Mastering NT Greek Mastering NT Greek 18. Perfect Verbs 18. Perfect Verbs By Ted Hildebrandt By Ted Hildebrandt © 2003 © 2003 Baker Academic Baker Academic
Dec 20, 2015
Mastering NT GreekMastering NT Greek
18. Perfect Verbs18. Perfect Verbs
By Ted Hildebrandt By Ted Hildebrandt © 2003© 2003
Baker AcademicBaker Academic
Rapping the Lord’s PrayerRapping the Lord’s Prayer
Pa<ter h[mw?n o[ e]n toi?j ou]ranoi?j:Pa<ter h[mw?n o[ e]n toi?j ou]ranoi?j: father our the one in heaven father our the one in heaven
a[giasqh<tw to> o@noma< sou a[giasqh<tw to> o@noma< sou make holy name your make holy name your
e]lqe<tw h[ basilei<a sou: e]lqe<tw h[ basilei<a sou: let come kingdom your let come kingdom your
genhqh<tw to> qe<lhma< sou, genhqh<tw to> qe<lhma< sou, let be will your let be will your
Rapping the Lord’s PrayerRapping the Lord’s Prayer
w[j e]n ou]ran&? kai> e]pi> gh?j:w[j e]n ou]ran&? kai> e]pi> gh?j: as in heaven also on earthas in heaven also on earth
to>n a@rton h[mw?n to>n to>n a@rton h[mw?n to>n the bread our the bread our
e]piou<sion do>j h[mi?n e]piou<sion do>j h[mi?n sh<meron:sh<meron: daily give us today daily give us today
Rapping the Lord’s PrayerRapping the Lord’s Prayer
kai> a@fej h[mi?n ta> kai> a@fej h[mi?n ta> o]feilh<mata h[mw?n: o]feilh<mata h[mw?n: and forgive us trespasses ourand forgive us trespasses our
w[j kai> h[mei?j a]fh<kamenw[j kai> h[mei?j a]fh<kamen as also we have forgiven as also we have forgiven
toi?j o]feile<taij h[mw?n toi?j o]feile<taij h[mw?n the ones trespassing us the ones trespassing us
2-1-2 Noun Forms2-1-2 Noun Forms
2 1 2 2 1 2 lo<goj grafh< lo<goj grafh< i[ero<ni[ero<n
lo<gou grafh?j lo<gou grafh?j i[erou?i[erou?lo<g& graf^? lo<g& graf^? i[er&?i[er&?lo<gon grafh<n lo<gon grafh<n i[ero<ni[ero<nlo<goi grafai< lo<goi grafai< i[era<i[era<lo<gwn grafw?n lo<gwn grafw?n i[erw?ni[erw?nlo<goij grafai?j lo<goij grafai?j i[eroi?ji[eroi?jlo<gouj grafa<j lo<gouj grafa<j i[era<i[era<
33rdrd Declension Chantables Declension Chantables
xari<j o@noma, pi<stijxari<j o@noma, pi<stij xa<rij o@noma pi<stij xa<rij o@noma pi<stij xa<ritoj o]no<matoj pi<stewj xa<ritoj o]no<matoj pi<stewj xa<riti o]no<mati pi<steixa<riti o]no<mati pi<stei xa<rita o@noma pi<stinxa<rita o@noma pi<stin xa<ritej o]no<mata pi<steijxa<ritej o]no<mata pi<steij xari<twn o]noma<twn xari<twn o]noma<twn
pi<stewnpi<stewn xa<risi(n) o]no<masi(n) xa<risi(n) o]no<masi(n)
pi<stesi(n)pi<stesi(n) xa<ritaj o]no<mata pi<steij xa<ritaj o]no<mata pi<steij
Present Active Indicative VerbsPresent Active Indicative Verbs
lu<w lu<w lu<omenlu<omen lu<eij lu<eij lu<etelu<ete lu<ei lu<ei lu<ousi(n)lu<ousi(n)
Present Middle/Passive Indicative Present Middle/Passive Indicative
lu<omai, lu<omai, -o<meqa, -o<meqa,
-^, -esqe, -^, -esqe,
-etai, -ontai-etai, -ontai
Shape of the Future in GreekShape of the Future in Greek
lu<sw lu<somenlu<sw lu<somenI will loose I will loose We will looseWe will loose
lu<seij lu<seij lu<setelu<seteYou will loose You will loose You all will looseYou all will loose
lu<sei lu<sei lu<sousi(n)lu<sousi(n)He/she/it will loose He/she/it will loose They will looseThey will loose
Future Middle ParadigmFuture Middle Paradigm
lu<somai --omeqalu<somai --omeqa --^ --esqe --^ --esqe --etai --ontai --etai --ontai
Imperfect Active Paradigm of Imperfect Active Paradigm of lu<wlu<w
e@luon e@luon I was loosing I was loosing e@luon e]lu<omen e@luon e]lu<omen e@luej e]lu<ete e@luej e]lu<ete
