Running Head: Tennis With Cole Program 1 Educating Under-Resourced at Risk Youth through Tennis A Proposal to Fund and Improve the Rocklin Recreational Departments Tennis Facility’s Simon C Shelton National University Rancho Cordova Campus 12/21/14
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Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 1
Educating Under-Resourced at Risk Youth through Tennis
A Proposal to Fund and Improve the Rocklin Recreational Departments Tennis Facilityrsquos
Simon C Shelton
National University Rancho Cordova Campus
122114
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 2
Abstract
This grant proposals purpose is to present the need and rationale for improving the City of
Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks where
adult tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Research
was conducted and a thorough investigation of it revealed that tennis improves a youthrsquos quality
of life opportunity at educational outcomes and builds character traits such as self-discipline
and self-confidence Findings also revealed pertinent environmental adaptations and
modifications are needed for youth tennis to grow The TWC program has a plan for the City of
Rocklin to adopt In this proposal coach Cole discusses his background insight and knowledge
into not only the problem in youth tennis today but initiatives that provide solutions Coach Cole
proposes bringing tennis into the schools and teaching it in a Physical Education environment
Internally this will enhance each studentrsquos educational learning experience while providing the
under-resourced at risk youth an opportunity to be part of the TWC Junior Development
Program This proposal will measure the success of its initiatives through quantitative and
qualitative methods for continued support A broad range of assessments with specific intents
insures each student is learning appropriately demonstrating progress and that the TWC staff is
maintaining a high quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 3
Table of Contents
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Programhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5
What Motivates Coach Colehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7
Tennis With Cole Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7
Chronological Professional Achievementshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8
Titles amp Positions Heldhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8
Tennis With Cole in 2015helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9
Features and Benefits of New Sitehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11
Change Locallyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11
Funding Request for Facility Improvementshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12
Benefits of Fundinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12
The Factshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13
The Rocklin Planhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip14
Chapter 2 Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Lifehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip16
A Healthy Sport that Builds Characterhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip19
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)22
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Growhelliphellip23
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 4
Common Environmental Casehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23
Positive Change Occurringhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24
Success Due to Changeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
The Growth of Tennis since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiativehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Chapter Three Measures of Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Quantitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip28
Qualitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip29
Sharing of Evaluation Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Referenceshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip32
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 5
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Program
Tennis With Cole (TWC) was established in 2011 in San Jose California with the
primary goal and mission to give (all) students regardless of differences the opportunity to learn
the fundamentals of tennis while providing opportunities for mental and physical growth
(characterskills) The program serves two primary locations The Bay and Sacramento areas of
California specifically San Jose and the Folsom Rocklin cities TWC serves a combination of
adults and juniors from little to no experience to nationally ranked players Students enroll in
private semi-private and group lessons with coach Cole throughout the year
His program offers five primary tennis themes 12 and under tennis also known as
QuickStart Tennis and previously known as 10 and under tennis Cardio Tennis High
Performance Tennis Skill Specific Clinics and Customized Lessons Lessons and clinics
incorporate three main ingredients Education Technology and Performance through the
following core components
Tennis specific fitness training (plyometrics speed agility and quickness
dynamic warm-ups static stretching and resistance training)
Goal development and implementation
Video analysis
Match-play assessments
Tactical and strategical development
Take-home tennis
Skill development and refinement
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 6
Coach Cole the owner and operator of TWC uses tennis to teach life skills and values
while developing the overall well-being of the student He believes tennis is an excellent outlet
and conduit for all individuals His primary goal is to promote the game of tennis as a life-long
sport and the idea that learning never stops this is certainly noted in coach Colersquos background
experiences He has an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Education with an emphasis
on Physical Education conferred in 2007 from Linfield College in McMinnville Oregon In
addition to his undergraduate degree coach Cole obtained a Master of Arts degree in Education
with an emphasis on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in 2014 from National University In
addition to his college work coach Cole is also a student of tennis He was certified to teach
tennis by the United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA) in 2009 To continue his
pursuit of life-long learning Coach Cole will attend and participate in multiple educational
opportunities throughout the year offered by the USPTA and other professional organizations as
noted below (USPTA 2014)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 2
Abstract
This grant proposals purpose is to present the need and rationale for improving the City of
Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks where
adult tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Research
was conducted and a thorough investigation of it revealed that tennis improves a youthrsquos quality
of life opportunity at educational outcomes and builds character traits such as self-discipline
and self-confidence Findings also revealed pertinent environmental adaptations and
modifications are needed for youth tennis to grow The TWC program has a plan for the City of
Rocklin to adopt In this proposal coach Cole discusses his background insight and knowledge
into not only the problem in youth tennis today but initiatives that provide solutions Coach Cole
proposes bringing tennis into the schools and teaching it in a Physical Education environment
Internally this will enhance each studentrsquos educational learning experience while providing the
