Macroalgae, opportunities for animal health and …algaeurope.org/wp-content/upload_folders/algaeurope.org/2016/12/1... · Macroalgae, opportunities for animal health ... –fucoxanthin

Keynote

Dr Stefan Kraan

13th December 2016

Macroalgae, opportunities for animal health and global food security;

the swine industry as an example

Why animal feed

Animal Feed

Macroalgae extracts known to have strong anti-bacterial properties

Antibiotics

• WHO (global report 2014): without urgent action we are heading for a post antibiotic era in which infections can once again kill

• Irish Times 2015: Misuse of bacteria-fighting drugs has lessened their potency. It is 30 years since an antibiotic was discovered

• Times (2016) “Antibiotic apocalypse”: Drug resistance to kill 10mn in EU & US by 2050

• Princeton University : Antibiotic overuse: link to childhood obesity. drug-resistant bugs kill 700,000 a year

Antibiotics• In North America and Asia still widely used in animal

feed, resistance in bacteria on the increase (MRSA)

• Reduction and replacement proposed but very slow. In north America still used as growth promoter (Paylean)

• Macroalgae extracts known to have strong anti-bacterial properties

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BACTERIE SPECIES AND REPORTED ACTIVITY FROM SEAWEED AGAINST GRAM+ AND GRAM

-

Bioactive MoleculesMany interesting bioactive molecules often

unique for macroalgae

– Protein, peptides and amino acids

– Unique Polysaccharides

– Antioxidants

– Fatty acids

– Minerals (Iodine), vitamins and pigments

See Review Holdt & Kraan, 2011 (Bioactive compounds in Seaweeds)

Kraan 2012, Algal polysaccharides novel appications and outlook

Kraan 2013, pigments and minor compounds in algae

Protein and peptides

Algal protein 15-40% (w/w) per dry weight Lectins (haemagglutinins) carbohydrate binding proteins

– host–pathogen interactions,

– cell–cell communication,

– induction of apoptosis,

– cancer metastasis and differentiation,

– recognizing and binding carbohydrates

• Commercially produced from Codium fragile, subspecies tomentosoides and from three Eucheuma species and Soleria robusta

• Phycobiliproteins

– Many Patents on the therapeutic applications of Phycobiliproteins(Sekar and Chandramohan, 2008)

• Other bioactive properties: antibiotic, mitogenic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiadhesion, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) activity and human platelet aggregation inhibition

Some interesting amino acids• In addition to taurine, other bioactive amino acids, such as laminine, kainoids and

mycosporine-like amino acids, have been found in marine macroalgae

• Laminine (Laminaria angustata and Chondria amata) depress the contraction of excited smooth muscles, and exert a transitory hypotensive effect

• The kainoid amino acids, kainic and domoic acids have also been found in numerous algal species. High insecticidal, anthelmintic and neuroexcitatoryproperties

• Compounds currently used in research associated with neurophysiologicaldisorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy

polysaccharides

• Laminarin (kelp and fucoids)

– substratum for prebiotic bacteria, tumour-inhibiting

agent, anti-coagulant, anti-bacterial, immuno stimulant

– Potential cancer therapeutic

– wound repair and reduce serum cholesterol levels and total serum lipid

• Fucoidan (brown algae) sulphated polysaccharides (fucans)

– Antiangiogenesis, antiproliferation for tumor cells inhibition of tumor growth and reduction in tumor size

– Anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant

– Some anti-viral properties of sulphated fucans have also been characterized (Herpes Simplex Virus)

• Mannitol replace sucrose to make sugar free compound coatings - diabetes, a growing problem in modern society

• Alginates act like fibers and help besides clearing the digestive system in protecting surface membranes of the stomach and intestine from potential carcinogens. Prevent proliferation of implanted cancer cells

• Ulvan – Rhamnose sulphate, precursor for the synthesis of aroma compounds. Rhamnose from Monostroma, a Japanese species of Codiales has been patented as well as the treatment of gastric ulcers with ulvans. Modify the adhesion and proliferation of normal and

tumoral human colonic cells

• Agars and carrageenans have similar functionalities attributed to them

Polyphenols and antioxidants

• Phlorotanins (Brown algae up to 15 %)

– Other flavenoids and their glycosides present in green, brown and red algae.

– Bactericidal activity

– Help protect tissues against oxidative stress,

– Polyphenols work as preventative medicines

for problems such as cardiovascular diseases,

cancers, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders.

• Carotenoids fucoxanthin, B-carotene, violaxanthin are powerful antioxidants.

– Fucoxanthin demonstrated strong anticancer effects

– fucoxanthin is an effective natural food constituent to help prevent obesity

Secondary metabolites in macroalgae

Secondary metabolites, displaying many interesting activities

• kainoids and mycosporine-like amino acids

• Terpenoids

• Caretenoid pigments

• Halogenated compounds (Cl, I, Br, F)

• Furanones

• Phloroglucinol

• Sterols

Phloroglucinolen

Halogenated mono andditerpenoids

Halogenated furanones

Feed Industry – A Drive For Change

Controversy• Industry is plagued with bad publicity

• Widespread use of chemicals, antibiotics & synthetic ingredients

• Spread of diseases and resistance to antibiotics

• Inferior taste, texture and quality

• Harmful effects on consumers and the environment

• Direct links to cancer causing properties

Recent Changes• Increasing pressure on industry to reduce

environmental harm

• Huge trend towards alternative feeds and natural & sustainable ingredients

• EU, N-America increased legislation on the use of synthetic additives and antibiotics in feed ingredients

• Since March 2012 FDA ordered to remove all antibiotics from Animal feed. 2017, Vets directive

• Public demanding disclosure and clarity on ingredients used in feed relating to health and environmental responsibility

Mode of action seaweed

MSP in Seaweed

R&D trials swine• Ireland, Dose response trial Sharragh pig farm and Sow trial (Collin Murray) –

optimum effect at 0.5% in fattening; piglets improved FCR (12%), mortality shift of 22% and higher birthweight

• Vietnam, 33% reduction in AB treatment, 37.5% lower mortality

• Philippines, weight gain at par with Tamulin, prevents Diarrhoea can replace growth promotors

• Canada, 50% reduction AB no Paylean

• China, small commercial. Meat quality and

higher kill weight

• USA (NDSU), replacement racto, improvement meat quality, KPI at par

ROI calculated worst case scenario 2.5

Factors effecting gut and animal health• Cascade of processes and

issues arising• Counteract wit good

nutrition and specific bioactives from macroalgae

Animal feed ingredients

What market size?

• Salmon farming: 1.5 million t feed

• Fish farming sector ca. 150 million t feed

• Shrimp sector 8-9 million t feed

• Swine sector 250 million t feed

• The world cattle inventory in 2016 ranges from 0.9 o 1.4 billion estimates of which 300 million approx. is dairy.

Feed intake approx. 200 million t feed

Key facts Seaweed resource

Total value approx. US$ 7.2 billion • Food products: US$ 5.6 billion • Hydrocolloids: US$ 600 million• Others: US$ 1 billion

• Total production (wild harvest and aquaculture)

• around the 20 million tones (FAO, 1016), however 96% comes from aquaculture rest wild capture

• Algal blooms increasing problem! Opportunity and solution

• Another 20 million tonnes (Sargassum, Ulva, Soliera etc)

Increasing opportunities for cultivation

• 15 kg/m2

Use of algae to improve animal health and hence quality of food production

Aqri

Results using seaweed formulations• Salmon: Growth rate faster, harvest weight higher,

lice reduction, colouring, less mortality, better taste and texture, increase omega 3

• Shrimp: improved FCR, reduction in disease and mortality, taste improvement

• Swine: replacement growth promotors and AB, general health, higher birthweight, improved FCR

• Dairy: reduced mastitis, improved milk quality and yield, lower nuts consumption

• ROI, 2.2 to 4.7

Sustainability and opportunity• Tank Cultivation and Large scale aquaculture

High yields & Low maintenance No need for light, nutrients, pesticides water No land space Not part of food chain (vs Corn and wheat) Low cost harvest and processing No space issues and restoring fish stocks

• Harvesting nuisance seaweeds (Sargassum, Soliera) and Green tides (bioactives and protein)

Global cultivation 20 million ton wet weight

Swine opportunity at 1% inclusion equals 2.5 million dry tonnes of seaweed Approx 100,000 dry tonnes needed to

start servicing 4% of swine feed industry Or 600,000 wet tonnes Europe on its way to cultivate about

100,000 by 2020 USA cultivation similarly on increase Massive opportunities remain to service

feed industry

Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd.

N17 Business Park, Milltown

County Galway

Ireland

[email protected]

Telephone: +353 93 51807

www.oceanharvest.ie

www.Oceanfeed.ie

Thank you!