Log book mcvea 636656

LOG BOOK

RACHAEL MCVEA

636656

Image: Maracana Football Stadium

Botterill, Shaun. 2014

Retrieved from: http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-

10/maracana-stadium-under-construction/5193282

WEEK 1 07/03/2014

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Considerations:

Strength- weak or strong

Stiffness- stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy

Shape- mono dimensional, bi dimensional or tri dimensional.

Material behaviours- isotropic or anisotropic.

Economy and sustainability- travel, efficiency.

Structural Forces

Force- Any influence that produces a change in the

shape or movement of a body. (Newton, Clare, Basic

Structural Forces, 12/03/2014)

Tension Forces- Stretch and elongate the material.

Compression Forces- Shortens the material, opposite

to tension.

Load Paths- The path a load takes to distribute the

force evenly to the receptors. This is the most direct

route and is met with a reaction force that is equal and

opposite. (Newton, Clare, Load Path Diagrams,

11/03/2014)

3 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION

1: MASS CONSTRUCTION

2: FRAME CONSTRUCTION

3: TENSILE CONSTRUCTION

MASS CONSTRUCTION

Static structures, supported by the foundation of the Earth, built with generally heavy duty

materials.

Two types of Mass Construction:

Small Module- Concrete blocks,

bricks, mud/clay, adobe, rammed

earth.

Large Module- Precast concrete.

Figure 1: Irving, Mark, 8/03/2014

Strengths

Small Module

Creates a bond, which in turn spreads the load of the

mass, this bond makes the structure stronger.

Allows shape to be developed in the structure by use of

smaller materials.

Create patterns, ultimately the smaller module materials

allow for more flexible creativity and design.

Large Module

Faster in the sense of putting the building together.

Cheaper; reducing construction time on site as more

trades can work at the one time and are not held up by

time consuming materials.

Quicker to make and erect.

Made off site and brought to site ready to be used.

Limitations

Small Module

Time consuming, slow process to put a wall of bricks up.

Requires scaffolding and ladders once the height of the

construction exceeds a human.

Holds up other trades on site, hence costing more

money.

Hard to transport large loads of them around the site

without needing special equipment

Large Module

Very limited designs, curves are difficult and expensive.

Incredibly heavy, requiring special transport to site as

well as a crane on site to erect.

GLOSSARY

Load Path- The path a load

takes to distribute the force

evenly to the receptors

Masonry- Work constructed

by a mason, especially

stonework. (retrieved from

http://m.dictionary.com/defi

nitions/masonry)

Compression- When a

member is under

compression the forces acting

upon it are directed at the

member and pushing it

toward the middle.

(Retrieved from

http://www.chegg.com/hom

ework-

help/definitions/tension-

compression-5)

Reaction Force- The upward

force that meets the

downwards force at the

bottom of a load path.

Point Load- A concentrated

load on one specific point of

a structural member.

(Retrieved from:

http://www.dictionaryofcons

truction.com/definition/point

-load.html)

Beam- A horizontal structural

member that carries and

transfers the load to the

vertical members. (Retrieved

from:

http://www.dictionaryofcons

truction.com/definition/bea

m.html)

PFC- Parallel Flange channel

Site Analysis- Process of studying contextual forces that may influence the construction of the land

and the building to which will be erected there, its

shape, lay out, orientation. (Ching, Frances D.K,

Building Constructed Illustrated, 2008)

Bricks

Pressed

Clay pressed into moulds and placed in an oven, this

however created variations in the bricks because of

the different temperatures within the oven. E.g. a

brick in the middle would be baked more

thoroughly than a brick towards the edge. “Frog,”

divot in the middle, helps to increase the depth of the mortar, assisting with the joining process.

Extruded

Made by forcing a bar through the clay, which reduces the amount of clay used to produce the

bricks, therefore they’re not just cheaper but create a cohesive bond between bricks when mortared

in. (Readers Digest, 11/03/2014)

Forces Considered in Construction

Dead - Static, e.g. furniture.

Live- Humans

Gravity

Wind

Water in the ground

Seismic

CLASS TASK

DESCRIPTION: BUILD A TOWER AS HIGH AS

POSSIBLE, MUST HAVE A DOORWAY FOR THE

PLASTIC DINOSAUR TO FIT THROUGH AND AN

ENCLOSED CEILING.

Fig 2: Irving, Mark, 07/03/2014

MATERIALS: SMALL MDF BLOCKS.

As a group we figured out how many blocks

high the dinosaur was, telling us how high

our door would need to be. Our group

discussed the possible shape and structure,

and after dismissing a square base, as we were not

sure how we would enclose the roof, and dismissing a

pyramid as that would not give us the height we

desired, we all agreed on a round cylindrical shape. We

began construction, creating that cohesive “bond” of

bricks by laying them via Stretcher bond, as this

creates the best bend strength (Boral). We left a space

for the doorway to fit and figured further up in our

construction we would be able to slowly bring the

bricks in closer till they eventually met.

