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xdari industriuli transformacia. teq-nologiuri singularobis koncefciis Ta-naxmad, xelovnuri inteleqtis ganviTareba SeiZleba kontrols aRar daeqvemdebaros da kacobriobas realurad daudges adamia-nis evoluciuri saxecvlilebis safrTxe, rac absoluturad amoayiravebs dRemde ar-sebul yvela warmodgenas samyarosa da mis eTikur sistemebze. miuxedavad amisa, msof-lio istoria aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri progresis SeCereba ara marto SeuZlebelia, aramed sworic araa, radgan miuxedavad im uamravi riskisa, rac am process axlavs, mas adamianis sakeTildReod Zalian bevri prob-lemis mogvareba SeuZlia.
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mecniereba
lurji tvinis proeqti
Blue Brain Project
ganviTarebis etapebi
TaTia kuxalaSvili
adamianze Wkviani manqanebi, kiborgiza-cia, adamianis saTadarigo srulfasovani sxeulebi, fiqriT marTuli avatarebi, huma-noidi robotebi, marsis kolonizacia da bolos – adamianis ukvdaveba – XXI saukunis damdegis fantastikuri Janris es litera-turuli saxeebi ara marto axali, meoTxe in-dustriuli revoluciis wamyvan ideologe-mebad iqca, aramed gamalebiT mimdinareobs maTi samecniero-teqnologiuri SemuSave-bis procesi, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba xe-lovnur inteleqts. rogorc Cans, am revo-luciis masStabi, gaqaneba da, rac mTavaria, siCqare gacilebiT STambeWdavi da Sokis-momgvreli iqneba, vidre yvela manamde mom-
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teqnologiuri sin-gularoba – samecni-ero codnis eqsponen-cialurad, anu geomet-riuli progresiiT da-Cqarebuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlis Teoreti-kosebis (vernor vinji, rei kurceili)… da mimdevrebis azriT, dadgeba hipoTeturi momenti (sxvadasxva pro-gnoziT – 2030-2045 ww.), roca teqnologiuri progresi imdenad daCqardeba da garTuldeba, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeba misi Semecneba da marTva.
yvelaferi daiwyo 2005 wels Blue Brain Project-iT. am farTomasStabiani kvleviTi programis mizani iyo mRrRnelis tvinis struqturis da funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna adamianis neokorteqsis (axali qerqis) modelirebis perspeqtiviT. proeqtis damaarseblis, direqtoris da sa-xis henri markramis da misi gundis novato-roba is iyo, rom gadawyvites tvinis Sems-wavleli mecnierebebis im droisaTvis ar-sebuli yvela miRwevis TavianT kvlevebSi integrireba, sakuTari empiriuli monace-mebis damateba da am safuZvelze tvinis funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna.
si versia, gaerTianebuli algoriTme-bi da samuSao gegmebi rekonstruqciis da simulaciisTvis subujredul, uj-redul, mikrosqemis da tvinis moniS-nuli regionis an sistemis doneebze;
instrumentebi da oqmebi in silico eqspe-rimentirebis da modelis dakanone-bisTvis.
monacemTa marTvis inovaciuri sistema, romelic mecnierebs aRWuravs klinikuri neiromecnierebis anonimuri (deperso-nalizebuli) monacemebis didi moculobe-bis miRebisa da analizis meTodologiiT.
saSualebas aZlevs araeqspert neiro-mecnierebs da inJinrebs warmoadginon eqs-perimentebi or rekonfiguraciul neiro-morful kompiuterul sistemaSi: Brain-ScaleS da SpiNNaker. isini gamoSvebulia proeqtis sawarmoo simZlavris fazis bo-loSi da mTlianad integrirebulia HBP-is platformebis infrastruqturaSi. orive sistema nergavs tvinis gamartivebuli da ganzogadebuli sqemebis modelebs.
programuli uzrunvelyofis da apara-turis infrastruqtura, romliTac SesaZ-lebelia tvinis dakanonebuli modelebis robotebis sxeulebis da maTi garemos si-mulaciebTan dakavSireba. neiroroboti-kis platformis pirveli versia moicavs rogorc robotebis dizainer, garemos mSe-nebel da daxSuli ciklis Zravas, ise plat-formis „maspinZel“ aparaturas. is uzrun-velyofs internetinstrumentebs da ro-botebis asawyob modelebs, eqsperimentebs da garemos. is mecnierebs TanamSromlo-bisa da virtualuri eqsperimentebis sa-Sualebas aZlevs.
