BASIC MEASUREMENTS -
Jul 25, 2015
BASIC MEASUREMENTS
-
LENGTH
A) Determining the Metric Units of Length
1. Length is the distance between two points.
2. The relationships between the metric units of length are shown below :
B) Conversion between Metric Units of length
A unit of length can be converted to another
unit.
(a) 1 cm = 10 mm
(b) 1 m = 100 cm
(c) 1 m = 100 x 10 mm
= 1 000 m
(d) 1 km = 1 000 m
(e) 1 km = 1 000 x 100 cm
= 100 000 cm
(f) 1 km = 100 000 x 10 mm
= 1 000 000 mm
Worked Example 2
Convert
(a) 31 m to cm, 4
(b) 26 cm 2 mm to mm
Solution
Worked Example 3
Convert
(a) 62.3 cm to m,
(b) 1 km 25 m to km.
Solution
Worked Example 4
Convert
(a) 85 mm to cm and mm,
(b) 6 054
Solution
Worked Example 5
Convert
(a) 73 m to m and cm, 4
(b) 0. 52 km to cm.
Solution
C) Measuring the Lengths of Objects
Worked Example 6
Measure the length of the straight line PR with
a ruler.
Solution
PR = 2.8 cm or 2 cm 8 mm
Worked Example 7
Mesure the curve MN.
Solution
Use a piece of thread and place it on the curve from M to N. Mark the point N on it. Stretch the
thread on a ruler to measure the length of the curve MN.
MN = 4.6 cm or 4 cm 6 mm
D) Drawing Straight Lines
Use A straight line can be drawn by using a ruler and a pencil if the length is given.
E) Estimating the Lengths of Objects
When estimating the length of an object, an appropriate unit of length must be used.
For example :-
The appropriate unit of measurement for estimating the thickness of a coin is mm. Other units of length such as m and km are not suitable in this case. m and km are used for larger measurement.
F) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division involving Length
Estimate Before performing addition, subtraction, multiplication or division involving lengths of different units, we have to change all the measurements to the same unit first.
Worked Example 10
Solve
(a) 15 m 42 cm + 6 m 25 cm
(b) 24. 9 cm + 4 mm.
Solution
Therefore, 15 m 42 cm + 6 m 25 cm
= 21 m 67 cm
MASS
A) Determining the Metric Units of Mass 1. Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
2. Mass is usually measured in grams (g), kilograms (kg) and tonnes in metric units.
3. A suitable unit of measured should be used for determining the mass of an object.
B) Conversion between Metric Units of Mass
The relationships between the units of
mass in the metric system are as follows.
Worked Example 16
Convert
(a) 2. 45 kg to g,
(b) 3 106 kg to tonnes,
(c) 15 030 g to kg and g,
(d) 67. 05
Solution
C) Estimating the Mass of Object
When estimating the mass of an object, an
appropriate unit of mass must be used.
For Example :-
The unit suitable for measuring the mass of a 20 cent coin is g. kg is not suitable in this case as kg is used for larger measurements.
E) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division involving Mass
Before performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division involving mass, change all
the measurements to the same unit.
Worked Example 19
Solve
(a) 8 tonnes 350 kg + 6 tonnes 740 kg,
(b) 13 kg 70 g - 4 kg 520 g
(c) 720 g - 3 kg 5
Solution
TIME
A) Determining the Appropriate Units of Time
1. Time is the period between two occurrences or events.
2. The units of time are seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries and millenniums.
B) Conversion between Units of Time
State a The relationships between the units of time
are as follows :
Worked Example 24
Convert
(a) 36 months to years,
(b) 309 minutes to hours and minutes.
Solution
(a) 32 months = ( 36 ÷ 12 ) years
= 3 years
C) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division involving Time
Worked Example 27
Solve
(a) 14 weeks 2 days - 6 weeks 5 days
(b) 22. 3 minutes - 24 seconds
Solution
(b) 22. 3 minutes - 24 seconds
= ( 22 + 0. 3) minutes - 24 seconds
= 22 minutes + ( 0. 3 * 60 ) seconds -
24 seconds
= 22 minutes 18 seconds - 24 seconds
= 21 minutes 54 seconds
Worked Example 28
Solve
(a) 8 days 15 hours x 4
Solution
Worked Example 29
Solve
(a) 7 hours ÷ 12
Solution
(a) 7 hours ÷ 12
= ( 7 x 60 ) minutes ÷ 12
= 420 minutes ÷ 12
= 35 minutes
F) Problem Solving involving Time
Worked Example 30 A bus took 6 hours 35 minutes to travel from Seremban to Ipoh. It took another 2 hours 15 minutes to travel from Ipoh to Butterworth. Calculate the total time taken to travel from Seremban to Butterworth.
Solution
Given information :
Seremban to Ipoh = 6 hours 35 minutes Ipoh to Butterworth = 2 hours 15 minutesFind : Total time from Seremban to Butterworth
6 hours 35 minutes+ 2 hours 15 minutes_____________________ 8 hours 50 minutes______________________
8.4 TWELVE-HOUR AND TWENTY- FOUR-HOUR SYSTEM
A) Time in the 12-hour System
1. Time can be expressed in the 12-hour system or 24-hour system.
2. In the 12-hour system, we have to state clearly whether the time is in the morning, noon, after- noon, evening, night or midnight.
3. In the 12-hour system, a.m. is used for the time between midnight and noon whereas p.m. is used for the time between noon and midnight.
B) Time in the 24-hour System
1. In the 24-hour system, four digits are used to indicate time. The first two digits denote hour and the last two digits denote minutes.
For example :-
2. A day ends at 2400 hours. The next day begins at 0000 which is 12. 00 midnight.
C) Changing Time in the 12-hour System to the 24-hour System and vice versa
The relationship between the times in two systems
is shown below.
Worked Example 33
Change each of the following to the 24-hour system.
(a) 8. 15 a.m. (d) 10 .45 p.m.
(b) 11. 00 a.m. (e) 12. 20 a.m.
(c) 4. 35 p.m.
Solution
D) Determining the Interval between Two given Times
Interval is the length of time between two given times.
Worked Example 35
Find the interval between 09.15 a.m. and 3. 45 p.m.
on the same day.
Solution
Interval
= 2 hours 45 minutes + 3 hours 45 minutes
= 6 hours 30minutes
Worked Example 36
Find the interval between 11. 30 p.m. on Tuesday and 4. 15 a.m. on Wednesday.
Solution
Interval
= 30 minutes + 4 hours 15 minutes
= 4 hours 45 minutes
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