Lun vn thc s
M U1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Lng ngh l mt trong nhng c th ca nng thn Vit Nam. a s lng ngh tri
qua lch s hnh thnh v pht trin hng trm nm gn lin vi s pht trin kinh
t - x hi ca t nc. T khi nc ta thc hin cng cuc i mi, tin hnh cng
nghip ha hin i ha, pht trin nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch
ngha, kinh t lng ngh theo cng pht trin mnh. Theo thng k ca Hip hi
lng ngh Vit Nam, c nc hin c khong hn 1600 lng ngh c cng nhn v hn
3200 lng c ngh [16]. Tuy nhin, v c bn cc lng ngh vn mang tnh t pht,
nh l, thit b th cng, n gin, cng ngh lc hu, mt bng sn xut nh hp,...
Vi s pht trin t, thiu quy hoch ca cc lng ngh cng vi s mt cn bng gia
nhu cu pht trin sn xut v kh nng p ng ca c s vt cht, thc ca ngi dn
trong bo v mi trng, bo v sc khe v s lng lo trong qun l mi trng, hot
ng ca cc lng ngh v ang gy p lc rt ln n cht lng mi trng ti cc lng
ngh.
Vnh Phc thuc vng Chu th sng Hng, l ca ng pha Ty Bc ca Th H Ni v
l mt trong 8 tnh thuc vng kinh t trng im pha Bc. L tnh c thin nhin
u i, c v tr thun li trong pht trin kinh t - x hi, nhng nm gn y cng
vi cc chnh sch u i u t v khuyn khch khi phc cc lng ngh truyn thng
ca tnh, kinh t lng ngh ca tnh Vnh Phc c nhng bc pht trin mnh m, gp
phn quan trng trong chuyn dch c cu kinh t khu vc nng thn. Tuy nhin,
bn cnh s pht trin ca cc lng ngh vn cn tn ti nhiu vn , trong nhim mi
trng ang l vn cp thit v cn c quan tm nht.
Lng ngh chn nui rn x Vnh Sn c t lu i v c y ban nhn dn tnh Vnh
Phc cng nhn l lng ngh truyn thng ca tnh. Cng vi s pht trin kinh t
ca tnh, lng ngh rn Vnh Sn cng ngy cng pht trin vi s gia tng v quy m
cng nh cht lng v s a dng ca sn phm. Rn khng ch l nguyn liu ca cc mn
c sn m cn l nguyn liu to thnh cc loi thc phm chc nng tt cho sc khe
nh ru rn, cao rn hay l nguyn liu ch to cc loi m ngh nh dy lng, v,
giy da, Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca ngh nui rn trong vic chuyn i c cu
cy trng, vt nui ti mt x nng nghip nh Vnh Sn, ngy nay cc trang tri
nui rn vi quy m ln ra i v ngy cng pht trin mnh m. Chn nui rn l mt
ngh c tnh cht c trng rt c bit, tuy nhin cng c mt s im chung so vi
cc ngnh chn nui khc l vn cht thi chn nui. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m v
s lng cc trang tri nui rn, lng cht thi cng theo m tng ln ng k to ra
p lc ln i vi mi trng khu vc.
Trc thc trng mi trng lng ngh hin nay, ti thc hin ti iu tra, phn
loi, nh gi hin trng v xut cc gii php x l cht thi pht sinh t cc
trang tri nui rn x Vnh Sn, huyn Vnh Tng, tnh Vnh Phc. Kt qu ca ti s
cho thy hin trng tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi ti lng ngh rn Vnh Sn, t
xut mt s gii php h tr cho vic a ra cc bin php v chnh sch qun l mi
trng mt cch hiu qu phc v cho vic xy dng hnh nh mt lng ngh truyn
thng xanh sch p, gy n tng vi du khch trong v ngoi nc.2. Mc ch nghin
cu ca ti
Trn c s xc nh c hin trng, thnh phn cc loi cht thi pht sinh t hot
ng chn nui rn, t a ra cc bin php gim thiu v x l cht thi ph hp lm
gim thiu nhim mi trng do hot ng chn nui rn ti x Vnh Sn, to tin xy
dng khu lng ngh - dch v du lch theo tiu ch pht trin kinh t gn vi bo
v mi trng. ng thi, tr thnh m hnh mu v bo v mi trng cho cc lng ngh
chn nui rn khc trn a bn tnh Vnh Phc ni ring v c nc ni chung.3. i
tng v phm vi nghin cu
- i tng nghin cu ca ti l cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh
Sn;
- Phm vi nghin cu:
+ Phm vi v khng gian: x Vnh Sn huyn Vnh Tng tnh Vnh Phc;
+ Phm vi v thi gian: Do thi gian v iu kin c hn nn cc s liu phc v
cho mc ch nghin cu ca ti c iu tra v thu thp t thng 3/2014 n thng
2/2015.4. Ngun t liu v phng php nghin cu
a. Ngun t liu
- Ngun t liu do a phng cung cp;
- T liu thu thp c t qu trnh i iu tra, kho st trn a bn;
b. Phng php nghin cu
- Phng php iu tra, kho st thc a: Tin hnh iu tra, kho st cc trang
tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn c nhng thng tin v ci nhn c th,
chnh xc v thc trng mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn.
- Phng php k tha: T cc s liu, ti liu v cc thng tin c c, tng hp v
phn tch a ra cc nh gi v nh hng ca cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc
trang tri nui rn. Trong qu trnh nghin cu c k tha cc kt qu nghin cu
trc trong khu vc nghin cu.
- Phng php iu tra x hi hc: iu tra cc vn mi trng ti cc trang tri
chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn bng h thng cc cu hi phng vn c nhng nhn
xt, nh gi khch quan, chnh xc v tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi ti cc trang
tri chn nui rn.- Phng php chuyn gia: Phi hp v tham kho kin ca cc
chuyn gia v nhng ngi trc tip chn nui rn xy dng phng php v t chc
nghin cu c hiu qu.5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
- Xy dng cc c s l lun v thc tin ban u v hin trng mi trng ti lng
ngh rn Vnh Sn, huyn Vnh Tng tnh Vnh Phc;- Xy dng v xut cc gii php c
tnh khoa hc v thc tin cao nhm gii quyt cc vn nhim mi trng do cc
trang tri chn nui rn gy ra;- Vi cc xut v cc bin php gim thiu nhim
mi trng trong ti s gp phn thc y s tham gia ca nh qun l, ngi dn v cc
ch trang tri v mc tiu ci thin mi trng v sc khe cng ng.CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V LNG NGH RN VNH SN1.1. Gii thiu v ngh nui rn
1.1.1. Ngh nui rn Vit NamNui rn tr thnh mt ngh mang li nhiu li
ch kinh t, tng thu nhp cho ngi dn v gp phn bo tn mt s loi rn ang c
nguy c tuyt chng. T hng ngn nm nay, con ngi tn rt nhiu cng sc tm
hiu v tp tnh sinh thi sinh l ca con rn hnh thnh nn ngh nui rn c
nhiu ni trn khp t nc Vit Nam.Vit Nam l nc nm trong vng nhit i nn c
thin nhin u i cho cc h sinh hc ng, thc vt nn cc loi rn ca Vit nam c
mi trng sinh sng v pht trin. Tuy nhin nhng nm gn y, nn sn bt ng vt
hoang d, ng vt qu him ly tht v xut khu (trong c rn) ang honh hnh gy
mt cn bng sinh thi hoc mt s loi c nguy c tuyt chng. Theo thng k ca
Cc Cnh st mi trng - B Cng an,mi nm, th trng Vit Nam tiu th 3.400 tn
tht ng vt hoang d [18]. V vy, hot ng chn nui, ch bin v kinh doanh
cc sn phm t rn ca ca nhn dn nhng nm gn y c khuyn khch pht trin mt
cch hp php, thng qua hot ng cp php ca c quan kim lm.
Hot ng chn nui, ch bin cc sn phm t rn nc ta hin nay ang c chiu
hng pht trin mnh ti mt s lng ngh truyn thng hoc mi pht trin mt s
vng nng thn, trang tri.