under-resourced at risk youth an opportunity to be part of the TWC Junior Development
Program This proposal will measure the success of its initiatives through quantitative and
qualitative methods for continued support A broad range of assessments with specific intents
insures each student is learning appropriately demonstrating progress and that the TWC staff is
maintaining a high quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 3
Table of Contents
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Programhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5
What Motivates Coach Colehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7
Tennis With Cole Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7
Chronological Professional Achievementshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8
Titles amp Positions Heldhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8
Tennis With Cole in 2015helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9
Features and Benefits of New Sitehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11
Change Locallyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11
Funding Request for Facility Improvementshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12
Benefits of Fundinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12
The Factshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13
The Rocklin Planhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip14
Chapter 2 Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Lifehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip16
A Healthy Sport that Builds Characterhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip19
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)22
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Growhelliphellip23
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 4
Common Environmental Casehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23
Positive Change Occurringhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24
Success Due to Changeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
The Growth of Tennis since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiativehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Chapter Three Measures of Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Quantitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip28
Qualitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip29
Sharing of Evaluation Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Referenceshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip32
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 5
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Program
Tennis With Cole (TWC) was established in 2011 in San Jose California with the
primary goal and mission to give (all) students regardless of differences the opportunity to learn
the fundamentals of tennis while providing opportunities for mental and physical growth
(characterskills) The program serves two primary locations The Bay and Sacramento areas of
California specifically San Jose and the Folsom Rocklin cities TWC serves a combination of
adults and juniors from little to no experience to nationally ranked players Students enroll in
private semi-private and group lessons with coach Cole throughout the year
His program offers five primary tennis themes 12 and under tennis also known as
QuickStart Tennis and previously known as 10 and under tennis Cardio Tennis High
Performance Tennis Skill Specific Clinics and Customized Lessons Lessons and clinics
incorporate three main ingredients Education Technology and Performance through the
following core components
Tennis specific fitness training (plyometrics speed agility and quickness
dynamic warm-ups static stretching and resistance training)
Goal development and implementation
Video analysis
Match-play assessments
Tactical and strategical development
Take-home tennis
Skill development and refinement
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 6
Coach Cole the owner and operator of TWC uses tennis to teach life skills and values
while developing the overall well-being of the student He believes tennis is an excellent outlet
and conduit for all individuals His primary goal is to promote the game of tennis as a life-long
sport and the idea that learning never stops this is certainly noted in coach Colersquos background
experiences He has an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Education with an emphasis
on Physical Education conferred in 2007 from Linfield College in McMinnville Oregon In
addition to his undergraduate degree coach Cole obtained a Master of Arts degree in Education
with an emphasis on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in 2014 from National University In
addition to his college work coach Cole is also a student of tennis He was certified to teach
tennis by the United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA) in 2009 To continue his
pursuit of life-long learning Coach Cole will attend and participate in multiple educational
opportunities throughout the year offered by the USPTA and other professional organizations as
noted below (USPTA 2014)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 3
Table of Contents
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Programhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5
What Motivates Coach Colehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7
Tennis With Cole Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7
Chronological Professional Achievementshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8
Titles amp Positions Heldhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8
Tennis With Cole in 2015helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9
Features and Benefits of New Sitehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11
Change Locallyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11
Funding Request for Facility Improvementshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12
Benefits of Fundinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12
The Factshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13
The Rocklin Planhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip14
Chapter 2 Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Lifehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip16
A Healthy Sport that Builds Characterhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip19
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)22
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Growhelliphellip23
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 4
Common Environmental Casehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23
Positive Change Occurringhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24
Success Due to Changeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
The Growth of Tennis since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiativehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Chapter Three Measures of Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Quantitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip28
Qualitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip29
Sharing of Evaluation Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Referenceshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip32
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 5
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Program
Tennis With Cole (TWC) was established in 2011 in San Jose California with the
primary goal and mission to give (all) students regardless of differences the opportunity to learn
the fundamentals of tennis while providing opportunities for mental and physical growth
(characterskills) The program serves two primary locations The Bay and Sacramento areas of
