M a Economics FINAL syllabus

8/13/2019 M a Economics FINAL syllabus

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SCOPEBangalore

In collaboration with

Karnataka State Open UniversityMysore, Karnataka 570006

Course Structure & Syllabus

For

MASTER OF ARTS(ECONOMICS)

(M.A.ECONOMICS)


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COURSE STRUCTURE

SECOND YEAR: (FINAL)

Code Course Title CreditsMEC21 Macro Economics Analysis 7MEC22 Indian Economics Policy 7MEC23 International Trade and Finance 7MEC24 Economics of Demography 7MEC25 Welfare Economics 7


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SYLLABUS

(FINAL YEAR)

MEC21: Macro Economic Analysis

BLOCK 1:

UNIT 1: Nature and Significance of Macro Economics

1.1 Objectives

1.2 Introduction

1.3 Definition of Macro economics

1.4 Macro economics goals

1.5 Interdependence of Micro-Macro analysis

1.6 Macro economic variables

1.7 Scope of macro economics

1.8 Importance of macro economics

1.9 Limitations of macro economics

1.10 Let us sum up

1.11 Books for self study

1.12 Questions for self-study

UNIT 2: National Income and Its Accounting

2.1 Objectives

2.2 Introduction

2.3 Definition of National Income

2.4 Different Concepts of National Income

2.5 Measurement of National Income

2.6 Difficulties in the Measurement of National Income

2.7 Importance of National Income

2.8 Let us sum up


2.10 Books for self-study


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BLOCK 2:

UNIT 3: Classical Theory of Employment

3.1 Objectives

3.2 Introduction

3.3 Concept of full employment

3.4 Classical theory of employment

3.5 Assumption of the theory

3.6 Criticisms of the theory

3.7 Let us sum up



UNIT 4: Says Law of Market

4.1 Objectives

4.2 Introduction

4.3 Says Law of Market

4.4 Assumptions of Says Law

4.5 Implications of Says Law

4.6 Criticisms of Says Law

4.7 Let us sum up



BLOCK 3:

UNIT 5: Effective Demand and Employment Determination

5.1 Objectives

5.2 Introduction

5.3 Meaning of effective demand

5.4 Determinants of effective demand

5.4.1 Aggregate demand function

5.4.2 Aggregate supply function

5.5 Determination of effective demand

5.6 Importance of effective demand

5.7 Let us sum up



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8.4.3 Induced investment

8.4.4 Autonomous investment

8.5 Marginal efficiency of capital

8.5.1 Factors determining marginal efficiency of capital

8.5.2 Criticism of marginal efficiency of capital

8.6 Rate of interest

8.7 Measures the stimulate investment

8.8 Let us sum up


8.10 Questions for self study

BLOCK 4:

UNIT 9: Supply of Money

9.1 Objectives

9.2 Introduction

9.3 Meaning of supply of money

9.4 Components of money supply

9.5 Approaches to measures of money supply

9.6 Changes in the money supply

9.7 Velocity of circulation of money

9.8 Credit money and credit instruments9.9 Let us sum up



UNIT 10: Demand for Money

10.1 Objectives

10.2 Introduction

10.3 Classical approach for demand for money-Fishers Equation of Exchange

10.3.1 Assumption of Fishers Equation

10.3.2 Criticisms of quantity theory of money

10.4 Cambridge Theory

10.5 Difference between Fishers approach and Cambridge approach

10.6 Superiority of cash balance approach

10.7 Criticism of cash balance approach


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10.8 Let us sum up



UNIT 11: Keynes Theory of Demand for Money

11.1 Objectives

11.2 Introduction

11.3 Keynes Theory of Demand for Money

11.3.1 Transactive Motive

11.3.2 Precautionary Motive

11.3.3 Speculative Motive

11.4 Saving Investment Theory of Money

11.5 Superiority of Saving Investment Theory

11.6 Let us sum up


UNIT 12: Post Keynesian Theories of Demand for Money

12.1 Objectives

12.2 Introduction

12.3 Boumols Inventory Approach

12.4 Superiority of Boumols Approach

12.5 Tobins Portfolio Approach12.6 Let us sum up



UNIT 13: Milton Friedmans Wealth Theory Of Demand For Money

13.1 Objectives

13.2 Introduction

13.3 Milton Friedmans Theory

13.4 Nature of Money

13.5 Demand for money function

13.6 Importance of Friedmans Theory

13.7 Criticisms of Friedmans Theory

13.8 Friedman and Keynes A Comparison

13.9 Let us sum up


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UNIT 14: Financial Intermediaries

14.1 Objectives

14.2 Introduction

14.3 Banks

14.4 Central Banking

14.5 Reserve Bank of India

14.6 Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries (NBFls)

14.6.1 Function of NBFls

14.6.2 NBFls and commercial banks

14.6.3 Importance of NBFls

14.7 Let us sum up



UNIT 15: Control of Money Supply

15.1 Objectives

15.2 Introduction

15.3 The concept of money supply

15.4 Measures of money supply15.5 Determinants of money supply

15.6 Control of money supply

15.7 Let us sum up



BLOCK 5:

UNIT 16: Neo Classical Theory of Interest

16.0 Objectives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Neo-classical Theory; - Interest and the Forces determining the Rate of

Interest

16.2.1 Demand for Loanable Funds

16.2.2 Supply of Lonaable Funds


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16.3 Determination of the Rate of Interest

16.4 Diagrammatic Illustration

16.5 Improvement over the Classical Theory

16.6 Let us sum up

16.7 Key words

16.8 Books for Reference


UNIT 17: Keynesian Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest

17.0 Objectives

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Factor Determining the Rate of Interest

17.2.1 The Transactionary Motive and Precautionary Motive.

17.2.2 Speculative Motive

17.2.3 The Supply of Money

17.3 Determination of Rate of Interest

17.4 Liquidity Trap

17.5 Critical Evaluation

17.6 Let us sum up

17.7 Key words



UNIT 18: Modern Theory Of Interest

18.0 Objectives

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Hick Hansen synthesis

18.3 Derivation of IS Curve

18.4 Derivation of LM Curve

18.5 Determination of the Equilibrium Rate of Interest

18.6 Effects of Shift in the IS and LM Schedules

18.7 Evaluation of Hicks-Hansen Synthesis

18.8 Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies.

18.8.1 Impact of Fiscal Policy

18.8.2 Reduction in Taxes


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18.8.3 Impact of Monetary Policy

18.9 Elasticity of LM Cure and Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fical

Policies

18.9.1 Kenesian Range of the LM Curve

18.9.2 Classical Range of the LM Curve

18.10 Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy

18.10.1 In the Intermediate Range

18.10.2 In the Classical Range

18.11 Effectiveness of Monetary Policy

18.12 IS-LM Model and Wage Price Flexibility

18.13 Let us sum up

18.14 Key words

18.15 Books for Reference18.16 Questions for self study

BLOCK 6:

UNIT 19: Business Cycle concept, Phases and Features

19.0 Objectives

19.1 Introduction

19.2 The concept of Business Cycle

19.3 Phases of Business Cycle

19.3.1 Contraction and Depression

19.3.2 Revival

19.3.3 Expansion

19.3.4 Recession

19.4 Features of Business Cycle

19.4.1 Synchronic in Nature

19.4.2 Periodity

19.4.3 International in character

19.5 General pattern

19.6 Characteristic Analysed by the American Economic Association

19.7 Let us sum up

19.8 Key words



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UNIT 20: Theories of Business Cycle Schumpeter and Kaldors Theories

20.0 Objectives

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Schumpeters Theory of Business Cycle

20.2.1 Invention and Innovation

20.2.2 Schumpeterian Model

20.2.3 Schumpeterian Hypothesis

20.2.4 Schumpeterian Hypothesis

20.2.5 Critical Evaluation

20.3 Kaldor Theory of Business Cycle

20.3.1 Kaldors Model

20.3.2 Saving and Investment and the level of Income

20.3.3 Saving and Investment and the stock of Capital

20.3.4 Business cycle and the Liner Saving and Investment Functions

20.3.5 Business cycle and the Non-Liner Saving and Investment Functions

20.4 Let us sum up

20.5 Key words


20.7 Questions for Self Study

UNIT 21: Samuelsons Theory of Business Cycle [Multiplier Accelerator

Model]

21.0 Objectives

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Multiplier Accelerator interaction

21.3 Samuelsons Model

21.4 Five Types of cyclical Fluctuations

21.5 Critical Appraisal of the model

21.6 Let us sum up

21.7 Key words


21.9 Questions for Self study


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UNIT 22: Hicksian Theory of Business Cycle

22.0 Objectives

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Ingredients of Hincksian theory

22.3 Assumptions of Hicksian theory

22.4 Special Features of Hicksian theory

22.4.1 Ceiling and the Floor

22.4.2 Rising trend of the Cycle

22.5 Hicksian model

22.5.1 Upswing of the Business cycle

22.5.2 Downswing of the Business cycle

22.6 Critical Evaluation

22.7 Let us sum up

22.8 Key words



UNIT 23: Monetary Theories of Bunnies Cycle-Hayak and Hfawtreys Theories.

