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Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Jun 17, 2018

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Page 1: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,
Page 2: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

"Man is but a worm"

Argumentative reductionism:– "morning star→ evening star → Venus":– statement of identity– ampliative (gehaltserweiternd) in a subjective, not in an objective way

Man → worm or man → ape?!

Social darwinism: Not "transfer / application" of

biological laws sociopoliticalof evolution questions

but legitimatory reductionismPD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 3: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Social Darwinism

• Economic liberalism

– intra-social Selection

– inter-social Selection

• "Eugenics", "Race hygiene"

Cultural Darwinism

• Evolutionary Epistem.(19th / 20 th century)

• Cultural reductionisms(Genes → Memes)

Social DarwinismMisconceptions / exploitationsPullback after 1945Boom of a new type of Cultural Darwinism

Transplantation of argumental patterns

Thes

is

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 4: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Darwinist Differentiations

"Evolution as a biological theorem"

"Popular Evolutionism or Developmentalismwhich is certainly a Myth"

C. S. Lewis: The Funeral of a Great Myth

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 5: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Title of the first German translation:

Entstehung der Artenim Thier- und Pflanzen-Reich durch natürliche Züchtung, Erhaltung der vervollkommnetenRassen im Kampfe um‘sDaseyn

(Bronn, 1860 – Hervorh. hinzugef.)

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 6: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Two "darwinian" catch phrasesand their popular German adaptation

(1) "Struggle for life" / "for existence""struggle", not "fight" / "war""strong connotations" (Pörksen)

(2) "Survival of the fittest" (Spencer → Darwin)fit, not strong!not individuum but population

Socio-morphous concepts in popular evolutionism

highly suggestive

leads to misconceptions

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 7: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Darwinist doctrine as a transformationfrom Hobbe‘s bellum omnium contra omnes and the civic doctrine ofcompetition as well as Malthus‘ theory ofpopulation from society into the livingnature.

"After having accomplished this feat, it isvery easy to re-transform this doctrinefrom history of nature into history ofsociety. And it is all too strong a naivety toclaim to have proven these claims aseternal laws of nature ".

(Letter to Lawrow, 11/15/1878)

Socialist criticism of Social Darwinism: F. Engels

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 8: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Social Darwinism in continuation ofmaterialism widely seen as "threatof humanistic values":

Kühne-Bertram (2000: 165)

"In our opinion the specificDarwinism (from which Lamarck compilations are to be excepted) isa piece of brutality which istargeted against humanity.

(Engels: Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft MEW Bd. 20, S. 29)

Socialist criticism of Social Darwinism: F. Engels

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 9: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

"Fight for Life" as "exception":

"The total aspect of life is not thesituation of misery, the situation ofhunger but rather the richness, theopulence, even the absurd waste ofresources – wherever a fight is beingfought, it is about power…

One should not confuse Malthus tonature. – "

Götzen-Dämmerung, KSA 6, 120f.

Nietzsche‘s "Anti-Darwin"

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 10: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

The species do not grow in perfection: the weak creatures repeatedly dominate the strong ones – because of their greater number, they are also smarter… Darwin has forgotten about the Geist ("mind ") (– that is english!)

The weak creatures have more Geist… One must be in need of Geist in order to get Geist – one loses it if not needed anymore.

Götzen-Dämmerung, KSA 6, 120f.

Nietzsche‘s "Anti-Darwin"

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 11: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

+ Darwin as a protagonist of a philosophy of becoming rather than being (like Lamark and Hegel!)

- Power, not self-preservation („Selbst-Erhaltung")

- Endogenous Evolution, not evolution by chance(„Entwicklung" instead of „Evolution")→ „Lamarck instead of Darwin"

- No perfectionism of species (Dennett‘s „pan-adaptionism")

- „Geist" (mind) as a counter-principle of evolution:The weak individuals outperform the stronger ones

Nietzsche‘s arguments towards Darwinism

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 12: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

"science will teach us nothing"?!popularism and the "Ignorabimus" debate

Emil DuBois-Reymond (1818 – 1896) Physiologisttheoretical physician,invented the experimental electro-physiology

Ernst Haeckel (1834 – 1919) „The German Darwin“: physician,Zoologist,comparing Anatomist

"In face of the physic world‘s mysteries the scientist islong ago accustomed to speak out his ‚Ignoramus‘ withmanly austereness (Entsagung). [...] But in face of the mystery, how *…+ materia and power are to be thought, he has to enunciate his verdict‚Ignorabimus‘ once and for all."

Emil du Bois-Reymond (1872): Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens

„The mergence of the seeming contradictions, and with it the progress towards the solution of the fundamental world mystery, is putted closer to us by the ever-growing knowledge of nature. So we may hope that the beginning 20th century will increasingly clear these contradictions and will, by forming of the pure monism, spread the desired unity of world-view (Weltanschauung) in wide circles of society.

