Nerves of the Body - Listed Alphabetically
NerveSourceBranchesMotorSensoryNotes
abducenspons: abducens nucleusno named branchesGSE: lateral
rectus m.nonealso known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes
through the superior orbital fissure
accessorycranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root:
spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cordno named
branchesGSE: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm.nonealso known
as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by
passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through
the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial
plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the
sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn.
C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4
alveolar, anterior superiorinfraorbital n.dental
plexusnonemaxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary
sinusanterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire
length
alveolar, inferiormandibular division of the trigeminal n.(V3)n.
to mylohyoid; inferior dental plexus; mental nervemylohyoid muscle
and anterior belly of the digastric m. via n. to mylohyoidteeth of
the mandible; skin of the chininferior alveolar n. passes through
the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which
emerges through the mental foramen
alveolar, middle superiorinfraorbital n.dental
plexusnonemaxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary
sinusmiddle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire
length
alveolar, posterior superiormaxillary n.dental
plexusnonemaxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary
sinusposterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through
the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla
anococcygeal n.coccygeal plexus (S4-C1)no named branchesnoneskin
overlying the coccyxanococcygeal n. pierces the sacrotuberous
ligament
ansa cervicalissuperior root (C1 and C2) and inferior root (C2
and C3) of the ansa cervicalisto infrahyoid musclesomohyoid m.,
sternohyoid m., sternothyroid m., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m.
nonesuperior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis are also
known as the anterior and posterior roots
antebrachial cutaneous, lateralmusculocutaneous n.anterior and
posterior branchesnoneskin of the lateral side of the
forearmlateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral
intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the
continuation of the musculocutaneous n.
antebrachial cutaneous, medialmedial cord of the brachial
plexusno named branchesnoneskin of the medial side of the
forearmmedial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic
vein for part of its course
antebrachial cutaneous, posteriorradial n.inferior lateral
brachial cutaneous n.noneskin of the lateral distal arm and
posterior forearmposterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes
posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
anterior deep temporal n.mandibular division of the trigeminal
n. (V3)no named branchestemporalis m.no cutaneous branchesa branch
of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the
mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch
anterior ethmoidal n.nasociliary n.internal & external nasal
brs.nonemucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and
upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of
the noseanterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the
anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate,
passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial
cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity
anterior femoral cutaneous n.femoralno named branchessympathetic
motor innervation to skinskin of the anterior thighcutaneous nn.
carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
anterior interosseous n.median n.no named branchesflexor
pollicis longus m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m.,
pronator quadratus m.nonecourses along the anterior surface of the
interosseous membrane
anterior labial n.ilioinguinal n.no named branchesnoneskin of
the anterior aspect of the labium majuscommunicates with the
genital br. of the genitofemoral n.
anterior scrotal n.anterior cutaneous br. of the ilioinguinal
n.no named branchesnoneskin of the anterior aspect of the
scrotumanterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal
n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the
genital br. of the genitofemoral n.
anterior superior alveolar n.infraorbital n.dental
plexusnonemaxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary
sinusanterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire
length
aorticorenal ganglionpreganglionic sympathetic via the lesser
thoracic splanchnic n.brs. to the renal plexusvascular smooth
muscle of the brs. of the renal aa.pain from the kidney, suprarenal
gland, upper uretera sympathetic ganglion; located above or near
the origin of the renal a. from the abdominal aorta
auriculotemporal n.mandibular division of the trigeminal n.
(V3)parotid brs., articular brs., anterior auricular
brs.secretomotor to the parotid gland by carrying postganglionic
parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion; [preganglionic
parasympathetic fibers originate in the lesser petrosal br. of the
glossopharyngeal n. (IX)]skin of anterior ear and the skin
anterosuperior to the ear; part of the external auditory meatus;
temporomandibular jointtwo roots of the auriculotemporal n.
encircle the middle meningeal a.
axillary n.posterior cord of the brachial plexussuperior lateral
brachial cutaneous nervedeltoid, teres minorskin of the upper
lateral armaxillary n. is endangered by surgical neck fractures
brachial cutaneous, inferior lateralradial n. via its posterior
antebrachial cutaneous be.no named branchesnoneskin of the lateral
side of the distal armemerges at the lateral intermuscular septum
just below the deltoid m.
brachial cutaneous, medialmedial cord of the brachial plexusno
named branchesnoneskin of the medial side of the armcommunicates
with the intercostobrachial n.
brachial cutaneous, posteriorradialno named branchesnoneskin of
the posterior armemerges medial to the long head of the triceps
brachii muscle
brachial plexusventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1dorsal
scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral
and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous,
upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar,
median, axillary, radialmuscles of the upper limb, excluding
trapeziusskin of the upper limbplexus is a latin word meaning
"braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in
the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that
each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental
levels
buccal branch of the trigeminal n.mandibular division of the
trigeminal n. (V3)no named branchesno motor branchesskin of the
cheek, mucosa lining the cheeknot a motor nerve; easily confused
with the buccal branch of the facial n.
buccal branches of the facial n.facial n. (VII)no sensory
brancheszygomaticus major & minor, buccinator, orbicularis
oris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris & alaque
nasi, risorius, procerus, nasalisno sensory branchesnot a sensory
nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the trigeminal
n.
C1 ventral primary ramusC1 spinal n.contributes to the superior
root of the ansa cervicalis; brs. to: rectus capitis anterior and
lateralis mm., longus capitis m.rectus capitis anterior and
lateralis, longus capitis, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid,
thyrohyoid, geniohyoidnoneC1 contributes to the cervical plexus
C2 ventral primary ramusC2 spinal n.contributes to: superior and
inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis, lesser occipital n., great
auricular n., transverse cervical n.; brs. to: longus capitis &
colli, sternocleidomastoidomohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid,
thyrohyoid, longus capitis and longus colliskin behind the ear and
on the neck below the mandible; proprioception from the
sternocleidomastoid m.C2 contributes to the cervical plexus
C3 ventral primary ramusC3 spinal n.contributes to: inferior
root of the ansa cervicalis, great auricular n., transverse
cervical n., supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus
capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae,
trapeziusomohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, longus capitis &
colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragmskin
of the anterolateral neck; proprioception from the
sternocleidomastoid m. and the trapezius mC3 contributes to the
cervical plexus
C4 ventral primary ramusC4 spinal n.contributes to:
supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus colli, scalenus
medius, levator scapulae, trapeziuslongus colli, scalenus medius,
levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragmskin of the root of the neck
and the upper shoulder; proprioception from the trapezius m.C4
contributes to the cervical plexus
C5 ventral primary ramusC5 spinal n. contributes to: phrenic n.,
long thoracic n.respiratory diaphragm, scalene mm., muscles of the
shoulder and upper armskin of the ventral arm and ventral forearm
joins the ventral primary ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of
the brachial plexus
C6 ventral primary ramusC6 spinal n. contributes to: long
thoracic n.scalene mm., muscles of the lower shoulder and armskin
of the lateral side of the upper limbjoins the ventral primary
ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus
C7 ventral primary ramusC7 spinal n. contributes to: long
thoracic n.muscles of the lower shoulder, arm forearmskin of the
posterior side of the upper limbcontinues as the middle trunk of
the brachial plexus
C8 ventral primary ramusC8 spinal n.no named branchesmuscles of
the forearm and handskin of the medial side of the upper limbjoins
the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the
brachial plexus
cardiac plexuscardiac brs. of the vagus n. and cervical
sympathetic trunk; thoracic visceral nn.no named branchesmoderates
heart muscle (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of
contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction);
vascular smooth muscle of the heart & lungs (sympathetic);
smooth muscle & mucous glands of bronchial tree
(parasympathetic)pain from the heart and lungscardiac plexus is
continuous with the coronary and pulmonary plexuses; thoracic
visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper thoracic spinal
cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left upper limb in
the T1 and T2 dermatomes
cardiac, sympatheticcervical sympathetic trunkno named
branchesheart (sympathetic: increases rate and force of
contraction, parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of
contraction); bronchial tree & lungs via pulmonary plexusheart,
bronchial tree and lungscervical sympathetic trunk usually gives 3
cervical cardiac brs. l (superior, middle and inferior) to the
cardiac plexus
cardiac, vagalvagus n. (X)no named branchesheart
(parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction;
sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); bronchial
tree and lungs via pulmonary plexusheart, bronchial tree and
lungsvagus n. has 2 cervical cardiac brs. (superior and inferior)
and 1 or more thoracic cardiac brs.
