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LOW COST HOME COOLING SYSTEM

MUHAMMAD FAUZI BIN YAHYA

This report is submitted in partial llfillment of requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

May 2008

A ~ ~ A W A

$ UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

gL FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN EEKTRONIK DAN KEJURU'ERAAN KOMPUTER - - * Y,

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA I1

Tajuk Projek : Low Cost Home Cooling System Sesi Pengajian : 2008

Saya MUHAMMAD FAUZI BIN YAHYA (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Mu& ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat- syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan d i b k a n membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( 4 ) :

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselarnatan atau SULlTL kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang temakhb di dalam AKTA

RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHADC (Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentdm oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TlDAK TERHAD

Alamat Tetap: Lot 5 13, KM 8

Jalan Kandang

75460 Melaka

Disahkan oleh:

I .

ANGAN PENYELIA)

REDZUAN 8 AB3UL KWJ" Kelua Jabalan ( b j Telekomun~i js11

Fakulli Kei Eleklronik clan Kei Kom~uter it kFk 4 . Universili leknikal Malaysia Mrodk2 , y ' e c ~ q .

Kanlng Berkunci 1200. Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melaka

s w ~ t&o8 Tarikh: . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. q 5 Tarikh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

"I hereby declare that this report is result of my own work except for quotes as cited

in the references."

Signature :

Author

Date : .$?!?%?*. 1.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

"I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is

sufficient in terms o f scope and quality for the award o f Bachelor of

Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) with honour"

Signature : u

Supervisor : Mr Redzuan Bin Abdul Manap

Date ( ? , 5 b ................. I.:.(" .............

To my beloved tither and mother

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah and thanks to Allah, because finally this Porjek Sarjana Muda

I1 (PSM 11) thesis finished successfbl. PSM II took a semester to be completed which

is fiom December 2007 till May 2008. It is a continuance from PSM I.

I would like to give a very a big appreciation and million thanks to my faculty

dean, Prof Dato Mohd Nor Bin Hussain, and a lot of thanks to my supervision

lecturer, En. Redzuan Bin Abdul Manap who helps helped me a lot during my PSM

period by giving their advices and guidance. Their cooperation and ideas make me

easier to gains information and helped me completing my PSM 11.

vii

ABSTRACT

The design of smart device for is proposed in this project. This device is

intended to; fust to measured display room temperature. Second; when the

temperature exceed the preset temperature, the device automatically on the system.

Therefore, it will stabilize the mom temperature.

viii

Projek ini dicadangkan untuk mencipta sebuah alat pintar. Alat ini bertujuan

untuk; pertama untuk menyukat dan memaparkan suhu di dalarn bilik. Kedua,

apabila suhu melebihi masa yang telah ditetapkan, alat ini akan beroperasi secara

automatik. Oleh itu, ia akan menstabilkan suhu di dalarn bilik.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

PROJECT TITLE

REPORT STATUS APPROVAL FORM

CONFESSION

SUPERVISOR'S APPROVAL

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURE

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

LIST OF APPENDIX

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Project Objectives

1.4 Scope Work

1.5 Thesis Overview

i

iv

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

viii

ix

xii

xiii

XV

xvi

I1 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Disadvantage of Using Air Conditioning 6

