1 DNA Structure & Replication (Outline) • Historical perspective (DNA as the genetic material): • Genetic transformation • DNA as the transforming agent • DNA is the genetic material in bacterial viruses (phage) • Historical perspective (Structure of DNA): • Identifying ribose and deoxy ribose • Equal parts of nucleotide parts • The base-pairing rule • DNA structure: double stranded anti-parallel strands • DNA structure: helix • Basis for polarity of SS DNA and anti-parallel complementary strands of DNA • Models of DNA replication • Mechanism of DNA replication: steps and molecular machinery • Fidelity of DNA replication
40
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Transcript
1
DNA Structure amp Replication (Outline)bull Historical perspective (DNA as the genetic material)
bull Genetic transformationbull DNA as the transforming agentbull DNA is the genetic material in bacterial viruses (phage)
bull Historical perspective (Structure of DNA) bull Identifying ribose and deoxy ribosebull Equal parts of nucleotide parts bull The base-pairing rulebull DNA structure double stranded anti-parallel strandsbull DNA structure helix
bull Basis for polarity of SS DNA and anti-parallel complementary strands of DNA
bull Models of DNA replicationbull Mechanism of DNA replication steps and molecular machinerybull Fidelity of DNA replication
2
Genetic MaterialldquoA genetic material must carry out two jobs
duplicate itself and control the development of the rest of the cell in a specific wayrdquo
- Francis Crick 1953
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
3
The Road to the Double Helix
4
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
Friedrich Miescher 1871 - Swiss physician and biochemist- Isolated white blood cell nuclei from pus
o Acid substance with nitrogen and phosphoruso ldquoNucleinrdquo later changed into nucleic acid
5
History of DNAArchibald Garrod 1902- English physician
- Linked inheritance of ldquoinborn
errors of metabolismrdquo with the
lack of a particular enzyme for
breakdown of 2 amino acid
- First described the disease
alkaptonuria black urine
bone and cartilage and
osteoarthritis
6
History of DNAFrederick Griffith 1928
- English microbiologist
- Established the concept of transformation
a change in genotype (genetic makeup) by a foreign substance that changes the phenotype (observed properties or trait)
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
2
Genetic MaterialldquoA genetic material must carry out two jobs
duplicate itself and control the development of the rest of the cell in a specific wayrdquo
- Francis Crick 1953
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
3
The Road to the Double Helix
4
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
Friedrich Miescher 1871 - Swiss physician and biochemist- Isolated white blood cell nuclei from pus
o Acid substance with nitrogen and phosphoruso ldquoNucleinrdquo later changed into nucleic acid
5
History of DNAArchibald Garrod 1902- English physician
- Linked inheritance of ldquoinborn
errors of metabolismrdquo with the
lack of a particular enzyme for
breakdown of 2 amino acid
- First described the disease
alkaptonuria black urine
bone and cartilage and
osteoarthritis
6
History of DNAFrederick Griffith 1928
- English microbiologist
- Established the concept of transformation
a change in genotype (genetic makeup) by a foreign substance that changes the phenotype (observed properties or trait)
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
3
The Road to the Double Helix
4
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
Friedrich Miescher 1871 - Swiss physician and biochemist- Isolated white blood cell nuclei from pus
o Acid substance with nitrogen and phosphoruso ldquoNucleinrdquo later changed into nucleic acid
5
History of DNAArchibald Garrod 1902- English physician
- Linked inheritance of ldquoinborn
errors of metabolismrdquo with the
lack of a particular enzyme for
breakdown of 2 amino acid
- First described the disease
alkaptonuria black urine
bone and cartilage and
osteoarthritis
6
History of DNAFrederick Griffith 1928
- English microbiologist
- Established the concept of transformation
a change in genotype (genetic makeup) by a foreign substance that changes the phenotype (observed properties or trait)
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
4
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
Friedrich Miescher 1871 - Swiss physician and biochemist- Isolated white blood cell nuclei from pus
o Acid substance with nitrogen and phosphoruso ldquoNucleinrdquo later changed into nucleic acid
5
History of DNAArchibald Garrod 1902- English physician
- Linked inheritance of ldquoinborn
errors of metabolismrdquo with the
lack of a particular enzyme for
breakdown of 2 amino acid
- First described the disease
alkaptonuria black urine
bone and cartilage and
osteoarthritis
6
History of DNAFrederick Griffith 1928
- English microbiologist
- Established the concept of transformation
a change in genotype (genetic makeup) by a foreign substance that changes the phenotype (observed properties or trait)
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
5
History of DNAArchibald Garrod 1902- English physician
- Linked inheritance of ldquoinborn
errors of metabolismrdquo with the
lack of a particular enzyme for
breakdown of 2 amino acid
- First described the disease
alkaptonuria black urine
bone and cartilage and
osteoarthritis
6
History of DNAFrederick Griffith 1928
- English microbiologist
- Established the concept of transformation
a change in genotype (genetic makeup) by a foreign substance that changes the phenotype (observed properties or trait)
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
6
History of DNAFrederick Griffith 1928
- English microbiologist
- Established the concept of transformation
a change in genotype (genetic makeup) by a foreign substance that changes the phenotype (observed properties or trait)
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
7
Frederick Griffith
Worked with Diplococcus pneumonia which exists in two typeso Type S (Smooth) = Produces capsule
o Type R (Rough) = No capsule
o Capsule associated with virulence (causing disease)
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
8
Figure 91
Discovery of Bacterial Transformation
Figure 91
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
9
History of DNA
Avery MacLeod and McCarty 1944- American physicians- DNA is the transforming material
(Can convert Type R bacteria into S)
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
10
Figure 91
The Transforming Principle
Figure 92
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
11
History of DNAAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1953
bull American microbiologists
bull Viruses can infect E coli bacteria
bull A virus in not a cell it has protein ldquoheadrdquo and DNA core
bull Can replicate only using host living cells as host
bull DNA is the genetic material of these viruses
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
12
Discovering the Structure of DNAPhoebus Levine
- Russian-American biochemist
- Identified the 5-carbon sugars ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929
- Discovered that the three parts of a nucleotide are found in equal proportions
- Sugar- Phosphate- Nitrogen Base
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
13
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Erwin Chargaff 1951- Austrian-American biochemist
- Analyzed base composition of DNA from various species and observed regular relationships
- Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine- A = T and C = G
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types
Fidelity of DNA replication amp maintaining DNA integrity
Maintained by
1 Proof-reading function of DNA polymerase2 DNA repair systemshttpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemediamismatch_repair-lgmov
DNA damage and repair in general httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=y16w-CGAa0Yampfeature=relatedhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nPS2jBq1k48
40
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
Need for maintaining genetic integrity is balanced by having enough genetic variability for natural selection to act on
Few errors of DNA replication are not corrected
Slide Number 1
Genetic Material
The Road to the Double Helix
History leading to establishing DNA as the genetic material
History of DNA
History of DNA
Frederick Griffith
Slide Number 8
History of DNA
Slide Number 10
History of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Slide Number 19
DNA Structure
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
DNA Structure
DNA is Highly Condensed
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Molecular Definition of a Gene
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Slide Number 31
Overview of DNA Replication
Overview of DNA Replication
Enzymes in DNA Replication
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Activities at the Replication Fork
Slide Number 39
Genetic Integrity and Diversity
14
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins 1952- English scientists- Used a technique called X-ray diffraction- It took Franklin 100 hours to obtain ldquophoto 51rdquo
15
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Franklin reasoned that the DNA is a helix with symmetrically organized subunits
Figure 94
16
Discovering the Structure of DNAJames Watson and Francis Crick- Did not perform any experiments
- Used results of others and cardboard cutouts to build a model of the structure of DNA
Figure 95
17
DNA Structure
A single building block is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of- A deoxyribose sugar- A phosphate group- A nitrogenous base one of four types