carotid body, n. to glossopharyngeal n. (IX) no named
branchesnonesensory receptors in the carotid body and carotid
sinuschemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure
receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of
the common carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this
innervation
carotid plexus, externalsuperior cervical ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n.distributes along the
brs. of the external carotid arteryvascular smooth muscle, arrector
pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper
necknonepostganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as
roadways to enter the head and neck
carotid plexus, internalsuperior cervical ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.most distribute along
the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal
n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an
arteryvascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper
nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp;
sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m.nonepostganglionic
sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head
and neck
carotid, externalsuperior cervical sympathetic
ganglioncontributes to the external carotid plexusvascular smooth
muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands,
arrector pili mm. of the skin of the foreheadnonethere may be two
or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus
from the superior cervical ganglion
carotid, internalsuperior cervical sympathetic
ganglioncontributes to the internal carotid plexusvascular smooth
muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands,
arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalpnoneinternal
carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic
trunk
celiac ganglionpreganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the
greater thoracic splanchnic n.postganglionic sympathetic axons
distribute via the celiac plexus along brs. of the celiac
trunkvascular smooth muscle of the brs. of the celiac trunkpain
from the stomach, liver & biliary system, spleen, upper half of
the duodenum & pancreasa sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac
ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the
celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac
ganglion without synapsing
cervical plexusventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 brs.
to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius
m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis
anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the
ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m.,
lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n.,
supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral),
contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4longus colli &
capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm.,
infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory
diaphragmskin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin
behind the earclose association of the supraclavicular nn. to the
phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred
to the shoulder
cervicofacial divisionfacial (VII)buccal br., marginal
mandibular br., cervical br.muscles of facial expression of the
lower part of the face; platysma m.nonecervicofacial division
usually forms a loop by communication with the temporofacial
division of the facial n.
chorda tympanifacial (VII)no named branchessecretomotor to the
submandibular and sublingual glands (it carries preganglionic
parasympathetic axons to the submandibular ganglion)taste to the
anterior 2/3 of the tonguechorda tympani joins the lingual nerve in
the infratemporal fossa and continues with it to the tongue
ciliary ganglionpreganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via
the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) postganglionic
parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary
nn.sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eyenonea
parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the
lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory
and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without
synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the
sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid
a.
ciliary, longnasociliaryno named branchesnoneeyeball (GSA)these
nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion
ciliary, shortciliary ganglion: sensory root - from the
nasociliary n.(a branch of V1); sympathetic root - from the
internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior
division of the oculomotor n. (III)multiple short ciliary nn. which
leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorlysphincter pupillae &
ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae
(sympathetic)eyeball (GSA)short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which
contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers;
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in
these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary
ganglion
cluneal, inferiorposterior femoral cutaneous n.no named
branchesnoneskin of the lower part of the buttock"clunis" is a
Latin word meaning buttock
cluneal, middlelateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary
rami of spinal nerves S1-3no named branchesnoneskin of the
intermediate medial portion of the buttock"clunis" is a Latin word
meaning buttock
cluneal, superiorlateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal
primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3no named branchesnoneskin of the
superomedial portion of the buttock"clunis" is a Latin word meaning
buttock
coccygeal plexusventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5,
C1anococcygeal n.noneskin of the region overlying the coccyxonly
part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the
coccygeal plexus
coccygeus m., n. tosacral plexus (brs. of the ventral primary
rami of spinal nerves S3-S4)no named branchescoccygeus m., levator
ani m.nonenerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic
surface
cochlear n.vestibulocochlear n.no named branchesnonehearing
(SSA)exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal
acoustic meatus
collateral gangliasplanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar)plexuses to
abdominal & pelvic viscerasmooth muscle in blood vessels
supplying the abdominopelvic viscerapain from the abdominopelvic
viscerasympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which
include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric;
brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in
collateral ganglia
common fibular n.sciatic n.lateral sural cutaneous n.,
superficial and deep fibular nn.superficial fibular n.: muscles of
the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis
mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the
leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor
digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the
dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor
hallucis brevis m.)superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the
anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web
between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal
segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the
great toe and the 2nd toe"peroneal" is old terminology which has
been replaced by "fibular"
common palmar digital nn.median n.; superficial br. of the ulnar
n.proper palmar digital nn.sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn.
to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar
digital brs. of the median n.skin of the palmar surfaces of the
adjacent sides of two digitsthe proper branches of these nerves
also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
common plantar digital nn.medial plantar n. (1st-3rd);
superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th)proper plantar
digital nn.1st lumbrical m.skin of the plantar surface of the toes
(except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of
the 5th toe)the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes
(nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs.
of these nn.
cranial nn.nuclei located in the brain, branistem and upper
cervical spinal cord12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor,
trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear,
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossaleye muscles, muscles
of mastication, middle ear, face, tongue, pharynx, larynx, most
suprahyoid muscles, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., smooth
muscle of the gut, cardiac muscle, bronchial smooth muscle,
salivary, lacrimal and mucous glands in the head and neck; glands
of digestive systemsmell, vision, taste, hearing, balance, general
sensation form the skin of the face, sense from viscera of the
head, neck, thorax and abdomen (proximal to the splenic
flexure)details about each cranial nerve may be found elsewhere in
this chart
deep fibular n.common fibular n.one proper digital br. muscles
of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m.,
extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m.,
fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot
(extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)skin
of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe"peroneal" is old
terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; anterior
compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can
result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from
swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n.,
resulting in "foot drop"
deep petrosal n.internal carotid plexusno named branchesvascular
smooth muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity,
maxillary sinus and palatenonedeep petrosal n. joins the greater
petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep
petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse
occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
deep radial n.radial n.posterior interosseous n.extensor carpi
radialis brevis m., supinator m., extensor digitorum m., extensor
digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis
longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m.no
cutaneous branchesdeep radial n. passes through the supinator m.;
some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the
deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial
n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes
the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial
n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its
last muscular br. has been given off
digastric m., posterior belly, n. tofacial n. (VII)no named
branchesposterior belly of the digastric m.nonethe anterior belly
of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal
arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3)
digital, common palmarmedian n.; superficial br. of the ulnar
n.proper palmar digital nn.sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn.