2.2.1 Personal Cost 6

2.2.2 Social & Environmental Costs of Air

Conditioning 7

2.3 Room Temperature 8

2.3.1 Scientific Definition 8

2.3.2 Condition for Physical Experiments 9

2.3.3 Ambient Versus Room Temperature 10

2.4 House Suitability 11

2.5 ATMEL 89C405 1 12

2.5.1 Pin Description/Function 13

2.6 CA3162 16

2.6.1 Description 16

2.6.2 Pin Connection 18

2.6.3 Features 18

2.7 LM35D (Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors) 19

2.7.1 General Description 19

2.7.2 Pin Connection 19

2.7.3 Features 20

2.7.4 Absolute Maximum Ratings 20

2.8 Power Supply 21

2.9 Relay 2 1

2.10 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) 22

2.1 1 LM7805 22

2.1 2 LCD DISPLAY 1 6 X 2 23

2.12.1 Features 23

2.12.2 Mechanical Data 23

2.12.3 Absolute Maximum Ranting 24

2.12.4 Electrical Specification 24

2.12.5 Pin Connection 25

2.1 3 NTC Thermistors 26

2.14 Software 28

2.14.1 C Language 28

2.1 3.2 Assembly Language 29

m PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology

3.2 Project Planning

3.3 Flow Chart Of Project

3.4 Circuit Design Process

3.5 Etching Process

3.6 Drill Pnx;ess

3.7 Component Assembling Process

3.8 Soldering Process

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result and Discussion

4.2 Project Analysis

V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Suggestion and Enhancement

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

LIST OF TABLES

NO TITLE

2.1 Port 3 Alternative Functions

2.2 Mechanical Data

2.3 Absolute Maximum Ranting

2.4 Electrical Specification

2.5 Pin Connection

PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE PAGE

Figure 2.1 : Several Type of House 1 1

Figure 2.2: Block Diagram IC microcontroller ATMEL 89C405 1 12

Oscillator Connections 15

External Clock Drive Configuration 15

Functional Block Diagram 16

High Speed Mode 17

Pin Connection 18

Pin Connection 19

Relay 21

PCB Board 22

Transistor LM 7805 22

16 x 2 LCD Display 23

NTC Thermistor Component 27

Overall Project Flowchart 36

Schematic Circuit 37

Component Arrangement on the PCB Board 3 8

Component Point Marking 3 8

Littering Process In the PCB Board 39

Power Supply Circuit 42

Circuit Diagram of the Temperature Circuit 43

Simulated Temperature Circuit 44

Motor Schematic Circuit 45

Simulated Motor Circuit 46

The Circuit Start to Operate at 24.2T 47

4.7 Water Flow at Rooftop

xiv

47

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

IC

CA

LCD

COz

C

R

K

F

CMOS

CPU

RAM

YO

LED

AID

BCD

Vfl

Hz

v GND

AC

MCU

MSD

LSD

NSD

Integrated Circuit

Convert Analog Signal to Digital Signal

Liquid Crystal Display

Carbon Dioxide

Celsius

Rankine

Kelvin

Fahrenheit

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor

Control Processing Unit

Random Access Memory

Input and Output

Light Emitted Diode

Analog to Digital

Binary Coded Decimal

Voltage to Current

Hertz

Volt

Ground

Alternate Current

Multipoint Control Unit

Most Significant Digit

Least Significant Digit

Next Significant Digit

LIST OF APPENDIX

NO TITLE

A C Language

B Assembly Language

C 3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

PAGE

CHAPTER I

1.0 Overview

This chapter consists of the project background, the objective and scope of

project, the problem statement, methodology and the work schedule. It will give the

overview of the whole project, h m the beginning until the implementation part.

1.1 Project Background

Low Cost Home Cooling System is one complex system in which this system is

consists of microprocessor circuit ATMEL 89C4051, Digithermo circuit and motor

circuit. This circuit is proposed when an investigation is made on the hot temperature

problem encountered by many people in their house.

Most of the complaints are about the hot temperature in the house especially at afternoon

time. It make they feel uncomfortable to rest or do some job although with the use of a

fan. For certain people, do not have enough money to buy an air conditioner because it

so expensive and at same time can make the electric bill increase. So for that

reason this project "Low Cost Home Cooling System" project is proposed to solved the

problem.

This system is aimed to decrease the hot temperature (around 24" Celsius) in the

house. Water is taken h m the water tank using motor circuit and the water flow to the

roof top through PVC pipe. After the water flow on the roof process the hot temperature

in house decreased. This process cycle continued until the temperature decreases to 24"

Celsius.

The important component for this circuit is Integrated Circuit (IC) ATMEL

89C405 1, CA3 162 (convert analog signal to digital signal), IC78L05 (low voltage from

+9volt to +5volt), LM35D (temperature sensor), 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Display (to show time and temperature) and relay (switch for motor circuit).

1.2 Problem Statement

Before this project is made, a research on the problem faced by common people

is made. The common problem is when a hot season arrives. The hot season problem in

Malaysia contributes an increase in the air conditioner usage. As the usage increases, the

electricity also increase leading to a higher cost of electricity bills.

Looking into a health aspect, air conditioning has no greater influence on health

than heating-that is to say, very little-although poorly maintained air-conditioning

systems (especially large, centralized systems) can occasionally promote the growth and

spread of microorganisms, such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent

responsible for Legionnaire's disease, or thermophilic actinomycetes. Air conditioner

can also contribute to global warming. It produces Carbon Dioxide (C02) and can

reduce ozone layer. Furthermore house can use air conditioner. For example village

house.

1.3 Project Objectives

The objective of this project is to solve the problem, stated before by designing a

low cost Low-Cost Homes Cooling System that can stabilize the temperature room. This

project involved familiarization and utilization of a C language and assembly language.

The system is designed to include a 16 X 2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) to display the

measured temperature.

1.4 Scope Work

The scope of work for this project can be divided into three parts. First is project

design. It comprised 3 separate tasks: circuit design, hardware and software

implementation. Each task is conceptually independent h m the other, but each is

necessary in order for the final product to work

The second is circuit design - In order to complete the project and before the

hardware implementation, all the circuits that related to the project have to be designed.

The software like C language or assembly language is used for this project. After all the

task is done, the circuits are ready to be constructs and then combined together to make

it as a one complete project.

The last part for this project is hardware and software implementation. After all

the circuit has been designed, a technical is selected in order to implement the hardware

by combining idea and prototype from the earlier work. The motor circuit and

temperature circuit that have been created must be constructed and then combined. After

the circuit is created, the software is used to make the circuit fully operate.

1.5 Thesis Overview

In this part, the summary or overview for each chapter contained in this thesis is

discussed. The introduction of this project is outlined in Chapter I where it contains

problem statement, objectives of the project and project scope methodology.