California specifically San Jose and the Folsom Rocklin cities TWC serves a combination of
adults and juniors from little to no experience to nationally ranked players Students enroll in
private semi-private and group lessons with coach Cole throughout the year
His program offers five primary tennis themes 12 and under tennis also known as
QuickStart Tennis and previously known as 10 and under tennis Cardio Tennis High
Performance Tennis Skill Specific Clinics and Customized Lessons Lessons and clinics
incorporate three main ingredients Education Technology and Performance through the
following core components
Tennis specific fitness training (plyometrics speed agility and quickness
dynamic warm-ups static stretching and resistance training)
Goal development and implementation
Video analysis
Match-play assessments
Tactical and strategical development
Take-home tennis
Skill development and refinement
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 6
Coach Cole the owner and operator of TWC uses tennis to teach life skills and values
while developing the overall well-being of the student He believes tennis is an excellent outlet
and conduit for all individuals His primary goal is to promote the game of tennis as a life-long
sport and the idea that learning never stops this is certainly noted in coach Colersquos background
experiences He has an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Education with an emphasis
on Physical Education conferred in 2007 from Linfield College in McMinnville Oregon In
addition to his undergraduate degree coach Cole obtained a Master of Arts degree in Education
with an emphasis on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in 2014 from National University In
addition to his college work coach Cole is also a student of tennis He was certified to teach
tennis by the United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA) in 2009 To continue his
pursuit of life-long learning Coach Cole will attend and participate in multiple educational
opportunities throughout the year offered by the USPTA and other professional organizations as
noted below (USPTA 2014)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 4
Common Environmental Casehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23
Positive Change Occurringhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24
Success Due to Changeshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
The Growth of Tennis since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiativehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Chapter Three Measures of Successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27
Quantitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip28
Qualitative Measureshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip29
Sharing of Evaluation Resultshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30
Referenceshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip32
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 5
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Program
Tennis With Cole (TWC) was established in 2011 in San Jose California with the
primary goal and mission to give (all) students regardless of differences the opportunity to learn
the fundamentals of tennis while providing opportunities for mental and physical growth
(characterskills) The program serves two primary locations The Bay and Sacramento areas of
California specifically San Jose and the Folsom Rocklin cities TWC serves a combination of
adults and juniors from little to no experience to nationally ranked players Students enroll in
private semi-private and group lessons with coach Cole throughout the year
His program offers five primary tennis themes 12 and under tennis also known as
QuickStart Tennis and previously known as 10 and under tennis Cardio Tennis High
Performance Tennis Skill Specific Clinics and Customized Lessons Lessons and clinics
incorporate three main ingredients Education Technology and Performance through the
following core components
Tennis specific fitness training (plyometrics speed agility and quickness
dynamic warm-ups static stretching and resistance training)
Goal development and implementation
Video analysis
Match-play assessments
Tactical and strategical development
Take-home tennis
Skill development and refinement
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 6
Coach Cole the owner and operator of TWC uses tennis to teach life skills and values
while developing the overall well-being of the student He believes tennis is an excellent outlet
and conduit for all individuals His primary goal is to promote the game of tennis as a life-long
sport and the idea that learning never stops this is certainly noted in coach Colersquos background
experiences He has an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Education with an emphasis
on Physical Education conferred in 2007 from Linfield College in McMinnville Oregon In
addition to his undergraduate degree coach Cole obtained a Master of Arts degree in Education
with an emphasis on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in 2014 from National University In
addition to his college work coach Cole is also a student of tennis He was certified to teach
tennis by the United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA) in 2009 To continue his
pursuit of life-long learning Coach Cole will attend and participate in multiple educational
opportunities throughout the year offered by the USPTA and other professional organizations as
noted below (USPTA 2014)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 5
Chapter One Organization Information and Purpose of Grant
The Tennis With Cole Program
Tennis With Cole (TWC) was established in 2011 in San Jose California with the
primary goal and mission to give (all) students regardless of differences the opportunity to learn
the fundamentals of tennis while providing opportunities for mental and physical growth
(characterskills) The program serves two primary locations The Bay and Sacramento areas of
California specifically San Jose and the Folsom Rocklin cities TWC serves a combination of
adults and juniors from little to no experience to nationally ranked players Students enroll in
private semi-private and group lessons with coach Cole throughout the year
His program offers five primary tennis themes 12 and under tennis also known as
QuickStart Tennis and previously known as 10 and under tennis Cardio Tennis High
Performance Tennis Skill Specific Clinics and Customized Lessons Lessons and clinics
incorporate three main ingredients Education Technology and Performance through the
following core components
Tennis specific fitness training (plyometrics speed agility and quickness
dynamic warm-ups static stretching and resistance training)
Goal development and implementation
Video analysis
Match-play assessments
Tactical and strategical development
Take-home tennis
Skill development and refinement
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 6
Coach Cole the owner and operator of TWC uses tennis to teach life skills and values
while developing the overall well-being of the student He believes tennis is an excellent outlet
and conduit for all individuals His primary goal is to promote the game of tennis as a life-long
sport and the idea that learning never stops this is certainly noted in coach Colersquos background
experiences He has an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Education with an emphasis
on Physical Education conferred in 2007 from Linfield College in McMinnville Oregon In
addition to his undergraduate degree coach Cole obtained a Master of Arts degree in Education
with an emphasis on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in 2014 from National University In