e@lue(n) e@luone@lue(n) e@luon Chant: Chant: e@luon e@luon: : n s e men n s e men
te nte n
Imperfect Middle/Passive of Imperfect Middle/Passive of lu<wlu<w
e]luo<mhn e]luo<mhn I was being loosed I was being loosed e]luo<mhn e]luo<meqa e]luo<mhn e]luo<meqa
e]lu<ou e]lu<esqe e]lu<ou e]lu<esqe e]lu<eto e]lu<onto e]lu<eto e]lu<onto
Chant: Chant: e]luo<mhne]luo<mhn:: ou eto omeqa esqe onto ou eto omeqa esqe onto
Second Aorist Active ParadigmSecond Aorist Active Paradigm
e@labon (lamba<nw) e@labon (lamba<nw) I took I took
1 e@labon 1 e@labon e]la<bomene]la<bomen2 e@labej e]la<bete2 e@labej e]la<bete3 e@labe(n) e@labon 3 e@labe(n) e@labon
ChantChant: : e@labon e@labon n, s, e, men, te, nn, s, e, men, te, n
Second Aorist Middle Second Aorist Middle e]geno<mhn e]geno<mhn I becameI became (gi<nomai)(gi<nomai)
1 e]geno<mhn 1 e]geno<mhn e]geno<meqa e]geno<meqa 2 e]ge<nou e]ge<nesqe2 e]ge<nou e]ge<nesqe3 e]ge<neto e]ge<nonto 3 e]ge<neto e]ge<nonto
Chant: Chant: e]geno<mhn e]geno<mhn ou, eto, omeqa, esqe, onto ou, eto, omeqa, esqe, onto
1st Aorist Active Paradigm 1st Aorist Active Paradigm e@lusa e@lusa I loosed I loosed
e@lusa e@lusa e]lu<samene]lu<samene@lusaj e@lusaj e]lu<sate e]lu<sate e@luse(n) e@luse(n) e@lusan e@lusan
Chant: Chant: e@lusae@lusa --, --, s, e, men, te, ns, e, men, te, n
1st Aorist Middle Paradigm1st Aorist Middle Paradigm
e]lusa<mhn e]lusa<mhn I loosed (for myself)I loosed (for myself) e]lusa<mhn e]lusa<meqae]lusa<mhn e]lusa<meqa
e@lusw e]lu<sasqe e@lusw e]lu<sasqe e@lusato e@lusanto e@lusato e@lusanto
Chant: Chant: e]lusa<mhne]lusa<mhn: : w, eto, omeqa, esqe, ontow, eto, omeqa, esqe, onto
First Aorist PassivesFirst Aorist Passives
e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhn I was loosedI was loosed 1 1 e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhmen e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhmen
2 e]lu<qhj e]lu<qhte 2 e]lu<qhj e]lu<qhte 3 e]lu<qh e]lu<qhsan3 e]lu<qh e]lu<qhsan
Learn: Learn: e]lu<qhn e]lu<qhn n, s, --, men, te, san n, s, --, men, te, san
Future PassiveFuture Passive
luqh<somai luqh<somai I will be loosedI will be loosed 1. 1. luqh<somai luqh<somai
luqhso<meqaluqhso<meqa 2. 2. luqh<s^ luqh<sesqeluqh<s^ luqh<sesqe 3. luqh<setai luqh<sontai3. luqh<setai luqh<sontai Chant: Chant: luqh<somai – luqh<somai – ^, etai, omeqa, ^, etai, omeqa,
esqe, ontaiesqe, ontai
Aorist Stem Changes -- 9 to knowAorist Stem Changes -- 9 to know
o[ra<w == ei#don o[ra<w == ei#don (I saw) (I saw) – – ble<pw ble<pw
e@rxomai == h#lqon e@rxomai == h#lqon (I came, went) (I came, went) le<gw == ei#pon le<gw == ei#pon (I said) (I said) ba<llw == e@balon ba<llw == e@balon (I threw) (I threw) gi<nomai == e]geno<mhn gi<nomai == e]geno<mhn (I became) (I became) ginw<skw == e@gnwn ginw<skw == e@gnwn (I knew)(I knew) eu[ri<skw == eu$ron eu[ri<skw == eu$ron (I found) (I found) e@xw == e@sxon e@xw == e@sxon ( I had) ( I had) lamba<nw == e@labon lamba<nw == e@labon (I took) (I took)
The "is" verb PAI --The "is" verb PAI -- ei]mi< ei]mi<
ei]mi< ei]mi< I am I am e]sme<n e]sme<n We areWe are
ei# ei# You areYou are e]ste< e]ste< You areYou are
e]sti<(n) e]sti<(n) He/she/it isHe/she/it is ei]si<(n) ei]si<(n) They areThey are
The "was" verb IAI The "was" verb IAI -- -- ei]mi< ei]mi<
h@mhn h@mhn I was I was h#men h#men We wereWe were
h#j h#j You wereYou were h#te h#te You wereYou were