exmareba HBP-s gadawyvetilebebis mi-RebaSi, ganagebs menejmentis struqturas da evropuli kvlevebis programas, uzrun-velyofs gamWvirvalobis da angariSval-debulebis garantiebs donorebis da mewi-leebis mimarT, inarCunebs xarisxis da Ses-rulebis standarts. misi umTavresi pasu-xismgeblobaa samecniero gzamkvlevis ko-ordinireba da proeqtis ganxorcielebis etapebisa da miRweuli Sedegebis meTval-yureoba HBP-is informaciuli da komuni-kaciuri platformis servisebSi.
eTika da sazogadoeba HBP-is arsebiTi nawilia. is uzrunvelyofs sando kvlevisa da inovaciis (RRI) mimarTulebis gatarebas da proeqtis miznebis eTikuri formiT gan-xorcielebas. qveproeqti atarebs HBP-is kvlevebis procesSi gaCenili konceptua-luri, socialuri, eTikuri, samarTleb-rivi da kulturologiuri Sedegebis da ga-mowvevebis eqspertizas. swavlobs neiroe-Tikis da filosofiis prognozebs, Tval-yurs adevnebs sazogadoebis CarTulobas da uzrunvelyofs kvlevebis Sesaxeb sazo-gadoebis informirebas. gundi HBP-Tvis qmnis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis eTikur programebs da TanamSromlobs eTikis da-moukidebel mrCevelTa sabWosTan.
8 samedicino informatikis platforma
9 neiromorfuli gamoTvliTi platforma
10 neirorobotikis platforma
11 centraluri servisebi
10 eTika da sazogadoeba
mecniereba
unda iTqvas, rom gabeduli ideebis mas-Staburi wardgena xSirad uamrav oponents aCens. ase iyo, magaliTad, 1990 wels, roca bevrs ar sjeroda genomis gaSifvris proeq-tis warmatebisa. arc BBP/HBP aRmoCnda ga-monaklisi. amocanis ambiciurobam da kolo-salurma saxelmwifo dafinansebam samecni-ero wreebi aalaparaka. proeqtis kritiko-sebi mianiSnebdnen, rom SeuZlebelia im sis-temis konstruireba, romelzec cota ramaa cnobili. „araferi, ris danaxvasac am mo-delSi SeZlebT, zustad ar asaxavs tvinSi mimdinare realur procesebs“, – ganacxada kolumbiis universitetis Teoriuli nei-romecnierebis centris damaarsebelma, profesorma lari ebotma. imaves amtkicebda ciurixis neiroinformatikis institutis wamyvani specialisti rodni duglasic: „ki-dec rom gamovides modelis Seqmna, Cven ma-inc ver gavigebT rogor muSaobs igi. Cven ar gvaqvs kodi, gasaRebi, romelic mis gaSifv-raSi dagvexmareba. Tan arsebiTi gansxvavebaa kompiuterul modelsa da adamanis tvins Soris“. „ra saWiroa msgavsi simulaciebis ga-keTeba, roca Cven uZlurni varT wvimis Wia-yelis moqmedebis simulacia SevqmnaT, roca mas mxolod 300 neironi aqvs“, – ganacxada ne-irobiologiis profesorma ciurixis poli-teqnikuri skolidan rihard hanlozerma da proeqts `realuri SigTavsis armqone dapi-rebebiT savse nageboba“ uwoda.
mokled, saqme skandalamde mivida. cno-bili mecnierebis 156-kacianma jgufma xeli moawera evrokomisiisadmi werils („Open Message to the European Commission concerning the Human Brain Project“), sadac eWvqveS aye-nebdnen mecnierebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ambiciuri megaproeqtis aucileb-lobas da misi boikotirebiT imuqrebodnen. maT gaakritikes proeqtis marTvis xarisxi da moiTxoves miznebis gadaxedva. henri mar-kramma xelmomwerebze ganacxada, rom isini „ar iReben meTodologiuri paradigmis cvlilebas“ kompiuteruli modelirebis mi-marTulebiT, proeqts ki kvlav mravali mxardamWeri mecnieri hyavs. „dRes yvela ne-irofiziologi Tavis patara kuTxeSi iqe-qeba. Cven ki neiromecnierebis mTel samya-ros gaerTianebisken movuwodebT,“ – gana-cxada man.