addition to his college work coach Cole is also a student of tennis He was certified to teach
tennis by the United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA) in 2009 To continue his
pursuit of life-long learning Coach Cole will attend and participate in multiple educational
opportunities throughout the year offered by the USPTA and other professional organizations as
noted below (USPTA 2014)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 6
Coach Cole the owner and operator of TWC uses tennis to teach life skills and values
while developing the overall well-being of the student He believes tennis is an excellent outlet
and conduit for all individuals His primary goal is to promote the game of tennis as a life-long
sport and the idea that learning never stops this is certainly noted in coach Colersquos background
experiences He has an undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Education with an emphasis
on Physical Education conferred in 2007 from Linfield College in McMinnville Oregon In
addition to his undergraduate degree coach Cole obtained a Master of Arts degree in Education
with an emphasis on Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in 2014 from National University In
addition to his college work coach Cole is also a student of tennis He was certified to teach
tennis by the United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA) in 2009 To continue his
pursuit of life-long learning Coach Cole will attend and participate in multiple educational
opportunities throughout the year offered by the USPTA and other professional organizations as
noted below (USPTA 2014)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 7
Source USPTA 2014
What Motivates Coach Cole
Coach Cole had aspirations to play tennis at the professional level however he fell in
love with teaching and more specifically the game of tennis at a young age and decided to pursue
this more fully This passion has led him to teach and coach the game since 2007 In the past 8
years he has worked with children and teenagers on the spectrum and those with behavioral
challenges as a therapist and tennis coach Additionally students 3 years of age and adults over
70 have learned and benefited from coach Colersquos ability to teach through a variety of methods
assessments and approaches He understands that each student is unique has a variety of needs
and believes that individualized education is a very important component of development
Whether a student is looking to improve their fitness movement fundamentals such as footwork
and mechanics tennis IQ or has very specific goals and aspirations coach Cole develops lesson
plans that exceed these objectives in a safe fun and nurturing environment conducive to
learning
Tennis With Cole Success
In addition to his professional certificates coach Cole truly believes student feedback
assists in positive growth Coach Cole has received numerous commendations for his dedication
and work-ethic in the field of tennis Most notable he has obtained letters from current and past
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 8
students that attest to his character and ability to teach These letters can be viewed on his
website at wwwtenniswithcolecom under the testimonials tab His dedication work-ethic
passion and desire to learn not only about tennis but what motivates people are noted in his
accomplishments below
Chronological Professional Achievements
District Tennis Champion 1998-2002
Oregon State Singles Tennis Finalist 2001
Academic All-American Division 1 2003
Intercollegiate Tennis Association National Team Ranking 23 Division III 2003
Academic Deanrsquos List Division 3 2006
Bachelor of Science Education Linfield College 2007
Specialization Physical Education Linfield College 2007
Developed Juniors amp Adults into Top Rankings 2007-2014
United States Professional Tennis Association Certified in 2009
Specialization Applied Behavior Analysis National University 2014
Masters of Arts in Teaching National University 2014
Titles amp Positions Held
Head Tennis Professional
Assistant College Tennis Coach
Assistant High School Tennis Coach
Assistant Tennis Director
Associate Tennis Professional
Tennis Business Owner
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 9
Tennis With Cole in 2015
Coach Cole believes that everyone deserves an education that is age and skill appropriate
He understands that when an opportunity presents itself to improve the quality of education for
his community it is his duty and obligation to lead by demonstrating value and excellence on
and off the court Since moving to Sacramento California coach Cole has approached and
presented numerous proposals to the local communities on growing and promoting tennis With
persistence and good timing his efforts have paid off The City of Rocklin California has
decided to approve Coach Colersquos tennis programming for 2015 His first objectives for 2015 will
be to promote and enroll students into his Cardio Tennis program while obtaining funds through
the United States Tennis Association to create an environment appropriate for youth play and
development Upon securing funds for facility improvements his primary target population for
enrollment will be youth ages 12 and younger that are under resourced and at risk
Features and Benefits of New Site
The City of Rocklin provides an excellent opportunity for junior and adult tennis
programming to be launched The cities facilities feature 6 adult outdoor tennis courts 3 of
which are strategically located in high traffic areas Centrally located and in addition to the tennis
courts the Johnson-Springview park where structured programming will primarily be offered
features many amenities that attract adults and youth alike A lighted baseball field soccer field
18-hole disc golf course restrooms sand volleyball court childrens playground roller hockey
rink skate park and dog park are the main attractions Additionally park users can be active in
over 90 acres of open space that include beautiful oak trees and a creek The park also has a
community center picnic pavilion and is host to the Rocklin Parks and Recreation Offices
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 10
Johnson-Springview Park Tennis Courts
Source City of Rocklin 2006
Twin Oaks Park Tennis Courts
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 11
Proposal to Fund Facility Improvements
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Change Locally
Although concerted efforts are being made to increase youth tennis participation in the
United States many communities have not entirely embraced the 12 and under tennis model in
educating youth appropriately The City of Rocklin located in Placer County is the perfect
example of what needs to be done to serve its population in particular itrsquos under resourced and at
risk youth The City of Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation department maintains 30 community and
neighborhood parks Of these 30 parks 2 community parks have tennis courts The Twin Oaks
and Johnson-Springview parks have 6 pristine adult tennis courts in total for public use Since
2012 no formal tennis instruction has been taught through Rocklinrsquos Parks and Recreation
department for juniors or adults (City of Rocklin 2014) Additionally the 6 courts that the City
of Rocklin maintains are not modified for youth tennis in particular red and orange ball player
development where the courts are scaled down for students 12 and under The City of Rocklin
and other cities alike have great intentions in serving the local communities recreational needs
Unfortunately very few of these cities have the resources to make the necessary changes to their
tennis facilities to attract and accommodate junior tennis Many cities also are unaware of the
changes in youth tennis and thus do nothing to improve their facilities Educating the general
