Survey Camp Report 2015 1.INTRODUCTION The survey camp is an important part of the seventh semester civil engineering degree course. It gives us a clear idea and I practical knowledge and experience in surveying in 2014-2015. The civil engineering department was divided to conduct the survey camp at the Heera college of engineering campus .The site was selected for survey camp in order to get through idea in different operations of surveying and adapting various survey methods that we have studied in classes . Department of Civil Engineering 1 HCET
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Survey Camp Report 2015
1. INTRODUCTION
The survey camp is an important part of the seventh semester civil engineering degree
course. It gives us a clear idea and I practical knowledge and experience in surveying
in 2014-2015. The civil engineering department was divided to conduct the survey
camp at the Heera college of engineering campus .The site was selected for survey
camp in order to get through idea in different operations of surveying and adapting
various survey methods that we have studied in classes .
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Survey Camp Report 2015
2.SELECTION OF SITE
The site is suitable for all types of surveying such as chain surveying. Theodolite
surveying , levelling , plane table , surveying, etc. there are so many features such as
building , wood , drains , play grounds , etc.
3. OBJECT OF SURVEYING
The object of surveying is the preparation of plan or map of the area; it determines the
position of the area. It determines the inner details of a track of a country. So that a
map or plan can be easily prepared.
The main objects of a survey camp are:
Preparation of map of given area
Computation of area of plot
Preparation of contour map
4. METHODS OF SURVEYING
Reconnaissance Surveying includes the following steps:
1. Observation of suitable positions for surveying.
2. Selection of suitable positions for traverse stations
3. Determination of inter disability and height of station
4. Collection of miscellaneous information regarding water supply, food, labour
and guides etc.
5. Collection of more previous data to choose the best location for the work and
to estimate the exact quantities and cost. This survey is also known as
preliminary surveying.
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5. INSTRUMENTS USED
a) Theodolite with accessories
b) Dumpy level
c) Levelling staff
d) Ranging rods
e) Tape and chain
f) Cross staff
g) Arrows
h) Pegs
i) Plane table with all accessories
6. FIELD WORK OF THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
6.1 Preparation of Location plan
After the reconnaissance survey we prepared neat location plan to realize the
location of the college campus. A neat location plan is prepared.
6.2 Preparation of key plan
After the reconnaissance survey, a key plan of the given field was prepared.
The key plan includes important buildings, roads, important trees, electric
posts and telephone posts.
6.3 Selection and fixing of survey stations
The traverse stations are selected and fixed by wooden pegs, while
selecting the stations the following points where considered.
i. Station points are inter visible i.e. station points are very close to the
boundary as possible.
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ii. The numbers of station are minimum as possible.
iii. The station should be free from local attraction.
6.4 Preparation reference sketches.
After the stations are marked we referenced the station by taking
measurements from three permanent objects, which can be easily
recognized such as gate, boundary stones, corners, building, etc.
The reference sketches are necessary to find the position of the station
in case the stations are displayed or lost.
1. MEASUREMENT OF INCLUDED ANGLES
The included angles between given stations are obtained using a
theodolite. We have taken repetition in face left and face right
observations in order to reduce the error.
2. MEASURING WCB
For calculating the quadrant , WCB of a line was observed from a
station which was free from local attraction .
.
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LOCATION MAP
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KEY PLAN &LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
Figure 2. Key Plan & Linear Measurements
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7. LOCATION DETAILS
For locating details, we use the plane table survey. We located the necessary details by radiation and intersection method.
7.1 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT 3
Figure 3. Reference Sketch
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7.2 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT 2
Figure 4 Reference Sketch
7.3 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT 4
` Figure 5 Reference Sketch
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7.4 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT B
Figure 6 Reference Sketch
7.5 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT C
Figure 7 Reference Sketch
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7.6 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT C
Figure 8 Reference Sketch
7.7 REFERENCE SKETCH OF POINT G
Figure 9 Reference Sketch
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.
8. CALCULATION OF CORRECTED INCLUDED ANGLES
The corrected included angles were calculated as follows.
