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Subject Code: ENVS10003_2014_SM1 Subject Name:
ConstructingEnvironments Student ID Number: 698897 Student Name:
Gabriella Bertazzo
Tutorial: T07 Assignment Name: A01 LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION (all
studio sessions) Assignment Due Date: May 19 2014 at 01:00
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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS - LOG BOOK Gabriella Bertazzo STUDENT
#: 698897
08 Fall
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LOG BOOK Week 1 - 3/3/14 v Introduction to construction
eLearning Key elements of the subject:
How do design ideas get translated into the built environment?
The efficiently of structures and materials The differences form
city to city, climate to climate Construction as a paradox for
complexity, simple and coherent.
Key criteria of materials: - Strength some materials react
differently to compression and tension
Eg) steel strong material against both compression and tension
Brick strong material against compression only - Stiffness
referring to the flexibility of a material
Eg) nylon rope highly flexible Vs brick rigid/stiff - Shape 3
types
Mono-dimensional (linear) Bi- dimensional (planar) eg) sheet
metal Tri- dimensional (volumetric) eg) brick - Material behavior 2
types
Isotropic similar characteristics no matter which direction the
force is applied (Newton, 2014) Anisotropic equally strong in
compression and tension - Economy/ sustainably relation to the
environment/economy and how it is
effected. Factors needing to be considered: - How readily
available - Cost - The impact the manufacturing of the material has
on the environment - Transportation and distance - Efficiency of
the material in the construction process
Case study 1 Walking the Constructed City (blue stone)
Theme: How Melbournes natural environment has effected its
cultural environment.(Grose,2014) Darkness of the bluestone becomes
and identifier for Melbourne. Eg) Melbourne is represented as dark
whereas Sydney is represented as lighter due to the sandstone used
throughout the city. Bluestone as an indictor of the past: evidence
of horse and carriage, types of construction methods( rougher
bluestone bellow the surface), impacts of water and erosion.
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Adaption: blue stones strong structure is now used as the
foundation of buildings. Eg) cathedral The Building Types of
loads:
Static loads applied slowly Dynamic loads applied suddenly to
the structure
Wind loads kinetic energy in a horizontal direction with
negative pressure. Involves flutter. (Ching, 2008)
Earthquake load - longitudinal/transversal vibrations (Ching,
2008) Base shear is distributed to each horizontal structure
equally to achieve equilibrium.
Tutorial v Compression and response to force
Loads the most direction route to the ground. To be stable there
is a equal and opposite reaction against the load. Types of loads:
Point load concentrated on one point Uniform load equally
distributed through the entire structure Live load not permanently
part of the structure Dead load part of the structure system Impact
load kinetic energy of a small period
Settlement load sinking of supporting soil = differential
settlement of foundations (Ching, 2008)
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Diagram: Directionality
Tutorial activity MASS ACTIVITY Aim: To construct the tallest
structure using MDF blocks. Restrictions: Amount of blocks, time,
must have opening to fit size of horse. Type of system: Relatively
even circular structure through a weaved effect. The process
consisted of evenly stacking the blocks to produce a consistency
throughout the whole structure. As a group our aim was to
appropriate the system of Janga. Efficiency of materials: Due to
the MDF pieces been uniform the material was easily adapted into a
structure because there was no concern in different weights and
sizes. The process:
Cut the sheet of paper to represent the size of the horse. First
several layers were closely stacked to ensure strong foundations
and a proportional circle.
Problem: we became aware that we needed to create a doorway.
Solution: adjusted the sides of the structure that would be a
stronger support for the doorframe. By placing the blocks closer
together it allowed us to create a kind of bridge, where the blocks
balanced out each other to avoid a collapse.
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After the doorframe was completed we reverted back to the
original system of weaving the blocks to provide consistency to the
structure.
Problem: We were running out of time, blocks and another groups
tower was increasing in height rapidly. We couldnt decide on an
efficient method of increasing the towers height. Placing the
blocks vertical was unstable and there we no further direction once
they were stacked.
Solution: We borrowed the idea from another group to alternate
in block rotation. However we didnt believe that that type of
system was sturdy enough so we reverted back to the original
way.
Final design included two types of systems. The Janga type
system and side stack system. The incorporation of the two allowed
to structure to compensate for different load types, as the weight
was distributed evenly. By having the door small and close to the
ground, this meant the strength of the building increased and
building upwards wasnt affected.
Taller and thinner structures have greater force applied through
the same load path. Meaning greater opportunity for collapse
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Point load: Once completed we were able to stack 3 loads of MDF
buckets onto the structure. Roughly about 30kg weighted on the
system. Due to safety reason we were unable to continue loading
onto the tower however the evident sturdiness and strength of to
tower the possibility of more boxes could have been added.
Change of load: We gradually pulled away part of the structure
to establish the collapse point of the system. Surprisingly the
structure was able to remain stable for quite some time before
collapsing. In theory this is because valid load paths were still
available and able to support the remaining system.
