Marine Terestrial

Comparing Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Implications for the Design of Coastal MarineReservesAuthor(s): Mark H. Carr, Joseph E. Neigel, James A. Estes, Sandy Andelman, Robert R.Warner and John L. LargierSource: Ecological Applications, Vol. 13, No. 1, Supplement: The Science of Marine Reserves(Feb., 2003), pp. S90-S107Published by: Ecological Society of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3100000 .Accessed: 05/02/2014 14:10Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp .JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. .Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access toEcological Applications.http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 131.123.60.5 on Wed, 5 Feb 2014 14:10:07 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsEcologicalApplications,13(1)Supplement,2003,pp.S90-S107 e2003by the EcologicalSocietyofAmerica COMPARINGMARINEANDTERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS:IMPLICATIONS FORTHEDESIGNOFCOASTALMARINERESERVES MARKH.CARR,1 JOSEPH E.NEIGEL,2 JAMES A.ESTES,3 SANDYANDELMAN,4 ROBERT R.WARNER,5 ANDJOHN L.LARGIER6 'DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,andInstituteofMarineSciences,UniversityofCalifornia, SantaCruz, California95064USA 2Department ofBiology,UniversityofLouisiana,Lafayette,Louisiana70504-2451USA 3U.S.GeologicalSurvey,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,California95064USA 4NationalCenter forEcologicalAnalysisandSynthesis,UniversityofCalifornia, SantaBarbara,California93101-5504USA 5Department ofEcology,Evolution,andMarineBiology,andMarineScienceInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia, SantaBarbara,California93106USA 6Marine Life ResearchGroup,ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,UniversityofCalifornia, SanDiego,California92093-0209USA Abstract.Conceptsand theoryfor the designand applicationofterrestrial reservesis basedonourunderstandingofenvironmental,ecological,andevolutionaryprocessesre- sponsibleforbiologicaldiversityandsustainabilityofterrestrial ecosystemsand howhu- mans haveinfluencedtheseprocesses.Howwellthis terrestrial-based theory can be applied towardthedesignand applicationofreservesinthecoastalmarineenvironmentdepends, inpart, onthedegreeofsimilaritybetweenthesesystems.Severalmarked differencesin ecologicaland evolutionaryprocessesexistbetweenmarineand terrestrial ecosystemsas ramificationsoffundamentaldifferencesintheirphysicalenvironments(i.e.,therelative prevalenceofair and water)and contemporarypatterns ofhumanimpacts.Mostnotably, thegreat extentand rate ofdispersalofnutrients, materials, holoplanktonicorganisms,and reproductivepropagulesofbenthicorganismsexpandscalesofconnectivityamongnear- shorecommunitiesand ecosystems.Consequently,the"openness"ofmarine populations, communities,and ecosystemsprobably has marked influenceson their spatial, genetic,and trophicstructures and dynamicsin waysexperiencedbyonlysometerrestrial species.Such differencesappear tobeparticularlysignificantfor thekindsoforganismsmostexploited and targetedforprotectionincoastalmarineecosystems(fishesandmacroinvertebrates). Theseand other differencesimplysomeuniquedesigncriteria and applicationofreserveg inthemarineenvironment.Inexplainingtheimplicationsofthesedifferencesformarine reservedesignandapplication,weidentifymanyoftheenvironmentalandecological processesanddesigncriterianecessaryforconsiderationinthedevelopmentoftheana- lyticalapproachesdevelopedelsewhereinthisSpecialIssue. Keywords:fisheries;marineconservation;marineprotectedareas;marinereserves;reserve network design. INTRODUCTION Reservedesigntheoryhas beendevelopedprimarily withterrestrial systemsand speciesin mind,and most applicationsofreservedesigntheoryhavealsobeen terrestrial (Souleand Terborgh 1999).Currently,