As we reached about 7 bricks high we came to realise that a single layered wall would be very

unstable and could easily topple over. We needed a firm foundation for the tower to gain the

required height we wanted. Therefore, we began again, this time creating a double layered wall,

with that same bond however. However, we did aim in the future to slowly bring the bricks in, not

just to close the doorway but to allow us to enclose the roof also. We knew if we did this procedure

too early the tower wouldn’t reach the height we desired and wouldn’t have a stable base to sit

upon.

As we got higher we very slowly brought the entrance bricks closer together, inching them a few

millimetres inwards every new layer. We were easily able to slip a few individual bricks in the cracks

to finally join the doorway together. This needed to be strengthened above the doorway before we

could bring the bricks in to create our roof; therefore we made sure there were at least 10 layers of

bricks above the doorway, so it would not weaken under the above weight. The tower started

reaching higher and higher and we began to now slowly inch the bricks inwards in order to be able

to conceal the roof. As was done with the doorway, we slowly each row brought the bricks in, only

millimetres, to allow the cylinder to get smaller.

Time began to run out on us so we quickly worked to ensure our tower had a roof upon

it. This meant bringing the blocks in and getting it as high as possible. If time had not have been a

restraint, I believe the solid base of our structure would’ve allowed us to extend our tower to the

ceiling, however it became thin when we needed to create height and enclose the roof and this

section would not have been able to extend to the ceiling. By the end our tower reached to about

my chest and was incredibly stable because of the foundations we had created. The only reason it

became a thin tower was to get that roof on top that the brief had asked for, otherwise the thick

solid beginnings could’ve taken us to all sorts of heights.

OTHER GROUPS WORK

Other groups in the Constructing

Environments class took quite different

approaches. Some were similar to our group

in a round structure; others however chose

square foundations and aimed for high and

skinny. Some just went for the artistic

approach, however all stood up. The square

structure had an incredibly solid base, but as

the tower was tall and thin, it was vulnerable to the forces. The artistic structure looked quite weak

and fragile and didn’t quite get the height required or achieve a closed ceiling. And the structure of

similar stature to ours stood firm, creating height as well as a closed ceiling.

DEMOLITION

Our solid structure allowed us to pull of huge amounts of blocks without the structure collapsing,

literally like a game of Jenga, we were able to remove blocks from all areas and our structure still

stood up. We removed that whole outer wall and were left with another, thinner, but still quite

sturdy structure.

WEEK 2 14/03/2014

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

A building is a combination of a number of systems and

subsystems that must coordinate with one another as well as

with the building as a whole. These physical systems organise

the ordering and construction of a building. (Ching, Frances D.K,

Building Construction Illustrated, 2008)

Enclosure system- how you protect a building from the

elements.

Structural System - Frame, column & beam, mass

construction.

Service system- Anything providing amenity to the

building; electrical, mechanical, hydraulics

ENCLOSURE SYSTEM

Shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior

walls, windows and doors. (Ching, Frances D.K, Building

Construction Illustrated, 2008)

SERVICE SYSTEMS

Provide essential services to the building; water supply, sewage

disposal, heating and air-conditioning, electrical system controls,

vertical transportation systems (lifts), fire-fighting systems and

perhaps recycle and waste disposal systems. (Ching, Frances D.K,

Building Construction Illustrated, 2008)

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

SOLID- Early buildings, mud, bricks, stone. Compression

arches.

SURFACE- Sydney Opera House.

SKELETAL- Frames, efficient.

MEMBRANE- Tension, shade sails, sports stadiums.

HYBRID- Structural frames covered in different

materials.

(Newton, Clare, Structural Systems and Forms, 14/03/2014)

Structural Systems:

Primary member- large beam which spans the shortest distance.

GLOSSARY

Structural Joint- Roller joints,

pin joints and fixed joints.

Stability- “A measure of the

ability of a structure to

withstand overturning,

sliding, buckling, or

collapsing.” (Retrieved from:

http://www.dictionaryofcons

truction.com/definition/stabil

ity.html)

Tension- The forces are

pulling away from a member.

(Retrieved from: (Retrieved

from

http://www.chegg.com/hom

ework-

help/definitions/tension-

compression-5)

Frame- Vertical and

horizontal members generally

put together to create a

larger supporting member.

(Retrieved from:

http://www.dictionaryofcons

truction.com/definition/fram

e.html)

Bracing- A member/s that

supports another structural

element to maintain its

position. (Retrieved from:

http://www.dictionaryofcons

truction.com/definition/brac

e.html)

Column- A usually, long

relatively slender supporting

member. Generally takes the

load from beams. (Retrieved

from:

http://www.dictionaryofcons

truction.com/definition/colu

mn.html)

Secondary member- Rafters, run perpendicular to primary member.

The more distance you cover with a beam the wider and heavier the beam needs to become, this

can cause issues of being too heavy. To overcome this you turn the beam into a truss to lighten it.

Considerations

Performance requirements- structural, fire resistance, comfort, protection from elements,

compatibility, easy maintenance.

Aesthetic qualities- proportion, colour, surface qualities.

