-3 14-4 14-5 14-6 l4-7 14-8 14-9 14-10 14-11 14-12 14-13 Introduction. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. Types ofPrecastStructure....... . ......... . RoofandFloor Members....... ..... . . . .. .. PrecastBeams. ... .. .. .. .. PrecastColumn................... .. .... PrestressedConcrele.................... . Prestressing of Concrete........ ... ... .. ... . ConcreteforPrestressing... ............. . . ShopeofPrestressedStructure... . ......... . MetalRein:orcement.. .... .............. . GroutforBondedTendons...... .. ... ..... . Measurementof Force.. .. . . ... . PostTensioningAnchorage. .... . .......... . CHAPTER15FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 269 269 270 271 272 272 273 275 275 , 280 282 283 283 15- JForm. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .284 1-5-2Construction,f forms............. ,' ,.:. . .285 ErectionondSecuringofForms.. . . . . . . . . . .287 15-4WallForms......................... . . .288 155Greasing ofForms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 15-6ComparativeAnalysisBetween tke T&G ond Plywoodas Form. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .289 15-7Scaffolding andStaging.. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . ..290 15-8Stagingfor Reinforced ConcreteBeamand FloorSlob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 15-9ConduitsandPipesEmbeddedinConcrete294 CHAPTER16 HOISTiNG EQUIPMENTandPOWERTOOLS 16- 1Hoi st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 16-2Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 16-3Knotting andH1tching.. .. .. . ... ... . .. ..298 16-4Pulleys...... . ..... . .......... . .... .. ..304 16-5CircularSow. . ........... . ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 16-6RadialArmSow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 0 16-7PortableElectricSow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 16-8PortableElectricDrill.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .3 11 16-9DrillPress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 2 16- 10PortableElectricSaberSaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 13 16-1 1BandSaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 14 16-12SingleSurfacePlaner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .31 7 16- 13Portable Sanders.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .317 16- 1-4Porta ble HandRouter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 16-15WoodLathe. .... . , . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .319 16-16TruckMountedCrane . .. ........ ~, . . , . . .320 16-17TpwerCrone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 APPENDICES... .... . ............ , . . . . . . . . . .322 CHAPTER1 TOOLS INTRODUCTION Toolshadbeenregardedasapartnerofmansquestfor progressandsurvivalfromtheearlystoneagedownto thepre-sentgeneration.Themechanicaladvantages,accuracy,speed andefficiencyderivedfromtheuseof therighttool s andequip-ment,haspromptedmantocontinuouslysearchfortherefine-mentofoldtoolsasidefromtheinventionandintroduction of newonesthatwouldprovidegreater efficiency andrefinement of work. Comparatively, it could beseenfrom the structures andworks ,ofpastbuilders,thequality.refinementoftextureandthetime involvedintheirconstructiontobefarbehindthewor ksofthe presentgeneration.Thesecouldbemainlyattributedtothekind oftoolsandorpowertoolsthatarebeingusedbythepresent contemporarybuilders Experiencedbuilderagrees,thattheefficiencyofthework inbuildingconstructioncouldbeaugmentedby25percentor morewiththeuseoftherightkindoftoolsasidefromtheim-proved quality of the work performed. Byhiringanexperiencedworkerwhohasacompletesetof tools howeverhighhisdemandforpayismore advantageous and cheaperthanhiring abeginnerwithalowerratebutwithoutthe. necessarytoolsfora particularjob.The former althoughdemand-ingahigherpaycanaccomplishw o r ~withbetterqu-alityina 5horttime thanthe latter whosework r isksrepair and delay not to mention the extra costinvolved. Theefficiencyandqualityoftheworkparticularlyinbuild-ing construction depends upon three factors: 1.Avai labi I ity andsufficiency of materials. 