Literature research and review is discussed in Chapter 11. The function each of

the main components used in this project such as IC ATMEL 89C4051, LM35D,

CA3 162, LCD Display 16 x 2 and other component.

For chapter 111, the methodology and development of the project is to be

explained. The flowchart showing the flow of this project is outlined here to show step

by step plan to achieve the goal of this project.

Result and discussion of the project is covered in chapter IV. All the findings and

analysis is discussed in this chapter to determine whether it has covers the overall

objectives of the project.

Finally, in chapter V the conclusion for the project is made and few

enhancements is suggested for further implementation and consequently to upgrade the

system itself.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

There is a concern whether this project is practical as it is believed this project

cannot make the home temperature stablelcold as the water in tank itself can be hot. To

make water in the tank hot is not fast like boiling water in the kettle. Before the sun

warm the water in the tank, this project will automatically operate as soon as possible

and there is not hot water issue. This project is considered as very cheap compared air

conditioning system and can make room temperature stable. It just cost a few ringgits

and can make all room in the house cold. As compared to air conditioning system

customers have to spend more money to buy air conditioner to cool all room and their

house.

Based on the interview with an air conditioner technician, to start using

the air conditioning system, there are pre-work to be considered and they all cost some

money. First the technician do is to see the room area. For the small room, customers

have to pay RM700 and for the hall the air conditioner costs RM1800. That's depends

on the area where to use it. Installation of air conditioner depends on the room area. Big

spacious room, more money is needed. Plus 6 months the air conditioner must be

serviced. Air conditioning service usually involves the following: filter cleaning (RM 4),

gas refill (RM 80) and leak piping checking (RM 30). In other word, there is a cost need

to be considered for every 6 months.

As comparison, only water is used in this project to stabilize the home

temperature. Plus, the used water can be recycled.

2.2 Disadvantage of Using Air Conditioning

2.2.1 Personal Cost

i Increased Utility Bills

Air conditioning can substantially increase in your electricity bill (and these costs

don't begin to reflect the real costs of damage to our health and environment)

ii. Indoor Air Quality Problems

If anyone in the household is sensitive to molds or chemicals, closing the

windows for air conditioning purpose can increase discomfort or even make

them ill.

iii. Trapped Indoors

Living or working in an air-conditioned environment means people have to

readjust each time they go outside. This can be uncomfortable, stressful and

could lead to illness. It also means people are more likely to avoid outdoors

activity and exercise. See the tips below for ways to enjoy hot weather, rather

than trying to run from it.

iv. Blackouts

Air conditioning strains the electrical system at peak times and increases the

likelihood of brownouts and blackouts. The personal effects of electrical system

event include disruption of communication and transportation, lost pay, health

and safety risks, as well as potentially catastrophic damage to appliances,

computers and electronic equipment -just to name a few.

v. Noise

The noise that air conditioners make can be unpleasant and stressful. It can

interfere with conversation and enjoyment both indoors and out.

2.2.2 Social & Environmental Costs of Air Conditioning

i. Blackouts and Brownouts

When electrical system becomes unstable, it has serious effects on public health

and safety, the economy and the environment.

ii. Climate Change and Smog

Ironically, air conditioning contributes to climate change and smog. This only

creates an increasingly uncomfortable world.

iii. Social Isolation

A community in which everybody is sealed behind closed windows and doors is

not a healthy community. Decreased social interaction and physical activity lead

to a myriad of social, economic and health problems [I].

2 3 Room Temperature

Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to

denote a certain temperature within enclosed space at which human beings are

accustomed. Room temperature is thus often indicated by general human comfort, with

the common range of 18OC (64.4 OF) to 24OC (75.2 OF), though climate may acclimatize

people to higher or lower temperatures.

The term can also refer to a temperature of food to be consumed which is placed

in such a room for a given time. Furthermore, it may refer to a certain temperature

within settings of scientific experiments and calculations.

For human comfort, desirable room temperature greatly depends on individual

needs and various other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health

Observatory (UK), 21 OC (69.8 OF) is the recommended living room temperature,

whereas 18 OC (64.4 OF) is the recommended bedroom temperature. A study carried out

at the University of Uppsala (Sweden), on indoor air quality and subjective indoor air

quality (SIAQ) in primary schools, states that perception of high room temperature was

related to a poor climate of cooperation. To achieve a good SIAQ, it recommends room

temperature should be at a maximum of 24.0 OC (75.2 OF). [2]

23.1 Scientific Definition

For scientific calculations, room temperature is taken to be 20 to 23.5 degrees

Celsius, 528 to 537 degrees Rankine ("R), or 293 to 296 kelvins (K), with an average of

21 OC, about 69.8 degrees Fahrenheit (OF). For numerical convenience, either 20 OC or

300 K is often used. However, room temperature is not a precisely defined scientific

term as opposed to Standard Temperature and Pressure, which has several, slightly

different, definitions.