Economic efficiencies- budget, affordability (initial cost and maintaining cost)

Environmental impacts- embodied energy, constructability efficiency.

(Newton, Clare, Structural Systems and Forms, 14/03/2014)

ESD= Environmental Sustainable Design

Examples:

Recyclability- Reduce, reuse, recycle.

Carbon footprint- Measure of greenhouse gases used.

Local materials

Thermal mass -Use of a material to store energy. Eg. Concrete slab.

Water harvesting -Collection and use of rain water.

Insulation

Wind energy

Solar power

Material efficiency

Night air purging - bringing outside air inside in the evening to remove

stale air

Newton, Clare, ESD and Selecting Materials, 14/03/2014

Structural joints

Every load must have a responding force of equal strength.

Roller joint- Only resists vertical forces

Pin joint- resists both vertical and horizontal

Fixed joint- Resists vertical, horizontal and rotational forces.

(Cantilever- one point of support. E.g. a tree or wing of a plane.

Embodied Energy= How much energy is in the item. Moving it, maintaining it,

running of it, getting rid of it.

Base Metals- Elemental (periodic) E.g. aluminium.

Alloy metals- Combinations. E.g. bronze= copper + zinc

Fig 3: Newton, Clare, Structural Connections,

14/03/2014

Aluminium is stronger than steel and lighter but is expensive and requires a lot of embodied energy.

CLASS TASK

DESCRIPTION: BUILD A TOWER OUT OF SELF-CUT BALSA WOOD STRIPS.

Using our 43 strips of balsa wood to develop the highest tower possible proved harder than first

thought. The balsa is flimsy and easily bent and snapped, this lead us to choose a triangle based

design that would allow us to have a sturdier structure and high structure.

As we had just learnt that day, trussing was an effective way of stabilising a building, thus we

implemented this into our design, to reduce those bends and snapping of the balsa. The use of

masking tape to join the balsa led to many difficulties also, it was heavy and difficult to use on such

small pieces of balsa, leading to breaks and messy joins. The base developed strongly, however as

we began to run out of balsa we came to realise the higher we got the more unstable it would

become after we triangulated the roof, leaving us not much room for movement.

In a last bid attempt to extend our

tower to the ceiling we created a

very long and very thin piece of

balsa which was stuck to the top of

our building and extended almost

to the ceiling. If we had not of

finished the base off so soon by

adding a triangular roof we may have been able to create a

sturdier structure that stood as high as it did as an actual

structure. In the end our structure did extend quite high but

officially the singular pieces of balsa don’t count as a

structure, next time a higher and sturdier foundation

would’ve enabled us to continue building a “structure” as

high as the thin balsa. The thin balsa also didn’t prove strong,

swaying in the slightest of movement. Out in the elements it

would’ve snapped off very quickly.

OTHER GROUPS

A common theme of most groups was the idea of

trussing their structures to strengthen them. The

group with thicker balsa was more successful in this.

The group with short and thick balsa however created

a very unstable structure that wouldn’t stand on the

floor.

WEEK 3 21/03/2014

ELEARNING

Structural Elements

Strut- carry load parallel to its long axis, this produces compression. E.g. column.

Tie- carry load parallel to its long axis, this produces tension. E.g. cables on bridge.

Beam- horizontal element carrying a vertical load, top in compression, top in tension.

Slab/plate- horizontal element carrying a vertical load, resisting the loads in both directions.

Panels- Carry vertical load. Transfers loads vertically.

Shear Diaphragm- act as a bracing system, prevents a building falling over.

You can also use triangulation and fixed joints to prevent a building from moving.

(Newton, 2014y)

Footings and Foundations

Foundation- Found at the bottom of buildings, the lowest part and a part of the substructure, they

transfer the building loads to the ground. These could also be said to be the Earth. It is important

that they’re designed to respond to variations in rock, soil and water below the ground, as well as

dead and live loads up above the ground.

Footings- The concrete you put in the ground, sitting on top of the foundations.

(Ching, 2008)

Footings and Foundations should allow the process of “settlement” to occur evenly.

Shallow footing- Used when the soil is stable.

Pad footings- Spread a point load over a wider area.

Strip footings- Spreads loads in a linear manner from walls or a series of columns.

Raft footings- Joins the individual strips together as a single mat, providing increased stability.

Deep foundations- Used when soil conditions are considered unstable, or for use on a high rise

building.

End bearing piles- extend the foundations down to rock or soil that provides greater support for the structure.

Friction piles- Use the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the structure.

(Newton, 2014j)

Mass Construction Materials

Stone

Earth- Mud brick

Clay- bricks.

Concrete

All the materials are strong in compression, however weak in tension. They’re good producers of

thermal mass and quite durable sturdy materials.

Mass Construction

MODULAR NON-MODULAR Clay brick Concrete Mud brick Rammed earth Concrete blocks Monolithic stone

(Newton, 2014o)

Masonry

Buildings generally made of various materials that can either be

natural or manufactured; mortar is typically the bonding agent.