miuxedavad uamravi winaaRmdegobisa, markramis da lozanis teqnologiuri sko-lis proeqti rCeba tvinis kvlevis da didi moculobis neiromonacemTa moZieba-siste-matizebis wamyvan samecniero kvlevad da mis ganviTarebas imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs mowi-nave samecniero sazogadoeba mTel msofli-oSi.
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lurji tvinis proeqti
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1. rogorc viciT, tvini yvelaze rTu-li obieqtia samyaroSi da misi Seswavla XXI saukunis mecnierebis mTavar saqmedaa gamocxadebuli. ratom gaxda ara marto sa-Wiro, aramed SesaZlebelic amgvari zea-mocanis dayeneba maincdamainc axla?
– Tanamedrove neiromecniereba 100 wli-saa, mas ramon i kaxalma Cauyara safuZve-li. dRes tvinis gazomvis da manipuli-rebis teqnologia Zalian maRal done-zea (maRali simkvrivis eleqtrodebi, optogenetika, eqspansiuri mikroskopia da sxv.). amave dros monacemTa didi mo-culobebis marTva iseT safexurze avi-da, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvewyo di-di moculobis monacemTa integrireba da analizi. paralelurad, neironul qselebs ganixilaven, rogorc xelovnu-ri inteleqtis formas da es interesic bevrisTvis STagonebis wyarod aqcevs tvins.
2. skeptikurad ganwyobil mecnie-rebs kontrargumentad mohyavT kurt gio-delis debuleba imis Taobaze, rom ar arse-bobs sistema, romelsac masze ufro rTu-li sistemis Seswavla SeuZlia. magram Cve-ni tvinebi xom TavianTi Tavis Seswavlas cdiloben, anu urTulesi sistema swav-lobs msgavsi sirTulis sistemas. SeiZleba amaSi optimizmis safuZveli davinaxoT?
me saSualeba momeca gavsaubrebodi am istoriuli samecniero proeqtis erT-erT wamyvan figuras, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtorsa da Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis mi-marTulebis Tanadireqtors, profesor Son hils, risTvisac mas madlobas vuxdi Jurnal „Ce-mi samyaros“ da qarTveli inteleqtualuri sazogadoebis saxeliT. gTavazobT masTan eqskluziur intervius:
Son hili, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtori, pro-eqtis neiroinformatikis mimarTulebis xelmZRva-neli, Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis qve-proeqtis Tanadireqtori. lozanis federalur po-liteqnikur skolaSi (EPFL) „tvinis mdgomareobaTa neironuli safuZvlebis“ laboratoriis xelmZRva-neli. SvedeTis samefo institutis `neiroinforma-tikis saerTaSoriso makoordinirebeli komisiis (INCF)~ aRmasrulebeli (2011-2013) da samecniero di-reqtori (2014-2016). koordinatoris da mrCevlis statusiT Son hili CarTulia klinikuri informa-tikis araerT iniciativaSi msoflios masStabiT. misi profesiuli kompetenciaa: didmasStabiani simula-cia, neiroinformatika, tvinis mikrosqemebi, neokor-teqsi, Talamusi, koneqtomi, Zilis da RviZilis mdgomareobebi, integrirebuli informacia, tvinis atlasebi, TMS (transkranialuri magnituri sti-mulacia), EEG (eleqtroencefalograma).
– mecniereba gvaZlevs analizis da sinTe-zis safuZvels, romelic STambeWdavad zogadi da mZlavria. me mjera, rom Cven gvaqvs saTanado arsenali tvinis funda-menturi principebis aRmosaCenad da ga-sagebad.
3. Tqvenma proeqtma xeli mohkida ne-okorteqsis – tvinis evoluciurad yvela-ze axalgazrda da yvelaze rTuli nawilis – modelirebas. ra aris dReisaTvis tvinis muSaobis modelirebis mTavari proble-mebi – hojkinis da haqslis mere xom bevri ram Seicvala. magaliTad, wamikiTxavs, rom Tu adre ujredis membranaze gamaval io-nis transports ubralod „kaliumis arxs“ uwodebdnen, dRes neironuli kaliumis ar-xebis uamrav qvetips gamoyofen da maT So-ris urTierTkonversiis SesaZlebloba-zec ki mianiSneben. amgvari axal-axali aR-moCenebi albaT Zalian arTulebs algo-riTmebis Sedgenas?
lic mxolod Rrma ZilSi an gulis wasvli-sas gvtovebs?
– me vTanamSromlob julio tononisTan (nevrologi da fsiqiatri, Zilis da cno-bierebis specialisti – T. k.), viskonsin-medisonis universitetidan, romelmac ganaviTara integrirebuli informaciis Teoria (iiT) – Integrated Information Theory (IIT). es Teoria uaRresad mni-Svnelovania imis gasagebad, Tu rogor xdeba nervuli sistemis mier cnobieri gamocdilebebis generireba. mjera, dResdReobiT iiT-i aris saukeTeso sa-Sualeba tvinSi mimdinare urTierTqme-debebis da sivrciT-droiTi masStabis integrirebuli informaciis analizis-Tvis, rac safuZvlad udevs cnobierebas.
egzistencialur riskebze, sabolood xom yvela samecniero garRvevas ori mxare aqvs – mSvidoba da omi an – piriqiT.
– Cven Zalian Sors varT cnobierebis da in-teleqtis arsebiTi elementebis im donis gagebisgan, rom maTi reproduqcia SevZ-loT. Tanamedrove xelovnuri inteleqti tvinis fiziologiis dawyebiTi klasebis donis xedvazea agebuli. Cven vfiqrobT, rom Cveni proeqtis cifrul rekonst-ruqciebs da simulaciebs aqvs potencia-li axali principebis dasadgenad, rom-lebic am da sxva aspeqtebs akontrole-ben. me mjera, rom yovelTvis saWiroa ne-bismieri axali teqnologiis potenciuri sikeTis da zianis awon-dawonva da misi da-nergvis usafrTxoebis garantireba.
maqvs: kanonmdeblobam rom dauSvas da mo-iZebnos kamikaZec, vinc arasamedicino miz-niT invaziurad Caidgams tvinSi am siaxles, anu gaikeTebs uSualod tvinze mikropro-cesoris implants, nuTu es marTla im do-neze gazrdida signalis Zalas, rom misi sa-SualebiT avatarebis da sxva urTulesi ko-mpiuterebis gadaadgileba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli?
– tvinma gamoamJRavna adaptaciisa da utilitizaciis STambeWdavi unari im mo-wyobilobebis mimarT, romlebTanac in-terfeisebulia. Tumca ase xdeba ZiriTa-dad ara imis gamo, rom Cven sakmarisad kargad gvesmis tvini imisTvis, rom misgan gacnobierebulad SevqmnaT amgvari mow-yobilobebi, aramed imitom, rom tvins aqvs TviTrekonfiguraciis unari axali monacemebis miRebis, gaazrebisa da gace-misTvis. sruli potenciali jer kidev Rrma Seswavlis procesSia – am etapze Cven ar viciT misi sazRvrebi.
11. henri markrami TED-is cnobili prezentaciis bolos ambobs, rom Tu moma-vali dekada warmatebuli iqneba, Catare-bul samuSaoze angariSis Casabareblad Tavis nacvlad ukve mis hologramas gamog-zavnis. rogoria misi xedva amis Taobaze?
– markramis es komentari yovelTvis xum-robad mesmoda. magram misi xedva mona-cemebiT marTuli modelirebis tvinis funqcionirebis principebis gasageb ins-trumentad gamoyenebaze sul ufro mzard mniSvnelobas iZens da, faqtobri-vad, aucilebelicaa, Tu Cven gvsurs kav-Siris Seqmna genoms, ujredul aqtivobas, sistemebis qcevasa da mentalur janmrTe-lobasa da avadmyofobas Soris.