Observed sum was found, but the theoretical sum of a closed traverse is (2n-4)90. Thus we
calculated the closing error in angular measurement, but the permissible angular
measurement is 20√N. Then the total error was divided by the number of angles, thus we got
the corrections. This correction is applied to each angle to be corrected and calculated. The
corrected angle now the observed sum is equal to theoretical sum.
9. CALCULATION OF WCB
The WCB of a line was observed. To obtain the WCB of a remaining line, we added the
corrected included angles to be observed WCB, if the sum is greater than 180o and if greater
than 5400.we continued the calculation until go to observed WCB
10. CALCULATION OF REDUCED BEARING
From the WCB we calculate the reduced bearing of each line where it lies. Thus, found all
the quadrants in which the lines lies
11. LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES
The latitude of a line is obtained by multiplying its length by the corine of its reduced
bearing.
In a complete circuit the sum of northing must be equal to that of southing and sum of easting
should be equal to sum of westing. If linear as well as angular measurements of the traverse
along with their computations are corrected.
The distance between the starting station and the position obtained by calculation on known
as closing error.
Therefore, closing error =√ (EL) 2+(ED) 2
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The closing error is generally expressed as fraction Relative closing error = closing error or perimeter of traverse.
12. BALANCING THE TRAVERSE
The process of adjusting the consecutive co-coordinate of each line by applying corrections
to them in such a way that the algebraic sum of lattitudes and the algebraic sum of longitudes
should be equal.
13. BOWDITCH’S RULE
Bowditch’s rule is used when linear and angular measurements of the traverse are equally
precise. According to this rule, correction to latitude or departure of any side equal to total
error (length of side or perimeter of traverse)
14. TRANSIT RULE
Transit rule is employed when the angular measurementsand more precise than the linear
measurements. According to this rule, total error in latitude or departure of any side = total
error in latitude (latitude or departure of that side or arithmetic sum of all latitude or
departure)
15. CORRECTED CONSECUTIVE CO-ORDINATES
After finding the correction to each line the corrected consecutive co-ordinates can be found
by adding or subtracting the correction according to the sign convention.
16. CALCULATION OF INDEPENDENT CO-ORDINATES
Total latitude and total departure of any stations with respect to common origin of co-
ordinates are called total co-ordinates or the independent co-ordinates. The independent co-
ordinates are calculated as follows:
Two reference axes are chosen such that the whole traverse fells in the first quadrant and the
departure of each station get positive sign. For this assumed value is selected at first station.
the independent co-ordinates of any station are obtained by adding algebraically that station
Area =1/2[(150*180.936)+(149.928*198.043)+(124.353*192.307)+(72.834*196.323)+(12.201*133.443)+(15.429*136.398)+(48.432*143.07)+(47.975*150)]-[(150*149.928)+(180.936*124.353)+(198.043*72.834)+(192.301*12.201)+(196.323*15.429)+(133.443*48.432)+(136.398*47.975)+(143.07*149.996)]
=1.686acre
CONTOURING
1. ESTABLISHING TEMPORARY BENCHMARK
The temporary bench marks are established from a permanent bench mark of reduced
level 100.000 .Establish a member of TBM in our plot. For establishing TBMS the fly
level is closed and closing error is determined.
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2. METHOD OF CONTOURINGWe accepted tachometric contouring.
3. LOCATION DETAILSFor locating details, we used plane table surveying. We located the necessary details
by radiation.
4. PREPARATION OF REFERENCE SKETCHES
After stations are marked are referenced the stations by taking the measurements from
three permanent objects, which can be easily recognized such as gate , boundary
stones , corners, buildings , etc. The reference sketches are necessary to find the
position of the station in case the stations are displaced or lost.
5. TRAVERSING BYTHEODOLITE AND MEASUREMENTS
On the second day of the survey camp, we started the theodolite traverse. We started
the traverse in anti clock wise direction. We noted the face left and right observations
and both vernier scale reading. The angles were measured by the method of repetition.
The linear measurements between the traverse stations were measured.