Other Groups structures:
Same sort of system as our however the shape is consistent,
meaning there wasnt as much strength and support.
Used the stacking system throughout the entire building, which
creates certain strength within the system. This group achieved the
highest building through the initiative of decrease the diameter of
their circle closer to the top. This meant the height increased at
a quicker pace and fewer blocks were being used.
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This group worked on building strong foundation as seen with the
several types of methods used. The reason why the structure is so
short is because they focused on strength rather than height. The
double walls and size of the base meant more blocks had to be used,
this decreasing the height of the building. What worked: the
weaving system created a strong structure. Also the use of a
circular structure provided an even building that could withstand
the point load of the boxes.
What could be done better? - When pulling part of the structure
out, the point of collapse was the
doorway. The plan for the doorway could be better conceived and
structured, as we didnt build in a set way, we just made our own
way up. This therefore created instability.
- To satisfy the brief of building the tallest tower, we
could have created a smaller diameter or gradually built inwards
in order to achieve a greater height. However this may have
affected the stability of the tower.
CONCLUSION: The use of a compressive load allowed the circular
structure to evenly transfer the self load to the ground, creating
a much stronger system. This was evident when our structure was
loaded up with large boxes of material. It is evident that the
weaved system efficiently was able to distributed the point
load.
Uneven system, some blocks not even providing a
load path Red: outer system had clear load path direct to the
ground
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Week 2 - 12/3/14 v Structural systems
Solid systems compression action Eg) the pyramids or masonry
bridges Surface/shell systems- usually composite but forms one
material. 1-2 ways of curvature. Eg) Sydney opera house
Skeletal/frame systems- clear indication of form. Clear example
is timber frames for residential housing. Eg) Eiffel tower Membrane
system- umatic structures, reinforced by tension Eg) sails Hybrid
systems- working in unison, meaning it cannot work without the
other components
(Newton, 2014)
(Newton, 2014)
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Environmentally sustainable design + selecting materials -
Directionality
(Linden, 2012) - Green building strategies - Embodied energy
total energy used - LCA of materials - Cradle to cradle
o Recyclability: available technology, facilities, education o
Shorter travel, time, $$ enhances recycling
- Materials selection eg) concrete is not recyclable however can
be reused for aggregate New trends
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EXAMPLE: Council House 2 Use of local materials, material
efficiency, night air purging, smart sun design, passive strategy
of heating and cooling. EXAMPLE: Wood Positive carbon footprint,
must be replaced = neutral carbon footprint
(European Panel Foundation, 2014) Structural joints
Roller joints loads transferred in one direction. (Horizontal)
Must allow for movement to avoid strain on structure. Eg) bridges
Pin joints- within a truss system. (Newton, 2014) Loads/ actions
can be from two or more directions. (Horizontal and vertical) Eg)
used in buildings Fixed joints- resists any movement Eg) steel
frames
Constantly been reused
Absorbs + stores C02 ! compensates for energy used in
production
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Differences in joints Types of systems
1. Structural Supports lateral loads. The superstructure in a
vertical extension from the foundation (Ching, 2014) Columns/beams
support roofs and flooring and substructure is the underlying
foundations.
2. Enclosure system
Roof and walls shelter interior from moisture, heat etc. but
also dampens noise provides security.
3. Mechanical systems
Provide essentials for the building to function - Water supply,
sewage disposal, heating/ventilation
Lecture: How much force a single material can take. Outcome been
that a cylinder that is vertical can hold a more substantial amount
of weight than a cylinder that is on an angle.
Direct route downwards, with equal oppositional force
=equilibrium
Direct force is applied however the route is compromised by the
angle to the cylinder. The oppositional fore is uneven with the
applied force causing a collapse.
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Tutorial How to accommodate lateral loads Activity: Structural
systems Aim: To construct the tallest structural tower using 20
balsa wood strips. Considering joining systems to produce the
strongest frame. Material: Balsa wood is a soft, flexible material.
At stress points can break easily however when re-enforced
correctly can become strong. Initial ideas:
1. Problems: not enough material to build with so the structure
was self standing
2. Strong frame however again to create four sides with the
amount of materials the height of the structure would not have been
there.
3. Development of the triangular form and height. However
knowing that balsa wood isnt that strong. One piece by itself would
not hold any weight.
4. Incorporation of 2 triangles. The base having structure and
the top providing a flat surface for any point loads, however the
center is a clear point of collapse, as the top triangle is only
supported at one small point.
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Problems faced: As a team communication lacked so a clear design
idea was not fully conceptualized prior to construction. This meant
there was no clear direction of how or what we were building. This
created several problems when trying to choose support systems and
structural shape. In the end it came down to trial and error.
Process:
The use of tape to hold the materials together better than pins.
Tape been used to represent a fixed joint, therefore allowing no
movement. Use of triangle to create the basis for a pyramid
structure.
To provide stability we inserted the vertical pieces on the
inside of the triangle. This created a point of contact with the
foundation allowing it to hold the vertical in compression. To
ensure the recent add on were supported we attached horizontal
pieces around the triangle. To create height we connected the
strips together by overlapping a centimeter for greater strength.