to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar
digital brs. of the median n.skin of the palmar surfaces of the
adjacent sides of two digitsthe proper branches of these nerves
also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
digital, common plantarmedial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial
br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th)proper plantar digital nn.1st
lumbrical m.skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the
medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th
toe)the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed
regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these
nn.
digital, dorsalradial n.no named branchessympathetic motor
innervation to skindorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except
the nail bedthe nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
digital, proper palmarcommon palmar digital branches of the
median n.; common palmar digital branches of the superficial br. of
the ulnar n.no named branchessympathetic motor to the skinmedian:
palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th
digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th
digit and all of the 5th digitproper palmar digital nn. supply the
dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
digital, proper plantarcommon plantar digital; medial plantar n.
(to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the
lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe)no named
branchesflexor hallucis brevis m. (from the proper plantar digital
n. on the medial side of the great toe)skin of the plantar surface
of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal
segmentthe nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital
nn.
dorsal branch of the ulnar n.ulnar n.dorsal digitalsympathetic
motor innervation to skinskin of the dorsal surface of the medial 1
1/2 digits; skin of the medial side of the back of the handdorsal
branch of the ulnar n. emerges at the level of the ulnar styloid
process
dorsal digital n.radial n.no named branchessympathetic motor
innervation to skindorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except
the nail bedthe nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
dorsal n., of the clitorispudendal n.no named
branchessympathetic motor innervation to skinskin of the shaft of
the clitoristhe terminal branch of the pudendal n.
dorsal n., of the penispudendal n.no named branchessympathetic
motor innervation to skinskin of the shaft of the penisthe terminal
branch of the pudendal n.
dorsal primary ramusfirst branch off of the dorsal side of the
spinal nervenumerousto the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation
to the skingeneral sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.)
to the skin of the backa mixed nerve containing both motor and
sensory fibers
dorsal rootfrom the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to the spinal
nervenonenonegeneral sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold,
etc.)dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located
dorsal to the denticulate ligament
dorsal root gangliondorsal rootletsdorsal rootletsnoneone
dermatomea sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen
of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve;
location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory)
neurons
dorsal scapular n.brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary
ramus)no named branchesrhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator
scapulae m.nonedorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus
medius m.
esophageal plexusright and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral
brs. of the sympathetic trunkanterior and posterior vagal
trunkspreganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply
smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal
gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure;
postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs.
supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vesselsvagus: GVA
from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic
flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagusduring
development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the
right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in
the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal
trunks
ethmoidal, anteriornasociliary n.internal & external nasal
brs.nonemucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and
upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of
the noseanterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the
anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate,
passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial
cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity
ethmoidal, posteriornasociliary n.no named branchesnonemucous
membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid
sinusposterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the
posterior ethmoid foramen
external carotid n.superior cervical sympathetic
ganglioncontributes to the external carotid plexusvascular smooth
muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands,
arrector pili mm. of the skin of the foreheadnonethere may be two
or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus
from the superior cervical ganglion
external carotid plexussuperior cervical ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n.distributes along the
brs. of the external carotid arteryvascular smooth muscle, arrector
pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper
necknonepostganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as
roadways to enter the head and neck
facial n.pons and medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla via
nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion;
superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of
pons via nervus intermedius; facial motor nucleus of pons via motor
rootgreater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic to
pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic travels
with brs. of maxillary division of V), chorda tympani (SVA taste
from anterior 2/3 of the tongue; preganglionic parasympathetic to
the submandibular ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic to the
submandibular and sublingual glands), n. to stapedius, posterior
auricular n., intraparotid plexus with temporal, zygomatic, buccal,
marginal mandibular & cervical brs.stapedius m., stylohyoid m.,
posterior belly of digastric m., muscles of facial expression;
secretomotor to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and mucous
glands of the nasal and oral cavitiestaste (SVA) from the anterior
2/3 of the tongue; part of the skin of the external auditory
meatusalso known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; exits the posterior
cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus, goes
through the facial canal; motor to muscles of facial expression
exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen
femoral cutaneous, anteriorfemoralno named branchessympathetic
motor innervation to skinskin of the anterior thighcutaneous nn.
carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
femoral cutaneous, laterallumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of
spinal nerves L2-L3)anterior & posterior brs.sympathetic motor
innervation to skinskin of the lateral thighcutaneous nn. carry
postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
femoral cutaneous, posteriorsacral plexus (ventral primary rami
of spinal nerves S1-S3)inferior cluneal nn.; perineal
br.sympathetic motor innervation to skinskin of the lower buttock
& posterior thighcutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic
axons to skin
femoral n.lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
L2-L4)anterior femoral cutaneous brs., nn. to: sartorius m., rectus
femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus
medialis m., pectineus m.sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, pectineusskin of
anterior thighpasses under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral
a.
fibular, commonsciatic n.lateral sural cutaneous n., superficial
and deep fibular nn.superficial fibular n.: muscles of the lateral
compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep
fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
(tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor
digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the
dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor
hallucis brevis m.)superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the
anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web
between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal
segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the
great toe and the 2nd toe"peroneal" is old terminology which has
been replaced by "fibular"
fibular, deepcommon fibular n.one proper digital br. muscles of
the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor
hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius
m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum
brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)skin of the web between
the great toe and the 2nd toe"peroneal" is old terminology which
has been replaced by "fibular"; anterior compartment syndrome -
trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure
buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding)
that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in "foot drop"
fibular, superficialcommon fibular n.medial dorsal cutaneous n.