BONDCOURSEJOINTMORTAR

Stone- slabs, ashlar blocks.

Earth- Mud Bricks

Clay- Bricks, honeycomb block.

Concrete- blocks, commons.

Construction:

-Walls

-Column/piers

-Beams/lintels

-Arches

-Vaults

-Domes

Newton, Clare, Masonry, 18/03/2014

GLOSSARY

Foundation- Lowest part of

the substructure, transfers

the loads of the building to

the ground.

Footing- Sits on top of the

foundations.

Expansion joints- allow room

for bricks to expand in the

structure.

Header face- Short side of a

brick

Stretcher face- Long side of a

brick

Tuck pointing-To mortar joins

with a fine ridge.

Perpend- Vertical joint.

Moment-

Retaining wall- A structural

wall holding back earth.

Slab on ground- Foundation

slab laid straight on the

ground.

Substructure- Structure

creating the foundation of a

construction.

Strip footing- strip of

concrete in a trench

reinforced with steel.

(abis.com.au, 1/04/2014)

Pad footing- Holes in the

ground with a reinforcement

cage and filled with concrete

to ground level. (abis.com.au,

1/04/2014)

BRICKS CONCRETE BLOCKS STONE

Bricks are primarily made of clay and come in a variation of colours and this is typically because of the way they are made. They can either be: -Extruded and wire cut -Machine moulded (pressed) -Handmade (convicts)

Concrete blocks are made from cement, sand, gravel and water. Colour and texture can be added to the blocks. The hollow areas of the block reduce the weight and increases insulation.

There are three types of stone and all with different qualities and uses: Igneous- Dense and hard, footings. (Granite and Basalt) Sedimentary- Softer and lighter, can damage easily. (Limestone and Sandstone) Metamorphic- Hard but costly. (Marble, slate)

PROPERTIES -Hard -Low flexibility -Durable -Poor conductor of heat -Medium density -Med-low porosity

PROPERTIES -Medium fragility -Very low flexibility -Very durable -Poor conductor of heat -Medium density -Medium porosity

PROPERTIES -Some are hard, some are soft. -Rigid -Very durable -Poor conductor of heat -Porosity depends on stone type

ON SITE –LAYED: -Stretcher course -Header course -Brick on edge course -Soldier course JOINTS -Mortar joins -Bed joins (Horizontal join) -Expansion joints- bricks expand over time, this allows for movement -Vertical join= perpend

ON SITE -Very cost effective -However the larger the blocks get the more labour intensive the work becomes. JOINTS -Movement joints, concrete shrinks over time.

ON SITE -Can be reused -Cost depends on labouring and scarcity. -Monolithic stones are difficult to transport. -Ashlar stones can be curved into smaller modules. -Rubble is used as they are found.

USES -Walls -Arches -Paving

USES -Walls -decorative walls

USES -Walls -Paving -Cladding -Aggregates

(Newton, 2014a)

(Newton, 2014d)

(Newton, 2014x)

Brick faces.

Stretcher= long face

Header= short face

LECTURE 3: OLYMPIC CONSTRUCTS, ALAN PERT.

The games were a catalyst for urban regeneration in East London and would generate the largest

new park for the city in over 100 years. The Olympic park was constructed on land which had been

neglected, brownfield, and it was unused and contaminated. The cost of moving the soil off the land

would have been far too much, instead the soil was “cleaned”. There was a lot of time and effort put

into the landscape of Olympic Park, the ability to reuse and recycle items, the ability for the park to

not only perform during the games but after the games were finished, unification and using less

embodied energy and more environmentally friendly materials (which Beijing failed to do). The

main stadium building needed to serve two purposes, facilitate 80,000 spectators during the game,

but reduce down to 25,000 after the games were completed. In order to do this the designers cut

the bowl into the land and all the connections were bolted, not welded, to make disassembly

quicker. Aesthetics played an important role in the engineering of the substation for Alan Pert as it

was placed in a community environment and is typically unsightly. He managed to design an

economically effective, sturdy, permanent structure, made of brick and concrete, that was

aesthetically pleasing as well as safe and secure. Alan Pert’s substation creation set a precedent for

future constructs in London.

WORKSHOP

ACTIVITY: CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION

Design and construct a structure that spans 1000mm out of specified materials using a range of

tools. The structure will then be tested for how much load it can endure until complete failure.

Materials: 2x 120mm plywood, 2x 120mm balsa wood, measuring tape, screws,

drill, saw and set squares.

Phoebe and I used our prior knowledge that triangles are in fact the strongest shape, with this in

mind we developed an idea involving trussing of our materials. We decided to use the thin pieces of

timber as the outer frame and the thicker pieces of plywood as the triangulations. We did not want

the structure to be too wide as it may lose it strength depending on how the weight was to be put

on it. The way we had designed our structure meant we needed to saw our plywood with a mitred

edge, which was more time consuming than first thought. The timber was placed vertically upright

because it took the most force this way.

