Loudoun County Public Schools / Overview · Web viewCertain minerals in rocks can _____ creating oxides (a material formed when oxygen joins chemically with a mineral.) _____ combine

Science SOL 5.7 NotesUse notes from Science SOL 5.7 PowerPoint to complete.

Earth Patterns

The Earth’s Major Layers:1._____________________________

2._____________________________

3._____________________________

4._____________________________

Crust The rocky surface that includes the ______________________ and

the _________________________________. It is the _________________________layer and is made up of

________________________________ and covered with loose rock and soil.

It is _____________________________ where _____________________________ are and thinnest where the _____________________________is.

The ___________________ is light and brittle compared to the other layers of the Earth, and most ______________________ occur within the crust.

The crust is always _______________________ slowly due to ____________________________ (breaking down of rocks.)

Mantle The layer directly under the ____________________ and above the

___________________________. The _________________________ part of the Earth. It is made up of hot ____________ (molten/melted rock) and

_______________________________. It can change states of matter depending on the _______________

and _________________________. The _________________________ floats on top of this layer. The mantle is rather _________________________ so it flows

instead of _______________________ or breaking up.

Outer Core The layer directly under the _________________________ and

above the _______________________________. It is made up of ________________________(melted) metal, such as

________________ and ___________________. It is _________________________.

Inner Core The _________________________ layer, directly under the

_____________________________. It is made of very hot _______________, including

_______________ and __________________. It is _______________________ and the ___________________

layer.

Other Important Information: Scientists know how these layers exist through the use of

___________________________, including the recording of ____________________________ with seismographs.

Because the outer core contains _______________, when it flows, it generates a ____________________________. This is the source of the magnetic field on Earth.

The ____________________ is not one huge piece of ________________________. It is made up of very rigid/stiff ___________________, which are moving at different ________________ and sometimes collide.

Plates Large moving pieces of ________________________________ that

have been ___________________ by upward __________________ from the mantle.

Plate boundaries occur where ______ plates meet. There are ______ different types of boundaries:

1. ______________________________________________2. ______________________________________________3. ______________________________________________

The _________________________ are defined by how the ____________________ were formed and how they are moving in relation to each other.

Convergent Boundaries Plates that _________________ together or ________________. The _____________________________________ and Himalayas

were formed by convergent boundaries. ____________________________________, trenches, and

___________________________ are also formed by convergent boundaries.

To determine what will happen when they meet, you need to look at the 2 types of _______________________.

If an ______________________ plate and a _____________________ plate collide, one will move under the other and _______________________ can form.

When 2 continental plate come ________________________, both may move upward and form ____________________________ over time.

Divergent Boundaries These occur along spreading centers where plates are moving

______________________ and new _________________ is being created by ______________________ pushing up from the mantle.

The ______________________________________________ in the Atlantic Ocean is an example of divergent boundaries.

Transform Boundaries (Strike-Slip) Occur where 2 plates _____________________ against each other

in ________________________ directions. This movement is the cause of many _________________________,

such as those along the San Andreas Fault in California.

Earthquakes The shaking, ___________________, or sudden shock of Earth’s

surface caused by the ___________________________ of the Earth’s plates, usually the ______________________ of 2 plate boundaries against each other.

Seismograph Instruments used for _______________________ and recording

___________________ energy.

Magnitude The amount of ________________ an earthquake

_____________________. ___________________________________: A scale used to measure

the intensity of an earthquake.

Volcanos _______________ in the surface of the ________________ through

which magma, _________________, and ash erupt. They are a _______________ structure that is created by the lava

that flows out. _____________________: molten (melted) rock deep in the Earth’s

crust. _____________________: magma that has reached the Earth’s

surface.

Continental Drift Theory The belief that the ________________________ were one large

piece of ____________ that broke apart.

Pangaea The name of the large __________________________ about 200

million years ago.

How the Earth Changes• ___________ and other materials on the Earth’s surface are

constantly being broken down both chemically and physically. • __________________: the picking up and carrying away of pieces

of rock caused by wind, rain, gravity, and other forces of nature.• ___________________: the dropping of sediments.• ___________________: breaking down rocks due to chemical or

physical (mechanical) changes. (weathering creates clay, sand, rock fragments, and soluble/dissolvable substances.)

Weathering• There are 2 types of weathering: _______________________ &

_______________________________________________.

• _____________________________: can be caused by acid rain or acids released by some plants causing some of the minerals inside a rock to change.

• _____________________________: is physically breaking a rock into fragments without changing the chemical makeup of the minerals within it. It changes a rock’s size and shape.