Haeckel (1899): Die Welträthsel. Gemeinverständliche Studien über Monistische Philosophie

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 13: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

•Variation by chance

•Heredity of theseVariations

•Transformationism

•Selection throughcompetition(Malthus)

•Materialism as an allegation

•"Lamarck instead of Darwin"

•Dissolution of "natural" (godgiven) species boundaries

•Social / Cultural Darwinism

Darwinian

theory elements..

... and their socio-politicalpotential of provocation

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 14: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

The dark side of Darwinism and the radical break in the 20th century

• "Positive eugenics" / "positive race hygiene": "improvement" of the genetic material through breeding

• "Negative eugenics" / "neg. race hygiene":elimination of "bad" genetic material in favorof future generations → "euthanasia"

• Projectionbiological results → socio-political targets

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 15: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Cultural Darwinism:a small phenomenology

"The selfish gene"Personalized / automatized concept of information

"The God Delusion" / "Breaking the spell"Naturalization of deism

Evolutionary epistemologyincreasing "fitness" (Passung) of knowledge

"Pan-Adaptionism" (Dennett)

Biology of cooperative behaviour"The cooperative gene" (Bauer)

Biology of prosocial behaviour

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

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Page 17: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

The status of "classical" Darwinism

1. Nomothetic Status of Darwinism:– No law (missing predictablity!) but

– (Well proven) hypothesis:"Nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution." (Dobzhansky)

2. "The" Darwinism and implied principles (Lewontin):

(1) Principle of phenotypic variation

(2) Principle of differential fitness

(3) Heritability of fitnessLewontin, Richard C. (1970), The units of selection. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1, S. 1-18

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 18: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Program.

• Why "the" Darwinism does not exist

• Elements of Darwinism

• Darwinism as provocation

• German Reception of Darwinism

• Social Darwinism → Cultural Darwinism

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 19: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

Nehmen wir drittens den erstaunlichen Griff Hegel’s, der damit durch alle logischen Gewohnheiten und Verwöhnungen durchgriff, als er zu lehren wagte, dass die Artbegriffe sich aus einander entwickeln: mit welchem Satze die Geister in Europa zur letzten grossen wissenschaftlichen Bewegung präformirt wurden, zum Darwinismus – denn ohne Hegel kein Darwin.

Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, KSA 3, S. 598.

Nietzsches "Anti-Darwin"

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

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Darwins Agnostizismus

Es scheint mir zuviel Elend in der Welt vorhanden zu sein. Ich kann mich nicht dazu überreden, daß ein wohlwollender und allmächtiger Gott mit vorbedachter Absicht die Ichneumoniden oder Schlupfwespen erschaffen haben würde mit der ausdrücklichen Bestimmung, sich innerhalb des Körpers lebender Raupen zu ernähren, oder auch, daß eine Katze mit den Mäusen erst spielen solle. Da ich hieran nicht glauben kann, sehe ich auch keine Notwendigkeit zu dem Glauben ein, daß das Auge ausdrücklich beabsichtigt wurde. Auf der anderen Seite kann ich mich doch in keinerlei Weise damit befriedigt fühlen, dieses wunderbare Universum und besonders die menschliche Natur zu betrachten und zu folgern, daß alles nur das Resultat der rohen Kraft ist. Ich bin geneigt, alles als das Ergebnis vorausbestimmter Gesetze zu betrachten, wobei die Einzelheiten, mögen sie gut oder schlimm sein, der Wirkung dessen überlassen wird, was man Zufall nennt. Nicht als wenn dieser Begriff mich durchaus befriedigte. Ich fühle aufs allertiefste, daß der Gegenstand zu tief ist für den menschlichen Intellekt. Ein Hund könnte ebensogut über den Geist Newtons spekulieren.

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz

Page 21: Man is but a worm - Dirk Solies · "Man is but a worm" ... of future generations → "euthanasia" •Projection biological results → socio-political targets PD Dr. Dirk Solies,

• Wenn nun aus diesen und vielen anderen Zeugnissen zuverlässig hervorgeht, daß die geistigen Unterschiede zwischen den niedersten Menschen und den höchsten Thieren geringer sind, als diejenigen zwischen den niedersten und den höchsten Menschen, und wenn Sie damit die Thatsache zusammenhalten, daß bei jedem einzelnen Menschenkinde sich das Geistesleben aus dem tiefsten Zustande thierischer Bewußtlosigkeit heraus langsam, stufenweise und allmählich entwickelt, sollen wir dann noch daran Anstoß nehmen, daß auch der Geist des ganzen Menschengeschlechts sich in gleicher Art langsam und stufenweise historisch entwickelt hat? Und sollen wir in dieser Thatsache, daß die Menschenseele durch einen langen und langsamen Proceß der Differenzirung und Vervollkommnung sich ganz allmählich aus der Wirbelthierseele hervorgebildet hat, eine "Entwürdigung" des menschlichen Geistes finden? Ich gestehe Ihnen offen, daß diese letztere Anschauung, welche gegenwärtig von vielen Menschen der Pithekoidentheorie entgegengehalten wird, mir ganz unbegreiflich ist.

PD Dr. Dirk Solies, Prakt. Philos., JGU Mainz