The drill seemed, and proved, the quickest joining mechanism. However, we quickly realised drilling

holes right near the edge of a piece of wood resulted in splitting. Once all pieces were drilled we still

had some spare time and spare wood, so we added to end pieces just to firm up the structure of our

piece.

Our design proved difficult to place in the machine, and took the least amount of force

out of everyone’s designs. It withstood for quite a while but the thin wood started to

buckle and bend, eventually snapping in the area of one of our screws, the joins

proving to be a weaker place of support and our design had more joins than the

others. It deflected about 120mm and withstood roughly 40kg.

The span of our structure I believe was too large to withhold the type of force that was

given. Many of the other groups chose a smaller and denser structure which proved

much sturdier and had the ability to hold more force in a more even way. Our

structure may have proved more efficient had we have spaced our trusses closer together so the

weight distribution could have happened more evenly rather than on one single element of the

beam.

1200

200

200

OTHER GROUPS WORK

All groups approached

the task very

differently; the most

simplistic design

withstood the most

force of over 500kgs.

This group had simply

nailed together their

two pieces of pine

wood and added the

thin balsa to the sides. Their structure held the most

force and deflected around 150, the weak point of

their beam ended up being the joining point where

they had nailed the pieces together. The second

groups structure reflected a ladder made with pine

wood and strengthened in the centre with the balsa,

of similar span to ours, their structure held a fair bit

more weight than ours, around 400kgs and

deflecting at 140. Their weak point also proved to be

in the joinery area, like ours it involved many nails to

put together which proved to be the downfall of the

structure. However, in the end all the structures cam unstuck in the same way, snapping in places

where nails or screws had been placed, proving that the joins of a structure can end up being the

weakest points.

TUTORIAL

WALKING TOUR OF MELBOURNE UNI

1.

2.

4.

3.

5.

6.

7.

1: Framing system.

2: Framing floor system in which the

deck has been laid upon. Also steel

beams are supporting the structure

for extra strength.

3: In-sitc concrete, evident in the

fact it is chipping at bottom, not as

strong as pre-cast. And the effect of

the aggregate showing would have

been done in-sitc.

4:

5: An example of an expansion joint

in bricks, used to allow for the

movement of the expanding clay

bricks.

6: Examples of historical bluestone

used as footings in the buildings.

7: Weep holes indicate the floor

level on the ground floor but also of

the above floors. Weep holes allow

ventilation which reduces moisture

and dampness.

8. 9.

10. 11.

12. 13.

14.

8: The down pipe has been

incorporated into the structure of

the design and acts as an extra

support for the building.

9: Solid brick wall of basement, 6

bricks wide with the headers

evident. Tuck-pointing has been

used on the joins of these bricks

to make the joins appear very

thin.

10: In sitc concrete used in the

underground carpark, pre cast

concrete could not have formed

the shapes of the columns in

which the roots of the trees on

south lawn grow into.

11: The oldest area of campus

uses low bearing stone and

brickwork for their structures.

12: Vaults, the brick ceilings

needed support in order to stay

up there, the columns nearby

needed extra support, a buttress,

in order to stop the column

spreading from the load of the

bricks.

13. The Arts building truss, 25m

span, zinc roof. The wooden

beam is purely for decoration

because that steel is thick enough

to hold itself up without that

support.

14: Cement render made to

appear as if stone, brick wall lies

just behind it.

15. 16.

17. 18.

19. 20.

15 & 16: Appears the structure of

the stairs is held up by the steel

wires under tension; however the

structure is actually held up steel

down the bottom of the steps. The

steel is galvanised to protect it and

welded in the shop, for safety

reasons, but built in sitc. The wires

are more for decorative reasons, but

could also be preventing the stairs

from swinging around.

17 & 18: The Shade sail outside of

union house is a tensile structure.

The sail has been pulled extremely

tight and leads back to poles which

lean on an angle away from the sail,

to prevent these from just collapsing

in they are also pulled back by a

wire which is firmly cemented into

the ground with concrete.

19: The pool is a steel frame

structure, with glass sheets in

between.

20. The new architecture building

has a large overhang requiring long

steel beams which can support that

weight, they have been triangulated

to help strengthen the structure.

WEEK 4 28/03/2014

FLOOR AND FRAMING SYSTEMS

CONCRETE STEEL TIMBER

Slabs of various types that can span one way or two ways and spans between the structural supports.

The thickness of the slab is determined by the span divided by 30.

Systems can either use heavy gauge structural steel or light gauge steel framing.

Main beams= girders

Steel framing can be combined with concrete slabs.

Spanning capability of the material helps to determine the spacing of the supports.

Combinations of bearers (primary beam) and joists (secondary beam)

The span of the bearers determines the position of the stumps and the spacing of the bearers.

(Newton, 2014i)

CONCRETE

Cement mixed with water, binding the fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel) to

make concrete.

1 part cement 2 part fine aggregate 4 parts coarse aggregate 0.4-0.5 part water

Recipe for concrete is extremely important, too much water can lead to weak concrete, too

little water can lead to unworkable concrete.

