Mariangela Bernardi UPitt/UPenn Galaxies Properties in the Galaxies Properties in the SDSS: SDSS: Evolution, Environment Evolution, Environment and Mass and Mass
Dec 16, 2015
Mariangela Bernardi UPitt/UPenn
Galaxies Properties in the SDSS:Galaxies Properties in the SDSS: Evolution, Environment and Evolution, Environment and MassMass
Outline The SDSS sample Early-type galaxies:
formation and evolution models Environment and Evolution (Bernardi et al. 2004a) Color-L-Age and Metallicity (Bernardi et al
2004b) The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble?
(Bernardi et al. 2004c)
Galaxies
Late-type Galaxy
Early-type Galaxy
PCA Spectral Classification
Early-type Galaxies
Why study early-types? Very homogeneous, old stellar population
Bulge stars plausibly oldest in Universe
Tight correlations between observables: R-L, -L, color-L, R-, etc. Strong constraints on models Stars formed in single-burst—easier to build models
Cosmology Time(z) relation; also gravitational lensing Homogeneity useful for peculiar velocity studies
Joint formation of spheroids and Black Holes?
Early-type Galaxy Sample Selection Criteria
Photometric parameter fracDev > 0.8
PCA spectral type (eclass < 0) Magnitude limit (14.5 < mr < 17.6) Velocity dispersion available (S/N > 10)
From a sample of ~250,000 SDSS galaxies
~ 40,000 early-type galaxies
Outline The SDSS sample Early-type galaxies:
formation and evolution models Environment and Evolution (Bernardi et al. 2004a) Color-L-Age and Metallicity (Bernardi et al
2004b) The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble?
(Bernardi et al. 2004c)
CDM: hierarchical gravitational clusteringThe formation time of “Elliptical galaxies” is the BIG problem!!
The most massive galaxies are the last to form … … even though their stars could be the first to form
Galaxy formation models predict…
Early-type galaxies in the field should be younger than those in clusters
Metallicity should not depend on environment The stars in more massive galaxies are coeval or
younger than those in less massive galaxies
Kauffmann & Charlot 1998see also De Lucia et al. 2003
The key: measure Age & Metallicity
The optical portion of the galaxy spectrum is due to the light of stellar photospheres
K giant star
Typical elliptical galaxy
Galaxies composed of stars
1) Stellar Library
2) Star Formation History
3) Initial Mass Function
reproduce fluxes, colors, and spectra of galaxies
e.g. Worthey 1994, Vazdekis 1999, Trager et al. 2000, Bruzual & Charlot 2003, Thomas, Maraston & Bender 2003
metallicity changes increase of heavy elements due to SN explosions
Problem: Age-Metallicity degeneracy
Stars weak in heavy elements are bluer than metal-rich stars (line blanketing effects and higher opacities)
Galaxy models must account for
Different Age – Same Metallicity
Easy to separate young and old populations of the same metallicity
Same Age – Different Metallicity
Easy to separate coeval populations of different metallicity
Age – Metallicity degeneracyHard to separate populations which have a combination of age and metallicity
How to disentangle age from metallicity?
Stellar population models
Absorption lines (e.g. Lick indices)
H Mgb Fe
EW =
1FIFCd1
age
metallicity
Additional complication [/Fe] enhancement
The [/Fe] enhancement problemSN, which produce most of the metals, are of two types:
Large are-enhanced
--- z < 0.07 --- 0.07 < z < 0.09 --- 0.09 < z < 0.12 --- 0.12 < z < 0.15
Stellar Population Synthesis Models
Thomas, Maraston & Bender 2003
Calibrated to the Lick system --- lower resolution --- no flux calibration!!
Corrected for -enhancement ☺[/Fe] > [/Fe]
Age
Metallicity
Problems with models
Can we learn something just from the absorption lines?
Testing predictions of galaxy formation models …
Early-type galaxies in the field should be younger than those in clusters
Metallicity should not depend on environment The stars in more massive galaxies are coeval or
younger than those in less massive galaxies
Outline The SDSS sample Early-type galaxies:
formation and evolution models Environment and Evolution (Bernardi et al. 2004a) Color-L-Age and Metallicity (Bernardi et al
2004b) The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble?
(Bernardi et al. 2004c)
Environment ….