to the medial side of the foot; dorsal digital nn. to the lateral 3
toesmuscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus
and brevis mm.)distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg;
dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great
toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all
toes "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by
"fibular"; the nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar
surface of the foot
frontalophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)supraorbital
n., supratrochlear n.noneskin of the forehead and the medial part
of the upper eyelid; mucous membrane of the frontal sinusthe most
superior linear structure within the orbit
ganglia, collateral splanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar)plexuses to
abdominal & pelvic viscerasmooth muscle in blood vessels
supplying the abdominopelvic viscerapain from the abdominopelvic
viscerasympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which
include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric;
brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in
collateral ganglia
ganglia, myentericpreganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and
posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and
pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic
flexure)postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fiberssmooth
muscle of the gut wallnoneminute ganglia located within the
myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
ganglia, preaorticsplanchnic nn.plexuses to abdominal and pelvic
visceravascular smooth muscle of vessels that supply abdominopelvic
viscerapain from abdominopelvic visceraalso known as: collateral
ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion,
superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion;
preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass
through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there
ganglia, submucosal of the gutpreganglionic parasympathetic
arrive via branches of the anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut
proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut
distal to the left colic flexure)postganglionic parasympathetic via
many short fiberssecretomotor to glands in the mucosa of the
gutnoneterminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal
ganglia; also known as: Meissner's plexus
ganglia, sympathetic chain preganglionic sympathetic fibers
arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of
spinal nerves T1-L2postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via
gray rami communicantes to all spinal nn.; internal & external
carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.;
greater, lesser & least thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar
splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn.dilator pupillae, vascular
smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal
medulla, heart, lungs and gut pain from visceralocated lateral to
the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic
cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also
known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are
located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels
T1-L2
ganglion, celiacpreganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the
greater thoracic splanchnic n.postganglionic sympathetic axons
distribute via the celiac plexus along brs. of the celiac
trunkvascular smooth muscle of the brs. of the celiac trunkpain
from the stomach, liver & biliary system, spleen, upper half of
the duodenum & pancreasa sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac
ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the
celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac
ganglion without synapsing
ganglion, ciliarypreganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via
the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) postganglionic
parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary
nn.sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eyenonea
parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the
lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory
and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without
synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the
sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid
a.
ganglion, dorsal rootdorsal rootletsdorsal rootletsnoneone
dermatomea sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen
of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve;
location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory)
neurons
ganglion, geniculate facial n. (VII) (chorda tympani
branch)nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root of facial n.)nonetaste
(SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tonguea sensory ganglion
equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root
ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater
petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal
within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
ganglion, inferior mesentericpreganglionic sympathetic axons
from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic
n.contributes to the inferior mesenteric plexus; contributes to the
superior hypogastric plexusvascular smooth muscle of brs. of the
inferior mesenteric a.pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon;
pain from upper rectuma sympathetic ganglion; located on the
abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be
a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single
large one
ganglion, oticpreganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser
petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the
parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3)secretomotor to
the parotid glandnonea parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion
hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
inferomedial to the foramen ovale
ganglion, pterygopalatinepreganglionic parasympathetic axons
arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n.
of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via
the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal
n.postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater
& lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and
zygomatic n.secretomotor to: mucous glands of the palate, nasal
cavity, lacrimal glandnonea parasympathetic ganglion; the
pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the
trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic
axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic
sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic
ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical
sympathetic ganglion)
ganglion, semilunar ophthalmic (V1) , maxillary (V2) and
mandibular (V3) divisions of the trigeminal n.sensory fibers depart
via the trigeminal n. (V)noneskin of the face, mucous membranes of
the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds
of the tongue (GSA only)a sensory ganglion equivalent in
histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also
known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
ganglion, spiralfibers of the cochlear hair cellscochlear n.
portion of the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII)nonehearing (SSA)a
sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII
ganglion, stellateneurons in the intermediolateral cell column
of spinal cord level T1gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8
and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br.vascular
smooth muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 &
T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1
dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungspain from lungsa
sympathetic ganglion; stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of
the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of
the sympathetic trunk
ganglion, submandibularpreganglionic parasympathetic axons from
the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular
division of the trigeminal n.)postganglionic parasympathetic axons
distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to
the submandibular and sublingual glandssecretomotor to the
submandibular and sublingual glands and the small glands of the
lingual mucosanonea parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular
ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the
submandibular gland
ganglion, superior mesentericpreganglionic sympathetic axons
from the celiac plexuscontributes to the superior mesenteric and
intermesenteric plexusesvascular smooth muscle of brs. of the
superior mesenteric a.pain from the lower half of the pancreas and
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and
transverse colona sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal
aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
geniculate ganglionfacial n. (VII) (chorda tympani branch)nervus
intermedius (SVA sensory root of facial n.)nonetaste (SVA) from the
anterior 2/3 of the tonguea sensory ganglion equivalent in
histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some
taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to
the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the
petrous portion of the temporal bone
geniohyoid m., n. toC1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa
cervicalisno named branchesgeniohyoid m.nonenerve to the geniohyoid
m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the
superior neck
genitofemoral n.lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
nerves L1-L2)genital br., femoral br.cremaster m.skin of the
anterior scrotum/labia majora & upper medial thighgenitofemoral
n. lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major in the abdomen;
the genital br. passes through the deep inguinal ring and inguinal
canal; brushing the thigh elicits an elevation of the testis via
the cremasteric reflex
glossopharyngeal n.medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from the
superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus solitarius from the inferior
ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (GVA); inferior salivatory nucleus
(GVE - preganglionic parasympathetic)tympanic nerve to the tympanic
plexus and lesser petrosal n., carotid sinus n., stylopharyngeus
brs., pharyngeal brs.GSE: stylopharyngeus; GVE: secretomotor to the
parotid gland (preganglionic parasympathetic via the tympanic n. to
the lesser petrosal n. to the otic ganglion; postganglionic
parasympathetic via the auriculotemporal n.)GVA: carotid body,
carotid sinus, pharynx, middle ear; GSA: skin of the external ear;
SVA: taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tonguealso known as: CN
IX, 9th cranial nerve; the glossopharyngeal n. exits the posterior
cranial fossa by passing through the jugular foramen;it may
penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.
gluteal, inferiorsacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
nerves L5, S1-S2)no named branchesgluteus maximus m.noneinferior
gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to
the piriformis m.
gluteal, superiorsacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
nerves L4-L5, S1)superior & inferior brs.gluteus medius m.,
gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m. nonesuperior gluteal n.
passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the
piriformis m.
gray ramus communicanscell bodies located in the sympathetic
chain ganglianonecarries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the
spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to
the skin, blood vessels, etc.nonegray rami communicantes connect
the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels
great auricular n.cervical plexus (contributions from the
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C2&C3)mastoid n.,
auricular n.noneskin of the ear and skin below the earthe great
auricular n. crosses the superficial surface of the
sternocleidomastoid m.
greater occipital n.dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2
(medial br.)no named branchesposterior neck musclesskin of the
posterior surface of the scalpmuscles innervated by this nerve
develop from epimeres in the embryo
greater palatine n.maxillary division of the trigeminal n.
(V2)posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.nonemucous membrane of the
inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard
palategreater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal
and foramen
greater petrosal n.facial (VII)no named branchessecretomotor
(preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands
of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palatenonegreater
petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the
pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic
parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where
they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater
petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone
greater thoracic splanchnic n.neurons in the intermediolateral
cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic
splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from
the sympathetic trunkno named branchesceliac ganglion;
preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases
epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodpain from the
abdominal visceragreater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the
crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from
the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its
branches; they innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and
vascular smooth muscle of the organs supplied
hypogastric n.superior hypogastric plexusinferior hypogastric
plexussupplies vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscerapain
from the pelvic viscerapaired; hypogastric n. lies inferior to the
common iliac vessels; it contains postganglionic sympathetic
axons
hypogastric plexus, inferiorhypogastric nn. and sacral
splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic
splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4)contributes branches
to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic
plexussympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels
supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth
muscle of the pelvic viscerapain from the pelvic viscera; general
visceral afferent from the pelvic viscerainferior hypogastric
plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
hypogastric plexus, superiorintermesenteric plexus and lumbar
splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons)hypogastric nn.
