02/11/2014 Malaria by Francheska Camilo González Page 1 www.FrancheskaCamilo.com Malaria Prepared by: Francheska Camilo González Research Paper Project - MICR 4505 - 8072 Prof. Eva Rodríguez UIPR – Recinto Metro February11, 2014 English version: February 27, 2014
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02/11/2014 Malaria by Francheska Camilo González Page 1
www.FrancheskaCamilo.com
Malaria
Prepared by: Francheska Camilo González
Research Paper Project - MICR 4505 - 8072
Prof. Eva Rodríguez
UIPR – Recinto Metro
February11, 2014
English version: February 27, 2014
02/11/2014 Malaria by Francheska Camilo González Page 2
This article is dedicated to my dog: Sassy Camilo González (January 5, 2007 - February 20,
2014), which received Doxycycline as part of treatment during their stay in a Veterinary
Hospital. We love you and we will always remember you like Sassy La Campeona "Sassy the
Champion".
02/11/2014 Malaria by Francheska Camilo González Page 3
INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans by bites of mosquitoes of the genus
Anopheles [1]. Malaria is the most common systemic disease in the world, being reported 200 to
500 million cases and 1 million deaths from this parasitic disease [1]. In countries with a climate
temperate, the mosquitoes can carry malaria, but in the winter season, the parasite tends to
disappear [3].
ALTERNATE NAMES [3, 18]
Quartan malaria
Biduoterian fever
Falciparum malaria
Blackwater fever
Plasmodium
Tertian malaria
CAUSES
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one human to another by bites of
infected Anopheles mosquitoes [3, 18]. Now once is the host infected (human), the parasites
migrate through the bloodstream to the liver, where they have several cycles of asexual
multiplication, and then enter to the bloodstream to infect red blood cells [3, 4, 18]. Most symptoms
are caused by the release of merozoites (shape acquired by the maturation stage of the
parasite or sporozoite after migrate through the bloodstream until to the liver) in the blood, is
produced anemia due to destruction of red blood cells, and large amounts of hemoglobin
released into circulation by the breakdown of red blood cells [3, 18].
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PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The travelers going to countries such as Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Azerbaijan, and other
areas of risk by the presence of malaria should call to the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) of the United States, for information about the types of malaria, preventive
drugs, and times of the year that should not travel to these areas [3, 5, 18]. In areas with a higher
incidence of Plasmodium falciparum, are recommended antimalarial treatments such as
atovaquone / proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline and mefloquine, and repellents with DEET
concentrations of about 35% as prevention methods [1, 3, 18]. The World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends confirming the diagnosis with parasitological methods, prior to
administering any treatment for malaria [2]. For those infected with Plasmodium falciparum
individuals, there is a treatment know as Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy [2].
Table 1: Effects and complications of malaria [3, 18]
Complication Effect of the disease, condition or complication
Hemolytic anemia [3, 18] The body's immune system to attack mistakenly the individual's own red blood cells, causing that to disintegrate, and hemolysis occurs [8].
Kidney failure [3, 18] The kidneys losing their ability to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes [9].
Hepatic Impairment [3,18]
The liver lose their ability to carry out its synthetic and metabolic function, causing complications such as excessive bleeding, infection and kidney failure, and increased brain pressure [10 , 11].
Encephalitis [3, 18]
Inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of a viral infection [12].
Meningitis [3, 18]
Inflammation of the thin tissue that originates around the brain and spinal cord [13].
Pulmonary edema [3, 18]
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, especially in the area between the capillaries and alveoli, which can cause swelling [14].