Malnutrition

MALNUTRITIONMALNUTRITION

Definition :Definition :

Does not take balanced diets,Does not take balanced diets,

Either :Either :

a)a) Eat insufficient nutrientsEat insufficient nutrients

b)b) Eat excessive amount of Eat excessive amount of certain nutrients certain nutrients

Excessive / insufficient intake of certain nutrients can

lead to diseases

Examples of Examples of

DEFICIENCYDEFICIENCY

1. Deficiency in ProteinProtein will lead to:

a) Kwashiorkor

b) Hair & skin are discolored & the belly (perut) is bloated.

c) Blindness (children)

d) Healing of wounds is slow

Nigerian orphanage in the late 1960's show symptoms of malnutrition ~ kwashiorkor.

2. Deficiency in Fatty Acids

• Fatigue

• Dry skin

• Immune weakness

• Gastrointestinal disorders

• Cardiovascular diseases

Recent research suggest that depression & aggresion may be linked to Omega-3 fatty

acid deficiency.

3. Deficiency in Vitamins

Vitamin A ~ Night blindness

Vitamin B1 ~ Beri-beri

Vitamin B1 ~ Pellagra

• Lesions over the anterior suface of the chest and upper end of sternum. • certain amount of redness, roughness and pigmentation

Vitamin C ~ Scurvy

Vitamin D ~ Rickets

Vitamin E ~ Sterility (unable to produce offspring)

Vitamin K ~ Slow Blood Clotting

4. Deficiency in Minerals

Iron ~ Anaemia

Phosphorus ~ rickets

Calcium ~ Osteoporosis

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Is a condition in which bones loses Ca & become porous &

brittle.

Calcium ~ Delay in blood clotting

Potassium ~ Muscular weakness

Sodium ~ Muscular Cramps

Iodine ~ Goitre (aldults)

• Our diet should contain all the VITAMINSVITAMINS & MINERALSMINERALS that our body need.

• Excessive intake of VITAMINS (ADEK) is toxic to liver.

Examples of

EXCESSIVE EXCESSIVE INTAKEINTAKE

1. Calcium1. Calcium

Excessive intake of Ca can cause calculus (stones) formation in

kidneys & gall bladder.

a) Calcium – Urine Bladder a) Calcium – Urine Bladder stonestone

b) Calcium – Kidney stoneb) Calcium – Kidney stone

c) Calcium – Gall Bladder c) Calcium – Gall Bladder stonesstones

2. Carbohydrate

Excessive intake of carbohydrates can cause :

a) Diabetes melitus

b) Obesity.

2. Carbohydrates & lipids - 2. Carbohydrates & lipids - ObesityObesity

3. Saturated fats & cholesterol

1. Tend to deposit in blood vessels.

2. Cause the narrowing of lumen of blood vessels.

As a result :

a) Blood pressure rise

b) Blood vessel may burst

Examples of cardiovascular diseases :

(diseases of the heart & blood vessels)

a) High blood pressure

b) Stroke

c) Heart disease

Stroke

• Overdose of Vit. A ~ can cause headache, nausea, birth defects

• Overdose of Vit. D ~ can cause the Ca to deposit in soft tissue.

• Overdose of Iron ~ cause constipation

HOW TO HOW TO

REDUCE ??REDUCE ??

High Blood Pressure & Diabetes Melitus

• Prevent obesity

• Diet low in saturated fats & cholesterol

• Avoid excessive carbohydrates (sugars & starch which lack dietary fibres)

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

• Eat foods rich in Ca (milk, anchoves, vegetables & cereals)

• Avoid excessive intake of proteins. Can cause bones to lose Ca