public community leaders and youth advocates on junior tennis will certainly gear efforts
towards positive changes
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 12
Funding Request for Facility Improvements
For adequate development courts need to be adapted to suit the physical size and abilities
of children Facility assistance is available through the USTA that can create a tennis
environment that attracts youth tennis participation creates an excellent platform to learn the
game of tennis and paves the way for other communities to follow this example For this grant
proposal permanent 36rsquo and 60rsquo foot blended court lines need to be painted on the existing 6
tennis courts The USTA facilities assistance grant will fund up to 50 of the projects max cost
($4000) (USTA 2014) Additional funds must be raised to match dollar for dollar the USTArsquos
contribution by the community (City of Rocklin and TWC) The permanent lines will provide an
excellent foundation for junior development Additional facility improvements will include the
installation of wind screens court dividers benches score cards squeegees dry rollers and a
hitting backboard The safe environment created will foster learning and attract more youth to
the game
Benefits of Funding
Upon successful completion of the project and to assist in decreasing the education gap
between affluent and under resourced at risk youth multiple initiatives will be implemented in
conjunction with the USTA Local youth that are considered in the poverty level will have the
first opportunity at learning tennis through the adoption of the 12 and under tennis model
According to income statistics taken from 2008-2012 74 of Rocklinrsquos population is in poverty
(United States Census Bureau 2014) The population of Rocklin is approximately 60000
individuals this equates to 4440 people in poverty This group of 4440 individuals has children
that face poverty on a daily basis and need additional recreational and educational opportunities
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 13
The Facts
Locating these youth will be challenging however targeting specific communities where
crime is higher than average will be the first step Crime and poverty coincide with each other If
a person is born into poverty the likelihood of them taking a path of crime is higher than if they
were not Statistics show us that child poverty costs the nation at least $500 billion each year in
extra education health criminal justice costs and in lost productivity Children born into
neighborhoods of concentrated poverty with unmet health and mental health needs who have
been victims of violence or who have spent time in foster care are at increased risk of interacting
with the juvenile justice system (CDF 2014)
The Rocklin Plan
Although the City of Rocklin has a lower rate of crime then the national average crime
prevention should still be an objective To find these under resourced and at risk youth a focus
on bringing tennis into the schools will be a primary initiative Locating students that are on a
free or reduced meal program will also help in the recruiting process in addition to providing
interested families with an income verification document Approximately 20 of students in
Rocklin are on or are eligible for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income
(Kids 2013) Unfortunately this percentage has increased steadily over the years (see graph
below) However with the help of a pre-designed curriculum from the USTA this easy to follow
guide allows teachers and coaches to implement tennis within a school environment Coaches
and teachers alike can use the curriculum during regular school hours ie Physical Education
program or in an after school setting One of the most power combaters against poverty is
education and the opportunities it creates
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 14
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals 2007 to 2013
Definition Percentage of public school students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals A childs family income must fall below 130 of the federal poverty guidelines ($29965 for a
family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for free meals or below 185 of the federal poverty guidelines ($42643 for a family of four in 2012-2013) to qualify for reduced-cost meals
Data Source As cited on kidsdataorg California Dept of Education FreeReduced Price Meals Program amp CalWORKS Data Files (Feb 2014) US Dept of Education NCES Digest of
Education Statistics (Feb 2014)
Ultimately my staff and I will train teachers and coaches within the Rocklin school
district to implement an effective tennis program When students are ready to continue their
development we offer a specialized Junior Development Pathway Program that enhances the
school curriculum Success of the program will largely be dependent upon the cooperation and
support of the local schools parents and community experts
Summary
Chapter one has presented an overview of the TWC organization the grant proposal for
facility assistance from the USTA for the City of Rocklin and what benefits will incur with
funding Chapter two will present research summaries that show the need for facility assistance
funding in the Rocklin community It will highlight the benefits of tennis for fitness and well-
being educational outcomes how tennis creates character and the necessary changes that need
to be addressed and made to create a tennis environment that fosters the growth and development
of youth physically and mentally
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 15
Chapter 2 Literature Review
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk
Most tennis facilities today are not modified for youth play and development The courts
specifically fit adult needs and are appropriately sized for them In an effort to provide youth an
appropriate learning environment and to attract youth to the life-long sport of tennis at an early
age this literature review will focus on four primary areas tennis and its effect on the quality of
life tennis as a tool to improve educational outcomes the importance of tennis as a positive
disciplinary method and the necessary environmental adaptations and modifications needed for
youth tennis to grow
Tennis and its Effect on the Quality of Life
Sports can have a positive impact on individuals especially youth Tennis in particular
can improve the quality of life these youths have now and will have in the future Tennis can
rehabilitate an individual physically emotionally and mentally Tennis has been shown to reduce
many preventable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases or CVD According to the
American Heart Association CVD are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in
developed countries (American Heart Association 2008)
Research shows that tennis at any age can offer health advantages that decrease the risk
of heart disease by producing a more favorable lipid profile less fatty tissue buildup and an
improved aerobic state all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cardiovascular morbidity
(Fuentes et al 2010) Results show that tennis when modified appropriately to each individualrsquos
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 16
current health state is an excellent activity to prevent heart diseases The research article
concluded that an adapted tennis program would complement the available choice of traditional
programs of cardiac rehabilitation (ergometer bicycles treadmills gymnastic tables etchellip) and
suit different motivations and tastes in order to increase the participation of patients in CRPs and
the adherence to physical exercise (Garcia J 2013) Starting kids off with tennis at a young age
is imperative if we want to teach healthy and active life-styles well into adulthood
Tennis as a Tool to Improve Educational Outcomes
Research suggests and provides data in support of youth participation in tennis On the
educational side tennis connects with learning A recent study conducted in 2012 by the United
States Tennis Association (USTA) provides advocacy and justification behind growing youth
tennis for the purpose of improving society as a whole Here are the key findings that pertain to
education that were found in the extensive study Compared to non‐athletes and participants in
the top nine high school sports tennis players devoted more time each week doing homework
reported an average grade of ldquoArdquo in courses and said they will ldquodefinitelyrdquo attend and graduate
from a 4‐year university (Sabo D 2012 p 5)
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 17
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 18
Results of the study also suggest that while the links between tennis participation and
academic achievement are the most salient in higher income families there is a similar (though
not as powerful) relationship in middle‐SES and lower‐SES families (Sabo D 2012 p 6) From
these results we can certainly see there is a need to help under resourced youth by providing
them with a tennis environment to decrease poverty while providing them with every opportunity
more affluent youth have
There is very little research on the effects sports has on the educational growth of youth
before high school This is an area that further research needs to be conducted Additional
opportunities at participating in organized sports in schools at the elementary and middle school
levels would propel research
A study conducted at the University of Michigan reiterates the value of athletics in
schools The report shows that schools in general who have greater athletic participation (in
particular tennis) have less behavioral challenges with students these findings are identical to
what the USTA Serves report printed in 2013 Additionally studentrsquos that participate in athletics
also perform better in advanced placement courses in math science and foreign language (Sabo
D 2012 p 6) There is a direct correlation between educational success of students and
athletics when schools and communities provide a diverse environment of athletics for youth
achievement occurs on both ends
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 19
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
A Healthy Sport that Builds Character
Numerous studies point to the benefits sport and in particular tennis can have on youth
Teen pregnancies can be reduced mental disorders such as depression and anxiety can decrease
self-confidence social skills and esteem increases skills such as cooperation sportsmanship and
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 20
leadership are developed More recent issues we see such as sedentary living that creates obesity
and diabetes poor nutrition and bullying can all be combated within a proper tennis
environment Those who participate in a structured tennis program also are unlikely to
participate in frequent and excessive binge drinking drug use cigarette smoking and other
dangerous activities that negatively affect health (USTA 2013)
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 21
Source USTA Serves 2013
Source USTA Serves 2013
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 22
The Importance of Tennis as a Positive Disciplinary Method (TWCrsquos Stance amp View)
Tennis is a form of discipline It requires attendance and participation Without either
one cannot benefit from the many physical mental social and emotional components tennis has
to offer Tennis requires keen motor skills such as hand-eye coordination balance and footwork
These skills need to be refined practiced and put to the test in a variety of situations
recreationally and competitively This takes effort desire and discipline to accomplish Countless
hours of structured practice with a coach go into becoming a better tennis player friend co-
worker family member and overall contributing member of society
Character is built on the court Success loss winning and defeat are components of the
tennis experience as a life-long pursuit One must be coached to take all the positives away from
each of these components in order to grow as an individual and teammate Youth learn to
overcome adversity through creative thinking and problem solving These characteristics of self-
discipline and self-confidence are developed on the court and used in a variety of life settings
Discipline is a mentally challenging aspect of human nature Without discipline success
is difficult very much like passing a test without any preparation Tennis is similar to a test with
proper preparation one can pass the test or achieve a high grade In general at any level one who
believes in themselves and prepares mentally and physically for a test will perform at a high
level Anxiety decreases with proper preparation while performance increases Self-confidence
improves when the hard work put in on and off the court ends in success An appropriate
disciplinary plan will incorporate realistic and attainable goal setting evaluation of strengths and
weaknesses and action plan to improve weaknesses
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 23
Environmental Adaptations and Modifications Needed for Youth Tennis to Grow
An environment conducive to learning can trigger positive behaviors Within the field of
applied behavioral analysis or ABA it is imperative that an individualrsquos learning environment be
least restrictive in nature so positive behaviors occur more frequently The environment needs to
be adapted and modified for progressive growth and development Research suggests that
behavioral patterns are repeated because they are reinforced positively or negatively
Understanding a negative or problem behaviorrsquos environmental function is essential in designing
behavioral interventions
According to ABA research undesirable and desirable behaviors are elicited due to the
environment An examination of the environment can reveal the purpose of the behavior To
better understand the relationship between behaviors and the environment an approach termed
functional behavior-analytic approach is used In a functional behavior-analytic approach all
behavior is viewed as serving an environmental function either to access something or to
terminateavoid something (not withstanding genetic influences for some behaviors) This
approach examines the roles of both the social and physical context-it deals with events that are
both observable and measurable The purpose or function of the behavior stems from the
environment (Cipani Schock 2011 p 1-2)
Common Environmental Case
Letrsquos look at a typical tennis example of how the environment influences behavior to
better understand the behaviorist viewpoint A 5 year old child is excited for his first tennis
lesson and anxious to use his new adult sized tennis racquet The coach behind the tennis net
starts feeding the child adult tennis balls on an adult sized tennis court The child swings and
misses the balls and starts to exhibit signs of frustration and anger He frowns and bangs his
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 24
racquet on the court after multiple unsuccessful attempts at hitting the ball The coach tells the
child he needs to try harder and to watch the ball more closely The child continues to miss the
tennis balls and eventually gives up by tantruming on the ground The coach walks over to the
child and tells him that giving up is not an option The child reluctantly gets up and prepares for
the feeds The feeding begins and again the child is having a difficult time at making contact