Theo s liu thu thp s b hin nay cho thy ngoi mt s lng ngh truyn
thng nh: Lng Sn Tang (nay l x Vnh Sn, huyn Vnh Tng, tnh Vnh Phc) c
truyn thng chn nui ch bin rn t nhng th k trc, lng rn L Mt, thuc x
Vit Hng, qun Long Bin, thnh ph H Ni vi truyn thng nui rn, bt rn cch
y hn 900 nm, lng Bn, x Phng Thng, huyn Phc Th, tnh H Ty (nay l thnh
ph H Ni) c ngh bt rn t hng trm nm nay. Ngoi ra, nhng nm gn y cn xut
hin Hi nui rn x T x, huyn Lm Thao, tnh Ph Th, mt s h nng dn ca X
Chi Lng, Hng H, Thi Bnh, tri nui rn ng Tm (x Bnh c, Chu Thnh, Tin
Giang), trang tri ca ng Trng thn Th An, x Bnh An, tnh Qung Ngi, hi
nui rn x ng t, huyn Ph Lng, tnh Thi Nguyn, lng Bch, x Hong ng, Duy
Tin, H Nam, trang tri chn nui trn, rn ca ng Nguyn Vn Minh (Nm
Minh), p 44 khu 3, x Thnh Ph, huyn M Xuyn, tnh Sc Trng, trang tri
chn nui trn, rn ca ng V Vn ng, thuc lng nui rn p Ho Bnh, x Nguyn Vn
Thnh, huyn Bnh Minh, tnh Vnh Long, trang tri chn nui trn, rn ca ng
Phm Hng Nam - Qun c khu du lch sinh thi Lm ng trng Sng Trm (x Bin
Bc, huyn Thi Bnh, tnh Kin Giang), tri chn nui rn h mang ca ng Nguyn
Vn Bnh, L Hu Trung thuc lng nui rn thn Ngha Dng, x Cm Phong, huyn
Cm Thu, tnh Thanh Ho, tri chn nui rn h mang ca ng Thi Hu Triu, thuc
lng nui rn xm 7, x Tng Thnh, huyn Yn Thnh, tnh Ngh An, trang tri
Thnh Pht, 14/3, p Thi Ty 1, x Tn Hip, huyn Hc Mn, TPHCM,... [4]Rn
thng phm t cc lng nui rn ni trn ch yu c xut khu sang th trng tiu th
chnh l Trung Quc. Ngoi ra, rn cn c dng ngm ru, nu cao v bn cho ngi
dn c nhu cu lm thc phm chc nng, bi b c th, h tr iu tr mt s bnh v
xng khp v dy thn kinh,Ngh nui rn mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, gip ngi
nng dn xa i, gim ngho, ngoi ra cn gip bo tn cc ngun gen qu him. V
vy, Nh nc ta v ang to iu kin, a ra cc hnh lang php l ph hp ngi dn c
th pht trin ngh chn nui rn, va gp phn pht trin kinh t, va bo tn ti
nguyn thin nhin, duy tr v pht trin a dng sinh hc ca t nc.1.1.2. Ngh
nui rn tnh Vnh Phc v huyn Vnh Tng
Vnh Phc l mt tnh thuc vng ng bng sng Hng, nm trong vng kinh t
trng im Bc B v vng Th , c li th v a l, kinh t v vn ha. T khi ti lp
tnh n nay, Vnh Phc t c nhiu thnh tu to ln, kinh t lin tc tng trng
vi tc cao, c cu kinh t chuyn dch theo hng tng t trng cng nghip, xy
dng v dch v, gim t trng nng nghip, lm nghip v thy sn. Gi tr sn xut
cng nghip, tng thu ngn sch, tng sn phm ni tnh, ch s nng lc cnh
tranh cp tnh (PCI) v ch s pht trin con ngi (HDI) ca Vnh Phc lun xp
trong nhm 10 tnh, thnh ph dn u ca c nc. V vn ha x hi cng c nhiu tin
b, i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn khng ngng c nng ln. [17]Theo
mt s thng k s b ca y ban nhn dn x Vnh Sn th trn a bn tnh Vnh Phc
hin nay c mt s huyn c ngh nui rn nh: Vnh Tng, Yn Lc, Sng L, Lp
Thch, Tam o. Trong , Vnh Tng l huyn c nhiu trang tri nui rn nht v l
huyn c ngh nui rn lu i nht, cc huyn khc u c ngh nui rn ra i sau
huyn Vnh Tng do ngi dn cc a phng ny my m tm hiu v n hc ngh ti Vnh
Tng, sau v pht trin ngh nui rn ti a phng. [4]Huyn Vnh Tng hin nay
cng ch cn li mt s x c ngh nui rn nh Vnh Sn, Bnh Dng, Yn Lp, Yn Bnh,
V Di,... Do nhng nm gn y u ra ca con rn thng bp bnh v chn nui khng
c li, ngi dn b ngh nui rn kh nhiu chuyn sang lm cc ngh khc c thu
nhp n nh hn. Hin nay, ch cn li x Vnh Sn l x c truyn thng lu i nht
vn duy tr v pht trin c ngh nui rn, ng thi pht trin thm vic sn xut
cc sn phm t rn. [4]1.2. Lch s ra i v pht trin ca lng ngh rn Vnh
Sn1.2.1. Gii thiu tng quan v x Vnh Sna. V tr a lVnh Tng l huyn nm
nh tam gic ng bng Bc B, bn t ngn sng Hng, v pha Ty Nam ca tnh Vnh
Phc; Pha Bc gip huyn Lp Thch v Tam Dng, pha Ty Bc gip thnh ph Vit
Tr ca tnh Ph Th, pha Ty gip huyn Ba V v th x Sn Ty (thnh ph H Ni),
pha ng gip huyn Yn Lc.X Vnh Sn l mt x nm pha Bc ca huyn Vnh Tng,
pha ng gip x Bnh Dng, pha Ty gip th trn Th Tang v x Thng Trng, pha
Nam gip x V Di, pha bc gip x i ng v Tn Tin. X c din tch t nhin l:
327,34 ha; Trong din tch t nng nghip l 236,27 ha, chim t l 72,18%;
t phi nng nghip 91,07 ha, chim t l 27,82%.
Hnh 1. 1. Bn hnh chnh tnh Vnh Phc
Hnh 1. 2. Bn hnh chnh huyn Vnh Tng
b. iu kin kinh t - x hiTnh n nm 2013, ton x c 1358 h vi 5806 nhn
khu, trong c 18 h vi 84 nhn khu theo o Thin cha gio. X c 05 thn (t
thn 1 n thn 5), a bn phn b tp trung.V lao ng x c 3450 ngi, chim 63%
dn s ton x, trong lao ng lm vic trong lnh vc nng nghip l 2.569 ngi,
chim 71,5% lc lng lao ng ca x, cn li 28,5% l lao ng trong lnh vc
tiu th cng nghip, dch v thng mi.C cu kinh t ca x: Nng nghip, thng
mi dch vThu nhp bnh qun u ngi nm 2013 l 18,2 triu ng/ngi/nm.V di
tch: Nm 2000 di tch nh, Cha x Vnh Sn c xp hng di tch lch s cp Quc
gia. Nm 2006 x Vnh Sn c cng nhn l lng ngh rn truyn thng. Nm 2010, x
Vnh Sn c vinh danh l mt trong mi lng ngh tiu biu ca c nc, x c nhiu
on khch quc t, lnh o ng v Nh nc ti thm quanH tng: ng thn, ng c lt
gch, b tng 100%. H thng in c d n ReII u t v a vo s dng. Trm y t,
trng mm non, trng Tiu hc v trng Trung hc c s u t chun Quc gia. n nm
2013 x t 09/19 tiu ch v Nng thn mi, mc tiu phn u nm 2015 t 19/19
tiu ch.Hng nm cc ch tiu php lnh cp trn giao x u hon thnh v hon thnh
vt ch tiu, an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi lun n nh, i sng vt
cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn ngy cng c nng cao.1.2.2. Lch s ra i v pht
trin ca lng ngh rn Vnh Snn nay, vn cha tm thy cc ti liu lch s v s
ra i ca lng rn Vnh Sn. Theo cc bc cao nin trong lng truyn li, trc y
Vnh Sn vn l mt vng hoang vu, rm rp, cng cc ao, h, m, bi. Chnh th
nhng ni y to iu kin cho cc loi ng vt b st tm n sinh sng, trong c
loi rn. Trc y, vo thi k nng nhn, ngi dn Vnh Sn thng i bt rn v lm
thc n, ngm ru lm thuc hoc em bn kim thm thu nhp trang tri cuc sng.
