Technology for a better society 20.09.2012, Nordic Algae Workshop, Grenaa, Denmark 1 Jorunn Skjermo, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture Macroalgae activities in Norway
Technology for a better society
20.09.2012, Nordic Algae Workshop,
Grenaa, Denmark
1
Jorunn Skjermo, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Macroalgae activities in Norway
Technology for a better society
Macroalgae industry in Norway
2
Species Harvesting
(tons wet weight per
year)
Region Usage Company
"Stortare"
Laminaria hyperborea
130 000 – 180 000 Rogaland –
Sør Trøndelag
Alginate
(7000 tons)
FMC Biopolymer
"Grisetang"
Ascophyllum nodosum
10 000 – 20 000 Midt-Norge -
Troms
Seaweed
meal, extracts
(7000 tons)
Algea
Foto: Mentz Indergaard
Economic value: 1,2 billion NOK (0,16 billion €)
Technology for a better society
Why should Norway cultivate seaweeds?
• A biomass with great potentials – 3.generations bioenergy
– Food
– Feed
– Bioactive compounds, high-value chemicals
– Chemical building blocks
– Fertilizers
• Further, sustainable increase in use requires cultivated biomass, especially when large volumes are required (e.g. biofuels and feed)
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Seaweed Energy Solutions
SINTEF
Technology for a better society
Seaweed biomass as 3rd generations biofuels
• Chemical composition suitable for conversion into biofuels (ethanol, buhtanol)
and biogas (methane): 60% carbohydrates (of dry weight)
• High biomass productivity (ca 2 kg C m-2 year-1)(Lüning 1990).
• CO2-consumption: 8-10 tons per ha per year
– (comparable to temperate woodlands (Chung et al. 2010)
• No use of valuable human food crops
• No use of productive land area
• No need for irrigation, pesticides or artificial fertilizers (NB! No phosphate)
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Technology for a better society
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL in SEAWEEDS
5
Biomass outcome
• 100 tons biomass (wet weight) per ha per year (SINTEF)
• 20 tons dry weight per ha per year
Ethanol outcome (theoretical)
• 80% conversion: 0.281 L ethanol per kg seaweed (dry weight)(Wargacki et al., 2012)
• 5,620 L ethanol per ha per year
Potentials for increase:
• Higher biomass production (150-200 tons per ha)
- Breeding and species selection
- Improved cultivation technology and strategies
• 90% conversion: 2,500km2 gives 2 billion L (Kraan, 2010)
Technology for a better society
Norwegian advantages for macroalgae cultivation (i)
• Geography – Long coastline
– Large economic zone: 90.000 km2
• 480 macroalgae species • 205 red
• 175 brown
• 100 green
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Technology for a better society
Norwegian advantages for macroalgae cultivation (ii)
• Knowledge and competence – Aquaculture (fish, mussels)
– Off-shore industry (fish, oil/gas)
– Biotechnology (phycocolloids)
• IMTA with salmon industry
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Design: Mats Heide, SINTEF
Technology for a better society 8
Dissolved nutrients
(45% N)
(21% P)
Particulate
nutrients
(15% N)
(44% P)
Wang et al., 2012. Aquaculture and Environment Interactions, accepted for publication
Fish
(N40%)
(P35%)
1-5%
Feed
(100% N)
(100% P)
Nutrient mass-balance budget for Norwegian salmon aquaculture
Technology for a better society
Seaweed cultivation in IMTA - potentials in Norway
Photo: Mentz Indergård
Degree of
exploitation
Biomass outcome
Seaweed biomass : salmon biomass
10% of released N 1 : 1
20% of released N 2 : 1
Wang et al., 2012. Aquaculture and Environment Interactions, accepted for publication
Technology for a better society 10
Distribution of dissolved
N from a fish farm
• Color scale: The probability for ammonium
concentrations > 0.5 mmol m-3
• Simulation based on real feed consumtion
in september 2010.
Surface
22 m depth
MacroBiomass, Broch et al, subm.
Technology for a better society
Growth (length) of S. latissima in IMTA with Salmo salar
Reference Salmon farm
Handå et al. submitted
Aug-2 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
R2=0.99
Aug-5 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
R2=0.98
Aug-8 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.97
R2=0.94
* *
*
*
*
* **
**
*
*
*
*
C
B
A
MacroBiomass, Handå et al, subm.
Technology for a better society
Length of S. latissima in IMTA with Salmo salar
2 m depth 8 m depth
Handå et al. submitted
Aug-2 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
R2=0.99
Aug-5 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
R2=0.98
Aug-8 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.97
R2=0.94
* *
*
*
*
* **
**
*
*
*
*
C
B
A
Aug-2 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
R2=0.99
Aug-5 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.99
R2=0.98
Aug-8 m
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Sp
oro
ph
yte
len
gth
(cm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Salmon farm
Reference
R2=0.97
R2=0.94
* *
*
*
*
* **
**
*
*
*
*
C
B
A
Technology for a better society
Seaweed species in Norway of special interest for industrial scale
farming – the large brown kelps.
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Alaria esculenta
Biofuels
Feed
Food
Saccharina latissima
Biofuels
Food
Technology for a better society
Production of seedlings - upscaling
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Spores or gametophytes are sprayed on thin ropes and incubated in 200 L's cylinders
(720 m pr cylinder).
MacroBiomass
Technology for a better society 16
Norwegian markets for cultivated macroalgae biomass
Product(-s) Company
Cultivation technology Seaweed Energy Solutions
Equipment Seaweed Energy Solutions, Aqualine
Biomass Seaweed Energy Solutions
Food Restaurants, Stokkøya Sjøsenter
Biofuels (liquid) Statoil
Biofuels (gas) Biokraft AS
Fish feed, animal feed Ewos, Skretting, Biomar, Felleskjøpet
Alginate FMC Biopolymer*
Food supplement Algea*
Extracts, high value products Algea*
Fertilizers Yara, Algea*
*in business, harvested biomass
Technology for a better society
Summary
• Only harvested biomass used
industrially
• R&D-activities on
– Cultivation technology (large scale)
– Processing (biofuels)
– Bioprospecting
– IMTA
• Seaweed Energy Solutions and Statoil
main drivers (biofuels)
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