with the ball let alone getting it over the net Finally the child has had enough and begins to
tantrum again
This is a classic example of why the environment should be modified and adapted so the
student can learn and have success while building confidence The coach in this situation
exacerbated the problem by providing an inappropriate learning environment composed of adult
balls an adult racquet adult court size negative communication and overall a non-progressive
coaching style This is an example of an inexperienced coach teacher or parent However with
just some simple environmental changes in equipment some success would have been noted and
the child would likely be interested in playing tennis again
Positive Change Occurring
Unfortunately the environment described above is still wide spread However in the
summer of 2010 the United States Tennis Association set forth and unveiled the necessary
conditions for this to change (Crawford 2011) The changes were an attempt to get more kids
actively participating in tennis at a young age without the frustrations of using traditional
equipment rules and court size Appropriately sized equipment based on the size and skill of the
child was introduced Tennis racquets were designed to be lighter shorter aesthetically
appealing smaller grips and overall kid friendly Four different balls were created in various
sizes color and weight These balls are slower through the air and bounce appropriately to the
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 25
childrsquos height Nets were shorter in length and height Courts were scaled down in size to
improve the ability to rally increase stroke production and general play Instead of traditional
scoring modified scoring was introduced ldquoFor the 8-and-under group there are only seven
points in a game so match play is short and sweet Kids play the best-of-three games the first to
score seven points wins the game The first to win two games wins the match and the longest a
match will last is approximately 20 minutes The 10-and-under group play the best of three sets
and the first to win four games wins a set For the third set the first player to win the seven
points wins the match (USTA 2014)rdquo
Source USTA 2014
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 26
Success Due to Changes
These changes have increased exposure to tennis at a young age since inception and have
created multiple learning environments Kids now have the ability to practice tennis at home in
their driveways gyms and playgrounds Parents can play with their kids without prior
experience (although formal instruction is highly recommended) as the junior adaptations are
great for adult beginners as well Overall kids have more fun and want to play more often with
these environmental changes
Tennis has always been a fitness sport and with these changes more youth can get
involved at a young age to improve their overall well-being 12 and under tennis keeps kids
moving improves balance agility hand-eye coordination and teaching self-confidence and self-
assurance This format allows for increased opportunities at making friends building social and
communication skills all while learning through a safe and appropriate environment
The Growth of Tennis Since the 12 and Under Tennis Initiative
Research and statistics show the 12 and under tennis initiative is helping the growth of
the game particularly in the youth sector According to research in 2012 tennis participation
grew 4 percent topping 28 million players for the first time since 2009 according to the annual
participation survey conducted for the USTA and the Tennis Industry Association by Taylor
Research and Consulting Whatrsquos more the greatest increase in participation was among
youngsters age 6-11 up 13 percent from 2011 Statistics in 2012 also show that the USTA has
helped build more than 4400 youth-sized courts in 371 markets and 44 states throughout the
nation constructing nearly 10000 kid-sized courts overall since 2010 The results also showed a
sharp increase in participation among African-Americans and Hispanics with participation
among African-Americans reaching a 10-year high and participation among Hispanics coming in
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 27
at its third-highest level in the past decade (Crawford 2012) Youth participation in the sport is
increasing and according to the Tennis Industry Association (TIA) there is an estimated 300000
tennis courts in the United States (TIA 2010) As awareness and education increases many of
these courts will be converted to attract youth and increase participation
Summary
Tennis in particular has many health social and psychological benefits Research has
proven this and it continues to show us the advantages of starting a regular tennis regime Youth
in particular benefit from tennis when their environment is adapted to suit their needs and
abilities As 12 and under tennis continues to make great strides in getting youth actively
involved in the sport a combination of results will occur Growth and popularity for the sport
will increase creating additional future opportunities for youth to excel academically and
professionally The opportunities will give the less affluent and under-resourced youth equal
ground to set foot on The gap of poverty can decrease creating equal opportunity for all Tennis
is an excellent pathway for youth to be encouraged to take and it will help shape our future for
the better
Chapter Three Measures of Success
The purpose of this grant proposal is to present the need and rationale for improving the
City of Rocklinrsquos tennis facilityrsquos in particular the Twin Oaks and Johnson-Springview parks
where tennis courts exist This funding request highlights the need for facility updates to improve
the quality of tennis for youths in particular those who are under resourced and at risk Chapter
three will present a plan to evaluate the success of the TWC programming offered to the youth
tennis players Two measures of assessment will be used quantitative and qualitative
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 28
Quantitative Measures
Initially 1 school per month in the Rocklin area will receive a week of free group lessons
in a time frame that suits the needs of the school and falls within the parameters of the TWC
programming The preferred environment to conduct the lessons will be in a Physical Education
or after-school setting This translates to 12 schools a year that will receive the instruction Each
lesson will utilize school staff the TWC instructors volunteers and the USTA School
Curriculum for management and implementation purposes
Multiple quantitative measures will be used to evaluate and track the progress of the
TWC Junior Program in Rocklin California The first measure of success will be determined by
enrollment figures Each class must unless specifically stated otherwise (Cardio TennisAssistant
Available) reach enrollment figures of a minimum of 3 students maximum of 6 students per
coach to insure quantitative and qualitative measures
The Junior Development Pathway Program schedule runs Monday-Friday from 330pm-
630pm (15 hour a week) After the facilities have been modified for appropriate junior
development a 10 growth goal on a quarterly basis has been set This means if the TWC
Junior Program is at max enrollment every 4 months (18 students per day) 5 times a week for a
total of 90 students a week 9 new students should enroll quarterly If enrollment is at a
minimum (9 students per day) 5 times a week for a total of 45 students a week 4-5 students
should enroll quarterly
Assuming classes will take time to fill by taking the mean or average of the maximum
and minimum enrollment figures (9 and 45 students) the program will set a goal to enroll 6-7
new juniors every 4 months This goal is very attainable and realistic given the experiences of