2.Experienceandskilloftheworkersintheirrespective field. 3.Completesetoftoolsandequipmentofgoodquality andstandard make. Thedifferentkindsofconstructiontoolsmaybeclassified according to the different kinds of trade involved: 1. Carpentry Tools 4.Painters Tools 2. Masonry Tools 5.Plumbing Tools 3. Tinsmithing Tools 6.Electrical Tools A- CARPENTRYTOOLS Carpentry tools are classifiedaccording to their functions: 1. Measuring Tools7.Sharp-edgedCutting Tools 2.Marking Tools8.SmoothFacingTools 3.Testing and Guiding Tools9.Boring orDrilling Tools 4.Fastening Tools10.Holding Tools 5.RoughFacing Tools11.Sharpening Tools 6.Toothed Cutting Tools12.WorkBench 1- 1MEASURINGTOOLS Theearlydevelopedmeasuringtoolsusedinconstructions wereofvarioustypesprovidedwithEnglish-measuregraduated scaleinto8th.and16thofaninch.Theforerunnerinmaking thesekindsofwarrantedtoolsaretheStanleyandtheLufki ns Rule Co. Theincreasingpopularityandworldwideacceptanceofthe Metricmeasurehaspromptedthesecompaniesandothersto adoptandincorporatethemeterandcentimeterrulesinallthe measuringtoolsthattheyaremanufacturing.Therecentmeasu-ri ngtoolsappeartocontaintheinchesononeedgeandthe centimetersontheoppositesideofeitherthezig-zagorpush pull tape. Consequently,theworldwideadoptionof the Metric System otherwiseknownastheSystemInternational(SI).manufacturers ofallkindsof toolshastochangethescaleandgraduationot measuringtoolsfromEnglishtoMetricmeasure.However,al-thoughtheEnglishmeasuringtoolsarealreadyobsolete,they arestillpresentedinthistopicforhistoricalbackground.How thepresenttoolsdevelopedthecorrelat ionbetweentheEnglish andtheMetr icmeasure,their equivalentvalues,how theyserved thepastgeneration andhowtheyusedtheinstrumen-tswhich couldbeofhelptotheeducationalbackgroundandadvance-ment of the present crop of builders. Thedi fferentkind,sofmeasuringtoolsthatarebeingused in building construction otherwise known as"Rules" are; 2 1. Thetwo foot four f olding rule 2. The ExtensionRule 3.Zig-zagRule 4. Push-Pull tape rule 5. Slide Caliper rule 6.Marking Gauges Thetwo foot four folding rule- is generally usedin measuring shortdistances.Itisusuallymadeupoffourfolds connected by threehingesspacedat6inc;hesor15emapartwhichcouldbe folded-up.' Figurel-1 ExtentionRule - Is usedformeasuringinsidedistancessuch a ~doors, windows, cabinets etc. Figure 1- 2 Zig-zagrule- Isavailabein(4ft.)1.20mand(6ft.)1.80m commonlyusedbycarpentersforroughlayout.Therearethree types of joints available: 1. Concealed 2.Riveted 3. Springless Push-PullTaperule- Isusedtomeasurelongdistances; available from1.00 m to 50 meters tong. SlideCaliper rule cylindricalobjects. tio-zoorule Figure 1-3 Isusedtomeasureoutsidediameterof SLIDECALIPERIIULE Figure1-4 Marking Gauges- Isusedto makelines parallel to the edges. Figure1 - 5 4 . The two foot four folding rule could be usedas a protractor using thevalues on table1-1. TABLE 1-1ANGLES AND OPENINGS OiLAng.Dis.Ang.Dis.Ano,Dis.An g.Dis.Ang.Dis.Ang. in.0in.0in.0in.0in0in.0 .21 , 3.34166.41319.384612.186114.7876 .4223.55176.62329.574712.366214.9477 .6333.75186.82339.764812.546315.1176 .8443.96197.02349.954912.726415.2779 1.0554.17207.223510. 