23.0 Objectives

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Monetary over invest Theory of Hayak

23.2.1 The Basis of Over investment Theory

23.2.2 Hayaks Theory in operation\

23.2.3 The course of Recession

23.2.4 The course of Depression

23.2.5 Initiation for Revocery


23.3 Howtreys Monetary Theory of Business cycle

23.3.1 Hawtreys Aruguments

23.3.2 Upswing and downswing of the cycle

23.3.3 Downswing of the Cycle

23.3.4 Depression and Credit Dead lock


23.4 Let us sum up


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23.5 Key words


23.7 Questions for self study.

UNIT 24A: Inflation And Deflation

24A.0 Objectives

24A.1 Introduction

24A.2 The concept of Inflation

24A.3 Types of Inflation

24A.3.1 Three Strains of Inflation

24A.3.2 Anticipated and Unanticipated Inflation

24A.4 The concept of Deflation

24A.4.1 Deflationary Gap

24A.5 Effect of Inflation and Deflation

24A.6 Let us sum up

24A.7 Key words

24A.8 Books for Reference

24A.9 Questions for self study

UNIT 25: Government Role Stabilizing Business Cycles

25.0 Objectives

25.1 Introduction25.2 Nature and Objectives of Macroeconomic Policy

25.3 Policy Instruments: Monetary Policy

25.3.1 Instruments of Monetary Policy Quantitative Instruments

25.3.2 Qualitative Instruments

25.4 Monetary Policy and Economic Growth

25.5 Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Controlling Recession and Inflation

25.6 Time Lags in Policy Action.

25.7 Policy Instrument Fiscal Policy

25.8 Role of Fiscal Policy

25.9 Automatic Fiscal Stabilizer

25.10 Discretionary Fiscal Policy

25.11 Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy in Controlling Inflation and Recession

25.12 Public Debt as a Device Stabilization


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25.13 Demand Side Fiscal Devices

25.14 Supply Side Fiscal Policy

25.15 Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth

25.16 Interaction of Monetary and Fiscal Devices

25.17 To Sum Up

25.18 Key words

25.19 Reference Books


BLOCK 7:

UNIT 26: Macro Economics in an Open Economy Mundell Fleming Model

26.0 Objectives

26.1 Introduction

26.2 The Mundell Fleming Model Components of the Model.

26.2.1 The Model Keeping e constant.

26.2.2 The Model Keeping r constant.

26.3 Open economy Under the Floating Exchange Rate

26.3.1 Impact of Physical Policy


26.3.3 Impact of Trade Policy

26.4 Open Economy under Fixed Exchange Rate26.4.1 Working of Fixed Exchange Rate System

26.4.2 Impact of Physical Policy


26.4.4 Impact of Trade Policy

26.5 Summary of the Model

26.6 Should Exchange Rate be Floating or Fixed

26.7 The European Monetary Union

26.8 To sum up

26.9 Key words




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UNIT 27: Exchange Rate

27.0 Objectives

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Major Exchange Rate Systems

27.3 Flexible Exchange Rate System

27.4 Fixed Exchange Rate System

27.5 Humes Adjustment Mechanism

27.6 The four-pronged Mechanism

27.7 Adjustment with Fixed Exchange Rates

27.8 Managed Exchange Rate Systems

27.9 The Search for stable Exchange Rates

27.9.1 The Crisis of the European Monetary System

27.9.2 Speculative Attack

27.10 Towards a common Currency

27.11 To sum up

27.12 Key words



UNIT 28: Monetary Approach To The Balance Of Payments

28.0 Objectives

28.1 Introduction

28.2 The Monetary Approach

28.3 The Monetary Approach under Fixed Exchange Rates

28.4 The Monetary Approach and Inflation in the World Exchange Rates

28.5 The Monetary Approach under the Flexible Exchange rates

28.6 To sum up

28.7 Key words



UNIT 29: The New Classical Approach

29.0 Objectives

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Emergence of the New Classical Approach


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29.3 Rational Expectations meaning, formation and postulates

29.3.1 Postulates of Rational Expectations

29.3.2 Rational Expectations versus Adaptive Expectations

29.4 The Market Clearing Approach: The Lucas Supply Curve.

29.4.1 Neo-classical Labour Market Model (in Nutshell)

29.4.2 How expected price is determined

29.4.3 Policy Irrelevance

29.5 An Evaluation of the Rational Expectations Equilibrium Approach

29.6 The New Classical Approach and the illusory Philips curve

29.7 Real Business Cycles

29.8 To sum up

29.9 Key words



UNIT 30: Policy Implications of New Classical Approach

30.0 Objectives

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Policy Implications of the New Classical Approach: policy Ineffectiveness

30.2.1 The Desirability of Fixed Rules

30.3 Monetarist Rule and The Lucas Rules

30.4 State of debate

30.5 A new synthesis

30.6 To sum up

30.7 Key words



MEC22: Indian Economics Analysis

BLOCK 1:Non Welfare Issues in Welfare Economics

UNIT 1: Economic Development and its Determination

1.0 Objectives

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Concept of Economic Development

1.3 Factors that determine Economic development


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1.4 Natural resources

1.5 Economic Factors

1.5.1 Capital Formation

1.5.2 Capital output Ration

1.5.3 Marketable Surplus of Agriculture

1.6 Non Economic Factors

1.6.1 Growth of Population

1.6.2 Technical-know-how and general Education

1.6.3 Political Freedom

1.6.4 Social Organisation

1.6.5 Corruption

1.6.6 Desire to Develop

1.7 Let us sum up

1.8 For self study

1.9 Books

1.10 Questions

UNIT 2: Different Approaches to Economic Development and Its Measurement

in India

2.0 Objectives

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Increase in Gross Domestic Product

2.3 Rise in per capita product

2.4 Equitable Distribution of Income & Wealth

2.5 Development Indicators

2.6 Income Index

2.7 Non Income Index

2.7.1 Physical Quality of Life Index (P.Q.L.I)

2.7.2 Basic needs Approach

2.7.3 Human Development Index

2.7.4 Gender Related development Index.

2.8. Let us sum up

2.9 For self study

2.10 Books

2.11 Questions


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UNIT 3: Features of Indian Economy

3.0 Objectives

3.1 Introduction

3.2 India as Under Development Economy

3.2.1 Low Per capita income

3.2.2 Low Quality of Life

3.2.3 Large Unutilsed Natural Resources

3.2.4 Predominance of Agriculture

3.2.5 Heavy population pressure

3.2.6 Prevalence of Chronic Unemployment

3.2.7 Capital Deficiency and low level technology

3.2.8 Poor quality of Human Resources

3.2.9 Poor Economic Organisation

3.3 India as dualistic Economy

3.4 India as Mixed Economy

3.5 India as Planned Economy

3.6 Let us sum up

3.7 For self study

3.8 Books

3.9 Questions

BLOCK 2:India Economy Policy

UNIT 4: Natural Resources and Ecological Balance

4.0 Objectives

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Meaning of Natural Resources

4.3 Types of Natural Resources

4.4 Importance of Natural Resources

4.5 Different Natural Resources

4.5.1 Land Resources

4.5.2 Forest Resources

4.5.3 Water Resources

4.5.4 Marine Resources

4.5.5 Mineral Resources


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4.6 Ecological Balance

4.7 Ecological Imbalance

4.8 Types of Environmental Pollution

4.9 Environment Degradataion and causes of Environmental Pollution

4.10 Measures of Environmental Protection

4.11 Let us sum up

4.12 For self study

4.13 Books

4.14 Questions

UNIT 5: Population and Economic Development in India

5.0 Objectives

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Size and growth of population in India.