(right and left)vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
(sympathetic)pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral
afferent from the pelvic viscerasuperior hypogastric plexus is the
continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic
brim
hypoglossal n.medulla: hypoglossal nucleusno named branches;
branches of the ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 are
carried by this nerve and are not considered to be branches of the
hypoglossal nerveintrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
(except the palatoglossus m.)nonealso known as: CN XII, 12th
cranial nerve; the hypoglossal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa
by passing through the hypoglossal canal; the superior root of the
ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. for a short
distance
iliohypogastric n.lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal
nerve L1)lateral and anterior cutaneous brs.muscles of the lower
abdominal wallskin of the lower abdominal wall, upper hip and upper
thighiliohypogastric n. receives a contribution from T12 in
approximately 50% of cases
ilioinguinal n.lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal
nerve L1)anterior cutaneous br. (also known as: anterior
labial/scrotal n.)muscles of the lower abdominal wallskin of the
lower abdominal wall and anterior scrotum/labium majusilioinguinal
n. courses through the inguinal canal and superficial inguinal
ring
inferior alveolar n.mandibular division of the trigeminal
n.(V3)n. to mylohyoid; inferior dental plexus; mental
nervemylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric m. via n.
to mylohyoidteeth of the mandible; skin of the chininferior
alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is
its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen
inferior gluteal n.sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
nerves L5, S1-S2)no named branchesgluteus maximus m.noneinferior
gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to
the piriformis m.
inferior hypogastric plexushypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic
nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn.
(preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami
of spinal nerves S2-S4)contributes branches to: uterine/vaginal
plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexussympathetic: supplies
vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera;
parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscerapain
from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic
viscerainferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera
and the pelvic wall
inferior laryngeal n.recurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n.
(X)no named branchesall intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the
cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and
transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid,
aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous
membrane of the larynx below the vocal foldmucous membrane of the
larynx below the vocal foldinferior laryngeal n. is the
continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs
at the cricothyroid articulation
inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n.radial n. via its
posterior antebrachial cutaneous be.no named branchesnoneskin of
the lateral side of the distal armemerges at the lateral
intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m.
inferior mesenteric ganglion preganglionic sympathetic axons
from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic
n.contributes to the inferior mesenteric plexus; contributes to the
superior hypogastric plexusvascular smooth muscle of brs. of the
inferior mesenteric a.pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon;
pain from upper rectuma sympathetic ganglion; located on the
abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be
a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single
large one
inferior mesenteric plexus intermesenteric plexusmultiple
unnamed nn. course along the branches of the inferior mesenteric
a.sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the
descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectumpain from the descending
colon, sigmoid colon and rectuminferior mesenteric plexus contains
no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join
the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall
inferior oblique, nerve toinferior branch of the oculomotor
n.parasympathetic root to the ciliary ganglionpreganglionic
parasympathetic supply to the ciliary ganglion for innervation of
the sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary m.; inferior oblique
m.noneparasympathetic root carries GVE (preganglionic
parasympathetic axons) to the ciliary ganglion - short ciliary nn.
carry the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary
ganglion to the eyeball
inferior rectal n.pudendal n.no named branchesexternal anal
sphincterskin of the anusinferior rectal nerve is one of the first
branches of the pudendal n.
infraorbital n.maxillary division of the trigeminal n.(V2)middle
alveolar n., anterior superior alveolar n.nonemucous membrane of
the maxillary sinus; upper premolar, canine and incisor teeth;
maxillary gingiva; skin of the lateral nose, lower eyelid, upper
lip and zygomatic regioninfraorbital n.passes through the
infraorbital groove, canal and foramen
infratrochlear n.nasociliary br. of the ophthalmic division of
the trigeminal n. (V1)no named branchesnoneskin and conjunctiva of
the medial upper and lower eyelids; skin of the lateral surface of
the noseinfratrochlear n. passes inferior to the trochlea (pulley)
of the superior oblique m.
intercostal n.ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
T1-T11lateral & anterior cutaneous brs.intercostal muscles;
abdominal wall muscles (via T7-T11); muscles of the forearm and
hand (via T1)skin of the chest and abdomen anterolaterally; skin of
the medial side of the upper limb (via T1-T2)intercostal n.travels
below the posterior intercostal a. in the costal groove
intercostobrachial n.also known as the lateral cutaneous br. of
the ventral primary ramus of T2no named branchessympathetic motor
innervation to skinskin of the medial side of the
armintercostobrachial n. communicates with the medial brachial
cutaneous nerve
intermediate supraclavicular n.cervical plexus (C3&C4)no
named branchesnoneskin of the root of the neck and upper chest,
near the mid-claviclepain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to
the shoulder
intermesenteric plexuslumbar splanchnic nn. 1 and 2 renal,
testicular (or ovarian) and ureteric brs.sympathetic: smooth muscle
of vessels supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexurepain
from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectumintermesenteric
plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it
continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior
hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal
parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta
between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa.
internal carotid n.superior cervical sympathetic
ganglioncontributes to the internal carotid plexusvascular smooth
muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands,
arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalpnoneinternal
carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic
trunk
internal carotid plexussuperior cervical ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.most distribute along
the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal
n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an
arteryvascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper
nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp;
sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m.nonepostganglionic
sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head
and neck
interosseous, anteriormedian n.no named branchesflexor pollicis
longus m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator
quadratus m.nonecourses along the anterior surface of the
interosseous membrane
interosseous, posteriordeep radial n.no named branchessome
authors say none, others say the deep posterior forearm
musclesnonethere is variability in the definition of this nerve;
for some, deep radial and posterior interosseous are synonymous;
others define this nerve as the articular br. to the wrist from the
deep radial
labial, anteriorilioinguinal n.no named branchesnoneskin of the
anterior aspect of the labium majuscommunicates with the genital
br. of the genitofemoral n.
labial, posteriorperineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.)no
named branchesnoneskin of the posterior aspect of the labium
majuscommunicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral
cutaneous n.
lacrimal n.ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)no named
branchescarries secretomotor axons to the lacrimal gland skin of
the lateral portion of the upper eye lid and its associated
conjunctivalacrimal n. carries the postganglionic parasympathetic
axons from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the maxillary n. that
originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion
laryngeal, inferiorrecurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n. (X)no
named branchesall intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the
cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and
transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid,
aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous
membrane of the larynx below the vocal foldmucous membrane of the
larynx below the vocal foldinferior laryngeal n. is the
continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs
at the cricothyroid articulation
laryngeal, recurrentvagus n. (X)esophageal brs., tracheal brs.,
cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs., inferior laryngeal n.upper
esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus);
smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the
upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold,
trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases
force of contraction)upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below
the vocal folds, GVA from heartright recurrent laryngeal n. loops
posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent
laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and
ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all
intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.