C4 Cluster Catalog (Miller et al. 2004)
L > 3L*
Lcl > 1.75 x 1011 h-2 L ~ 10L*
From ~ 25,000 early-types at z < 0.14
3500 in high density regions4500 in low density regions
Bernardi et al. (2004a)
Cluster galaxies 0.1 mag fainterthan field galaxies
Cluster galaxies older than field by ~ 1Gyr
BCGs more homogeneous
--- Cluster--- Field --- BCG
The Fundamental PlaneThe virial theorem:
Three observables + M/L M/L ~ L0.14
FP is combination with minimum scatter
oldyoung
….. Evolution Z ~ 0.05
Z~ 0.17 t ~ 1.3Gyr
D4000 increases with time; H, H decreases
Evolution as a clock
Some implications:
early-type galaxies in the field should be younger
than those in clusters
Observed differences cluster-field small (~ 1 Gyr)
Outline The SDSS sample Early-type galaxies:
formation and evolution models Environment and Evolution (Bernardi et al. 2004a) Color-L-Age and Metallicity (Bernardi et al
2004b) The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble?
(Bernardi et al. 2004c)
Color-Magnitude
Color-Magnitude is a consequence of Color- & L-
Age – Metallicity from Color-Magnitude
Models from Bruzual & Charlot (2003)
12
4
Age
[Z/H]=0.6
[Z/H]=0
9
1
[Z/H]=0.6
[Z/H]=0
12
2
Age
[Z/H]=0
[Z/H]=0.6
1
9 Age
Age
Bernardi et al. (2004b)
L ↑ Age↑ [Z/H] ↑
L ↑ Age↑ [Z/H] ↓
Kodama et al. (1998)
Slope of C-Mindependent of redshift out to z~1
C-M due toMass-[Z/H] not Mass-Age
C-M due to Mass-[Z/H] residuals from C-M due to Age
In contrast to published semi-analytic galaxy formation models
Bernardi et al. (2004b)
Age
Age of stellar population increases with galaxy mass: Massive galaxies are older
At fixed L/Mass: 1) more massive galaxies are older 2) fainter galaxies are older 3) galaxies with smaller R are older 4) higher galaxies are older
Some implications: early-type galaxies in the field should be younger than those in clusters Observed differences cluster-field small (~ 1 Gyr)
More massive galaxies are coeval or younger than the less massive ones SDSS indicates opposite: smaller galaxies are younger
Outline The SDSS sample Early-type galaxies:
formation and evolution models Environment and Evolution (Bernardi et al. 2004a) Color-L-Age and Metallicity (Bernardi et al
2004b) The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble?
(Bernardi et al. 2004c)
The Most Massive Galaxies: Double Trouble? 105 objects with ( > 350 km/s) Single/Massive?
Galaxy formation models assume < 250 km/s BHs (2 x 109 M)
Superposition? interaction ratesdust contentbinary lenses
● Single/Massive Double ڤ◊ BCG
Sheth et al. 2003
Expect 1/300 objects to be a superposition
Bernardi et al. 2004c
‘Double’ from spectrum and image
‘Double’ from spectrum, not image
‘Single’ ?
● Single/Massive Double ڤ◊ BCG
Doubles are outliers
BCGs are bluer thanmain sample at fixed
Dry Mergers?
HST images: with ACS-HRC
SDSS
HST = 407 ± 27 km/s
SDSS J151741.7-004217.6
3”
1’
SDSS J204712.0-054336.7
= 404 ± 32 km/sHST
SDSS
1’
3’
HST: ACS-HRC
6 single 4 multiple
= 369 ± 22 = 383 ± 27 = 385 ± 34 = 385 ± 24
= 395 ± 27 = 402 ± 35 = 404 ± 32 = 407 ± 27
= 408 ± 39 = 413 ± 35
Single galaxies with ~ 400 km/s
Semi-analytic modelsuse a cut at Vc = 350 km/s
(i.e. = 350/√2 ~ 250 km/s)
Cut should be at higher Vc??
Conclusions Problems with galaxy formation models
Dependence on environment weak Low galaxies are younger (future work: quantify differential evolution)
C-M C- & M- Follow-up Most Massive Galaxies
Analysis of HST images underway Increase the sampleSubmitting follow-up proposals with 8m