5.3 Causes for Rapid growth of Population

5.3.1 Causes for Decline in death Rate

5.3.2 Causes for High birth rate

5.4 Let us sum up

5.5 For self study

5.6 Books

5.7 Questions

UNIT 6: Problems of Population in India

6.0 Objectives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Difference problems of population growth and Economic Development

6.2.1 Population and growth of National and Per capita income

6.2.2 Population and Food supply.

6.2.3 Population and the Burden of unproductive consumers

6.2.4 Population and Unemployment

6.2.5 Population and the burden of Education, Medical care and Hosting.

6.2.6 Population and Capital Formation.

6.3 Population Policy

6.4 Population policy in India

6.5 Family planning under Five year plans in India.


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6.6 1976 National population policy.

6.7 Family Planning programme after 1980.

6.8 National population policy of 2000.

6.9 Appraisal of population policy.

6.10 Coercive methods

6.11 The approach of Family Planning

6.12 Let us sum up

6.13 For self study

I. Books

II. Questions

UNIT 7: Human Resources Development in India

7.0 Objectives

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The concept

7.3 Significance of Human Resources

7.4 Social Infrastructure

7.5 Education

7.6 Public Health

7.7 Manpower Planning

7.8 Let us sum up

7.9 For self study

I. Books

II. Questions

UNIT 8: Infrastructure and Economic Development

8.0 Objectives

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Role Infrastructure in Economic Development

8.3 Energy

8.4 Commerce

8.5 Electricity

8.6 Transport

8.7 Let us sum up


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8.8 For self study

I Books

II Questions

BLOCK 3:

UNIT 9: Planning Strategy and Its Achievement

9.0 Objectives

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Concept of Planning

9.3 Features of Planning in India

9.4 Objectives of Planning in India

9.5 Indias five year Plans

9.6 Development strategy in Indian Planning

9.7 Achievement and Failures of Planning

9.8 Let us sum up

9.9 For self study

I Books

II Questions

UNIT 10: Decentralised Planning

10.0 Objectives

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Features of decentralized Planning

10.3 Characteristics of Decentralised planning

10.4 Development of Grass roots organizations

10.5 Panchayath Raj System

10.6 Panchayath Raj in India

10.7 Non- Government Organizations

10.8 Assure Groups

10.9 Let us sum up

10.10 For self study

I Books

II Questions


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BLOCK 4:Agricultural Sector

UNIT 11: Problems of Agricultural Sector

11.0 Objectives

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Features of Indian Agricultural

11.3 Cropping pattern

11.4 Problems of Indian Agricultural Productivity

11.5 Land Reforms

11.6 Technological Changes

11.7 Agricultural Labour

11.8 Let us sum up

11.9 For self study

I Books

II Questions

UNIT 12: Agricultural Finance and Agricultural Marketing

12.0 Objectives

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Needs for Finance

12.3 Sources of agricultural credit

12.3.1 Institutional Sources

12.3.2 Private Sources

12.4 Causes of Rural Indebtedness

12.5 Consequences of Rural Indebtedness

12.6 Remedies to the problem of Rural Indebtedness

12.7 Agricultural marketing (Meaning & Importance)

12.8 Essential of Good marketing

12.9 Defects of Agricultural Marketing

12.10 Effects of Defective Marketing

12.11 Government measures for improvement

12.12 Let us sum up


I Books

II Questions


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UNIT 13: Agricultural Policy for Sustained Agricultural Development

13.0 Objectives

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Concept of sustained agricultural development

13.3 Pricing inputs

13.4 Pricing output

13.5 Agricultural price policy of the Government

13.6 Food Security and public distribution policy

13.6.1 Public Distribution system

13.7 Investment trends in agricultural

13.8 National Agricultural Policy

13.9 Let us sum up


I Books

II Questions

BLOCK 5:

UNIT 14: Industrial Sector in India

14.0 Objectives

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Industrialization concept14.3 Industrialization and economic Development

14.4 Industries during British Period

14.5 Industries under various plans First plan 1950 51 to 10th

plan 2002 07

14.6 A Review of Industrial growth in India

14.7 Trends and pattern of industrial development in India

14.8 Major problems of industrial development in India

14.9 Major problems of industrial development

14.10 Measures to solve the problems

14.11 Summary

14.12 Key Concepts

14.13 References

14.14 Check your progress


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UNIT 15: Industrial Policy in India

15.0 Objectives

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Concept of Industrial policy

15.3 Need for industrial policy

15.4 Evolution of Industrial policy during British period

15.5 Industrial policy after Independence

15.6 Industrial Policy Resolution 1948

15.7 Industries (Development and Regulation Act) 1951

15.8 Industries (Development and Regulation Act) 1956

15.9 Industries Policy Statements of 1973, 1977 and 1980

15.10 New Industrial Policy, 1991

15.10.1 Industrial licensing

15.10.2 Foreign Investment

15.10.3 Foreign Technology Agreement

15.10.4 Public Sector Policy

15.10.5 MRTP Act

15.11 An appraisal of new Industrial Policy

15.12 Industrial Policy under pre and post Liberalisation A comparative out look

15.13 New trends in Industrial Policy

15.14 Summary

15.15 Key Concepts

15.16 References


UNIT 16: The Public Sector Enterprises in India

16.0 Objectives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Concept of public enterprise

16.3 Role and objectives of PSEs

16.4 Orgin and growth of PSEs in India

16.5 Organisational Forms of PSEs

16.6 Performance of PSEs

16.7 Problem of PSEs


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16.8 Remedial Measures

16.9 Indian Public Sector under globalization period

16.10 Major Public Sector reform since 90s.

16.11 Reforms in corporative governance in PSEs

16.12 Summary

16.13 Key Concepts

16.14 References


UNIT 17: Small Scale Industries in India

17.0 Objectives

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Small Scale Industry concept and its features

17.3 Importance of SSIs

17.4 Growth and performance of SSIs in India

17.5 Small Scale industry policy

17.6 An Assessment of the new policy

17.7 Problems and prospects of SSIs

17.8 Recommendations of Abid Hussain Committee

17.9 Liberalisation and small Scale Sector

17.10 New Challenging facing SSI

17.11 WTO and SSIs

17.12 Summary

17.13 Key Concepts

17.14 References


UNIT 18: Privatization and Disinvestment in India

18.0 Objectives

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Privatisation concept and objectives

18.3 Need for privatization

18.4 Methods of Privatization

18.5 Major issues of Privatization

18.6 Privatization in India


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18.7 Evils of Privatization

18.8 Disinvestment concept and objectives

18.9 Methods of Disinvestment

18.10 Progress of Disinvestment

18.11 Strategis of Disinvestment

18.12 Critical issues in the Disinvestment

18.13 A critique of Disinvestment policy

18.14 MRTP Act 170 MRTP Amendments since 1990

18.15 Indian Private Sector under Liberalization

18.16 Summary

18.17 Key Concepts

18.18 References


BLOCK 6:

UNIT 19: Supply of Money in India

19.0 Objectives of the unit

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Indian currency system

19.3 Money supply in India

19.3.1 Money supply: Four measures19.3.2 Money supply measures and liquidity

19.3.3 Narrow money and broad money

19.3.4 Relative status of different money measures

19.4 Factors influencing money supply in India

19.4.1 Net bank credit to the Government

19.4.2 Bank credit to the commercial sector

19.4.3 Foreign exchange assets

19.4.4 Government's currency liabilities to the public

19.4.5 Non-monetary liabilities of the banking sector

19.5 Money supply in India: Trends and implications.

19.5.1 Rising money supply

19.5.2 Desirable and undesirable expansion

19.5.3 Trends during the I990s


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19.5.4 Important recent developments