h#n h#n He/she/it wasHe/she/it was h#san h#san They They werewere
Person Personal Pronoun Person Personal Pronoun ChantChant
Singular PluralSingular Plural NomNom. . e]gw< su < e]gw< su <
h[mei?j h[mei?j GenGen. . mou mou sou sou h[mw?n h[mw?n
DatDat. . moi soi moi soi h[mi?n h[mi?n AccAcc. . me se me se h[ma<j h[ma<j
au]to<j, au]th, au]to< au]to<j, au]th, au]to< (he, she, it)(he, she, it)
Verb Mood FrequencyVerb Mood Frequency
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16000
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive
Verb Tense FrequencyVerb Tense Frequency
0
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Present Future Imperfect Aorist Perfect
English Concepts of the Perfect English Concepts of the Perfect VerbVerb
Frontgrounding a state of affairsFrontgrounding a state of affairs: The perfect : The perfect will be used to present an action as a state of will be used to present an action as a state of being. being.
There is a gnomic or omnitemporal character There is a gnomic or omnitemporal character to it (no one has ever seen God) or iterative to it (no one has ever seen God) or iterative (these things I have repeatedly said to you). (these things I have repeatedly said to you).
It may refer to past events and be translated It may refer to past events and be translated past (he blinded their eyes); present (the hour is past (he blinded their eyes); present (the hour is come) and rarely future (the love of God will be come) and rarely future (the love of God will be completed). completed).
Greek PerfectGreek Perfect Translation Translation
We will use the helping verb "have" We will use the helping verb "have" ““I gave” becomes "I have given"I gave” becomes "I have given"
Perfect FormationPerfect Formation
The perfect uses the perfect verb stem (as The perfect uses the perfect verb stem (as opposed to the present or aorist stems) opposed to the present or aorist stems)
It adds a reduplication on the front It adds a reduplication on the front It adds a It adds a ka ka on the back –like the aorist on the back –like the aorist
did with the did with the sa sa (the perfect k)(the perfect k).. Redupl Stem Pf suffix Pron suffixRedupl Stem Pf suffix Pron suffix
– le + lu + ka + te = le + lu + ka + te = lelu<kate lelu<kate
Reduplicaiton PatternsReduplicaiton Patterns
Normally when a word begins with a Normally when a word begins with a consonant just double the consonant and consonant just double the consonant and add an epsilon add an epsilon ( (le + luka)le + luka)
Doubled consonants reduce: Doubled consonants reduce: – f == p (fanero<w -- pefane<rwka)f == p (fanero<w -- pefane<rwka)– x == k (xari<zomai -- x == k (xari<zomai --
kexa<rismai) kexa<rismai) – q == t (qerapeu<w -- q == t (qerapeu<w --
teqera<peumai)teqera<peumai)
Reduplication PatternsReduplication Patterns If the verb begins with a vowel it is If the verb begins with a vowel it is
lengthened. lengthened.
– e]lpi<zw == h@lpika; e]lpi<zw == h@lpika; – ai]te<w == ^@thka ai]te<w == ^@thka
Doubled consonants andDoubled consonants and r r addadd e e– ginw<skw (ginw<skw (stemstem gnw-) == e@gnwkagnw-) == e@gnwka
Reduplication PatternsReduplication Patterns
Compound verbs: augment comes Compound verbs: augment comes between the prep. and the verb: between the prep. and the verb: a]po<stellwa]po<stellw a]pe<stalka. a]pe<stalka.
