ABSTRACT & POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Managed Aquifer Recharge for the Arizona Desert: The Development of Large Surface Water Spreading Facilities Mario R. Lluria, Ph.D., P.G. Senior Professional Geohydrologist Hydrosystems, Inc. Phoenix, Arizona Managed Aquifer Recharge Symposium January 25-26, 2011 Irvine, California Symposium Organizers: • National Water Research Institute • Orange County Water District • Water Research Foundation www.nwri-usa.org/rechargesymposium2011.htm
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ABSTRACT & POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Managed Aquifer Recharge for the Arizona Desert: The Development of Large Surface Water Spreading Facilities
Mario R. Lluria, Ph.D., P.G. Senior Professional Geohydrologist
Hydrosystems, Inc. Phoenix, Arizona
Managed Aquifer Recharge Symposium January 25-26, 2011 Irvine, California Symposium Organizers:
• National Water Research Institute • Orange County Water District • Water Research Foundation
Managed Aquifer Recharge For The Arizona Desert: The development of large surface water-spreading facilities
Mario R. Lluria, Gary G. Small and Floyd Marsh Hydrosystems, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona
For decade’s agriculture, industry and the urban areas of southern Arizona relied principally on groundwater for its sustenance, development and growth. Although Phoenix had a limited supply of surface water from the Salt River Project (SRP) surface reservoirs on the Salt and Verde Rivers this source is subjected to extreme weather changes typical of this semi-arid region of North America. The considerable overdraft of the aquifers limited their continued use as the main water supply. Import of surface water, water re-use, water conservation and strict control of groundwater abstraction were implemented. In 1993 the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct, which conveys all of Arizona’s Colorado River (CAP) water entitlement, was completed. To store and manage this new water resource, large storage facilities were needed but none existed. One small surface reservoir was built by enlarging an existing one. However, many more were needed especially adequately distributed regionally to serve the numerous and widely spread agriculture and urban centers. Since the available volumes of CAP water were large the storage facilities needed to be of considerable capacity. Surface water-spreading facilities were the most adequate for that purpose. Given the necessary hydrogeologic conditions, they are the more cost-effective and rapid construction and operation alternative. The Salt River Project in partnership with six Phoenix area municipalities constructed and started the operation of the Granite Reef Underground Storage Project (GRUSP) in May, 1994. This facility consisting of seven recharge basins constructed in the dry channel of the Salt River has stored to date (12/2009) approximately one million acre-feet of CAP water and smaller volumes of reclaimed water. Its operation has notably contributed to replenish the aquifer, improved the groundwater quality and improved the management of the water resources of several of its users. The GRUSP has an annual capacity under favorable conditions of 100,000 acre-feet. This pioneer project was followed by several other large water-spreading facilities in Phoenix and in the city of Tucson. Today there are ten other large facilities with a total annual aquifer storage capacity of approximately 650,000 acre-feet of water. Most store CAP water except GRUSP and SRP’s NAUSP facility which also store reclaimed water and Salt and Verde Rivers water. These facilities with minor contributions from many small surface water-spreading facilities, which predominantly store reclaimed water, have made the use of MAR as a very appropriate and successful technology for the management of the limited water resources of this fast growing desert area of the southwestern U.S.A. When sufficient land is not available because of its high cost or space limitation due to high urban development, some municipalities store their CAP water in the aquifer using vadose zone recharge wells. The Water Campus facility in Scottsdale, Arizona uses these wells to recharge both CAP water and reclaimed water. Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) wells are much less frequently used to recharge CAP water in Arizona because of the much higher storage unit cost as compared to surface water-spreading basins or vadose zone recharge wells. The SRP has tested an ASR system using treatment of raw canal water at the wellhead and employing existing deep production wells located next to their canal system that could become operational in the future.
A Historical Overview
• M.A.R. Development– Main Reasons for its Progress
– Development Phases
– Regulatory Framework
– Water‐Spreading vs
Well Recharge
– Institutional Involvement
• Water‐Spreading Facilities
• The Future of Water Spreading