X hi pht trin, vi s tin b v khoa hc - k thut v nhu cu bi b sc khe
ca ngi dn, nhiu cng dng t loi rn c pht hin. Ngi dn Vnh Sn vi kinh
nghim v s am hiu v loi rn c c rt qua nhiu nm hnh thnh ln ngh bt rn
bn. Nhng c mt thc t l c khai thc rn trong t nhin th n mt lc no ngun
rn cng s cn kit. Trc thc t ngun rn trong t nhin ngy cng cn kit m
nhu cu s dng cc sn phm t rn ngy cng tng cao, ngi dn Vnh Sn chuyn
hng t sn bt sang nui nht v gy nui sinh sn to ngun rn cung cp cho th
trng. Ngh rn Vnh Sn tri qua rt nhiu thng trm theo dng thi gian.
Trong thi k bao cp, phong tro nui rn b lng xung cng vi kh khn chung
ca nn kinh t, nhiu gia nh phi b ngh nui rn chuyn sang ngh khc. Tuy
nhin, n nm 1979, c s quan tm gip ca cc cp, cc ngnh, mt s nh khoa hc
nh: Gs.Ts Trn Kin, Gs. Nguyn Ti Lng, Gs. i Duy Ban, Ts. Ng Th
Kim,... v Trung tm Sinh l Ha sinh ngi v ng vt (nay l Vin Cng ngh
Sinh hc Vit Nam), Vnh Sn khnh thnh v a vo hot ng Trung tm nhn ging
rn (thng gi l Tri rn Vnh Sn). Tri rn i vo hot ng l s kt hp gia kinh
nghim c truyn v tin b khoa hc k thut, gip ngi dn trong x nng cao
hiu qu hot ng chn nui rn. [3]Thc hin ngh quyt ca Trung ng v y mnh
cng nghip ha hin i ha nng thn v pht trin tiu th cng nghip, ng y,
HND, UBND x Vnh Sn lun ch trng cng tc khuyn khch, to iu kin cho cc
c s, cc h chn nui rn c c hi m rng sn xut.
c s quan tm ca lnh o cc cp, nm 1994, ngh nui rn c Nh nc cng nhn
tnh hp php. Nm 1995, c s gip ca Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc Vit Nam v quy
trnh p n v chm sc, ngi dn Vnh Sn gy nui thnh cng loi rn H Tru, H
Mang v H Cha sinh sn. n nm 2010, Chi cc Kim lm tnh Vnh Phc to hnh
lang php l (xc nhn rn nui) cho nhng ngi nui rn v thng li c thun li
trong qu trnh bun bn, vn chuyn rn n ni tiu th. Nm 2006, khu quy
hoch lng ngh rn Vnh Sn c ph duyt ti quyt nh s 2488/Q-UBND ngy 13
thng 10 nm 2006 ca UBND tnh Vnh Phc vi din tch 20,87 ha [12]. y l
khu lng ngh truyn thng ca x Vnh Sn, tp trung cc c s chn nui v ch
bin cc sn phm t rn, ng thi l khu dch v, du lch v pht trin kinh t -
x hi ca a phng. Cn c theo tin trnh lch s ra i v pht trin ca lng rn
Vnh Sn, ngy 24 thng 11 nm 2006, Ch tch UBND tnh Vnh Phc k quyt nh s
3120/Q-UBND v vic cng nhn lng ngh rn Vnh Sn t tiu chun lng ngh
truyn thng [13]. Tip theo , ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2007, Hi lng ngh rn
Vnh Sn c thnh lp v l ch s hu nhn hiu tp th s 113742, cp ngy 14 thng
11 bn 2008 cho cc sn phm: Nc rn, rn ngm ru, cao rn, rn ngm ru mt
ong, tht rn, tht rn ng hp,n nay, rn vn l mt loi c sn ang ln cn st,
th trng trong nc ang x i tm cc loi thuc qu v th trng nc ngoi vn cn
ang b ng. Nhng rn Vnh Sn thc s tr thnh hng ha th cn xy dng mt thng
hiu mnh cho lng rn, thng hiu rn Vnh Sn c th vn ra tm th gii.1.2.3.
Tnh hnh pht trin ngh rn ti x Vnh Sn hin nay
Hin nay, ton x Vnh Sn c khong hn 850 h chn nui rn, trong c khong
15 h chn nui vi quy m ln, 100 h c quy m trung bnh v khong 735 h chn
nui rn vi quy m nh, trong c bn cc h u nui rn sinh sn. Tnh n thng
5/2014, sn lng rn u vo ca ton x c t trn 42 tn, s trng a vo p khong
300.000 qu.Chn nui rn hin nay tr thnh ngnh sn xut chnh ca ngi dn a
phng. Theo thng k ca y ban nhn dn x Vnh Sn, trong nm 2013, tng gi
tr sn xut t hot ng chn nui t 38,4 t ng, trong gi tr sn xut t chn
nui rn c t 29,4 t ng. Hin nay, trn ton x c 02 hp tc x v 03 cng ty
chuyn chn nui, ch bin v kinh doanh cc sn phm t rn, c 01 nh hng
chuyn cc mn m thc v rn, 01 tri rn trung tm ca ton x v thnh lp Hi
lng ngh rn Vnh Sn.
Cc sn phm ca lng ngh bao gm: Rn sng, tht rn, rn ngm ru, nc rn,
da rn, cao rn, cao rn ngm mt ong,... u c gi tr v sc khe v kinh t
cao, c nhiu ngi tiu dng a chung. Sn phm t rn mt phn c ngi dn trong
x ch bin thnh rn ngm ru, cao rn, cao rn ngm mt ong, mt phn c bn cho
cc nh hng c sn, cn li rn sng c bn lm rn ging b m cho cc trang tri
rn trong nc hoc xut khu sang th trng Trung Quc.Hin ti, ngh nui rn
ti x Vnh Sn vn ang c duy tr v pht trin mc d cn tim n nhiu ri ro
trong qu trnh chn nui cng nh nhng kh khn v u ra ca sn phm. Ngh chn
nui v ch bin cc sn phm t rn em li thu nhp cho cc h gia nh trong x,
gp phn xa i gim ngho, mang li hiu qu kinh t - x hi cao, lm thay i b
mt ca x Vnh Sn.
Tuy nhin, vn cn tn ti nhiu kh khn, vng mc trong qu trnh pht trin
a lng ngh rn Vnh Sn tr thnh mt thng hiu mnh m v uy tn trn th trng
trong v ngoi nc. Mt s kh khn in hnh m lng ngh gp phi nh: - Sn phm
hng ho ca lng ngh cn n gin, mu m chm c i mi, cng tc qung co tip th
cn rt hn ch, sn phm ch yu xut th (rn thng phm cha qua ch bin) do vy
cha c nhng n t hng ln.- Vn cho hot ng sn xut chn nui cn gp nhiu kh
khn, ngun vn cc t chc tn dng cho vay cn rt khim tn.