AREA CALCULATION
The traverse area is calculated by independent co-ordinate method.
CALCULATION OF AREA OUTSIDE THE TRAVERSE
The area outside the traverse was taken by measuring perpendicular offsets.
a) Chain triangulation
They are divided into triangles and trapezium .Then find the area by using the
following formula.
The area of triangulation =√s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
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Where s= (a+b+c)/2
And a, b, c are sides of triangles.
Area of trapezium = h (a+b) /2 where a and b are the parallel sides and h is the
perpendicular distance.
b) Trapezoidal rule
The ordinates are taken at equal intervals and find the area using the formula
A=common distance (first ordinate +last ordinate +2* sum of remaining ordinates)
2
CONTOUR INTERPOLATION
The process of drawing contours proportionally between the plotted ground points or in
between plotted contours is known as interpolation of contour.
The contour lines are interpolated by arithmetical calculations. This method is very accurate
than other two methods.
PREPARATION OF CONTOUR MAP After completing the interpolation we completed the contour map by filling all the details in
1:400 scales.
TRACING THE PLAN The contour map was prepared in the drawing sheet and trace din to the tracing paper and
sufficient number of ammonia print is taken.
CONTOUR MAP
WHOLE MAP
SURVEY CAMP DIARY
06/07/2015 First Day
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Monday
Survey camp started on this day.
9.00 am : Students were divided into 5 batches and selected plot for each batch.
10.30 am : Received instruments for doing whole work.
2.00 pm : Conducted reconnaissance survey. Cleared work site. Additional
points were fixed and key plan was prepared.
2.30 pm : Key plan was submitted.
3.00 pm : Linear measurements were taken using measuring tape.
3.15 pm : Completed work.
07/07/2015 Second Day
Tuesday
8.15 am : Reported at the college.
8.45 am : Started second day work. Remaining linear measurements were taken.
9.15 am : Started theodolite traversing. Work was started from first traversing point.
12.00 pm : The reading up to third instrument station was completed.
1.30 pm : The readings up to last instrument station was completed and finally theodolite traversing was finished.
2.15 pm : Calculated the collected included angles. Then WCB and RB were calculated
3.30 pm : Completed the work
08/07/2015 Third Day
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Wednesday
8.30 am : Reported the college.
9.30 pm : Started third day work. The batch was sub divided into two groups. First group established temporary bench mark and second group started plane tabling
1.00 pm : Temporary bench mark was established.
3.00 pm : Stopped third day work.
09/07/2015 Fourth Day
Thursday
8.30 am : Reported at the college.
8.45 am : Continued doing the contouring and plane table work
3.00 pm : Plane tabling was almost complete.
3.15 pm : Stopped fourth day work.
10/07/2015 Fifth Day
Friday
8.30 am : Reported at the college.
9.15 am : Continued plane tabling.
11.00 am : Plane tabling was completed.
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12.00 pm : Camp officer verified our work.
4.00 pm : Fifth day work was stopped.
11/07/2015 Sixth Day
Saturday
8.30 am : Reported at the college.
8.45 am : Remaining tacheometric contouring was done.
1.00 pm : Contouring was completed.
2.00 pm : Further calculations were proceeded.
3.00 pm : Stopped sixth day work
13/07/2015 Seventh Day
Monday
8.30 am : Reported at the college.
8.45 am : Continued doing calculations
1.00 pm : Instrument was returned.
2.00 pm : Stopped the work
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CONCLUSION
The second year camp is highly important and interesting for students. It helps
them experience about field work. All the portions we studied under surveying in the theory
class are practically done. It gives confidence to future work, by attending the survey camp
we got thorough knowledge about field work. Since all the members put in all the efforts and
with learn spirit we completed our work successfully within the stipulated time. This camp
also gives us the opportunity to understand the value of team work and discipline.
After the camp we acquired a thorough knowledge on all the aspects of
selection of stations, drawing key plan finding and distribution of error in linear
measurements, preparation of Gales traverse table, plotting and tracing of traverse conducted