19.6 Money supply and price behaviour in India

19.7 Causes for price rise in India

19.8 Impact of money supply on prices

19.9 Money-price nexus

19.10 Anti-inflationary policy of the Government

19.11 Chakravarthy committee recommendations

19.12 Let us sum up

19.13 Key concepts

19.14 Self-assessment questions

19.15 Further Readings

UNIT 20: Money Market and Capital Markets in India

20.0 Objectives

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Money Market: Meaning and Importance

20.3 Nature of the Indian Money Market

20.4 Trading in short tenn instruments

20.5 Composition of the Indian Money Market

20.5.1 Unorganised sector of the Money Market

20.5.2 Organised sector of the Money Market

20.6 Characteristics of the Indian Money Market

20.7 The Reform of the Indian Money Market

20.8 Suggestions for Improvement of the Indian Money Market

20.9 Indian Capital Market

20.10 Structure of the Capital Market

20.11 Role of Capital Market in India's Industrial Growth

20.12 Growth of Capital Market in India

20.12.1 Government Securities Market

20.12.2 The Corporate or Industrial Securities Market

20.12.3 Stock Exchange Market

20.12.4 National Stock Exchange of India

20.13 Factors contributing to the Growth of Capital Market in India

20.14 Problems of Indian Capital Market


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20.15 Capital Market Reforms

20.16 SEBI and Capital Market Development

20.17 Let us Sum Up

20.18 Key Concepts

20.19 Self-assessment Questions


UNIT21: Banking In India

21.0 Objectives

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Banking Developments in India

21.2.1 Nationalisation of banks

21.2.2 Progress in branch expansion

21.2.3 Progress in deposit mobilization

21.2.4 Mass banking

21.2.5 Priority to neglected sectors

21.2.6 Popularization of social banking

21.2.7 Diversification of functions

21.2.8 Public sector banks

21.2.9 Establishment of Regional Rural Banks

21.2.10 Establishment of foreign banks

21.3 Indian Banking: An evaluation.

21.4 Banking Sector Reforms

21.5 Recommendations of the I Narasirnham committee (1991)

21.5.1 Recommendations relating to functional autonomy and competition

21.5.2 Profitability related recommendations

21.5.3 Recommendations relating to market related interest

21.5.4 Recommendations on capital adequacy and bad debts

21.5.5 Recommendations on structure of banking system

21.5.6 Financial institutions, capital markets and new institutions.

21.6 Recommendations of the II Narasirnham Committee (1998)

21.7 Implications of Banking Sector Reforms

21.8 Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank o fIndia

21.9 Meaning and objectives


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21.10 Instruments of Monetary Policy

21.11 Monetary policy: A performance evaluation

21.11.1 Achievements

21.11.2 Failures

21.12 Let us Sum Up

21.13 Key concepts


21.15 Further Readings.

UNIT 22: Fiscal Policy I

22.0 Objectives

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Public expenditure in India

22.3 Growth of Public expenditure in India

22.4 Composition of public expenditure in India

22.4.1 Development expenditure

22.4.2 Non-development expenditure

22.5 Public expenditure management

22.6 Expenditure Reforms Commission

22.7 Tax and Tax Reforms in India

22.8 Tax Revenue of the Central Government

22.9 Tax Revenue of State Government

22.10 Taxation in India: Trends

22.11 Tax reforms since 1991

22.11.1 Recommendations of the Tax Reforms Committee

22.11.2 Major Recommendations of the Advisory Group on Tax Policy and

Tax Administration for the Tenth Five Year Plan.

22.12 Deficit financing in India

22.13 Meaning

22.14 Rationale for Deficit Financing

22.15 Deficit Financing Under Various Plans

22.16 Evil consequences of Deficit Financing

22.17 Ways and Means of Advances

22.17.1 Features of WMA


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22.17.2 Implications of WMA

22.18 Public Debt in India

22.19 Debt obligations of the Central Government

22.20 Debt obligations of State Government

22.21 Role of Debt Finance in India

22.22 Public Debt: Problems and Issues

22.23 Liquidation of Public Debt

22.24 Let us sum up

22.25 Key Concepts



UNIT 23: Fiscal Policy - II

23.0 Objectives

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Objectives of Fiscal Policy in India

23.3 Fiscal Policy and Growth Performance of the Economy.

23.3.1 Fiscal Policy and Resource Mobilisation

23.3.2 Fiscal Policy and Allocational Efficiency

23.3.3 Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Equilibrium

23.3.4 Fiscal Policy and Tax Structure

23.3.5 Fiscal Policy and Promoting Socially Desirable Activities.

23.3.6 Fiscal Policy and Market Oriented Development

23.3.7 Fiscal Policy and Equity

23.3.8 Fiscal Policy and Balanced Regional Development.

23.4 The Fiscal Imbalance and Crisis

23.5 Fiscal Correction

23.6 Remedial Measures

23.7 Features of the New Fiscal Policy

23.8 The New Fiscal Approach and Responsibility

23.9 Fiscal Responsibility and Management Bill

23.9.1 Objectives of FRMB

23.10 Appraisal of the New Fiscal Policy

23.10.1 Positive Aspects of the Policy


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23.10.2 Limitations of the Policy

23.11 Let us sum up

23.12 Key concepts



BLOCK 7:

UNIT 24: Foreign Trade of India Structures Features Trends

24.0 Objectives

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Value of trade

24.3 Indias trade

24.4 Indias trade in relation to GDP and world trade

24.5 Unit value index and volume index

24.6 Trends in export value

24.7 Explanation of export value

24.8 Trends in import value

24.9 Explanation of import trends

24.10 Structure of exports

24.11 Structure of imports

24.12 Direction of Indias trade24.13 Features of Indias Trade

24.14 Summing up

24.15 Suggested Reading

24.16 Questions

UNIT 25: Balance of Payment

25.0 Objectives

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Balance of payments-its meaning

25.3 Trends in balance of payment

25.3.1 Trends in balance of trade

25.3.2 Trends in invisible and others

25.4 Causes for the deficit


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25.5 Capital Account: Financing the deficit

25.5.1 Financing deficit in the pre-reform period

25.5.2 Financing deficit in the post-reform period

25.6 Emerging issues in the balance of payments management

25.7 Summing up

25.8 Table 1, 2, 3 and 4


25.10 Questions

UNIT 26: EXPORT AND IMPORT POLITICS

26.0 Objectives

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Foreign trade policy and economic development in India

26.3 Import policy in the pre-reform period

26.4 Brief evaluation of import

26.5 Export policy in the pre-reform period

26.6 Brief evaluation of export policy

26.7 Import Export policy in the post reform period some general marks

26.8 Main features of exim policy (Export Import policy) in the post-reform

period

26.9 Exim policy 2002-07

26.10 Brief evaluation of Post reform trade policy

26.11 Import Substitution and Export Promotion alternative trade strategies

26.11.1 Import substitution and export promotion concepts

26.11.2 Indias trade strategy

26.12 Concluding remarks on trade strategy

26.13 Foreign Exchange Management Act

26.13.1 A Brief Evaluation of FEMA

26.14 Summing up


26.16 Questions

UNIT 27: Foreign Exchange Rate

27.0 Objectives

27.1 Introduction


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27.2 Exchange Rate what does it really mean?