- Vn nghin cu phng, cha bnh cho rn cha c nh nc quan tm ng mc. Do
vic phng v cha bnh cho n rn ch yu do kinh nghim c truyn v qua qu
trnh chn nui m tch lu c.- Khu vc quy hoch lng ngh vn cn mt s h cha
chp hnh gii phng mt bng bn giao cho ch u t thc hin d n, do nhng h c
nhu cu m rng sn xut, chn nui cha c iu kin v mt bng u t. - Do ngh rn
tn ti v pht trin t lu i v t pht do vy khu chn nui v sn xut cc sn
phm t rn ch yu l lm trn din tch t th c ca gia nh. Do vy ngi xen ln
vi rn v cc vt nui khc (tru, b, ln, g chim ct,...), t cht thi chn
nui c tiu thot chung vi cc cht thi sinh hot khc, d gy nhim mi trng
v kh qun l c cc mm bnh ly lan t trang tri ca gia nh ny sang trang
tri ca gia nh khc. Vn ny nh hng ln n cng tc x l v c lp nhng trang
tri rn mc bnh ng thi gy nh hng khng nh n sc kho ca cng ng dn c trn
ton x.- Mc d cc vn bn quy phm php lut c hng dn kh chi tit v cc th
tc cn thit xin php thnh lp tri gy nui, nhng mt s ni dung hng dn nng
v cc tiu chun khoa hc, cha ph hp vi i a s trnh ca ngi nng dn chn
lm, tay bn.- Cc trang tri gy nui rt mun cc c quan khoa hc gip nh du
sn phm gy nui trnh nhng u nu tr trn gia con rn gy nui vi con rn
khai thc ngoi t nhin (hin nay cc bin php nh du qu phc tp, gi c li t
cha ph hp vi ngi dn chn nui).- Cc chnh sch ca Nh nc cha cp n vic h
tr cc h chn nui rn v kinh ph nhm m rng sn xut nhm mc ch sn xut ra
nhiu con ging p ng nhu cu ca cc h chn nui rn thng phm, t sn xut ra
nhiu sn phm cung cp cho th trng tiu dng, ng thi gp phn hn ch nn
khai thc rn ba bi trong t nhin.- Nh nc cha cp n vn chnh sch giao
cho cc c quan nghin cu khoa hc, nghin cu c th tp tnh, c tnh sinh hc
cng nh quy trnh gy nui sinh sn nhng ng vt hoang d qu him, t chuyn
giao cho cc h nng dn nui, c bit nh lng ngh truyn thng x Vnh Sn, nhm
gii quyt vic lm ang d tha rt ln trong khu vc nng thn.- Chnh sch ca
Nh nc cha c th v vic thng cho nhng ngi cung cp thng tin v vic khai
thc rn trong t nhin. V vy cha khuyn kch c cng ng dn c gim st, pht
hin cung cp tin cho c quan chc nng ngn chn kp thi t nn khai thc tu
tin ng vt, thc vt trong mi trng hoang d. - Cn c theo ngh nh
32/2006/N-CP ngy 30/3/2006 th rn H mang cha (Ophiophagas hannah)
thuc nhm I B nhm nghim cm khai thc s dng v mc ch thng mi m ch c
khai thc v mc ch nghin cu khoa hc (k c to ngun ging ban u phc v cho
nui sinh sn, trng cy nhn to, quan h hp tc Quc t) [11]. Tuy nhin do
c th ca ngh chn nui rn x Vnh Sn c t rt lu i, thc t qua qu trnh chn
nui ngi dn gy nui sinh sn thnh cng ging rn ny. Qua kinh nghim thc t
ca ngi dn h bit lai to gia ging rn cha sng khu vc min Nam vi ging
rn cha vng ni pha Bc cc th h F2, F3, F4,... u pht trin rt tt, con
ging kho mnh, t bnh tt, pht trin cn i. Tuy nhin, theo php lut hin
hnh th loi ny nghim cm nui v mc ch thng mi, do vy nhn dn Vnh Sn gp
rt nhiu kh khn trong vn chng minh ngun gc ca rn thc hin cc bc theo
quy trnh gy nui sinh sn m cc vn bn quy phm php lut ca Nh nc quy
nh.
Tuy gp nhiu kh khn trong cng tc chn nui, m rng sn xut v tm kim u
ra cho sn phm. Nhng bn cnh nhng kh khn , lng ngh rn Vnh Sn cng c ng
v Nh nc to nhiu iu kin thun li pht trin lng ngh truyn thng nh:
- T vic c Nh nc cho php gy nui rn nhm mc ch thng mi to iu kin
cho ngi nng dn tip cn vi cc ngun vn vay t cc t chc tn dng u t cho
pht trin chn nui rn - ngh truyn thng ca a phng. Trc nm 2000 ngi dn
mun vay vn chn nui rn gp rt nhiu kh khn, cc t chc tn dng khng cho
vay vn vo mc ch chn nui rn. Thc cht ngi dn vay vn chn nui rn u phi
chuyn sang l do chn nui gia sc, gia cm,... Do vy s vn vay c rt t,
khng u t m rng vic nhn nui nn tc pht trin ca lng ngh c phn chm chp
hn, cha xng vi tim nng ca mt lng ngh truyn thng. Sau nm 2000, khi c
php gy nui rn h mang, cc t chc tn dng u t cho vic gy nui rn, t nhn
dn c iu kin u t m rng sn xut chn nui, do vy mc tng trng t ngh chn
nui rn bt u tng mnh.- Cng t vic cho php chn nui rn gip ngi nng dn
trong x tip cn nhanh hn vi c ch th trng. V mt iu quan trng khc l
ton b nhng ngi nui c kin thc t cao n thp u khng ngng t tm ti hc hi
cc kin thc khoa hc k thut cng nh cc vn bn ca Nh nc lin quan n ng vt
hoang d v t hc hi ln nhau tch lu kinh nghim cho u t chn nui rn.-
Cho php chn nui rn nhm duy tr v pht trin ngh truyn thng tr thnh ng
lc quan trng gip cho cc on vin, hi vin ca cc t chc chnh tr x hi, t
chc ngh nghip pht trin kinh t, nng cao i sng. T h tin tng hn vo t
chc v hng say tham gia cc hot ng x hi. V cng t cc hot ng x hi to iu
kin h gn gi trao i thng tin, gn kt vi nhau hn. Thc t cho thy cc t
chc chnh tr x hi Vnh Sn u hot ng tt v l nhng n v i u trong cc phong
tro ca huyn, ca tnh.
Hin nay, khch n vi lng ngh rn Vnh Sn s c th hng nhiu dch v nh:
Thm quan khu chn nui rn, trc tip quan st loi ng vt ang dn him gp
trong mi trng t nhin, cm nhn nhng kh khn ca ngh nui rn, thng thc
nhng mn n ngon, l v b dng c ch bin t tht rn v ra v vi nhng sn phm
truyn thng c by bn ti lng rn nh cao rn, ru rn,...1.3. Quy trnh chn
nui rn ti lng ngh rn Vnh Sn
1.3.1. Quy cch xy dng chung tri
* Chung nui rn con:Chung nui rn c th xy dng n gin hoc kin c, to,
nh hoc va phi, ty thuc vo iu kin ca tng h gia nh. C mt s m hnh to
nh ( chung) cho chung nui rn con nh sau:- Din tch mi chung khong 10
n 15m2.
- Tng ngn gia cc cao 80 n 100cm. Thng th ngi nui rn i li trn
thnh tng chm sc rn.
- Mt s cch b tr ch ( rn) cho rn con:+ Cch 1: rn c b tr sao cho
ch chim 1/3 n 1/4 chung. Mt bng rn c lm 2 n 3 tng bng cc tm git (gn
ging git ging) xp chng ln nhau. Gia cc tm git c th lt rm, c kh hoc
t cc cho rn v i li;
+ Cch 2: c xp t tng hoc gch mc, gc cy kh. Bn cnh ch cho rn i li
v ch t khay n ung cho rn.
Hnh 1. 3. Chung nui rn con
* Chung nui rn to (rn thng phm, rn hu b v rn sinh sn):- Din tch
mi ty theo iu kin c th xy dng kch thc (30x40x40) cm nui 01 con rn
hoc c th rng hn vi kch thc (40x60x40) cm nui 01 cp rn sinh sn, tng
xy gch, nn lt gch thm nc (loi gch lt sn). - Np chung : C th lm np b
tng c ca (15 x 20 cm), c khung ca c nh, c bn l ca v cht kha ca cn
thn hoc c th lm bng g, ca li.
Hnh 1. 4. Chung nui rn to
1.3.2. Quy trnh chn nui rn1.3.2.1. Quy trnh p n trng rn
* Kh trng:
Trc khi tin hnh p trng cn phi kh trng phng p trng. C mt s phng
php kh trng phng p trng nh sau:- Cch 1: C th dng vi bt rc u ln b mt
phng p. Sau 5 n 7 ngy th qut sch vi bt. Lc ny c th cho nguyn liu p
v trng vo tin hnh p.
- Cch 2: Dng dung dch phoocmon (HCHO) 1-2% phun u, sau 3 ngy c
th cho nguyn liu p v trng vo p.Xung quanh phng p cn phun thuc kh cn
trng phng tr kin, mi, rui, mui xm hi trng rn.
* Phng php p:
- Nguyn liu p: Nguyn liu p gm t tht nh hoc t ct pha v ct en.
Nguyn liu p phi c phi nng nhiu ngy v phi c kh trng. Ty iu kin m mi
trng ca tng khu vc c th m quyt nh t l nguyn liu dng p trng. - Phng
php p: Ri nguyn liu p xung nn phng p vi dy khong 15-20cm. Cc trng c
t ln nguyn liu p v t cch nhau khong 5cm. Sau khi t trng ta dng
nguyn liu p ph ln b mt trng dy t 1-2cm. Hng tun c th phun ch phm EM
m bo mi trng m. Kim tra m hng ngy phng p. - Thi gian p trng: Trng p
trong thi gian t 57-60 ngy th n rn con. Thi gian p c th ngn li hoc
di hn ty thuc vo m thng xuyn ca nguyn liu p.
Hnh 1. 5. Trng rn h mangHnh 1. 6. Trng rn ang c p
1.3.2.2. Quy trnh nui rn ging v rn thng phm
a. K thut chun b thc n cho rn
* c im dinh dng:
- Rn l ng vt thuc nhm n tht, thnh phn thc n ca rn thch ng vi s c
mt v mt thc n ngoi thin nhin. Rn h mang c th n cc loi tht ni chung
nh cc, nhi, chut, g, chim, trng,...
- Cc loi rn ni chung c kh nng n nhiu trong mt ba (30-40% so vi
trng lng c th). Song, trong t nhin, khng phi lc no chng cng kim c
thc n. Trong iu kin nui nht, rn c th n bng 10-15% trong lng c th v
n cch 2-3 ngy mt ln.- Rn l ng vt c kh nng nhn n tt tt, t vi thng
(ng ng) n lu hn. Kh nng nhn n ca rn gn lin vi nhu cu nc ung v s
thay i nhit khng kh. Nu cung cp nc ung y hoc khi nhit khng kh gim
thp th kh nng nhn n ca rn c th lu hn.
* Chun b thc n:
- Thc n cho rn con: Con mi lm thc n cho rn con cn phi c xng mm v
cn c ct nh trnh rn b hc mi.
- Thc n cho rn ln: Kch c con mi ph thuc vo kch c ca rn sao cho
rn c th n mi d dng v khng b hc.
- Cch ch bin thc n: Thc n c ct thnh ming ph hp vi kch c tng loi
rn nui, trn thm mt s loi thuc phng bnh cho rn v cho n ti ngay. Nu d
tr, cn phi ng gi v bo qun lnh ring tng loi thc n. Trc khi cho n, em
r ng v trn u cc loi thuc cn cho rn n km theo d kin.
Hnh 1. 7. Thc n cho rn
b. K thut nui rn
* K thut nui rn con:
- Rn con 1 ngy tui c nht vo phng nui ring. Trong thi gian t 6-7
ngy sau n, rn khng n m ch sng bng cc cht dinh dng cn li trong non
hong. Thi im ny, ch cn cho rn ung nc. Sau khi rn lt xc ln u, ta cho
rn dng thc n dnh cho rn s sinh.
- Mt nui rn: Rn con c nui vi mt khong 10-15 con/m2. Trong vn rn
cn p nhiu hang cho rn tr. Mt khong 30-50 con/. C khong 50 rn con ta
01 a thc n v 01 a nc ung.
* Nui rn thng phm:
- Rn thng phm c nui vo cc chung nh ring bit. i vi rn d kin chn
lm rn hu b v sinh sn cn nui chng nhng chung rng hn.
- Thc n cho cc loi rn ln ny c ct to hn, s lng nhiu hn v cc ba
cch nhau t 2-3 ngy.
* Rn ng ng:
- Vo khong thng 11 n thng 3 hng nm, khi nhit khng kh xung thp di
200C, rn c hin tng ng ng. Mi hot ng ca rn trong thi gian ny gn nh b
dng li. Rn cn ch tr m p, kh ro, yn tnh .
- i vi rn con, c th cho rn ng ng ngay ti chung nui bng cch dng
vt liu ph ln rn sao cho rn khng b gi la, khng b t khi ma v c nhit ,
m n nh. Cng c th chuyn rn vo tr ng trong nh, song vn cn vt liu
m.
- i vi rn to, cn chuyn rn tp trung t vi con ti vi chc con vo mt
chung rng hn vi vt liu ng, to cho rn mi trng m hn. Trong thi gian
ny, ta tn dng kh trng chung nui cho nm sau.
- Vt liu ng cho rn c th l l chui kh, rm r, c kh, thm ch c rut
chn bng c. 1.3.3. Mt s bnh thng gp rn, cch phng v iu tr bnh cho rn
[1]a. Bnh do dinh dng
Do thc n cho rn trong iu kin nui nht thng n iu, v vy rn thng mc
mt s bnh do thiu vitamin, ch yu l cc vitamin nh: Vitamin A, vitamin
nhm B, vitamin D2,...
S thiu cn i trong thnh phn dinh dng cng vi ch nui khng hp l, v
sinh thc n khng tt d lm pht sinh mt s bnh v ng tiu ho v tun hon nh
bnh tc mch mu do lng ng cholesterol v a xit uric l nguyn nhn lm cht
rn t ngt.
b. Bnh do nhim trng
Bnh ng tiu ho do vi khun Salmonella rt ph bin rn v c th ly sang
ngi, v vy cn ch v sinh c nhn sau khi tip xc vi rn, c bit l rn bnh.
Khi rn b bnh nng, cn phi iu tr bng thuc khng sinh.
Bnh vim ming rt thng gp rn. Bnh ny thng do vi khun, nm gy ra v
thng i km vi tnh trng thiu vitamin. Khi bnh nh c th ra bng nc oxy
gi, bi thuc Sulphadimidine, bnh nng cn phi iu tr bng khng sinh.
Nhim trng ng h hp cng hay gp rn. Biu hin ca bnh l ming rn hi m,
th kh kh, i khi to ra cc bong bng ming. Rn c th b tc mi hon ton, lm
cho hi th nng nhc v nghe kh r. Cn iu tr bng khng sinh khi rn c biu
hin vim ng h hp.
d. Bnh do k sinh trng
V mt hiu qu kinh t, cc bnh do k sinh trng gy thit hi ln nht. Tuy
t l rn cht do k sinh trng khng cao nh cc bnh do vi khun, nhng k
sinh trng gy ra cc bnh c tnh cht mn tnh, lm gim tng trng, gim sc
khng bnh, to thun li v lm ly lan cc bnh nhim trng khc. Mt s loi k
sinh trng nguy him cng c th gy dch lm cht rn hng lot. Biu hin chung
ca bnh do ni k sinh l rn gy yu, mt mi, km n, da khng bng, thng c ri
lon tiu ho. C nhiu loi thuc c tr k sinh trng, cn c chn on chnh xc
dng thuc thch hp. K sinh trng c kh nng ly lan mnh, v vy cn ht sc ch
trng cc bin php v sinh chn nui v p dng cc bin php phng bnh.e. Bnh
do cc vt thng
Cc vt thng ca rn do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra nh: Sn bt, vn chuyn, cn
nhau,... Nguyn tc chung khi iu tr vt thng cho rn l phi ra, st trng
vt thng bng cc dung dch st trng thng thng, nht rn ni sch s, kh ro
trnh nhim trng v nm t mi trng. f. Bnh p xc
Biu hin: Xc rn khng lt c, nu lu rn km n, kh kit v cht.
iu tr: Rn b p xc cn bt vo ti li, ngm rn khong 20 30 pht trong
dung dch st khun (berberin , tertracyclin,... ) vi nng 0,5 1,0 g/lt
nc sch. CHNG 2HIN TRNG CHT THI PHT SINH T CC TRANG TRI NUI RN TI X
VNH SNChn nui l mt trong nhng ngnh sn xut to ra lng cht thi nhiu
nht ra mi trng. V chn nui rn cng khng phi l mt ngoi l. Cht thi chn
nui cha nhiu thnh phn c kh nng gy nhim mi trng, lm nh hng n s sinh
trng, pht trin ca vt nui v sc khe ca con ngi. V vy, vic hiu r lng
pht thi, thnh phn v cc tnh cht ca cht thi chn nui nhm c bin php qun
l v x l thch hp, gim thiu nhim mi trng, tn dng ngun cht thi vo mc
ch kinh t l mt vic lm cn thit v ngy cng tr nn cp bch hn bao gi
ht.2.1. Hin trng cc loi cht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn
2.1.1. Cht thi rn thng thnga. Cc ngun pht sinh
Cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn c thnh
phn ch yu bao gm:
- Cht thi rn sinh hot.
- Cht thi pht sinh t bn thn con rn: Phn rn, lp da sau khi rn lt
xc.
- Xc rn cht do cc bnh thng thng.- Ni tng v cc phn loi b trong qu
trnh ch bin thc n cho rn, ni tng ca rn b loi b trong qu trnh ch
bin, thc n tha ca rn.
- Bao b, v hp thuc phng v iu tr bnh cho rn.
Ngoi ra, do cc trang tri hu ht u nm trn mt phn din tch t ca h
gia nh c trch ra xy dng chung tri nui rn, do cht thi rn pht sinh t
cc trang tri nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn ngoi cht thi t qu trnh chn
nui cn c cht thi rn sinh hot ca ngi dn.
Qua qu trnh iu tra thc t ti x Vnh Sn cho thy: a s cc loi cht thi
rn pht sinh t cc trang tri u cha hm lng cc cht hu c v dinh dng cao,
cha nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh nh: E.Coli, Coliform, Fecal
Coliform, Salmonella,...b. Lng cht thi
Lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Chung nui c s dng cht n (thng thng l gch mc
hoc t phi kh) hoc chung nui khng s dng cht n (thng s dng loi chung
nui lm bng g), loi thc n cho rn (s dng cc lm thc n s c nhiu b phn
tha hn l s dng g, vt con hoc rn nc), ma sinh trng ca rn (ma nng l
ma sinh trng nn con rn s tiu th thc n nhiu hn, dn n lng cht thi pht
sinh vo ma nng cng nhiu hn vo ma lnh). Ngoi ra, do cc trang tri chn
nui rn a phn u s dng mt phn din tch t ca h gia nh, v vy lng cht thi
rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn cn bao gm c cht thi
rn sinh hot.Theo s liu thng k t 50 phiu iu tra ti cc trang tri chn
nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn (trong c 03 trang tri quy m ln, 18 trang
tri quy m trung bnh v 29 trang tri quy m nh) th lng cht thi rn thng
thng pht sinh t mi trang tri trung bnh nh sau: Bng 2. 1. Lng cht
thi rn thng thng pht sinh ti cc trang tri
STTCht thiLng pht sinh trung bnh (kg/trang tri.ngy)
Quy m lnQuy m trung bnhQuy m nh
1Cht thi rn sinh hot2,832,532,64
2Phn thi31,480,78
3Thc n tha5,332,661,01
4Cht thi rn thng thng khc0,870,590,54
Tng12,037,264,97
Theo s liu iu tra do y ban nhn dn x Vnh Sn cung cp, tng s h chn
nui rn trn a bn ton x Vnh Sn hin nay l khong 850 h, trong c 15 h c
quy m trang tri ln, 100 h c quy m trang tri trung bnh, s cn li c
khong 735 h c quy m trang tri nh. Theo , lng cht thi rn thng thng
pht sinh t cc trang tri ln trung bnh khong 12,03 kg/trang tri.ngy,
t cc trang tri c quy m trung bnh khong 7,26kg/trang tri.ngy. Thnh
phn ch yu c trong cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri l
cht thi rn sinh hot, phn thi v thc n tha. v t cc trang tri c quy m
nh l 4,97 kg/trang tri.ngy. Nh vy, tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh hng
ngy trn ton x (theo s liu iu tra) c tnh khong 4559,4 kg/ngy, trong
lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh khong 2235,85 kg/ngy; S cn li l
cht thi rn pht sinh t hot ng chn nui ca cc trang tri (khong 2323,55
kg/ngy).
Cc s liu iu tra trn l s liu c c tnh trong ma nng (t thng 4 n
thng 10 hng nm). Cn c vo c tnh sinh hc ca con rn th lng cht thi t
hot ng chn nui rn ch pht sinh vi khi lng ln vo ma nng l ma sinh
trng v pht trin ca con rn. Vo ma nng, mi ba n ca rn cch nhau khong
3 ngy, tuy nhin vo ma lnh (t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau), mi ba n ca
rn cch nhau t 2 4 tun, v vo ma lnh lng rn chn nui ti cc trang tri
cng gim i ng k do vo ma ny cc ch h s bn rn ra th trng, tin hnh dn
dp chung tri chun b cho ma nui rn nm sau. V vy, lng cht thi pht
sinh t hot ng chn nui rn vo ma lnh s gim i ng k. 2.1.2. Nc thia.
Ngun pht sinh
Theo kt qu iu tra, kho st thc t cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn
x Vnh Sn th nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn gm c nc thi
chn nui v nc thi sinh hot.
- Nc thi chn nui: Pht sinh t qu trnh chun b thc n cho rn (ra thc
n cho rn, ra a thc n, v sinh tay chn trong qu trnh chun b,...), t
qu trnh v sinh chung tri. Loi nc thi ny c cha hm lng cao cc cht hu
c v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. mt s trang tri ln cn c nc thi pht sinh t
qu trnh lm mt mi chung tri vo ma nng. Thnh phn chnh ca nc thi pht
sinh t qu trnh lm mt l cht rn l lng, l cy,...
- Nc thi sinh hot: Pht sinh t qu trnh n ung, sinh hot, v sinh ca
ngi dn. Thnh phn ca loi nc thi ny cng cha hm lng cao cc loi cht hu
c, cht dinh dng, cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh,...b. Lng nc thi
Theo s liu thng k t 50 phiu iu tra ti cc trang tri chn nui rn
trn a bn x Vnh Sn th lng nc thi pht sinh ti mi trang tri trung bnh
khong 0,5 1,0 m3/ngy (vo ma nng); Ch c 01 trang tri c h thng lm mt
mi, do vy lng nc thi pht sinh ti trang tri ny nhiu hn ng k, trung
bnh khong 5m3/ngy.
Theo kt qu tng hp t 50 phiu iu tra trn a bn x Vnh Sn, tng lng nc
thi pht sinh t 50 trang tri c iu tra trung bnh l 40m3/ngy (vo ma
nng). Nh vy, vi tng s h chn nui rn trn a bn ton x l 850 h, lng nc
thi pht sinh t cc trang tri trong mt ngy trung bnh khong
680m3/ngy.
Cng nh i vi cht thi rn, lng nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri vo ma
lnh cng t hn vo ma nng do vo ma lnh rn n t, s lng rn nui ti cc
trang tri cng t hn ma nng. V vy lng nc thi pht sinh t hot ng chn
nui cng gim i ng k. Vo ma lnh, do nhit khng kh gim xung thp nn khng
cn lm mt mi chung tri, v vy khng pht sinh nc thi t qu trnh lm mt
mi.2.1.3. Kh thi
Cng nh cc ngnh chn nui khc, kh thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn
ch yu gm cc kh nh: CO2, H2S, NH3, CH4,.... Cc kh ny pht sinh ch yu
t hot ng h hp, tiu ha v bi tit ca con rn;
Ngoi ra, kh thi cn pht sinh t khu vc lu tr cht thi chn nui. Ty
thuc vo loi hnh lu tr (b kn, h thng thu gom, x l,...) lng kh nhim s
pht thi vo mi trng nhiu hay t;
Kh nhim cn pht thi t ng rung, vn cy,... do s dng phn rn bn cho
cy trng. Lng phn, trng thi ca phn hay k thut bn phn u nh hng n lng
kh pht thi t phn. Nu bn phn ng k thut s gim kh gy mi. [2]
Lng kh thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh:
- Loi hnh chn nui: Nui rn con hay rn sinh sn, rn thng phm;
- Mc thng gi ca h thng chung nui;
- Thi gian hot ng ca con rn: Ma nng rn hot ng nhiu hn ma lnh, do
lng kh thi pht sinh vo ma nng cng nhiu hn vo ma lnh.Nhn chung, cc
kh nhim c th pht sinh khp mi ni t chung nui, qu trnh thu gom, lu tr
v s dng cht thi. C nhiu yu t khc nhau nh hng n s hnh thnh v pht tn
cc kh nhim hay kh gy mi trong chn nui nh:- Thc n v nc ung: Thc n l
ngun nguyn liu gc u tin to nn hu ht cc kh thi, c bit l kh gy mi
trong cht thi chn nui. Theo nghin cu ca Spoelstra (1980), trong qu
trnh lu tr cht thi chn nui, kh metan (CH4) c sn sinh ra t l nghch
vi s to thnh cc kh gy mi. Nu qu trnh sinh metan khng b c ch, cc hp
cht to kh gy mi s c oxy ha trit ti sn phm cui cng l CO2 v CH4. Cc
yu t lm c ch qu trnh sinh metan l nhit thp, kim loi nng hay nng cao
ca cc kh H2S, NH3,... [2]
- Bn thn con rn: Trng thi sc khe v giai on pht trin ca con rn
cng l cc yu t nh hng ti s sn sinh ra cc kh gy nhim v gy mi;- Phn
rn: Hu ht cc kh gy mi c to thnh ch yu t qu trnh phn gii k kh cc hp
cht hu c c bi tit t vt nui;- Cc yu t mi trng khu vc chn nui: Nhit l
yu t mi trng c nh hng ln ti s pht tn cc kh thi. Thng vo ma lnh s
pht tn mi thp hn ma nng. Tc trao i khng kh hay vn tc gi c tng quan
t l thun vi qu trnh pht tn kh thi chn nui vo khng kh. Nng bi trong
khng kh cng c tng quan t l thun vi s pht tn kh nhim hay kh gy
mi.2.1.4. Cht thi nguy hi
a. Ngun pht sinh
Theo thng k t 50 phiu iu tra ti 50 trang tri nui rn trn a bn x
Vnh Sn th cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn ch yu bao
gm: Bng n hunh quang hng, pin ht, c quy hng.
Cc loi cht thi nguy hi ny ch yu pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot v chn
nui ca ngi dn, c th:
- Bng n hunh quang hng: Ch pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot ca ngi dn
(Do hu ht cc trang tri nui rn u c xy dng trong din tch t ca ngi dn
trong x. Hn na, trong cc khu vc chung tri nui rn ch s dng bng n si
t nn khng pht sinh bng n hunh quang hng);
- Pin v c quy hng: Pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot v chn nui ca ngi
dn do vic s dng n pin v c quy d phng khi mt in.b. Lng pht sinh
Theo s liu thng k trn 50 phiu iu tra ti cc trang tri nui rn trn
a bn x Vnh Sn cho thy: Lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t cc trang tri
khng ln, trung bnh mi trang tri ch thi ra khong 0,5 kg/nm. Nh vy,
vi tng s trang tri nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn l 850 trang tri, c tnh
tng lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh khong 425 kg/nm, tng ng vi khong
1,2kg/ngy.
Lng cht thi ny tuy khng ln nhng c tnh nguy hi cao, hn na ngi dn
thng thi b cht thi nguy hi ln vi cht thi rn sinh hot, v vy nh hng
do cht thi nguy hi l rt kh kim sot.2.2. Phn loi cht thi
2.2.1. Cc loi cht thi c th ti s dng c
Da trn kt qu iu tra thc t ti a bn x Vnh Sn cho thy mt s loi cht
thi c th ti s dng c nh sau:
- Phn rn: C th tn dng lm phn bn cho cy trng.
- Xc rn (lp da c c ly ra khi rn lt xc): c thu gom v bn li cho cc
c s sn xut thuc ng y;
- Ni tng v cc phn loi b trong qu trnh ch bin thc n cho rn, thc n
tha ca rn, ni tng ca rn b loi b trong qu trnh ch bin: c thu gom v
tn dng lm thc n cho c;
- Xc rn cht do cc bnh thng thng: Thng c ngi dn ch bin thnh cc mn
n hoc ngm ru lm thuc.2.2.2. Cc loi cht thi khng th ti s dng
Cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn phn ln u c th ti s
dng c. Tuy nhin, vn cn mt s loi cht thi khng th ti s dng v c ngi dn
thi b cng vi cht thi sinh hot.
Cc loi cht thi khng th ti s dng c bao gm: Nc thi; Kh thi; Cht
thi nguy hi v cc cht thi rn thng thng nh: V hp thuc phng v tr bnh
cho rn, bn lng t cc mng dn nc thi.Qua kt qu iu tra v kho st thc t
ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn cho thy:
- Lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh hng ngy tng i nhiu. Tuy nhin
hu ht u c th ti s dng c, do mc nhim mi trng do cht thi rn l khng
ln;
- Vo ma nng, lng nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn l tng i
ln. Tuy nhin, ngi dn thng thi trc tip nc thi ra mi trng m cha c cc
bin php qun l, x l ph hp dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nc mt khu
vc.
- i vi cht thi nguy hi: Tuy lng pht sinh khng nhiu nhng ngi dn
thng thi b cng vi cht thi rn sinh hot m cha c bin php thu gom, qun
l v x l ph hp;
- Kh thi: y l ngun thi rt kh kim sot do cc trang tri chn nui rn
trn a bn x Vnh Sn u c quy m h gia nh nn vic trang b h thng x l kh
thi cha th thc hin c. Cng nh cc ngnh chn nui khc, lng kh thi t hot
ng chn nui rn cng c thi trc tip vo mi trng m khng qua x l. 2.3. Tc
ng ca cht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn ti mi trngCht thi pht
sinh t hot ng chn nui hin ang l mt vn bc xc trong tt c cc d n chn
nui t quy m va v nh cho n quy m ln. Cht thi chn nui c th gy nhim mi
trng t, nc, khng kh v gy nh hng n sc khe, i sng ca con ngi v ton b
h sinh thi t nhin nu chng ta khng bit cch qun l v bin cht thi chn
nui thnh mt ngun ti nguyn qu gi.
Trong cht thi chn nui lun tn ti mt lng ln vi sinh vt hoi sinh.
Ngun thc n ca chng l cc cht hu c, vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng xy ha tan
trong nc to ra nhng sn phm v c nh: NO2, NO3, SO3, CO2,... Qu trnh
ny xy ra nhanh v khng to mi hi thi. Nu lng cht hu c qu nhiu, vi
sinh vt hiu kh s s dng ht lng xy ha tan trong nc lm kh nng hot ng
phn hy ca chng km i, lm gia tng qu trnh phn hy ym kh to ra cc sn
phm nh: CH4, H2S, NH3, Indol, Scortol,... to mi hi, nc mu en v c
vng. Nhng sn phm ny l nguyn nhn lm gia tng bnh ng h hp, tim mch ngi
v ng vt. [2]Mt s nh hng ca cht thi chn nui n mi trng c k n nh
sau:
- Trong qu trnh lu tr, lm phn bn cho cy trng, mt lng ln kh NH3,
CH4, CO2,... b pht thi vo khng kh dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng khng
kh ca x v cc khu vc ln cn;
- Cht thi chn nui thng cha hm lng Nit v Photpho cao, khi thi vo
mi trng s gy nn tnh trng ph dng t, nc mt;
- Cc cht thi rn nh: Phn kh, vt liu lt chung c th hnh thnh nn bi
trong khng kh chung nui. Tc hi ca bi thng kt hp vi cc yu t khc nh
vi sinh vt, endotoxin v kh c. Bi bm vo nim mc gy d ng c quan khu
gic, gy kh chu, lm cho vt nui mc hi chng bnh h hp. [2]
- Cc vi sinh vt c trong cht thi chn nui c th xm nhp vo trong t,
bm vo cc ht t do kch thc nh v c kh nng tch in. Cc iu kin lm tng s
hp thu cc vi sinh vt trn ht t gm c s hin din ca cc cations. Trong t
ct c bao bc bi ion st c th hp thu ti 6,9x108 vsv/gram ct. Khong kim
loi ca t st to cc v tr bm, nng cc cht hu c thp, pH thp. Lng ma ln s
to iu kin cho vic di chuyn ca cc vi sinh vt qua t. Tri li, trong iu
kin hn hn, vic di chuyn ny s b hn ch hn;
nh hng ca bi v kh thi chn nui:
- Bi trong chung nui c ngun gc t c th vt nui, thc n, cht lt
chung, b mt c th vt nui, phn v cc ngun khc nh nn chung v tng vch.