laryngeal, superiorvagus n. (X)internal br., external
br.cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.;
secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal
foldsmucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal foldsexternal
br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of
the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.
lateral antebrachial cutaneousmusculocutaneous n.anterior and
posterior branchesnoneskin of the lateral side of the
forearmlateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral
intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the
continuation of the musculocutaneous n.
lateral femoral cutaneous n.lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami
of spinal nerves L2-L3)anterior & posterior brs.sympathetic
motor innervation to skinskin of the lateral thighcutaneous nn.
carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
lateral pectoral n.lateral cord of the brachial plexusno named
branchespectoralis major m.no cutaneous brancheslateral pectoral n.
communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary
a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia
lateral plantar n.tibial n.superficial and deep
branchesquadratus plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor
digiti minimi brevis m., lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis
m., plantar & dorsal interosseous mm.skin of the lateral side
of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of
the lateral 1 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)lateral
plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of
the foot
lateral supraclavicular n.cervical plexus (C3&C4)no named
branchesnoneskin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder pain
from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder
lateral sural cutaneous n.common fibular n.fibular communicating
br.noneskin of the lateral side of the legcontains postganglionic
sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and
blood vessels
least thoracic splanchnic n.neurons in the intermediolateral
cell column of spinal cord level T12no named branchesrenal
plexuspain from the kidney and suprarenal glandleast thoracic
splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in
minute ganglia located in the renal plexus
lesser occipital n.ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2no
named branchesnoneskin behind the earlesser occipital n. arises
from the cervical plexus
lesser palatine n.maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)no
named branchesnonemucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior
hard palatelesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine
canal and lesser palatine foramen
lesser petrosal n.tympanic nerve, from the glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)otic ganglionsecretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) for
the parotid glandnonelesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic
ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland
by joining the auriculotemporal n.
lesser thoracic splanchnic n.neurons in the intermediolateral
cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic
splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from
the sympathetic trunkno named branchesaorticorenal ganglion; pain
from the kidney and suprarenal glandlesser thoracic splanchnic n.
passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm;
postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth
muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and
suprarenal gland
lingual n.mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)no named
branchesnonegeneral sense from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and
floor of the mouthlingual n. is joined by the chorda tympani (taste
and preganglionic parasympathetic) from the facial n. in the
infratemporal fossa; the submandibular ganglion hangs from the
lingual nerve in the paralingual space
long ciliary n.nasociliaryno named branchesnoneeyeball
(GSA)these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion
long thoracic n.brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
nerves C5-C7)no named branchesserratus anterior m.no cutaneous
brancheslocated on the superficial surface of the serratus anterior
m.; lesion of this nerve causes scapular winging, hence the saying
"C5, 6, & 7 keep the wings from heaven"
lower subscapular n.posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5,
C6)unnamed muscular brs.subscapularis m., teres major m.no
cutaneous branchessubscapularis and teres major are antagonists
(medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of the humerus)
lumbar n.ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L5contributes
to the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexusesnumerous: see
lumbar and sacral plexusesnumerous: see lumbar and sacral
plexuseslumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and
sacral plexuses and do not give branches directly to muscles or
skin
lumbar plexusventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L4branches
of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n.,
genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n.,
obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral
plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the
quadratus lumborum m.muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster
m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.;
muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hipskin of the lower
abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of
the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hiplumbar plexus is noted
for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the
abdominal wall
lumbar splanchnic nn.lumbar sympathetic ganglia L1-L4no named
branches smooth muscle of vessels that supply the abdominal and
pelvic viscerapain from abdominal and pelvic viscerasympathetic
nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn.
contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac, superior
mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric)
lumbosacral plexusventral primary rami of spinal nerves
L4-S4branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n.,
ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n.,
femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part
of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches
to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn.,
n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m.,
sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous
n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic
nn.muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major
and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the
anterior and medial thigh and hip, muscles of the pelvic &
urogenital diaphragm, posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and
footskin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior
scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and
lateral hip' skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and
footalso known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses
lumbosacral trunkpart of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united
with the ventral primary ramus of L5no named branches; it
contributes to the formation of the sacral plexusmuscles of the hip
and posterior thighsee sacral plexusthe lumbosacral trunk is not
considered to be part of the lumbar plexus
mandibular division of the trigeminal n.trigeminal ganglion;
motor root arises from the ponsmeningeal br., medial pterygoid and
lateral pterygoid nn., masseteric n., anterior and posterior deep
temporal nn., buccal n., auriculotemporal n., lingual n., inferior
alveolar n.SVE: mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.;
tensor tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.; muscles of mastication
(temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid)GSA:
skin of the lower lip and jaw extending superiorly above level of
the ear; mucous membrane of the tongue and floor of the mouth;
lower teeth and gingiva of the mandibular alveolar archalso known
as: V3; passes through the foramen ovale to exit the middle cranial
fossa; the otic ganglion is associated with the medial side of V3
below the foramen ovale; the auriculotemporal n. carries
postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the parotid gland; the
submandibular ganglion is associated withe the lingual n. near the
submandibular gland; postganglionic parasympathetics from the
submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular gland and the
sublingual gland
mandibular, marginalfacial n. (cervicofacial division)no named
branchesorbicularis oris m., depressor anguli oris m., depressor
labii inferioris m., mentalis m.nonebranches of the facial nerve
innervate muscles derived from the mesenchyme of the second
pharygeal arch
masseteric n.mandibular division of the trigeminal n.no named
branchesmasseter m.nonemasseteric n. passes over the mandibular
notch to reach the deep surface of the masseter m.
maxillary division of the trigeminal n.trigeminal
ganglionmeningeal br., posterior superior alveolar n., pharyngeal,
posterior superior medial and lateral nasal brs., nasopalatine n.,
greater and lesser palatine nn., zygomatic n., infraorbital
n.noneGSA: skin of the upper lip, cheek, lower eyelid; mucous
membrane of the palate; teeth and gingiva of the maxillary alveolar
arch; the mucous membrane lining most of the nasal cavity; the
mucous membrane lining the maxillary sinusalso known as: V2;
maxillary division of the trigeminal n. passes through the foramen
rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa; the pterygopalatine
ganglion is associated with it in the pterygopalatine fossa;
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers distribute with branches of
the maxillary division to mucous glands of the nasal cavity and
palate; the zygomatic n. & its brs. carry postganglionic
parasympathetic axons to the orbit to reach the lacrimal n. and
lacrimal gland
medial antebrachial cutaneous n.medial cord of the brachial
plexusno named branchesnoneskin of the medial side of the
forearmmedial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic
vein for part of its course
medial brachial cutaneous n.medial cord of the brachial plexusno
named branchesnoneskin of the medial side of the armcommunicates
with the intercostobrachial n.