27.3 Exchange rate policy An Overview

27.4 Exchange rate management during the pre-reform period

27.5 Exchange rate Management its significance in the post reform period

27.6 Exchange rate management major developments

27.7 Brief evaluation

27.8 Some unsettled issues

27.9 Summing up

27.10 Suggested reading

27.11 Questions

UNIT 28: Foreign Capital and MNCs

28.0 Objectives

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Role of Foreign Capital

28.3 Indian Governments policy towards Foreign Capital

28.4 Foreign Investment and Foreign technology some indicators

28.5 Brief Evaluation

28.6 Multinational Companies their features and growth

28.7 MNCs and India

28.8 Problems posed by Foreign capital and MNCs

28.9 Summing up

28.10 Suggested reading

28.11 Questions

UNIT 29: Rationale of Internal and External Reforms

29.0 Objectives

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Internal and External Reforms A conceptual framework

29.3 Rationale for economic reforms

29.3.1 Roots of the crisis Macroeconomic imbalance

29.3.2 Weaknesses / Limitations of the heavy industry strategy

29.4 Components of economic reforms

29.4.1 Internal reforms An outline

29.4.2 External Reforms A brief


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29.5 Implications of economic reforms

29.6 Impact of economic reforms

29.7 Summing up


29.9 Questions

UNIT 30: Globalization of Indian Economy

30.0 Objectives

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Globalization Conceptual clarity

30.2.1 Globalization Process in India

30.3 Globalization and Agriculture

30.4 Globalization and Industry

30.5 Globalization and foreign trade

30.6 Globalization and Governance

30.7 Globalization and Competition

30.8 Globalization and safety nets

30.9 Summing up


30.11 Questions

MEC23: International Trade and Finance

BLOCK 1:

UNIT 1: Need for International Trade

1.0 Aims and Objectives

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Need or basis of International trade

1.3 Internal trade or International trade

1.4 Specialization and trade or Advantages of trade

1.5 Effects on efficiency or disadvantages of trade

1.6 Trade and economic development

1.7 Summary

1.8 Key words


1.10 Questions for Self Institutional exercises


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1.11 Suggested Books

UNIT 2: Classical Theory of Int


2.1 Introduction

2.2 Absolute advantages

2.2.1 Assumptions

2.3 Comparative cost theory of International trade

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Comparative cost difference

2.3.3 Assumptions

2.3.4 Comparative cost advantage illustration

2.3.5 Criticism

2.4 Opportunity cost

2.4.1 Introduction

2.4.2 Opportunity cost and substitution curve

2.5 Empirical testing of the theory / Limitations

2.6 Key words

2.7 Summing Up


2.9 Suggested Books

UNIT 3: Classical Theory of International Trade Factor Price Equalization,

Samuleson Theory


3.1 Introduction

3.2 Factor Price Equalization Hypothesis meaning

3.3 Assumptions

3.4 A diagrammatic representation

3.5 Critical evaluation of the theorem

3.6 Summary

3.7 Key words

3.8 Suggested Books

3.9 Model examination questions


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UNIT 4: Hecksher Ohlin Theory of International Trade


4.1 Introduction

4.2 Assumptions

4.3 Factor abundance

4.4 Factor Price factor intensity reversal

4.5 A diagrammatic representation of H- O theory

4.6 Leontief method of testing Leontief paradox

4.7 An evaluation / Limitations

4.8 Summing up

4.9 Key words


4.11 Questions for self instruction exercises

UNIT 5: Kravis and Linders Theory of Trade


5.1 Introduction

5.2 The availability approach Kravis

5.3 Linders representative demand hypothesis overlapping demand

5.4 An evaluation

5.5 Key words

5.6 Suggested Books


UNIT 6: Rynczynski Theory


6.1 Introduction

6.2 Assumptions

6.3 Rybczynski theory

6.4 Policy implications of immiserising growth

6.5 Causes of emergence and measurement of intra-industry trade and its impact

on developing countries

6.6 An evaluation

6.7 Key words

6.8 Suggested Books


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9.3 Types of Terms of Trade

9.3.1 Commodity terms of trade (CTOT)

9.3.2 Factoral terms of Trade (FTOT)

9.3.3 Income terms of Trade (ITOF)

9.3.4 Current Account Terms of Trade

9.4 Factors affecting Terms of Trade

9.4.1 Reciprocal Demand

9.4.2 Changes in Factor Endowments

9.4.3 Changes in Technology

9.4.4 Changes in Growth

9.4.5 Tariffs

9.5 Different concepts of Terms of Trade

9.6 Factors on whom terms of Trade depend

9.7 Terms of Trade and Developing Economics

9.8 Terms of Trade Estimation

9.9 An Evaluation

9.10 Keywords



UNIT 10: Tariffs


10.1 Introduction

10.2 Meaning of tariff

10.3 Types of tariffs

10.4 Effects of tariffs under partial and general equilibrium

10.5 An evaluation

106 Key words


10.8 Questions for self-instruction exercises

UNIT 11: Optimum Tariffs and Welfare

11.0 Aims and Objective

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Optimum tariffs


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11.3 Effects of tariff on income distribution

11.4 Stapler and Samuelson theorem

11.5 Tariff Welfare small nation model

11.6 Tariff welfare-large nation model

11.7 Tariff effects

11.8 An evaluation

11.9 Key words



UNIT 12: Quotas


12.1 Meaning of Quotas

12.2 Introduction

12.3 Different types of Quotas

12.4 Import and Export Quotas and their effects

12.5 An Evaluation

12.6 Key words


12.8 Questions for self-instruction Exercises

UNIT 13: Tariffs Vs Quotas13.0 Aims and Objectives

13.1 Introduction

13.2 The equivalence of Tariffs and Quotas

13.3 Visible and invisible effects

13.4 Tariff Vs Quotas

13.5 Orderly Marketing agreements

13.6 An evaluation

13.7 Key words



UNIT 14: Non-Tariff Barriers

14.0 Aims and objectives

14.1 Introduction


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14.2 Subsidies

14.3 Types of subsidies

14.4 Dumping

14.5 International price discrimination-Excess capacities

14.6 Anit-dumping regulations

14.7 Other non-tariff barriers

14.7.1 Government procurement policies

14.7.2 Social regulations

14.8 Sea-transport-freight restrictions

14.9 An evaluation

14.10 Key words



BLOCK 3: International Trade and Finance

UNIT 15: Free Trade Policy


15.1 Introduction

15.2 Concept of Free Trade

15.3 Arguments in favour of free trade

15.4 Case Against Free Trade15.5 Limitations

15.6 An Evaluation

15.7 Key words



UNIT 16: TRADE PROTECTION POLICY


16.1 Introduction

16.2 Meaning of Protection

16.3 Arguments for and Against Protection

16.4 Limitations

16.5 An Evaluation

16.6 Key words


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BLOCK 4:

UNIT 17: Meaning and Components of Balance of Payments

17.0 Objectives

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Balance of payments Meaning and Different concepts

17.3 Components of Balance of Payments

17.4 Current Account BOP and Capital Account BOP

17.5 Statistical Discrepancy-Errors and Omissions

17.6 Current Account Deficits

17.7 Net Foreign Investment and Current Account Balance of Payments

17.8 Impact of Capital Flows on Current Account

17.9 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium of Balance of Payments

17.10 Summary

17.11 Keywords


17.13 Books for study

UNIT 18: Foreign Exchange Market and Foreign Exchange Rate

18.0 Objectives

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Meaning of Foreign Exchange Market

18.3 Types of Foreign Exchange Market-Spot and Forward Markets

18.4 Types of Exchange Rate

18.5 Exchange Rate Determinants

18.6 Trends In Foreign Exchange

18.7 Summary

18.8 Keywords


UNIT 19: Theories of Foreign Exchange Rate

19.0 Objectives

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Mint Parity Theory


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19.3 Purchasing Power Parity Theory

19.4 Balance of Payments Theory

19.5 Summary

19.6 Key words


19.8 Books for Study

BLOCK 5:

UNIT 20: Balance of Payments Adjustment

20.0 Objectives

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Balance of Payments Adjustment under Gold Standard

20.3 Adjustment under Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rates

20.4 Adjustment through Capital Market

20.5 Adjustments through Income Changes

20.6 Stimulation of Exports

20.7 Summary

20.8 Key Words



UNIT 21: Exchange Rate Adjustment and Balance of Payments Mechanism

21.0 Objectives

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Effects of Exchange Rate on Production Costs and Prices

21.3 Elasticity Approach The Marshall Lerner Mechanism

21.4 Income Absorption Approach

21.5 The Monetary Approach

21.6 Direct Controls

21.7 Devaluation

21.8 Overvaluation

21.9 Balance of Payments in Developing Countries

21.10 Summary

21.11 Keywords



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UNIT 22: Balance Of Payments Policy: Internal and External Equilibrium

22.0 Objectives

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Expenditure Reducing Policy

22.3 Expenditure Switching Policy

22.4 Swan Model-Policy Measures

22.5 Mundelein Model

22.5.1 Introduction

22.5.2 Internal and External Balance with Monetary and Fiscal Policies

22.5.3 Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates and Perfect Capital Mobility

22.5.3 A Critical Review

22.6 Summary

22.7 Keywords



UNIT 23: Foreign Trade Multiplier

23.0 Objectives

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Foreign Trade Multiplier23.2.1 Conceptual interpretation