PROCESS Concrete Is fluid and shapeless before it hardens, requiring temporary supports to hold liquid until it sets, called formwork. These can be made of timber, metal, plastic etc. Wall formwork:

Spreaders

Formwork ties

Timber studs

Plywood sheathing

Sill plate

Bracing The formwork must be supported by props and bracing. -Concrete reaches 75% strength after 7 days Once concrete is hard enough the formwork is removed and can be reused.

PROPERTIES

Hardness- high

Fragility- low, can be chipped

Ductility- very low

Flexibility/Plasticity- both low

Porosity- medium, depends on additives

Density- Med-high.

Conductivity- poor conductor of heat and electricity

Durability- very durable

Reusability- med-low can be reused when crushed for new aggregate

Sustainability- high embodied energy, long lasting

Cost- generally cost affective, depends on labour.

FINISHES

Sand blasted

Expose aggregate

Raked finish

Mechanical hammered

Board marked

Board and batten

CONSIDERATIONS

Not completely waterproof.

Must prevent water seeping in so the structure doesn’t endure degradation.

(Newton, 2014c)

INSITU CONCRETE PRECAST CONCRETE

DESCRIPTION Any concrete that’s been poured into framework and cured on a building site.

Any concrete that has been developed in a controlled environment off site.

PROCESS Fabrication and assembly of formwork

Any required reinforcement

Pouring, vibration (to prevent air bubbles) and curing.

Once concrete is poured time is limited

Labour intensive

Fabricated in a controlled environment

Transported to site

More standardised outcome

Allows work on site to be much faster.

High level of quality

Limited in size by transport

USES Footings

Retaining walls

Non-standard structural elements

Can be sprayed into place for swimming pools and landscapes.

Structure of a building

Bridge or civil works

Panel elements

Retaining walls

Walls

Columns

JOINTS Construction joint- Divides construction into smaller, more manageable sections. Control Joint- Absorb the expansions and contractions, movement is controlled. BOTH JOINTS ARE POTENTIAL WEAK POINTS.

Construction joint- One precast element meets another. Structural joint- Precast element meeting another part of the structure. JOINTS CAN GREATLY DEPEND ON DESIRED AESTHETICS

(Newton, 2014m)

(Newton, 2014u)

The Pantheon

Roman temples were typically rectangular and dedicated to one god. The Pantheon however was

dedicated too all Gods and was a circular structure combining of three main elements:

- Portico

- Drum- brick faced concrete, 6.15m thick.

- Spherical dome- 43.2m diameter, making it the largest spanned concrete dome. Gets thinner

towards the top.

Footings have tougher aggregate (heavier) and the higher the

building goes the lighter the aggregate (bricks)

Roman concrete- very large aggregate packed together with

mortar base. Stone facings were organised in a pattern and

volcanic dirt used in cement as it was very strong.

(Hutson, 2014)

LECTURE 4- New Pavilion building at Melbourne University

Engineer: Many different engineering disciplines involved in the

Pavilion; mechanical systems, hydrolysis, electrical, ESD, acoustics

and structural. Engineer was involved in many of the structural

decisions within the building such as, ground level being concrete,

the above structure made of lightweight framing, making the

project as economical as possible, cladding elements of the

structure to express form.

Project manager: Represents faculty or department and makes

sure the clients brief is fulfilled and they are happy and satisfied.

They ensure the project comes in on time and on budget and is

involved in the project before the architect is, involved in the

tender and choice of professionals. The project manager closely

works with the client, evaluating budget, dealing with all their

wants and needs and mediating between the client and the

building site. Contingency money is important for the unexpected,

delays can happen, and in this case it set the project back 2

months, enduring delay costs from the builders.

Architect: The architect saw the existing structure that couldn’t be

touched as a bonus to work with; it did however add cost and

challenges. It is frowned upon to mimic an older building; instead

they dealt with the heritage using scale. There is a distinct step

between the old and the new. Worked hard to create a deeper

meaning into the spaces, particularly focusing on the entrance

onto the oval, celebrating the area in between. The Pavilion

building is considered a hybrid building; brick acts as a sound

barrier, fully glazed windows, chimney like structure is lightweight,

timber is warm and steel is used for its panning capabilities. 3D

computer imaging has sped up the whole design process, many

architects combine both hand and computer imaging.

It is very important for all disciplines to work together and

communication is the key.

GLOSSARY

KDHU- Kiln dried hardwood

Plan- Horizontal cut

through building looking

down, containing the

horizontal dimensions

Section- Vertical cut

through building showing

how that building is

constructed, containing

vertical dimensions

Span- Distance between

points of support.

Spacing- Distance between

joints, generally

determined by floor

spacing

Bondek- Steel floor framing

in which concrete is cast

into

Joist- Secondary member in

flooring

Bearer- Primary member in

flooring

Steel decking- cold form

corrugated metal, used to

support insulating

membrane of a roof.

(ehow.com, 1/04/2014)

Girder-A large principal

beam that supports

structural members at

isolated points, usually

made of steel but can be

wood or a combination.