This phase consisted mostly of tests by Universities and research centers
• Off‐channel basins in the Salt River• Treated effluent• SAT
• Dr. Herman Bouwer, USDA /
USWCL (1968‐1978)
Flushing Meadow ProjectPhoenix, AZ
• Well recharge using cooling tower
effluent in Tucson • Dr. L.G. Wilson and others at
University of Arizona WRRC
(1960’s)
Basin Recharge in McMicken
Dam*Phoenix, AZ
*Photo: Flood Control District of Maricopa County
• Studies and design
completed
• Full scale• CAP water
Granite Reef Underground
Storage Project Phoenix, AZ
• Vadose zone recharge
wells
• Reclaimed water
Water Campus Project
Scottsdale, AZ
• First ASR well in Arizona
Cave Creek Recharge
Project
Phoenix, AZ
*Photo: ADWR Website
• Reclaimed water • Four 0.75 acre basins
Sweetwater Project*
Tucson, AZ
• Completed to Phoenix
and Tucson
CAP Aqueduct*
• 1994 commenced
operation
• Permitted for 200,000
acre‐feet/year
Granite Reef Underground
Storage Project Phoenix, AZ
*Photo: CAP Website
• 1994 ‐2010 • Capacity exceeding
50,000 acre‐feet/year
9 Large Water‐Spreading
Facilities
• Water‐Spreading by
river channel
Hassayampa Recharge
Facility
Near Prescott, AZ• ASR Wells
Fountains Sanitary DistrictFountain Hills, AZ
• Vadose Zone Recharge
Wells
City of Surprise SPA‐1Surprise, AZ
Federal State County /
Municipality
Agencies Army Corps of
Engineers
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Arizona Department
of Water Resources
Arizona Department
of Environmental
Quality
Flood Control
District
Permits 404 401 • Underground
Storage Facility
• Water Storage
Aquifer Protection
Permit
Floodplain and
Flood Use Permit
Laws Clean Water
Act
Clean Water
Act
• 1980 Groundwater
Management Act
• Recharge and
Underground
Storage and
Recovery Act 1986
Environmental
Quality Act 1986
Local Ordinance
Water‐Spreading ASR Well Vadose Zone Well
Capacity 5,000 –
150,000 ac‐ft/yr < 5,000 ac‐ft/d 1,000 –
15,000 ac‐ft/yr
Water Source CAP, RW, S&V, Mixed RW, CAP RW
Unit Cost ($/ac‐ft) Very low High Intermediate
Number of Facilities 38 9 19
• Central Arizona Water Conservation District (CAWCD)– Colorado River Water Purveyor
• Arizona Water Banking Authority (AWBA)– Better Utilization of Arizona: Colorado River Entitlement
• Groundwater Replenishment Districts• Salt River Project (SRP)
– Salt and Verde Rivers Water Purveyor
• Municipalities• Irrigation Districts• Water Companies
• Water Sources Available for Aquifer Storage– Colorado River Water (CAP)
– Salt and Verde River Water (SRP)
– Reclaimed Water (treated municipal effluent) (RW)
– Treated Industrial Effluent (IRW)
• Granite Reef Underground Storage Project– GRUSP
• New River Agua Fria Underground Storage Project
– NAUSP• MBT Ranch Recharge Project• Lower Santa Cruz River Managed Recharge
Project – LSCRMRP
• Hassayampa Recharge Facility
Roosevelt Dam Arizona Canal
Scale in Mile
20 1
Lower Alluvial Unit-Pleisto ceneRed Unit – Fanglormerates Miocine
Tovrea Granite-precambria
Upper Alluvial Unit-Quaternary
Yg
Yg
TM
LAU
UAU
LAUTM
Yg
UAU
GRUSPSalt River
GraniteReef Dam Verde
River
Mount McDowell
Detachment fault
300 ft
Aquifer
EastWest
ff
• Development– In‐channel basins in the Salt River– Recharge capacity
• 100,000 acre‐feet/year (125 M mm3/year)
– Near SRP and CAP water infrastructure– Started operation in 1994– Total cost
• $2.2M
South Canal
BCW Headworks Basins
Aquifer Storage
• System Components– Inflow Structures
• SRP South Canal– Delivery Units
• Delivery Channel– Recharge Units
• 7 basins: 225 acres (90 hectares)– Monitoring System
• BCWs• wells
• Site Selection– Geology– Hydrogeology– Engineering infrastructure– Environmental factors
East Salt River Valley BasinWest Salt River Valley Basin
MAUMAUMAULAULAULAU
GRUSP
MAUMAUMAU
LAULAULAU
Salt River
NAUSP
Agua Fria RiverMcDowell Mountains
E
Red Mountains
White Tank Mountains
W
DFDF
UAUUAUUAUUAUUAUUAU
BR
BR
BR
ArizonaCanal
Arizona Canal
X-C
utGrand
Canal
South Canal
East
ern
Cana
l
Cons
olid
ated
Cana
l
Tem
peCa
nal
Western Canal
Cavecreek
Carefree
QueenCreek
ApacheJunction
Mesa
GilbertGuadalupe
Chandler
Tempe
Goodyear
Avondale
Tolleson
FountainHills
Scottsdale
ParadiseValley
Phoenix
Peoria
Glendale
ElMirageYoungtown
Surprise
LitchfieldPark
Buckeye
GilaGilaRiverRiver
Salt RiverSalt River
Agu
aA
gua
Riv
erR
iver
Fria
Fria
RiverRiver
New
New
Avondale
BuckeyeGoodyear
Glendale
SunCity
Phoenix
ElMirage
85
10
89
84
60
-250-300
-200
-300
-250-200
-300
-150
-100
-50
Glendale
Buckeye
Goodyear
Avondale
SunCity
Phoenix
ElMirage
LUKEAIR FORCEBASE
85
10
89
84
60
GilaGila
Agu
aA
gua
RiverRiver
RiverRiver
SaltSalt
Riv
erR
iver
Fria
Fria
RiverRiver
New
New
900
920
940960
980
1,000
1,0201,040
1,060
1,080
1,100
1,120
1,140
1,160
1,180
1,200 1,2201,240
85
10
89
84
60
Goodyear
Glendale
Buckeye Avondale
Sun
City
Phoenix
El
Mirage
750725
850
825
800
775750
725
750
775
800825
850875
Riv
er
Gila
River
River
Salt
Fria
River
New
Agu
a
Recharge Site
LUKE AIR FORCE
BASE
LUKE AIR FORCE
BASE
LUKELUKEAIR FORCEAIR FORCEBASEBASE
• Started operation in 2006• Basins
– In‐channel and off‐channel• Permit capacity
– 75,000 acre‐feet/year• Near SRP water infrastructure• Total cost