medial pectoral n.medial cord of the brachial plexusno named
branchespectoralis minor m., pectoralis major m.no cutaneous
branchesmedial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral
n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor
m.
medial plantar n.tibial n.plantar cutaneous brs.; proper plantar
digital n. (medial side of the great toe); common plantar digital
nn. (1st-3rd)abductor hallucis m., flexor hallucis brevis m.,
flexor digitorum brevis m., 1st lumbrical m.skin of the medial side
of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of
the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)medial
plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the
foot
medial supraclavicular n.cervical plexus (C3&C4)no named
branchesnoneskin of the root of the neck and upper chest,
anteriorly pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the
shoulder
medial sural cutaneous n.tibial n.no named branchesnoneskin of
the posterior surface of the leg; skin of the lateral side of the
footunites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n.
median n.lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexusanterior
interosseous n., palmar br., recurrent (motor) br., common palmar
digital nn. (for digits 1-3)pronator teres m., flexor carpi
radialis m., palmaris longus m., flexor digitorum superficialis m.,
flexor digitorum profundus m. (radial half), flexor pollicis longus
m., pronator quadratus m., abductor pollicis brevis m., flexor
pollicis brevis m., opponens pollicis m., lateral 2 lumbrical
mm.skin of the radial half of the palm and palmar side of the
lateral 3 1/2 digits (and nail bed for these digits)the median n.
is motor to the flexor muscles of the forearm (except flexor carpi
ulnaris and the medial 1/2 of the flexor digitorum profundus),the
muscles of the thenar compartment and the lateral 2 lumbricals
mental n.inferior alveolar n.no named branchesnoneskin of the
chin the lower lipmental n. passes through the mental foramen
mesenteric ganglion, inferiorpreganglionic sympathetic axons
from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic
n.contributes to the inferior mesenteric plexus; contributes to the
superior hypogastric plexusvascular smooth muscle of brs. of the
inferior mesenteric a.pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon;
pain from upper rectuma sympathetic ganglion; located on the
abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be
a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single
large one
mesenteric ganglion, superiorpreganglionic sympathetic axons
from the celiac plexuscontributes to the superior mesenteric and
intermesenteric plexusesvascular smooth muscle of brs. of the
superior mesenteric a.pain from the lower half of the pancreas and
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and
transverse colona sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal
aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
mesenteric plexus, inferiorintermesenteric plexusmultiple
unnamed nn. course along the branches of the inferior mesenteric
a.sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the
descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectumpain from the descending
colon, sigmoid colon and rectuminferior mesenteric plexus contains
no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join
the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall
mesenteric plexus, superiorceliac plexus, superior mesenteric
ganglionmultiple unnamed nn. course along the branches of the
superior mesenteric a.sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels
supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum,
cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon;
parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same
distribution areapain & GVA of the parts of the gut named at
leftsuperior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal
(preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic
sympathetic axons
middle subscapular n.posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7,
C8)unnamed muscular brs.latissimus dorsi m.no cutaneous
branchesalso called the thoracodorsal n.
middle superior alveolarinfraorbital n.dental
plexusnonemaxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary
sinusmiddle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire
length
musculocutaneous n.lateral cord of the brachial plexuslateral
antebrachial cutaneous n.coracobrachialis m., biceps brachii m.,
brachialis m.skin of the lateral side of the
forearmmusculocutaneous n. passes through the coracobrachialis
m.
myenteric gangliapreganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and
posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and
pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic
flexure)postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fiberssmooth
muscle of the gut wallnoneminute ganglia located within the
myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
myenteric plexuspreganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and
posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and
pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic
flexure)postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fiberssmooth
muscle of the gut wallnoneparasympathetic terminal ganglia are
located here; also known as: Auerbach's plexus
mylohyoid, n. toinferior alveolar n., a branch of the mandibular
division of the trigeminal n. (V3)no named branchesmylohyoid m.,
anterior belly of the digastric m.nonen. to mylohyoid arises near
the lingula of the mandible; course within the mylohyoid groove of
the mandible
nasociliary n.ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.
(V1)communicating br. to the ciliary ganglion, long ciliary n.,
anterior and posterior ethmoidal nn., infratrochlear n.noneeyeball,
skin of the nose and medial sides of the eyelids; conjunctiva of
the medial sides of the eyelids; mucous membranes of the upper
nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinusesthe distribution of this
nerve is indicated by its name - nasociliary
nasopalatine n.maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)no
named branchesnonemucous membrane of the nasal septum; mucous
membrane of the anterior portion of the palatenasopalatine n.
innervates the mucosa overlying the primary palate (development);
it passes through two openings in bone: sphenopalatine foramen and
incisive canal
nervus intermediuspons & medulla: nucleus solitarius of
medulla (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior
salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of ponsjoins
with the motor root to form the facial n. (VII); its fibers are
contained in the greater petrosal n. and the chorda
tympanisecretomotor to the lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the
lower nasal cavity; secretomotor to the mucosa of the maxillary
sinus and palate (synapse occurs at the pterygopalatine ganglion);
secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual glands (synapse occurs
at the submandibular ganglion)taste from the anterior 2/3 of the
tonguenervus intermedius occupies an intermediate position between
the motor root of VII and cranial n. VIII when they enter the
internal acoustic meatus
obturator internus m., n. tosacral plexus (ventral primary rami
of spinal nerves L5-S2 ) n. to the superior gemellus m.obturator
internus m., superior gemellus m.nonenerve to obturator internus m.
crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by
passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
obturator n.lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
L2-L4)anterior and posterior brs.muscles of the medial thigh:
adductor longus m., adductor brevis m. and adductor magnus m.,
gracilis m., obturator externus m.skin of the lower medial
thighobturator n. passes through the obturator canal
occipital, greaterdorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2
(medial br.)no named branchesposterior neck musclesskin of the
posterior surface of the scalpmuscles innervated by this nerve
develop from epimeres in the embryo
occipital, lesserventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2no
named branchesnoneskin behind the earlesser occipital n. arises
from the cervical plexus
occipitalis tertiusdorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C3
(medial br.)no named branchesposterior neck musclesskin of the
posterior surface of the neck muscles innervated by this nerve
develop from epimeres in the embryo
oculomotor n.oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain (extraocular
muscles); accessory oculomotor nucleus (nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
- preganglionic parasympathetic)superior br., inferior br.GSE:
superior br.: levator palpebrae superioris m., superior rectus m.;
inferior br: medial rectus m., inferior rectus m., inferior oblique
m.; GVE: ciliary m. & sphincter pupillae m. (preganglionic
parasympathetic axons go to the ciliary ganglion via the
parasympathetic root, postganglionic parasympathetic go from the
ciliary ganglion to the eyeball via short ciliary nn.)nonealso
known as: CN III; oculomotor n. passes through the superior orbital
fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa
of the pterygoid canalformed by the union of the greater
petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic) and the deep petrosal
n.(postganglionic sympathetic)ends in the pterygopalatine ganglion
(parasympathetic)secretomotor (parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland
and mucous glands of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus; sympathetic
innervation to vascular smooth muscle in the same
regionnonecontains: preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n.