(dictionaryofconstruction.c

om, 1/04/2014)

Concrete plank- Usually

precast, a flat beam use for

flooring

TUTORIAL

WEEK 5 04/04/2014

ELEARNING

WALL SYSTEMS

Structural frames

Concrete Timber Steel Use a grid column with concrete beams connecting the columns together.

Use a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams. -bracing of members between bays at the corners of the post/beam junction is required to stabilise.

Use a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams.

Load bearing walls

Concrete Stud Framing Solid Masonry -Insitu or precast. -May also provide support for spandrel panels Reinforced masonry: core filled hollow concrete blocks or grout filled cavity masonry. -Bond beams made of blocks used as alternative to lintels

-timber or metal, smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge framing steel to meet structural demands of the construction. -Noggins prevent buckling CONSISTS OF -Top plate -Bottom plate -Noggin -Stud -Cross bracing -Ply bracing Brick veneer- one skin of non- structural masonry and one structural wall frame.

Concrete masonry - tied together with brick on side or wall tied. -steel lintels over openings. Cavity Masonry- -Two skins of masonry -Better thermal performance -Better waterproofing -Can run services through cavity wall

(Newton, 2014y)

GLOSSARY

Stud- Vertical member of

stud framing

Noggin- Horizontal

member of stud framing

Lintel- Horizontal member

of opening

Axial Load- Load applied

down axis

Buckling- The action of

collapsing under pressure

or stress.

(buckling.askdefine.com,

14/04/2014)

Seasoned Timber- Dried to

about 15% moisture

Unseasoned Timber-

Straight from the mill

containing moisture.

WOOD TO TIMBER

Early wood- lighter colour, rapid initial growth.

Late wood- slower growth, limited by lack of colour.

Growth= one ring per year.

Structural performance dominated by grain direction

- Parallel= strong and stiff

- Perpendicular= weaker

Seasoning (drying)- moisture removed from cells and cell walls

- Air drying: 6mths- 2yrs

- Kiln drying: 20-40hrs (12% dry)

- Solar Kilns- less expensive

SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS

Radiated pine Victorian Ash

Cypress pine Brown Box

Hoop Pine Spotted gum

Douglas Fir Jarrah

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

QUARTER SAWN -across rings

-Good grain -Good wearing for floors and furniture -Less cupping and warp

-Slower seasoning -Nailing on face more prone to splitting

BACK SAWN -rings parallel

-Seasons more rapidly -Less prone to splitting

Shrinks more when drying -more likely to warp and cup

RADIAL SAWN -face is radial cut

-Dimensional stability -Less prone to warp -Less wastage at mill

-More difficult to detail -More difficult to stack.

(Newton, 2014k)

TIMBER PROPERTIES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Hardness Medium to low

Fragility Medium to low (won’t shatter) Ductility Low, green state is higher Flexibility/ Plasticity High flexibility- medium plasticity Porosity/Permeability High Density Extremely varied Conductivity Poor conductors of heat and electricity Durability Can be very durable- depending on type and

seasoning Reuse/Recyclability Very high, second hand timber is desirable for

many people Sustainability/ Carbon footprint Low embodied energy Cost Generally cost effective Considerations - Size

- Strength grade - Treatment - Availability - Knots (weak points) - Durability- protection against water,

heat, insects.

(Newton,2014z)

ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS

LVL GLULAM CLT PLYWOOD MDF CHIPBOARD

-Laminated veener lumber -Structural

-Glue laminated timber -structural

-Cross laminated timber -Structural panels

-Structural bracing -Structural flooring -Formworks -Joinery -Marine applications

-Medium density fibreboard -Non-structural elements, joinery.

-Plus strandboard -Structural systems (flooring) -Cladding finish

(Newton, 2014g)

TIMBER BEAMS

FRANK GHERY’S HOUSE: AN EXPLORATION OF WRAPPING

Dr Hannah Lewi

- Ghery used everyday materials- chain link, cardboard, metal sheet, lightweight objects.

- Old house remained in-tact and the new house acted as the “wrapping”

Wrapping Collisions and Fragments

Under construction

- Wrapping building was exploration of what local materials could do.

- Blended in

- Collage - Forms twist and burst

through

- Unfinished business - Reflected chaos of

family life - Caused huge reaction

with residents attempting to sue, labelling it “cheapskate architecture”

(Lewi,2014)

TUTORIAL

COLUMNS- Vertical elements that transfer horizontal loads to foundations.

SHORT LONG

- Fail by crushing - Ratio of column length to the smallest

section is less than 12:1 - Compressive strength= load/area - If load is too big, cross sectional area

needs to be increased. - Expensive

- Fail by buckling - Ratio of the column length to the

smallest section is greater than 1:12

- Efficient use of materials - Length of columns and how they

are fixed at the top and bottom determines how they will buckle and how much load they can take.

BUCKLING PIN JOINT- Buckles entire span FIXED JOINT- Buckles in middle, point of counter flexia. PIN & FIXED- 0.7 buckling MID-SUPPORT- Strongest and least amount of buckling.