23.2.2 Assumptions

23.2.2 Derivation

23.3 Foreign Repercussions

23.4 Implications of the Foreign Trade Multiplier.

23.5 Foreign Trade Multiplier and National Income

23.6 Criticisms

23.7 Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rate Practices in Developing Countries

23.8 Summary

23.9 Keywords


23.11 Books for study


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BLOCK 6:

UNIT 24: Economic cooperation

24.0 Objectives

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Concepts of cooperation

24.3 Benefits of Cooperation

24.4 Types of cooperation / Integration

24.4.1 Free trade Areas

24.4.2 Common Market

24.4.3 Customs Unions

24.4.4 Economic Unions

24.5 Theory of Customs Unions

24.5.1 The Evolution and Its Variants

24.5.2 The Static Effects

24.5.3 The Dynamic Effects

24.6 Summary

24.7 Keywords



UNIT 25: European Union (UE) and North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)

25.0 Objectives

25.1 Introduction

25.2 European Common Market

25.3 European Economic Union (EEU)

25.4 North American Free Trade Agreement

25.5 Summary

25.6 Key Words

25.7 Questions for self Study

25.8 Books for reference

UNIT 26: Economic Cooperation among Developing Countries

26.0 Objectives

26.1 Introduction


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BLOCK 7: International Monetary System

UNIT 29: World Bank

29.0 Objectives

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Objectives and Functions of the World Bank

29.3 Resources

29.4 World Bank And LDCs

29.5 Limitations of the World Bank Operations

29.6 Summary

29.7 Key Words

29.8 Questions for Self-Study


UNIT 30: International Monetary Found

30.0 Objectives

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Objectives and Functions

30.3 Organizational structure andResources

30.4 SDRs/PAPER GOLD

30.5 International Liquidity

30.6 IMF and LDCs30.7 Summary

30.8 Key Words

30.9 Questions for Self-Study


MEC24: Economics of Demography

BLOCK 1 & 2:

UNIT 1: Nature and Scope of Economics of Demography

1.0 Objectives

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition of Demography

1.3 Nature of Demography


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1.4 Scope of Demography

1.4.1 Micro-Demography

1.4.2 Macro-Demography

1.5 Demography and other Disciplines

1.6 Importance of Demography

1.7 Let us sum up

1.8 Key words

1.9 Reference Books

UNIT 2: Theory of Demographic Transition

2.0 Objectives

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Meaning of Demographic Transition

2.3 Different views on Demographic Transition

2.4 Theory of Demographic Transition

2.5 Notestein and Cowgills Theories of Demographic Transition

2.6 Demographic Transition in the course of Economic Development.

2.7 Zero Population Growth

2.8 Critical Review of Demographic Transition

2.9 Let us sum up

2.10 Key words


UNIT 3: Role of Population in Economic development

3.0 Objectives

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Role of Population as an accelerating factor

3.3 Role of population as a retarding factor

3.4 Let us sum up

3.5 Key words

3.6 Reference Books

UNIT 4: Malthus pessimistic theory of population

4.0 Objectives

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Malthus pessimistic theory


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4.3 Assumption

4.4 Central theme of the theory

4.5 Check on population

4.6 Importance of Malthusian theory

4.7 Applications of Malthus theory

4.8 Criticism

4.9 Neo-Malthusian theory

4.10 Let us sum up

4.11 Key words


UNIT 5: Optimistic Theories of Population Marxian Theory of Surplus

Population

5.0 Objectives

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Marx and Malthusian views on Population

5.3 Explanation of Marxs Theory His definition about development

5.4 Karl Marxs theory of surplus Population

5.5 Marxs socialist views about population

5.6 Critical evaluation of Marxs Theory

5.7 Let us sum up

5.8 Key words

5.9 Reference Books

UNIT 6: Population and Keynesian Thesis

6.0 Objectives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Keynes views and Malthusian Theory

6.3 Keynes and Declining population

6.4 The Neo Keynesian views

6.5 Advantages of population growth

6.6 Criticisms

6.7 Let us sum up

6.8 Key words

6.9 Reference Books


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UNIT 7: Canons Optimum Theory of Population

7.0 Objectives

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Definition of optimum population

7.3 Assumptions

7.4 Explanations of the Theory

7.5 Superiority of optimum theory

7.6 Criticisms

7.7 Let us sum up

7.8 Key words

7.9 Reference Books

UNIT 8: Population and Economic Development of Less developed countries

8.0 Objectives

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Concept of Less- development and features of less-developed countries

8.3 Effects of Population on economic Development in Less Developed Countries

8.4 Control of Population

8.5 Let us sum up

8.6 Key words

8.7 Reference Books

BLOCK 3 & 4:

UNIT 9: Population Trends in the 20th

Century Organisation

9.0 Objectives

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Population trends Population explosions

9.3 Structure of Population in developed and less developed countries

9.3.1 Trends in Sex Composition.

9.3.2 Pattern of age composition

9.4 Let us sum up

9.5 Key words

9.6 Reference Books


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UNIT 10: Demographic Effects of Population Structure

10.0 Objectives

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Effects of Sex and age structure

10.2.1 Sex- Structure and Population

10.2.2 Age Structure and Population

10.2.3 Ageing

10.3 Problems due to ageing

10.4 Key words


UNIT 11: Theories of Fertility

11.0 Objectives

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Meaning and importance of the study of Fertility

11.3 Importance of the study of fertility

11.4 Trends in Fertility

11.5 Factors affecting Fertility

11.6 Let us Sum Up

11.7 Keywords


Check Your Progress

UNIT 12: Biological Theories and Hypothesis of Fertility

12.0 Objectives

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Biological Theories of Fertility

12.2.1 The Density

12.2.2 The Diet Principle

12.2.3 Ginis Theory

12.2.4 Biological Theory of Spencer

12.2.5 Castros Theory of Protein Consumption

12.6 Let us Sum up

12.7 Key words



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UNIT 13: Socio Cultural and Economic Theory

13.0 Objectives

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Social Theory of fertility

13.2.1 Social Capillarity Theory

13.2.2 Theory of Diffusion or Cultural Lag

13.2.3 Theory of Change and Response

13.3 Economic Theories of fertility

13.3.1 Libensteing Theory

13.3.2 Beckers Theory

13.3.3 Easterlins Frame work

13.3.4 Caldwells Wealth Flow Theory

13.4 Socio- Economic Theories

13.5 Differential Fertility

13.6 Let us Sum up

13.7 Key words


UNIT 14: The Stage Theory of Population

14.0 Objectives

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The Stage Theory of population

14.3 Critique

14.4 Let us Sum up

14.5 Key words


UNIT 15: Marriage

15.0 Objectives

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Concept of Marriage

15.3 Analysis of Martial Status

15.4 Trends in Age and Marriage

15.5 Differential in Mean Age at Marriage

15.6 Let us Sum up


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15.7 Key words


UNIT 16: Measurement of Fertility

16.0 Objectives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Measurement of fertility

16.3 Proximate determinants of fertility

16.4 Let us Sum up

16.5 Key words


UNIT 17: Mortality

17.0 Objectives

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Meaning and Importance of the study of Mortality

17.3 Measures of Mortality

17.4 Trends in Mortality

17.5 Mortality Differentials

17.6 Factors of Morality Decline

17.7 Let us Sum up

17.8 Key words17.9 Reference Books

UNIT 18: Life Table

18.0 Objectives

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Construction and Uses of Life Table

18.2.1 Construction of Life Table

18.2.2 Uses of Life Table

18.3 Concept of Stable Population

18.4 Methods of Population Projection

18.4.1 Algebraic Techniques

18.4.2 Component Projection Technique

18.5 Let us Sum up

18.6 Key words


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BLOCK 5 & 6:

UNIT 19: Migration & Population Change

19.0 Objectives

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Kinds of migration

19.3 Courses of migration

19.4 Migration effects on population

19.5 Factors affecting migration

19.6 Obstacles in migration

19.7 Key words

19.8 Reference.

UNIT 20: Theories of Migration

20.0 Objectives

20.1 Theory related to internal migration

20.2 Urbanization

20.3 United Nations Classification of urbanization

20.4 Processor of Urbanization

20.5 Measures of degree of urbanization

20.6 Determinants of urbanization

20.7 Determinants of Urbanization

20.8 Distribution of rural urban population

20.9 Let us Sum Up

20.10 Key words


UNIT 21: Methods of Measuring, Migration, Lewis & Todaro Models Of

Migration

21.0 Objectives

21.1 Methods of Measuring internal migration

21.2 Place of birth method

21.3 Duration of residence method

21.4 Place of last Residence Method

21.5 Indirect measures for estimating Internal migration


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21.6 Sources of finding international migration

21.7 Lewis model of unlimited supply of labour

21.8 Todaro model of migration

21.9 Let us Sum Up

21.10 Key words


UNIT 22: Population Changes & Environment Protection

22.0 Objectives

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Population Environment Analysis

22.3 Demographic Background

22.4 Population impacts on the environment

22.5 Environmental impacts on population

22.6 Critical Issues

22.7 Types of population

22.8 Population, development and Environment

22.9 Let us Sum Up

22.10 Key words


UNIT 23: Population & Education Problems Education Policy23.0 Objectives

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Returns to education

23.3 Impact to family size on the amount of education children receive

23.4 Trends in the total and school age population.

23.5 Trends in school enrollment and educational attainment

23.6 Problems involved in education and policy aspect

23.7 Let us Sum Up

23.8 Key words


UNIT 24: Man Power Economics and Man Power Supply

24.0 Objectives

24.1 Introduction


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24.2 Human Capital

24.3 Cost-benefit Analysis Applied to education

24.4 Manpower planning

24.5 Manpower shortages

24.6 Manpower surpluses

24.7 Strategy for manpower planning

24.8 Let us Sum Up

24.9 Key words


UNIT 25: Man Power Economics and Man Power Demand

25.0 Objectives

25.1 Introduction

25.2 The concept of Manpower Requirement

25.3 Validity of Manpower forecasting

25.4 Methods of Manpower forecasting

25.5 Employers Estimate of future manpower requirement

25.6 Method of International comparison

25.7 Method of Manpower Population Ratios.

25.8 Method of Extrapolation of fixed input output ratios

25.9 The links between Manpower, Levels of output and education

25.10 The analysis of Manpower Demand

25.11 Let us Sum Up

25.12 Key words


BLOCK 7:

UNIT 26: Fertility and Mortality in India

26.0 Objectives

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Fertility Concept

26.3 Historical Background

26.4 Trends in fertility and its Measures

26.4.1 Birth Rates Birth rates in Rural urban areas, And education and

fertility


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26.4.2 Age Specific Birthrates

26.4.3 Differential fertility in India

26.5 Reasons for high fertility in India

26.6 Measures to control high fertility

26.7 Mortality Meaning

26.8 Trends in and measures of Mortality in India

26.9 Infant Mortality

26.10 Expectation of Life at Birth

26.11 Measures to control high mortality

26.12 Sterility in India

26.13 Population Policy in India

26.14 Let us Sum Up

26.15 Key words

UNIT 27: Different Aspects of Demography In India

27.0 Objectives

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Different Aspects of Demography in India

27.3 Density

27.4 Sex Radio

27.5 Religion wise population

27.6 Literacy

27.7 Let us Sum Up

27.8 Key words


UNIT 28: Foods and Nutrition Position in India

28.0 Objectives

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Importance of Food and Nutrition

28.3 Position of food and Nutrition in India and their problems

28.4 Factors that affect Food and Nutrition

28.5 Public Distribution System and Food Security (PDS)

28.6 PDS and Poverty

28.7 Defects of PDS


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28.8 Revised System Public Distribution

28.9 Let us Sum Up

28.10 Key words



UNIT 29: Study of Census in India

29.0 Objectives

29.1 Introduction - Census Prior to 1971

29.2 Census of 1971

29.3 Census of 1981

29.4 Census of 1991

29.4.1 Defects of census Operation In India

29.4.2 Suggestions for Improvement

29.5 Census of 2001

29.5.1 Feature of Census of 2001

29.5.2 Results of Census of 2001

29.6 Let us Sum Up

29.7 Key words


UNIT 30: Trends in World Population30.0 Objectives

30.1 Introduction - Census Prior to 1971

30.2 Growth of World Population (100-1940)

30.3 Recent trends in world population

30.4 Causes for Rapid growth of world population

30.5 Different Aspects of world population

30.5.1 Growth rate of world population

30.5.2 Crude Birth and Death Rates

30.5.3 Infant Mortality

30.5.4 Expectation of Life at Birth

30.5.5 Rural and Urban population

30.5.6 Density of population

30.5.7 Working Population


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30.6 Distribution of world population

30.7 Reasons for unequal distribution of world population

30.8 Implication of uneven distribution of world population

30.9 Different views of Global population

30.9.1 Recommendations of International Conference

30.9.2 US International Population Policy

30.9.3 Antalya Statement of on world population problem

30.9.4 AAASs Resolutions

30.10 Let us Sum Up

30.11 Key words


MEC25: Welfare Economics

BLOCK 1:

UNIT 1: Nature and Scope of Economics I

1.0 Objectives

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Some definitions of welfare economics

1.3 Nature of welfare Economics

1.4 Subject matter

1.5 Positive economics and welfare economics

1.6 Defining Individual, general and social welfare

1.7 General Welfare and social welfare

1.8 Individual Welfare and social welfare

1.9 Value Judgment in welfare Economics

1.10 Let us Sum Up

1.11 Some Questions

1.12 Books.

UNIT 2: Nature and Scope of Economics II

2.0 Objectives

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Concept and evolution of welfare state

2.3 Different functions of welfare state

2.4 Allocation function


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2.5 Distribution function

2.6 Stabilization function

2.7 Less Developed Economy State function

2.8 Social Security schemes

2.9 Social overheads

2.10 Public Sector Enterprises

2.11 Local Government and public participation

2.12 Disadvantage of Public Sector enterprises

2.13 Let us Sum Up

2.14 Some Questions

2.15 Some Books.

BLOCK 2:

UNIT 3: Pre Pertain Welfare Economics (Classical of welfare Economics)

3.0 Objectives

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Classical Theory

3.3 Welfare and classical value theory

3.4 Economic Problem

3.5 Classical Welfare Ideas

3.6 Classical theory of Trade and Welfare3.7 Marginal Revolution and welfare Economics

3.8 Two main lines of development

3.9 Let us Sum Up

3.10 Books

3.11 Questions

UNIT 4: Bent Amite Approach to Aggregate Welfare

4.0 Objectives

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Happiness of Society

4.3 Aim of the Government

4.4 Limitations

4.5 Institutional arrangements

4.6 Let us Sum Up


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4.7 Books

4.8 Questions

UNIT 5: Individual Consumption

5.0 Objectives

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Utility

5.3 Cardinal Utility

5.4 Relation between Utility and Welfare

5.5 Measurement of Utility

5.6 Ordinal Measurement

5.7 Monotic Transformation and Liner Transformation

5.8 Assumptions

5.9 Let us Sum Up

5.10 Books

5.11 Questions

UNIT 6: Income Distribution

6.0 Objectives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Real Income

6.3 Lerners Views6.4 Futilitarians Views

6.5 Marginal Utility of Money

6.6 Distribution of Income

6.7 Let us Sum Up

6.8 Books

6.9 Questions

UNIT 7: Marshalling Welfare Economic

7.0 Objectives

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Marshallian Welfare Economics

7.3 Consumers Surplus

7.4 Producers Surplus

7.5 Doctrine of Maximum Satisfaction


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7.6 Perfect Competition

7.7 Tax-bounty analysis

7.8 Implication of Tax bounty analysis

7.9 Consumers Surplus and Welfare effect

7.10 Tax- bounty analysis and Hicks

7.11 Let us Sum Up

7.12 Books

7.13 Questions.

UNIT 8: Compensation Principle

8.0 Objectives

8.1 Introduction

8.2 New Welfare Economics Two Lines of Developments

8.3 Assumptions

8.4 Compensation Principle

8.5 Utility Possibility Curve

8.6 Criticisms

8.7 Let us Sum Up

8.8 Books

8.9 Questions.

UNIT 9: Principle of Compensation Variation9.0 Objectives

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Measurement of consumers surplus with indifference curve

9.3 Consumers Surplus with diminishing marginal Utility of Money

9.4 Comparison of Hicks and Marshallian Consumers surplus

9.5 Hicks four concepts of consumers surplus

9.6 Application of Consumers surplus

9.7 Importance of Consumers surplus

9.8 Let us Sum Up

9.9 Books

9.10 Questions.


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UNIT 10: Scientific Socialism

10.0 Objectives

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Socialists View

10.3 Limitations in free enterprise economy

10.4 State Intervention

10.5 Miser Hayek Robbins Views

10.6 Democratic Socialism

10.7 Let us Sum Up

10.8 Books

10.9 Questions.

BLOCK 3:

UNIT 11: Pareto Optimality

11.0 Objectives

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Pareto Criterion

11.3 Pareto Criterion and Utility possibility Curve

11.4 Pareto Optimum and Marginal Conditions

11.4.1 Optimum Distribution of Products among consumers Efficiency of

Exchange

11.4.2 Optimum allocation of factors: Efficiency in Production

11.4.3 Optimum Direction of Production: Efficiency in Product mix

11.4.4 Optimum Degree of Specialization

11.4.5 Optimum factor Product relationship

11.4.6 Allocation of time

11.4.7 Inter temporal optimum allocation of money assets

11.5 Second Order and total conditions

11.6 Evaluation of Pareto Optimality

11.7 Let Us Sum Up

11.8 Books

11.9 Questions


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BLOCK 5:

UNIT 15: Contribution of Scitovsky

15.0 Objectives

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Scitqvskys Paradox

15.3 Scitovskys Double Criterion Of Welfare

15.4 Criticisms

15.5 Community Indifference Curves

15.5.1 Criticisms

15.5.2 Usefulness Of Community Indifference Curves

15.6 Let Us Sum Up

15.7 Books

15.8 Questions

UNIT 16: Contribution of Samuelson

16.0 Objectives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Assumptions

16.3 Samuelsons Conditions For Welfare Maximisation

16.4 Pure Exchange Conditions16.5 Samuelson And Social Indifference Curves

16.6 Samu Procedure

16.7 Let Us Sum Up

16.8 Books

16.9 Questions

UNIT 17: Contribution of Bergson

17.0 Objectives

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Social Welfare Function and Value Judgement

17.3 Individualistic Social Welfare Function

17.4 Representation Of Bergson - Samuelson Welfare Function through social

indifference curve

17.5 Maximum Social Welfare; Point of Constrained Bliss


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17.6 Critical Evaluation of Bergson and Samuelson

17.6.1 Limited practical Significance

17.6.2 Bias in social welfare function

17.6.3 Impossibility of constructing Social welfare function

17.6.4 Social welfare function is individualistic

17.6.5 Welfare depends on a number of variables

17.6.6 Welfare in terms of utility

17.7 Arrows Theory of Social Choice

17.8 Arrows Condition of Social Choice

17.9 Arrows Theory of Impossibility

17.10 Arrows Consequences.

17.11 Alternative Social Choice Theories

17.12 Let Us Sum Up

17.13 Books

17.14 Question

BLOCK 6:

UNIT 18: Pigouvian Welfare Economics

18.0 Objectives

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Main elements of Pigouvian Welfare Economics18.2.1 The Pigouvian Concept of Economic Welfare

18.2.2 Two Basic Propositions

18.3 Non-Market Interdependence

18.4 Externalities of production and Consumption

18.4.1 Externalities in Production

18.4.2 Externalities in Consumption

18.5 Summary

18.6 Glossary

18.7 Questions for Review

UNIT 19: External Economics and Diseconomies

19.0 Objectives

19.1 Introduction


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19.2 Optimal resource allocation in a competitive market.

19.2.1 The competitive situation with no external economics or diseconomies

19.3 Competitive model with external economics and diseconomies

19.3.1 Beneficial Externalities of production

19.3.2 Detrimental externalities of production19.3.3 Beneficial and deter mental externalities of consumption

19.4 Effects of externalities on allocation of resources

19.5 Meads Analysis of external economics and diseconomies

19.6 Unpaid factors

19.7 Creation of atmosphere

19.8 Summary

19.9 For Further Reading

19.10 Review Questions

UNIT 20: Welfare and Efficiency

20.0 Objectives

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Concept of welfare

20.3 Criteria of social welfare

20.4 Concept of Efficiency

20.4.1 Criteria of Efficiency

20.5 Summary

20.6 Glossary



UNIT 21: Theoretical measure of Economic Welfare

21.0 Objectives

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Measures of economic Welfare

21.2.1 National income and per capita incomes as indicators of economic

welfare

21.2.2 Measures of Economic Welfare (MEW)

21.2.3 Index of Sustainable economic Welfare (ISEW)

21.2.4 Index of Economic Well being

21.3 Earned income


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21.4 Taxes

21.5 Intra family transfers

21.6 Non-market activities and leisure times

21.7 Summary

21.8 Glossary



UNIT 22: The Empirical Measures of Economic Welfare

22.0 Objectives

22.1 Introduction

22.1.1 Consumers Surplus as a measure

22.1.2 Pareto Principle

22.1.3 Compensation Principle

22.1.4 Aggregate surplus Measures

22.2 The Study of economic opportunity

22.3 Standardizing by Family size

22.4 Components of economic welfare

22.5 Net worth

22.6 Summary

22.7 Glossary22.8 Suggested Reading


UNIT 23: The distribution of economic Welfare

23.0 Objectives

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Presentation of Findings

23.2.1 Income Poverty

23.3 Country experience

23.3.1 Canada 1975-1994

23.3.2 Poland

23.3.3 Russia

23.3.4 India

23.4 Cash components of economic welfare


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23.5 Demographic characteristics and economic welfare

23.6 Summary

23.7 Glossary



UNIT 24: Increasing returns and Economic Progress

24.0 Objectives

24.1 Introduction

24.1.1 Concept of economic progress

24.1.2 Concept of increasing returns

24.2 Why increasing returns operate

24.2.1 Internal economics

24.2.2 External economics

24.3 Buchanans increasing return

24.4 Implications for economic progress/welfare

24.4.1 Productivity game

24.4.2 Taxes, subsidies and increasing returns

24.5 Summary

24.6 Glossary



UNIT 25: Interdependent Utilities

25.0 Objectives

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Interdependent Utilities

25.2.1 A functional representation

25.2.2 Welfare economics and interdependent utility

25.2.3 Empirical studies

Interdependence of Investment decisions


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BLOCK 7: Non Welfare Issues in welfare Economics

UNIT 26: Optimum Tariff Structure

26.1 Objectives

26.2 Introduction

26.3 Meaning of tariff

26.4 Effects of Tariff

26.5 Optimum tariff

26.6 Determination of optimum tariff

26.7 Summing up

26.8 Key words

26.9 Suggesting Reading

26.10 Questions

UNIT 27: Pricing Of Public Utility Undertakings

27.1 Objectives

27.2 Introduction

27.3 Meaning and nature of public Utility Undertakings

27.4 Government Provision for Public utilities

27.5 Objectives of Pricing Policy

27.6 Principle of Pricing

27.7 Summing up

27.8 Key words

27.9 Further Reading

UNIT 28: Utility Strategy and Social Decision Rules

28.1 Objectives

28.2 Introduction

28.3 Utility Strategy and Social Decision Rules

28.4 Evaluation

28.5 Summing up28.6 Key words


UNIT 29: Conceptualizing Welfare Efficiency Relationship

29.1 Objectives

29.2 Introduction


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29.3 Welfare Vs efficiency Issues

29.4 Output taxation relationship

29.5 Policy Implications of Output tax curve

29.6 Taxation and Expenditure relation to aggregate demand

29.7 Summing up

29.8 Key words


UNIT 30: Policy Implications Ad Future Directions

30.1 Objectives

30.2 Significance of the welfare measure

30.3 Welfare measure in future decision

30.4 Calculating Economic Welfare for young families

30.5 Benefits from the government programmed for the aged

30.6 Summing up

30.7 Key words


M a Economics FINAL syllabus

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