Another triangle in the centre was added to provide stability to
the new joints on the tall verticals pieces.
How we made the joint stronger and why?
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Problem: we discovered that the vertical sidepieces we separate
to the foundation, meaning the strong foundation we had created
were doing nothing to support the actual structure. Solution: used
connecting pieces to join both structures together. A last triangle
was added to the top of the frame to create a flat space for a
load.
Testing of collapse points: What: Force was slowly added to the
structure to determine the weak points/joints of the system. This
showed us the errors in the frame and to demonstrate the importance
of good structural system and the correct type of joint method.
Slowed motion of collapse:
First point of weakness:
The free standing verticals with no
triangular support.
Second point of weakness:
Small connectors to the outer structure. This is because that
are slanted and
more inclined to be affected by compression.
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Load path for structure:
Third point of weakness:
One of the outer vertical pieces has completed
detached itself from the structure. This is
because we used the pin joint, so the structure is then able to
rotate. a
solution to this would be to have used tape;
acting as a fixed joint. This allowing no movement.
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What could be improved? Communication - A clear design idea
before construction. This allows everyone in the team to understand
the common goal also allowing time to be used effectively. The
structure- More supporting pieces to outer vertices. This creating
overall stability to the structure. Consideration to the type of
joint that best fits the desired function. This will ensure the
movement of the building is compensated for in the correct areas.
What worked well? The foundation shape created strong base for the
other elements to connect to. By using triangles its helps to
support the structure. The places where these we present withstood
the load for a longer period of time than the places without them.
CONCLUSION: when force is applied to a structure, the points of
weakness are what cause collapse. This may be due to incorrect use
of materials, joints and structural systems. In our frame the
overall frame was conventional however we used the joints in the
wrong places, this causing tension on the joints and inevitably
collapse.
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Week 3 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FOOTINGS Shallow footings- soil is
stable, load transfer vertically Types:
1. Pad footings- isolated. Spread a point load over a wider area
of ground 2. Strip footing- load form a wall/column is spread in a
linear matter. (Ching,
2008) 3. Raft foundation increased stability, joining individual
pieces together on a
mat. Deep footings soil unstable, load transferred from
foundation Types:
1. End bearing piles- extended down to rock to provide support.
2. Friction piles relies solely on surrounding soil for
support.
Spread footings-
1. Strip footings 2. Isolated footings 3. Stepped footings- used
to accommodate
slopes, changes in levels
4. Cantilever/strap footing- achieved balance on
asymmetrical imposed loads. (Ching, 2008)
5. Combined footing- reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter
foundation. (Ching, 2008)
6. Cantilever + combined footing- prevents rotation or
differential settlement.
7. Matt/raft footing- reinforced concrete slab and monolithic
footing. (Ching, 2008)
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FOUNDATIONS Support systems:
1. Sheet pilling: driven vertically into ground, part of
substructure 2. Tiebacks:
o Steel cables inserted into pre-drilled holes. o Grouted under
pressure (anchor) o Maintained in tension
3. Slurry wall: concrete wall cast (permanent) in excavation
trench 4. Pre-watering: lower water table, perforated tube to
removed water. 5. Floating foundation: excavated soil = weight of
construction. (Ching, 2008)
Foundation walls: Concrete: cast in place and requires formwork
Concrete masonry: small units, doesnt require formwork.
Systems:
1. Subsoil drainage system 2. Damp proofing 3. Treated wood
foundation system.
Joints:
1. Isolation joints: allows movement 2. Construction joints:
allows for stopping and starting. Keyed and bowled
prevents vertical differential movement. (Ching, 2008) 3.
Control joints: creates lines of weakness so cracking may occur in
a particular
spot. (Ching, 2008) Structural concepts
1. Center of mass (center of gravity) Key words to define:
balanced, entire weight concentrated at a point, objects geometry.
(Ching, 2008)
2. Equilibrium
Key words: balance, equal reactions, and resistance, supporting
elements.
3. Moment of forces: tendency to move/ rotate, applied at a
distance, magnitude/sense
o MO = force x distance
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4. Free body diagrams: representations of equilibrium. o F =
force o L = load o R= reaction o M = moment o = Sum
- V = 0 (vertical load + reaction) - H = 0 (horizontal load +
reaction) - M= 0 (load x distance)
DIAGRAMS Vertical loads Diagram V = 0
V = 0 Formula: P - (R1- R2) = 0
Horizontal loads H = 0 Formula: P R = 0
Moment loads M = 0 Formula: MP MR = 0
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CONSTRUCTION TYPES (2) Modular: clay brick, mud brick, concrete
block, ashlar stone Non-modular: concrete, rammed earth, monolithic
stone SUBSET OF CONSRTUCTION: MASONARY Properties: monolithic whole
(Ching, 2008) BRICK STRUCTURE: BRICK PROPERTIES
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Pile foundations: