Major Events in the History of Earth Cenozoic Humans Land plants Animals Origin of solar system and Earth Multicellular 1 4 Proterozoic eon Archaean eon Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled k t 2 3 Prokaryotes eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen
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Major Events in the History of EarthCenozoic
Humans
Land plants
Animals Origin of solarsystem andEarth
Multicellular
1 4Proterozoic
eonArchaean
eon
Multicellulareukaryotes
Single-celledk t
2 3
Prokaryotes
eukaryotesAtmospheric oxygen
Classification systems
5 Kingdom system 3 Domain systemg y y1. Monera 1. Bacteria
2 Archaea2. Archaea2. Protista 3. Eukarya3. Fungi4. Animalia5. Plantae
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotesProkaryotes vs. eukaryotesUnicellular vs. multicellular
t t hi h t t hiautotrophic vs. heterotrophic
BacteriaU i ll l k t (l k l )- Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus)
- Three basic shapes: Bacillus, coccus, spirillum- Some are filamentous- Some are filamentous- Have a complex cell wall - some autotrophic others hetrotrophicp p- Found everywhere
ProtistaProtista
- Diverse organismsDiverse organisms
- Unicellular and multicellular and colonial
- Autotrophic (Phototrophic or chemitrophic) and hetrotrophichetrotrophic
- Mostly aquatic, anywhere there is water.Mostly aquatic, anywhere there is water.
- Many protists live as symbionts in other organisms.
ProtistaBottom–dwellers: attached or creepingDrift passively near the water surface (plankton)t pass e y ea t e ate su ace (p a to )
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton - photosynthetic (planktonic algae and cyanobacteria) form the foundation of mostcyanobacteria) form the foundation of most marine and freshwater food webs - free–living speciesg p
Zooplankton- ProtozoaZooplankton Protozoa- heterotrophic
Early aquatic photosynthetic organisms :
- Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria- Eukaryotic algae
Unicellular ChlamydomonasyMulticellular Spirogyra
Cyanobacteria filamentous photosynthetic y p yprokaryote
Spirogyra filamentous photosynthetic algae, pond scumscum
FungigEukaryotic decomposers (heterotrophic)
found in many environments y- saltwater or fresh water- on landon land- cold or warm temperatures
Serve as a valuable ecological function by processing dead organic matterprocessing dead organic matter
Unicellular (yeast)M lti ll l fil t ( ld)Multicellular filamentous (mold)
Fungi evolved from an aquatic, flagellated ancestorA fungus usually consists of a mass of threadlike
hyphae called a mycelium
Hypha
Myceliumyce u
Fungi absorb food after digesting it outsideFungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies and absorb the nutrients
Fungal life cycles include asexual and sexualFungal life cycles include asexual and sexual stages
ASEXUAL- Haploid spores give rise to multi-cellular
filamentous haploid hyphae by mitosisp yp y
The haploid hyphae are made of mating- The haploid hyphae are made of mating types
Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structuresKeyy
Haploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)Diploid (2n)
Zygosporangium (n + n)
Mycelia ofdifferentmating types
Cells fuse2 3
Fusion ofnuclei
M i i
1
4MeiosisYoung zygosporangium(heterokaryotic) Sporangium
4
( y ) p gSpores (n)
SEXUAL in fruiting bodiesSEXUAL in fruiting bodies- Fusion of haploid hyphae produces a stage containing nuclei from two parentsstage containing nuclei from two parents heterokaryotic hyphae
- Nuclei fuse and undergo meiosis which produces haploid spores
Fungal groups have characteristic reproductive structures
Key 3 Diploid nucleiKeyHaploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)Diploid (2n)
Fusion ofnuclei
Meiosis
3 Diploid nuclei
4 Sporesl d
Basidia Spores (n)Mushroom
released
Mushroom
2 G th f
5 Germination of sporesand growth of mycelia
1 Fusion of two hyphaeof different mating types
2 Growth ofheterokaryotic mycelium
Lichens consist of fungi living mutualisticallyLichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms
Lichens consist of algae or cyanobacteria within aLichens consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a fungal network
Fungalhyphae
00
Algalcell
rized
SE
M 1
,00
Col
or
Early land photosynthetic organisms
Lichens- symbionts of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism either a cyanobacteria orphotosynthetic organism either a cyanobacteria or an algae
Th h h i l b i idThe photosynthetic algae or bacteria provide organic compounds which the fungus can use and the fungus provides support and protection for g p pp peither the algae or the bacteria.
Lichens can be found in the harshest ofLichens can be found in the harshest of environments on rocks
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