Chemical Weathering• The process that changes the __________________ in rocks and a

new substance is formed.• Water, oxygen, and ________________ act on rocks, forming new

minerals.• Certain minerals in rocks can _______________ creating oxides (a

material formed when oxygen joins chemically with a mineral.)• _______________________________ combine with carbon

dioxide to form weak acid that dissolves limestone creating caves.• When __________________ combine with rain or snow, the acid

eats away at ___________________________________ buildings.• _____________________ have some effect on this due to air &

water pollution.

Physical (Mechanical) Weathering• The breaking of _______________ into smaller pieces (changes

the size and shape of the rock.)• Wind, water, and ______________________ cause physical

weathering.• ___________________ blows dust and sand against rock, wearing

it down.• ___________________ that is flowing wears rocks smooth. When

water __________________________________ over time, it will widen cracks in rocks breaking them apart.

• Living things such as _______________________ can cause the roots to break rocks apart.

• ___________________________ can also cause physical weathering by building houses, roads, farms, etc.

Causes of Erosion• ___________________________________• ___________________________________• ___________________________________• ___________________________________

Wind Erosion• Light winds carry fine ____________________, but heavier winds

can carry __________________________________.• ________________________ occurs with wind. Dust, rocks, and

pebbles are carried from one place, and deposited in another.• Over time, ___________________ (hills of wind eroded sand) can

build up.• Winds carry most of the _________________________________

in an area away if there are few plants to hold it down.

Stream Erosion

• _____________________________ is the main cause of erosion.• ______________________(water that drains off land) carries

away sediment (sand, soil, and small rocks carried by water and wind.)

• The amount of stream erosion depends on 3 things:1. _________________________________________________

The steeper the land, the faster the water moves, the more the sediment is carried away.

2. _________________________________________________ The more water, the more sediment that is carried away.

3. __________________________________________________ Roots from grasses, trees, and farm crops hold the soil in place. Planting crops, trees, and grass prevents erosion. Farmers in hilly areas plant rows that go around hills. This is called terrace farming.

Wave Erosion• Erosion caused by _________________________ movement.• Waves carry ______________ to and away from beaches forming

new ones or destroying existing ones.• The force of _____________________________ can damage

shorelines and buildings, especially during hurricanes.

Glacier Erosion

• A _______________________ is a large, slow moving mass of ice.• After years of snow and ice build-up, ________________ causes

these masses of ice to move. As they slide they _______________ against the land moving rocks and soil.

• During the last ____________________, the weather warmed and cooled several times. As the ice moved, it weathered mountains and scraped land flat. ______________________________ were formed during this time.

• 2 Types of glaciers:1. __________________________ that cover thousands of

square miles.2.Mountain glaciers that look like _________________________.

Rocks• There are major differences between _________________ and

__________________. Minerals are made up of one or more ___________________ and rocks are large masses of ____________________.

• Most __________________ consist of 2 or more minerals mixed together. Some have only one type of _____________________.

• _________________________ have characteristics of their own where a ___________________ depends on the minerals in it for form, color and other characteristics.

• Scientists have collected nearly ______________________ minerals. Only about ______________ are found in large quantities in rocks.

• _________________ make elements, one or more elements make ____________________ which make minerals, and minerals are found in rocks.

• Rocks ________________________ over time due to heat and pressure within the Earth and ________________________________ at the surface.

• These and other processes constantly change rock from one type to another which is known as the _________________________.

• Rocks are classified by how they are _____________________.

3 Rock Types1. ______________________________________2. ______________________________________3. ______________________________________

Igneous Rocks• A rock formed when _______________ from a volcano cools and

___________________ on Earth’s surface.• _____________________ make up minerals and

_____________________ make up rocks.• When magma cools ________________, the crystals are

_____________________.• When magma cools ________________, the crystals are

______________________.

Examples of Igneous Rocks:1. ______________________________2. ______________________________

Sedimentary Rocks:• A rock formed when tiny particles of older rock or sediments

become ______________________ together.

• Sedimentary rocks are _________________, sometimes have visible lines or layers, and can be broken pretty easily. They are usually found near ________________________________.

• _________________________ are only found in sedimentary rocks because the dead organism is covered with sediment and then pressed.

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks:1. ________________________________2. ________________________________3. ________________________________4. ________________________________

Fossils• Fossils are remains or impressions of organisms (plants or animals)

that were buried and formed only in sedimentary rocks.• Tell us that certain organisms existed in a specific location in the

past.• Their presence in layers of the earth help scientists determine the

history of that area.

Metamorphic Rocks• A rock formed when _____________________________ change

the minerals in igneous or sedimentary rock (changed by heat & pressure.)

Examples of Metamorphic Rocks:

1. ________________________________2. ________________________________