bound for pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse;
postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. which will
pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing
olfactory n.the filaments of the bipolar olfactory epithelial
cells constitute the olfactory n.second order olfactory nerve cell
bodies located in the olfactory bulbnonesmell (SVA)also known as:
CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass through the
cribriform plate to exit the anterior cranial fossa and synapse in
the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal from the
bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.trigeminal
ganglionmeningeal br., lacrimal n., frontal n., nasociliary
n.none(GSA) skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and nose; mucous
membrane of the upper nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoid air
cells and sphenoid sinusesalso known as: V1; the ophthalmic
division of the trigeminal n. passes through the superior orbital
fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; the lacrimal n. receives
postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland from the
zygomaticotemporal br. of the zygomatic n.
optic n.ganglion layer of the retina to the
forebrainnonenonevision (SSA)also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial
nerve; the course of the optic nerve is: through the optic canal to
the optic chiasma, then the optic tract to the lateral geniculate
body and optic radiation
otic ganglionpreganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser
petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the
parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3)secretomotor to
the parotid glandnonea parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion
hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
inferomedial to the foramen ovale
palatine, greatermaxillary division of the trigeminal n.
(V2)posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.nonemucous membrane of the
inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard
palategreater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal
and foramen
palatine, lessermaxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)no
named branchesnonemucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior
hard palatelesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine
canal and lesser palatine foramen
palmar digital, commonmedian n.; superficial br. of the ulnar
n.proper palmar digital nn.sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn.
to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar
digital brs. of the median n.skin of the palmar surfaces of the
adjacent sides of two digitsthe proper branches of these nerves
also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
palmar digital, propercommon palmar digital branches of the
median n.; common palmar digital branches of the superficial br. of
the ulnar n.no named branchessympathetic motor to the skinmedian:
palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th
digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th
digit and all of the 5th digitproper palmar digital nn. supply the
dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
pectoral, laterallateral cord of the brachial plexusno named
branchespectoralis major m.no cutaneous brancheslateral pectoral n.
communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary
a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia
pectoral, medialmedial cord of the brachial plexusno named
branchespectoralis minor m., pectoralis major m.no cutaneous
branchesmedial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral
n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor
m.
pelvic splanchnic n.ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4
(cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral
spinal cord)unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus
(inferior hypogastric) plexussmooth muscle and glands of the gut
distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all
pelvic visceranoneparasympathetic nerves; these contain
preganglionic parasympathetic axons
perforating cutaneous n.sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of
spinal nerves S2-3)no named branchesnoneskin of the inferomedial
buttockperforating cutaneous n. pierces the sacrotuberous
ligament
perineal n.pudendalposterior scrotal/labial n., deep (muscular)
br.muscles of the perineum: bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus
m., superficial and deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter
urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethraeskin of
the posterior surface of the scrotum/labium majusperineal
n.branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of the
urogenital diaphragm
peroneal, commonSEE: fibular, common..."peroneal" is old
terminology which has been replaced by fibular
peroneal, deepSEE: fibular, deep..."peroneal" is old terminology
which has been replaced by fibular
peroneal, superficialSEE: fibular, superficial..."peroneal" is
old terminology which has been replaced by fibular
petrosal, deepinternal carotid plexusno named branchesvascular
smooth muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity,
maxillary sinus and palatenonedeep petrosal n. joins the greater
petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep
petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse
occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
petrosal, greaterfacial (VII)no named branchessecretomotor
(preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands
of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palatenonegreater
petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the
pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic
parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where
they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater
petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone
petrosal, lessertympanic nerve, from the glossopharyngeal n.
(IX)otic ganglionsecretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) for
the parotid glandnonelesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic
ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland
by joining the auriculotemporal n.
pharyngeal plexusmotor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory
contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed
by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglionno named
branchesvagus: all muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus;
sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal
vasculatureglossopharyngeal: mucous membrane lining the pharynxthe
muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the
mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch
phrenic n.ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C3-C5 (cervical
plexus)no named branchesskeletal muscle of the respiratory
diaphragmdiaphragmatic pleura; some fibers contributed to the
pericardium and to the adjacent mediastinal and costal
pleuraephrenic n. crosses the anterior surface of the anterior
scalene m.
plantar digital, commonmedial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial
br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th)proper plantar digital nn.1st
lumbrical m.skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the
medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th
toe)the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed
regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these
nn.
plantar digital, propercommon plantar digital; medial plantar n.
(to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the
lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe)no named
branchesflexor hallucis brevis m. (from the proper plantar digital
n. on the medial side of the great toe)skin of the plantar surface
of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal
segmentthe nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital
nn.
plantar, lateraltibial n.superficial and deep branchesquadratus
plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis
m., lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis m., plantar &
dorsal interosseous mm.skin of the lateral side of the plantar
surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the lateral 1
1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)lateral plantar n.
accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of the foot
plantar, medialtibial n.plantar cutaneous brs.; proper plantar
digital n. (medial side of the great toe); common plantar digital
nn. (1st-3rd)abductor hallucis m., flexor hallucis brevis m.,
flexor digitorum brevis m., 1st lumbrical m.skin of the medial side
of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of
the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)medial
plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the
foot
plexus, brachialventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1dorsal
scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral
and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous,
upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar,
median, axillary, radialmuscles of the upper limb, excluding
trapeziusskin of the upper limbplexus is a latin word meaning
"braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in
the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that
each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental
levels
plexus, cardiaccardiac brs. of the vagus n. and cervical
sympathetic trunk; thoracic visceral nn.no named branchesmoderates
heart muscle (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of
contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction);
vascular smooth muscle of the heart & lungs (sympathetic);
smooth muscle & mucous glands of bronchial tree
(parasympathetic)pain from the heart and lungscardiac plexus is
continuous with the coronary and pulmonary plexuses; thoracic
visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper thoracic spinal
cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left upper limb in
the T1 and T2 dermatomes
plexus, cervicalventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 brs.
to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius
m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis
anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the
ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m.,
lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n.,
supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral),
contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4longus colli &
capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm.,
infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory
diaphragmskin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin
behind the earclose association of the supraclavicular nn. to the
phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred
to the shoulder
plexus, coccygealventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5,
C1anococcygeal n.noneskin of the region overlying the coccyxonly
part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the
coccygeal plexus
plexus, esophagealright and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic
visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunkanterior and posterior vagal
trunkspreganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply
smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal
gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure;
postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs.
supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vesselsvagus: GVA
from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic
flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagusduring
development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the
right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in
the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal
trunks
plexus, external carotid superior cervical ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n.distributes along the
brs. of the external carotid arteryvascular smooth muscle, arrector
pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper
necknonepostganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as
roadways to enter the head and neck
plexus, inferior hypogastrichypogastric nn. and sacral
splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic
splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4)contributes branches
to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic
plexussympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels
supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth
muscle of th