Summary: If vowel, doubled consonant, Summary: If vowel, doubled consonant, compound verb = augment +compound verb = augment + ka ka else else reduplicatereduplicate
Adding the perfect kappaAdding the perfect kappa
Contract verbs: like Contract verbs: like sa sa ((contract vowel contract vowel lengthens)lengthens)
– a]gapa<w == h]ga<phka a]gapa<w == h]ga<phka t, d, t, d, oror q (q (dentals) drop when kappa is dentals) drop when kappa is
added.added.
– e]lpi<zw (e]lpi<zw (stem stem e]lpi<d ) == e]lpi<d ) == h@lpika h@lpika
Perfect Active ParadigmPerfect Active Paradigm
le<luka le<luka I have loosedI have loosed 1) 1) le<luka le<luka lelu<kamenlelu<kamen
I have loosed I have loosed We have loosedWe have loosed 2) 2) le<lukaj le<lukaj lelu<kate lelu<kate
you have loosed you have loosed You all have loosedYou all have loosed 3) 3) le<luke(n) le<luke(n) lelu<kasi(n)lelu<kasi(n)
He/she/it has loosed He/she/it has loosed They have loosedThey have loosed ChantChant: : le<lukale<luka
--, --, j, e, men, te, sij, e, men, te, si
Perfect Middle/Passive ParadigmPerfect Middle/Passive Paradigm
lelukumai lelukumai I have been loosedI have been loosed 1) 1) le<lumai le<lumai lelu<meqalelu<meqa
I have been loosed I have been loosed We have been loosedWe have been loosed 2) 2) le<lusai le<lusai lelu<sqe lelu<sqe
You have been loosed You have been loosed You have been loosedYou have been loosed 3) 3) le<lutai le<lutai lelu<ntailelu<ntai
He/she/it has been loosed He/she/it has been loosed They have been loosedThey have been loosed
LearnLearn: : le<lumaile<lumai sai, tai, meqa, -sqe, -ntai sai, tai, meqa, -sqe, -ntai
Translate M/P as passives usually unless deponentTranslate M/P as passives usually unless deponent
7 “Perfect Bad boys”7 “Perfect Bad boys”
le<gw ei@rhka ei@rhmai le<gw ei@rhka ei@rhmai I sayI say e@rxomai e]lh<luqa -- e@rxomai e]lh<luqa -- I comeI come o[ra<w e[w<raka -- o[ra<w e[w<raka -- I seeI see a]kouw a]khkoa -- a]kouw a]khkoa -- I hearI hear gi<nomai ge<gona gege<nhmai gi<nomai ge<gona gege<nhmai I I
becomebecome ginw<skw e@gnwka e@gnwsmai ginw<skw e@gnwka e@gnwsmai I knowI know gra<fw ge<grafa ge<grammai gra<fw ge<grafa ge<grammai I writeI write
oi#daoi#da -- perfect knowing -- perfect knowing
oi#da oi#da is perfect in form but translated is perfect in form but translated presentpresent
1) 1) oi#da oi#da oi@damenoi@damen I know I know We knowWe know
2) 2) oi#daj oi#daj oi@date oi@date you know you know You knowYou know
3) 3) oi#denoi#den oi@dasi(n)oi@dasi(n) He/she/it knows He/she/it knows They knowThey know
Pluperfect a rare paradigmPluperfect a rare paradigm
Formation: adds an augment to the perfect and Formation: adds an augment to the perfect and instead of instead of kaka it uses a it uses a kei kei suffix—there are a suffix—there are a few unaugmented pluperfects so keep the few unaugmented pluperfects so keep the kei kei (pluperfect) versus (pluperfect) versus ka ka (perfect) in mind.(perfect) in mind.
86x in NT (Gospels / Acts heaviest)86x in NT (Gospels / Acts heaviest) Completed action in the past with a terminated Completed action in the past with a terminated
effect (its over)effect (its over) Aug Redup Stem + Aug Redup Stem + keikei + Pron Suff + Pron Suff e] + le + lu< + kei + n == e] + le + lu< + kei + n ==
e]lelu<kein e]lelu<kein
Pluperfect a rare paradigmPluperfect a rare paradigm
e]lelu<kein e]lelu<kein I had loosedI had loosed 1) 1) e]lelu<kein e]lelu<kein e]lelu<keimene]lelu<keimen
I had loosed I had loosed We had loosedWe had loosed 2) 2) e]lelu<keij e]lelu<keij e]lelu<keite e]lelu<keite
You had loosed You had loosed You had loosedYou had loosed 3) 3) e]lelu<kei e]lelu<kei e]lelu<keisane]lelu<keisan
He/she/it has loosed He/she/it has loosed They have loosedThey have loosed Just learn to recognize it.Just learn to recognize it.
