Maternal Behavior Anne Neumann PSY 890 Psychopharmacology.

Maternal BehaviorMaternal Behavior

Anne NeumannAnne Neumann

PSY 890 PsychopharmacologyPSY 890 Psychopharmacology

Maternal BehaviorMaternal Behavior

Any behavior that contributes directly Any behavior that contributes directly to the survival of offspring that have left to the survival of offspring that have left the body of the female (Nelson, 2005)the body of the female (Nelson, 2005)

Sensitization/ concaveation: process Sensitization/ concaveation: process whereby continuous exposure to young whereby continuous exposure to young pups can induce maternal pups can induce maternal responsiveness in non-lactating female responsiveness in non-lactating female rodents (Rosenblatt, 1967)rodents (Rosenblatt, 1967)

Numan & Insel (2003)

Endocrine control of Endocrine control of MBMB Moltz et al. (1970): Moltz et al. (1970): Ovariectomized nulliparous female rats were Ovariectomized nulliparous female rats were

injected SC with EB over days 1-11, P over injected SC with EB over days 1-11, P over days 6-9 and Prol on days 9 and 10days 6-9 and Prol on days 9 and 10

Control females: EB+P, P+Prol, EB + Prol, no Control females: EB+P, P+Prol, EB + Prol, no hormoneshormones

Females that received EB + P + Prol regimen Females that received EB + P + Prol regimen had the shortest latencies to onset of MB (48 had the shortest latencies to onset of MB (48 hours)hours)

Females in the EB and P group showed Females in the EB and P group showed moderate stimulation of MB (3 days)moderate stimulation of MB (3 days)

Females in P + Prol and EB + Prol groups did Females in P + Prol and EB + Prol groups did not differ from untreated femalesnot differ from untreated females

Neuroanatomy of maternal Neuroanatomy of maternal behaviorbehavior

VNO → accessory olfactory bulbs VNO → accessory olfactory bulbs → lateral olfactory tract → medial → lateral olfactory tract → medial nuclei of amygdala → stria nuclei of amygdala → stria terminalis → BNST/ MPOAterminalis → BNST/ MPOA

Neurochemistry of MBNeurochemistry of MB

OxytocinOxytocin OpioidsOpioids Prolactin/DopamineProlactin/Dopamine

Oxytocin and MBOxytocin and MB

Pedersen & Prange (1979): ICV Pedersen & Prange (1979): ICV oxytocin facilitates MB in virgin rats. oxytocin facilitates MB in virgin rats.

Fahrbach et al (1986): Oxytocin could Fahrbach et al (1986): Oxytocin could facilitate MB, only in females tested in facilitate MB, only in females tested in a novel environment.a novel environment.

Reducing oxytocin neurotransmission Reducing oxytocin neurotransmission (oxytocin inhibitors, antagonists, (oxytocin inhibitors, antagonists, lesions of PVN) inhibits onset of MB. lesions of PVN) inhibits onset of MB.

Oxytocin and MBOxytocin and MB

Pedersen et al. (1982)

OxytocinOxytocin

Insel & Harbaugh (1989)

Oxytocin receptorOxytocin receptor

Oxytocin receptor: membrane-bound G-protein Oxytocin receptor: membrane-bound G-protein coupled receptor that along with the 3 coupled receptor that along with the 3 vasopressin receptors form the OT-AVP vasopressin receptors form the OT-AVP receptor familyreceptor family

Oxytocin receptors: in uterus, kidney, and brainOxytocin receptors: in uterus, kidney, and brain

Facilitation of MB requires increase in central Facilitation of MB requires increase in central rather than peripheral oxytocin. rather than peripheral oxytocin.

Oxytocin’s effects require estrogen priming.Oxytocin’s effects require estrogen priming.

OxytocinOxytocin

Numan & Insel (2003)

Opioids and MBOpioids and MB

Both the content of β-Both the content of β-endorphin in the MPOA and endorphin in the MPOA and the density of 3H-nalaxone the density of 3H-nalaxone binding are decreased binding are decreased during day 12 of lactation during day 12 of lactation relative to day 12 of relative to day 12 of pregnancy.pregnancy.

Parallel increases were found Parallel increases were found in ovariectomized females in ovariectomized females treated with both E and P treated with both E and P relative to ovariectomized relative to ovariectomized nontreated females. nontreated females.

Hammer & Bridges (1987)

Opioids and MBOpioids and MB

Bridges & Grimm (1982): Morphine prevented the Bridges & Grimm (1982): Morphine prevented the onset of maternal behavior and opiate receptor onset of maternal behavior and opiate receptor antagonist naloxone blocked morphine effects. antagonist naloxone blocked morphine effects.