Bi trong khng kh chung nui thng khng ng nht v hnh dng, kch thc v
thnh phn, chng c th gy tc hi n sc khe con ngi v vt nui c bn ngoi
khi tip xc vi da v nim mc, cng nh bn trong khi ht hay nut vo. Phn
ng u tin i vi bi l s gia tng tit dch nhn nhm loi b bi khi ng h hp.
Tuy nhin s tip xc lu di vi nng bi cao s lm gim s lng cc t bo nim mc
c lng v tng s lng t bo goblet, cui cng cc mng nhy s b teo v cc tuyn
nhn b suy kit. Bi c th kt hp li to thnh cc ht trong phi, gy nh hng
n chc nng phi. Cc tn thng ny s d dng dn n s nhim trng th pht v gy
vim phi mn tnh. [2]
- Hai yu t quan trng nh hng ti tc ng gy nhim ca cc cht kh nhim
trong chn nui l nng cht gy nhim v thi lng phi nhim. Da vo kh nng gy
c ca cc kh ny, ngi ta phn thnh cc nhm sau:
+ Cc kh thuc nhm gy kch thch bao gm: NH3, H2S, Indol, Skatole,
Phenol, Mercaptant,... nng bn cp tnh, cc kh ny gy tn thng ng h hp v
phi, c bit l gy tn thng nim mc ng h hp. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) l kh
rt c, sinh ra t s phn hy ym kh phn. C ch gy c ch yu l kch ng mng
nhy gy ph nim mc ng h hp v tch ly K2S, Na2S; c ch cc men cytochrome
oxidase, lm ri lon cc chuyn ha t bo, cui cng tc ng ln thn kinh
trung ng. H2S cn kt hp vi St trong Hemoglobin lm mt kh nng vn chuyn
xy ca hp cht ny. Ngoi ra, NH3 cn gy kch thch th gic v lm gim th lc;
[2]
+ Cc kh gy ngt: CH4, CO2, CO,... tr v mt sinh l nhng nu ht vo vi
nng cao s lm gim kh nng tip nhn xy, gy nn hin tng ngt th. Kh gy ngt
ha hc (nh CO) s kt hp vi hemoglobin ca hng cu trong mu lm ngn cn s
thu nhn xy hay lm gim qu trnh s dng xy ca m bo. Kh Carbonic (CO2) c
sinh ra t h hp v t cc qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c. Theo Barker &
ctv (2000), khi nng CO2 trong khng kh mc 6% vi thi gian tip xc
trong 30 pht s gy ra tnh trng kh th, n, au u; Khi nng trn 10% s gy
ra tnh trng hn m, chong vng, bt tnh, v vi nng trn 25% s gy t vong
ngi. [2]
+ Cc kh gy m: L cc hp cht carbonhydrate c nh hng t hoc khng nh
hng n phi, nhng nu ht vo vi mt lng ln s c hp thu vo mu v s c tc dng
nh dc phm gy m. [2]
- Trong khng kh chung nui cn c nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh c ngun
gc ch yu t c th hay cc cht tit t vt nui, cht thi, thc n v cht lt
chung. Cc vi sinh vt trong khng kh thng kt hp vi bi v cc kh c, phn
ln chng l cc vi sinh vt gy bnh c hi, c th c mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh
truyn nhim, c bit l trong cc dch bnh. Vi sinh vt trong khng kh c th
lm suy gim cc c ch phng v ca c th, gy ra cc bnh h hp mn tnh do tip
xc trong thi gian di. [2]2.4. nh gi mc nhim do cht thi pht sinh t
cc trang tri nui rn
2.4.1. Hin trng mi trng lng ngh rn Vnh Sn
Theo Bo co kt qu phn tch quan trc hin trng mi trng tnh Vnh Phc,
hin trng mi trng t, nc mt, nc ngm ti x Vnh Sn huyn Vnh Tng tnh Vnh
Phc trong 03 nm gn y (2012, 2013, 2014) nh sau:a. Kt qu phn tch cht
lng nc mt
V tr, thi gian ly mu v kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng nc mt
trong 3 nm (2012, 2013, 2014) ti sng Phan - on chy qua x Vnh Sn c
th hin trong cc bng di y:Bng 2. 2. V tr v thi gian ly mu nc mt [5,
6, 7]NmV tr ly muNgy ly mu
t 1t 2t 3t 4
2012Sng Phan (Sn Tng Vnh Sn Vnh
Tng)23/4/201229/5/201220/8/201224/9/2012
201308/4/201313/5/201310/7/201303/10/2013
201413/3/201414/5/201420/8/201420/10/2014
Bng 2. 3. Kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng nc mt nm 2012 [5]STTCh
tiu phn tchn v
tnhNM18QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT(Ct B1)
t 1t 2t 3t 4
1pH-6,86,757,026,925,5 - 9
2Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO)mg/l4,434,35,415,18 4
3Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5)mg/l17,8220,1719,3419,5215
4Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)mg/l3233,734,3332,8930
5Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)mg/l8385769150
6Ch (Pb)mg/l0,0020,0060,0040,0030,05
7Asen (As)mg/l0,0050,0070,0070,0080,05
8Cadimi (Cd)mg/l0,0030,0020,0020,0020,01
9St (Fe)mg/l0,3370,3820,3460,3191,5
10ng (Cu)mg/l0,010,0080,0090,0080,5
11Km (Zn)mg/l0,0760,0820,0710,0651,5
12Crm VI (Cr6+) mg/l0,0050,0030,0060,0040,04
13Phtphat (PO43-)mg/l0,0340,0420,0390,0440,3
14Nitrat (NO3-)mg/l0,2980,3240,3120,35110
15Clorua (Cl-)mg/l17,5817,5817,5817,58600
16Amoni (NH4+)mg/l0,2470,2350,2330,2180,5
17Tng du m mg/l0,060,040,070,050,1
18Tng coliformMPN/
100ml7.9007.0007.0007.9007.500
Bng 2. 4. Kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng nc mt nm 2013 [6]STTCh
tiu phn tchn v
tnhNM18QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT
(Ct B1)
t 1t 2t 3t 4
1pH-7,346,977,226,935,5 - 9
2Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO)mg/l4,795,225,385,72 4
3Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5)mg/l20,6419,217,2417,2615
4Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)mg/l35,433,828,832,230
5Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)mg/l9575668850
6Ch (Pb)mg/l0,0010,0040,0020,0020,05
7Asen (As)mg/l0,0040,0040,0060,0050,05
8Cadimi (Cd)mg/l0,0020,0020,001< 10-30,01
9St (Fe)mg/l0,3400,3970,3440,4291,5
10ng (Cu)mg/l0,0130,010,0140,0160,5
11Km (Zn)mg/l0,0630,0760,0580,0661,5
12Crm VI (Cr6+) mg/l0,0030,001< 10-30,0020,04
13Phtphat (PO43-)mg/l0,0410,0490,0470,0510,3
14Nitrat (NO3-)mg/l0,3170,3630,4470,56510
15Nitrit (NO2-)mg/l0,0020,0040,0060,0040,04
16Clorua (Cl-)mg/l19,92717,8318,50917,941600
17Amoni (NH4+)mg/l0,2740,2150,3010,2230,5
18Tng du m mg/l0,10,110,120,110,1
19Tng coliformMPN/ 100ml9.3009.30011.0009.4007.500
Bng 2. 5. Kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng nc mt nm 2014 [7]STTCh
tiu phn tchn v
tnhNM18QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT
(Ct B1)
t 1t 2t 3t 4
1pH-6,146,456,806,215,5 - 9
2Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO)mg/l5,305,075,425,91 4
3Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5)mg/l18,2616,7813,3913,9915
4Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)mg/l31,628,9121,222,430
5Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)mg/l64748010950
6Ch (Pb)mg/l0,0020,002