Verb 6 Principal PartsVerb 6 Principal Parts
Congratulations!!! No new verb tenses to learn Congratulations!!! No new verb tenses to learn ever. You’ve got them allever. You’ve got them all
Present Future Aorist ActivePresent Future Aorist Active a]gapa<w a]gaph<sw a]gapa<w a]gaph<sw
h]ga<phsah]ga<phsa
Perfect Perf M/P Aorist PassivePerfect Perf M/P Aorist Passive h]ga<phka h]gaph<mai h]ga<phka h]gaph<mai
h]gaph<qhnh]gaph<qhn
Chapter 18 VocabularyChapter 18 Vocabulary
dikaiosunh, -hj, h[ dikaiosunh, -hj, h[ righteousnessrighteousness
Chapter 17 VocabularyChapter 17 Vocabulary ei] ei]
– if, that if, that e]sqi<w e]sqi<w
– I eat I eat za<w za<w
– I live I live zhte<w zhte<w
– I seek I seek h@ h@
– or, either or, either
Chapter 17 VocabularyChapter 17 Vocabulary kale<w kale<w
– I call I call lale<w lale<w
– I speak, say I speak, say parakale<w parakale<w
– I urge, exhort I urge, exhort plhro<w plhro<w
– I fill, complete I fill, complete poie<w poie<w
– I do, make I do, make
Chapter 16 VocabularyChapter 16 Vocabulary ai]w<n, -w?noj, o[ ai]w<n, -w?noj, o[
– age, eternity age, eternity a]llh<lwn a]llh<lwn
– one another one another a]rxiereu<j, -e<wj, o[ a]rxiereu<j, -e<wj, o[
– high priest high priest gunh<, -aiko<j, h[ gunh<, -aiko<j, h[
– woman woman du<namai du<namai
– I can, am able I can, am able
Chapter 16 VocabularyChapter 16 Vocabulary e@qnoj, -ouj, to< e@qnoj, -ouj, to<
– nation nation o!soj, -h, -on o!soj, -h, -on
– as great as as great as po<lij, -ewj, h[ po<lij, -ewj, h[
– city city te te
– and, and so and, and so xei<r, xeiro<j, h[ xei<r, xeiro<j, h[
– hand hand
Chapter 15 VocabularyChapter 15 Vocabulary a@lloj, -h, -oa@lloj, -h, -o
»other other a@rtoj, -ou, o[a@rtoj, -ou, o[
»breadbread dei?dei?
» it is necessaryit is necessary e]cousi<a, -aj, h[e]cousi<a, -aj, h[
»authority authority e!teroj, -a, -one!teroj, -a, -on
»different different
Chapter 15 Chapter 15 VocabularyVocabulary
e@tie@ti»yet, still yet, still
o]fqalmo<j, -ou?, o[ o]fqalmo<j, -ou?, o[ »eyeeye
te<knon, -ou, to<te<knon, -ou, to<»child child
to<poj, -ou, o[ to<poj, -ou, o[ »place place
fw?j, fwto<j, to< fw?j, fwto<j, to< » light light
Chapter 14 VocabularyChapter 14 Vocabulary ai$ma, -matoj, to< ai$ma, -matoj, to<
– blood blood ai@rw ai@rw
– I raise, take up I raise, take up dida<skw dida<skw
– I teach I teach i@dioj, -a, -on i@dioj, -a, -on
– one's own one's own kalo<j, -h<, -o<n kalo<j, -h<, -o<n
– good good
Chapter 14 VocabularyChapter 14 Vocabulary me<llw me<llw
– I am about to, intend I am about to, intend o[do<j, -ou?, h[ o[do<j, -ou?, h[
– way way polu<j, pollh<, polu< polu<j, pollh<, polu<
– much, many much, many sw?ma, -matoj, to< sw?ma, -matoj, to<
– body body yuxh<, -h?j, h[ yuxh<, -h?j, h[
– soul, life soul, life