145012.906515.4380 1.2664.37217.423610.335113.076615.5981 1.4774.58227.613710.525213.256715.7582 1.6784.78237.813810.715313.426815.9083 1.8894.99248.013910.905413.596916.0684 2.09105.19258.204011.085513.777016.2185 2.30115.40268.404111.275613.947116.3786 2.51125.60278.604211.455714.1 17216.52'87 2.72135.81288.804311.645814.287316.6788 2.92146.01298.994411.825914.447416.8289 3.13156.21309.184512.006014.617516.9790 1-2MARKINGTOOLS Markingtoolsareclassifiedaccordingtothekindof workit isto perform: 1.Chalkor charcoalline- isusedformarkinga very rough work. 2.Round pencillead- usedfor marking rough work. 3.Scratchawl - i s usedinmark ing a semi-roughwork. 4.Scriber- isusedinmarkingfinework.Itis hardened steelwith a sharp point designed to mark fine line. 5.Compass- is usedto inscribe arcs or circle. 6.Divider- isusedindividingdistancesintoequalparts' particularly anarc or circumference. 5 SCRA"fCHAWL CHALKORCHARCOALLINE COMPASS Figure1-6 1-3TESTING AND GUIDING TOOLS Goodcarpentryworkdemands i nmeasurementand awellfitted joint orpartstogether.Thiscouldbedonewiththe various guiding tools for a precise and quality work. Thedifferentkindsoftestingandguiding tools are: 1.Level- isusedforbothguidingandtestingthework to a vertical or ht>rizontalposition. 2.PlasticHosewithwater- isthebest andaccurate tool for guiding the workinestablishing a horizontallevel. Figure..1-7 3.PlumbBob- isusedtocheckorobtainaverticalline. The word plumb meansperpendicular to a horizontalplane. 6. PL.UM8808 Figure18 4.Miter Box- isadeviceusedasa guide of the hand sawin cutting object to form a miter joint. Figure19 5.Mitershootingboard- isapl ai nboardwithtwo45 guidefastened ontopoftheupperboard.Thisdeviceisusedfor designing patterns, cabinets.etc. ' Figure1-10 7 8 6.Slidingr ~ b e v e l- islikeatrysquarewithaslidinaand adjustable blade that couldbe setto any angle other than 90 SLIDINGT- BEVEL Figure111 .TABLE 12TABLE OF ANGLES PolygonAngleTongueBlade No.of SidesDegreesln.em.ln.em. 3301230.52071853.0 5 541230.58 25/3222.3 6601230.56 15/1617.6 764.31230.55 25/3214.6 867.51230.54 31/3212.6 9701230.543/811.1 10721230.537189.8 Table1 - 2isusefulinlayingouttheincludedangles of a given polygon. 7.AngleDivider- is a double bevelusedto divide anangle acomplicatedwork.Thistoolcoulddivideanangleinone / ... [ ~ L-_J SQUARE / /,. ' COMBINEDTRYAND ANGLEOlVlOER MITERSQUARE Figure1-12 8.Square- iscalleda"TryingSquare".Squareisa right angl estandardat90degreesus.edinmarkingortestingwork. The different types of squareare: a)TrySquare- isasquarewithbladesthatrangesfrom (3" to 15")7.6to 38 em. b)MiterSquare- isasquarewit hbl adespermanentlyset. at 45 degrees. c)CombinedTryandMiterSquare .- isacombinationof 45 and 90 degreesin one set. d)CombinationSquare..:..issimilartoatrysquareonly thattheheadcanbemadetoslideandclampatany desi redplaceofthebladeandisalsoprovidedwitha miter and a levelguide. 9 e)FramingorSteelSquare- socalledasitisusedeffec-tivelyonframing work. FRAMINGORSTEELSQUARE Figurel -13 Parts of a framingsquare: Body- the l ongerandwiderpart Tongue- the shorter and the narrower part Face- thesidevisiblewhenthesquareisheldbythe tongue in the right hand, the body pointing to the left. Back- the side~ i s i b l ewhenthe squareis heldbythetongue with the left hand, the body pointing to the r ight. 10 ..,._u:n HAND TONGUE. Figure1-14 TAf?LE1-3 TABLEOFANGLEFORM BYTHE SQUARE (inches) Angles:Tongue:Body:Angle:Tongue:Body:Angle: Tongue:Body: .3520.00165.5119.233110.2817. 14 2.7019.99175.8519. 133210.6016.96 31.0519.97186. 1819.023310.8916.77 41.4019.95196.5118.913411 .1816.58 51.7419.92206.8418.793511.4716.38 62.0919.89217.1718.693611.7616. 18 72.4419.85227.4918.543712.0414.98 82.7819.81237.8018.403812.3115.76 93.1319.75248.1318.273912.5915.54 103.4719.70258.4518. 134012.8115.32 113.8219.63268.7717.984113. 1215.09 124.1619.56279.0817.824213.381