coach Cole the demographics of Rocklin and the professional resources available
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 29
Initially students that are under-resourced and at risk will be recruited through the
Rocklin school district According to statistics mentioned in the proposal sub-heading titled
Rocklin plan of this paper approximately 20 of the students in Rocklin are on or are eligible
for free or reduced lunches based primarily on family income (Kids 2013) This percentage
equates to approximately 2500 students according to the Kidsdataorg
The quarterly goal for the TWC Junior Program will be to enroll 2 of the 2500 students
that are on or eligible for free or reduced lunches This means coach Cole would provide 50
under-resourced and at risk youth the opportunity to participate in his program at a free or
reduced class discount every 3 months In 2015 the TWC Junior Program will serve 200 of these
youth though-out the year As the program grows additional staff can be hired to manage classes
and obtain funding to support and develop more youth through a non-profit business
arrangement
Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures will take the form of a variety of assessments coach Cole currently
uses to track the progress of his students Technology will determine if students are practicing
safe and effective fitness routines A number of fitness trackers are available at low cost or no
charge to students Heart rate monitors are excellent at determining if an individual is training at
his or her safe target heart rate zone It insures the coach and student that these scientifically
proven statistics are being met through the course of exercise
Each lesson will have a written plan customized to the group or individual skill level All
plans will feature a dynamic warm-up lesson theme drills and games associated with the theme
cool down static stretching and take-home tennis This insures the student and instructor safety
evokes learning and accountability for all in an organized and structured fashion
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 30
Students will be provided with a loginuser name to the TWC program in which they can
conduct and submit their take-home tennis assignments in the form of research observation
quizzes narratives and reflections Adaptations will be made for those who do not have access to
the internet Journals can be provided free of charge to conduct the take-home tennis
assignments Students will be graded using rubricrsquos that are appropriate to the assignment and
their maturity
Additional forms of assessment will include pedometers for fitness video for visual
learners match play charting and timed movement challenges to improve strength agility
balance quickness and endurance Evaluations assessing the studentrsquos flexibility tactical
technical and mechanical play will be used All forms and methods of assessment will have the
primary objective of improving the studentsrsquo knowledge and execution of tennis skills Each
measure used in the TWC program insures student and staff safety accountability and overall
quality
Sharing of Evaluation Results
These measures will be reviewed on a daily basis to ensure students are having a positive
learning experience Progress will be submitted in the form of graphs and charts to the USTA
school administrators parents students staff and those who are advocates of junior tennis This
sharing of information will help in future funding participation and overall quality assurance of
the program
Summary
Chapter three presented the necessary quantitative and qualitative measures for this grant
proposals integrity A broad range of assessments with specific intents insures each student is
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 31
learning appropriately demonstrating success and that the TWC staff is maintaining a high
quality standard of programming
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 32
References
American Heart Association (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics 2008 update American
Heart Association Dallas TX
Career Development (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpusptacomdefaultaspxmenugroup=education
Cipani E amp Schock K (2011) Why does he do that In Functional Behavioral Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment (2nd ed ed pp 1-2) New York Springer Publishing
Company
City of Rocklin (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwrocklincausdeptsparksnrecparkspark_finderasp
City of Rocklin Photo Gallery- 2006 (2006 January 1) Retrieved December 15
2014 from
httpswwwrocklincauseresourcesphoto_galleriescity_of_rocklin_photo_gallery_200
6_slideshowaspsa=4
Crawford E (2011 December 2) 10 and Under Tennis Rule Change takes effect January 1
2012 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouthTennis10_and_under_tennis_rule_change_takes_effect_janu
ary_1_2012
Crawford E (2012 December 11) Your Tennis Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwustacomYouth-Tennistennis_participation_continues_to_climb
Facilities (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 17 2014 from
httpwwwustacomFacilitiesfacility_services
Fuentes JP and Diaz C (2010) Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its
relationship with heart-healthy index Journal of Sport and Health Research 2(1) 26-34
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 33
Garcia J Giraldo V Barrado J amp Casasola C (2013) Tennis Training Sessions as a
Rehabilitation Instrument for Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction 122 316-316
Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httpgogalegroupcompsidoid=GALE|A334710115ampv=21ampu=nu_mainampit=rampp=A
ONEampsw=wampasid=46ae192378ff19d41c668ba2f136df3b
QuickStart Tennis (nd) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwintermountainustacomQuickstart-TennisQuickstart_Tennis
Rocklin (city) California (2014 July 8) Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpquickfactscensusgovqfdstates060662364html
Sabo D (2012 November 8) Retrieved December 3 2014 from
httplibraryla84org9arrResearchReportsSummit_DonSabo_Paperpdf
Shelton C (2011 January 1) Testimonials Retrieved December 15 2014 from
httpwwwtenniswithcolecomtestimoinalshtm
State of the Tennis Industry 2010 (2010 January 1) Retrieved December 21 2014 from
httpwwwtennisindustryorgcmsindexcfmresearchstate-of-the-tennis-industry
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2014 February 1)
Retrieved December 9 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-meals-
eligibletablefmt=675amploc=21273471763331348336171321345357332324369
35836236033732736435621735332835432335232033933436534333036734
4355366368265349361427359370326333322341338350342329325359351
3633403351050amptf=73ampsortType=asc
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
Running Head Tennis With Cole Program 34
Student Eligibility to Receive Free or Reduced Price School Meals (2007-2013)
Retrieved December 15 2014 from httpwwwkidsdataorgtopic518free-school-
meals-eligibletrendfmt=675amploc=1050amptf=1073
Tennis Equipment Sized Just Right for Kids (2014 January 1) Retrieved December 15 2014
from httpwww10andundertenniscomparentsequipmentabout-the-equipment
The State of Americas Childrenreg 2014 Report (2014) The State of Americas Children A
Report from the Childrens Defense Fund Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpwwwchildrensdefenseorgchild-research-data-publicationsdata2014-
soacpdfutm_source=2014-SOAC-PDFamputm_medium=linkamputm_campaign=2014-
SOAC
USTA Serves Special Report (2013) More than a Sport Tennis Education and Health Full
Report 31-35 Retrieved December 8 2014 from
httpassetsustacomassets82215More_than_a_Sport_Full_Report_22713pdf
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