Rubin & Bridges (1984): Morphine blocked maternal Rubin & Bridges (1984): Morphine blocked maternal behavior in sensitized ovariectomized females, when behavior in sensitized ovariectomized females, when placed into the MPOA, but not VMH.placed into the MPOA, but not VMH.

Mann, Kinsley, & Bridges (1991): Morphine effects are Mann, Kinsley, & Bridges (1991): Morphine effects are mediated via the mediated via the μμ-receptor: ICV administration of β--receptor: ICV administration of β-endorphin or DAGO reduced maternal behavior for 1-3 endorphin or DAGO reduced maternal behavior for 1-3 hours, whereas other opioid agonists (DPDPE (δ), hours, whereas other opioid agonists (DPDPE (δ), U50488H (κ)) failed to disrupt MB U50488H (κ)) failed to disrupt MB

Prolactin and MBProlactin and MB

Acute administration of prolactin Acute administration of prolactin has never been shown to induce has never been shown to induce rapid-onset MB.rapid-onset MB.

Lack of selective, high-affinity Lack of selective, high-affinity antagonists for prolactin antagonists for prolactin receptors to decrease prolactin receptors to decrease prolactin functionfunction

Prolactin and MBProlactin and MB

Numan & Insel (2003)

ReferencesReferences

Bridges, R.S. & Grimm, C.T. (1982). Reversal of morphine disruption of maternal Bridges, R.S. & Grimm, C.T. (1982). Reversal of morphine disruption of maternal behavior by concurrent treatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone. behavior by concurrent treatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone. ScienceScience, , 218, 166-168.218, 166-168.

Hammer, R.P. & Bridges, R.S. (1987). Preoptic area opioids and opiate receptors Hammer, R.P. & Bridges, R.S. (1987). Preoptic area opioids and opiate receptors increase during pregnancy and decrease during lactation. increase during pregnancy and decrease during lactation. Brain ResearchBrain Research, 420, 48-, 420, 48-56.56.

Insel, T.R. & Harbaugh, C.R. (1989). Lesions of the hypothalamic paraventricular Insel, T.R. & Harbaugh, C.R. (1989). Lesions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus disrupt the initiation of maternal behavior. nucleus disrupt the initiation of maternal behavior. Physiology and BehaviorPhysiology and Behavior, 45, , 45, 1033-1041.1033-1041.

Moltz, H., Lubin, M., Leon, N., Numan, M. (1970). Hormonal induction of maternal Moltz, H., Lubin, M., Leon, N., Numan, M. (1970). Hormonal induction of maternal behavior in the ovariectomized nulliparous rat. behavior in the ovariectomized nulliparous rat. Physiology & Behavior,Physiology & Behavior, 5, 1373- 5, 1373-1377.1377.

Numan, M. & Insel, T.R. (2003). Numan, M. & Insel, T.R. (2003). The neurobiology of parental behaviorThe neurobiology of parental behavior. Springer: . Springer: New YorkNew York

Pedersen, C.A., Ascher, J.A., Monroe, Y.L., Prange, A.J. Jr (1982). Oxytocin induces Pedersen, C.A., Ascher, J.A., Monroe, Y.L., Prange, A.J. Jr (1982). Oxytocin induces maternal behavior in virgin female rats. maternal behavior in virgin female rats. ScienceScience, 216, 648-649., 216, 648-649.

Pedersen, C.A., Caldwell, J.D., Walker, C., Ayers, G. & Mason, G.A. (1994). Oxytocin Pedersen, C.A., Caldwell, J.D., Walker, C., Ayers, G. & Mason, G.A. (1994). Oxytocin activates the postpartum onset of rat maternal behavior in the ventral tegmental activates the postpartum onset of rat maternal behavior in the ventral tegmental area and medial preoptic areas. area and medial preoptic areas. Behavioral NeuroscienceBehavioral Neuroscience, 108, 1163-1171., 108, 1163-1171.

Pedersen, C.A. & Prange Jr., A.J. (1979). Induction of maternal behavior in virgin Pedersen, C.A. & Prange Jr., A.J. (1979). Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaNational Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 76, 6661-6665. , 76, 6661-6665.

Thompson, A.C. & Kristal, M.B. (1996). Opioid stimulation in ventral tegmental area Thompson, A.C. & Kristal, M.B. (1996). Opioid stimulation in ventral tegmental area faciliates the onset of maternal behavior in rats. faciliates the onset of maternal behavior in rats. Brain ResearchBrain Research, 743, 184-201., 743, 184-201.