PLYWOOD

Layers of timber laminated together

(engineered).

- Timber is strong in one

direction

- Weakest along grain

- Strong across grain

- Knots good in compression, bad in tension

- Strength of ply comes from alternate directions of sheets.

- Used for structural bracing.

-

BRICK VENEER WALLS

Brick skin with timber stud walls (with

cavity).

DPC- Plastic coated aluminium,

preventing moisture in brick walls. Used

in masonry walls.

- Water from above= falling

damp

- Water from below= rising

damp.

TASK

In groups of 3-5 students construct a

model of an assigned area of the

Oval Pavilion out of a variety of

materials. The area assigned to us

was a section of the front veranda

area.

Materials:

- Balsa sheets

- Balsa sticks

- Masking tape

- PVA

- Stanley knife

- Cutting board

- Scale rulers

- Foam board

Our group struggled from the very

start, finding it difficult to

decipher where exactly we were

building and dealing with the scale

of the structure, which was 1:20.

As a group we divided the task to

allow two people to tackle the

main structure and two people to

tackle the main truss, using the

scale ruler to get our dimensions.

We used the Stanley knife to cut the balsa for the timber that

was required to span a large distance and used the shorter balsa sticks to construct the columns for

the support.

The joining of the balsa to balsa as well as balsa to foamboard proved

difficult. The balsa to balsa connection were done using masking tape,

however balsa being flimsy as it is subject to snapping which meant we

needed to extremely careful. We required fixed joints to keep the

structure sturdy and stable. Connecting the balsa columns to the foam

board base proved even harder, as limited time meant we couldn’t

allow for the glue to dry and in the end our whole structure kept

collapsing. Due to confusion within the group of how to construct the

main truss we actually failed to finish our construction. We found it

incredibly hard reading the plans, as it was all very foreign to us.

OTHER GROUPS WORK

Many of the other groups

suffered similar problems to

ours, struggling to interpret

the working drawings and put

it into a smaller model. One

group, constructing the other

half of the veranda area,

managed to put together the

main truss, which we failed to

do, however not to the

correct scale. As we learn

more about the drawings and

elements we may be able to

construct a much more

cohesive structure.

LECTURE 5- Materials and construction in the new ABP Building.

Peter Ashford

Basement construction- Insitu concrete

Excavation

- Retention system

- Steel reinforcing cages, board piers in the ground with further reinforcement tied to top of

board piers.

- Drainage crucial

- Sprayed concrete (sticky)

- Precast walls for lecture theatre, columns, walls for stairwell

- Steel reinforcement mesh to prevent cracking of slab.

Pad Footings

- Enforcer bars provide structural connection between footing and column.

- Insitu

Precast walls and columns

- Cast flat and lifted vertically

- Steel formwork, elements cast in to allow structural connections.

- Must be braced and propped

- Delivery can be difficult

Precast Façade

- Some polished, grinded away.

- All floors contain precast concrete on the outside

- Polished concrete propped and not part of the structure.

- All windows at different recesses.

Structural steel- Mostly in roof, structural steel holding roof and light galvanised steel over top.

Cantilever

- 3 storey high, 12m out from building.

- Big diagonal beam takes load- 150 tonne, transfers load through slab.

- Building must be up before cantilever.

- Built 15mm higher because engineers knew it would drop 15mm from weight.

Hanging studio- built from bottom, lightweight, with plywood floor.

Y-stairs and walkways- fabricated from steel off site that was put together on site, walkways hang on

tension rods.

LVL roof beams

- Like plywood, laminations run in one direction.

- Coffer framing- all different shapes.

- Glazed roof over the top of LVL beams

- Bolts connect timber beam and steel column.

- 8 beams- 2 holding hanging studio are steel trussed but clad to look like LVL.

Glazed atrium roof- 18 pieces of glass, 11.5 tonne, 21 metres long. Triple glass, requiring lifting

frame.

WEEK 6 11/04/2014

ELEARNING

Spanning and enclosing spaces

ROOFS

Concrete -Flat plates of reinforced concrete -Sloped toward drainage points -Requires waterproof membrane

Structural Steel framed FLAT -Primary & secondary roof beams for heavier roofs -Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing SLOPING -Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing PORTAL FRAMES -Braced rigid frames (2 columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and grit for the walls. -Roof and walls finished in sheet metal. -Tapering takes more time.

Trussed Framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber element. -Steel or timber components -Span long distances -Shape and material is determined by the roofing material and functional requirements of the roof SPACE FRAMES (3D TRUSSES) -Span in 2 directions -Steel sections of various cross sections; welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix-like structures.

Light framed GABLE ROOFS -Vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both end of the roof. -Common rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. -Roof overhang= use of outriggers across gable. -Materials= timber, cold formed steel sections and sometimes heavier steels

Hip roof -Vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof. -Common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. -Materials= timber, cold formed steel sections.

(Newton, 2014v)

METALS

Metal atoms- malleable, ductile, not brittle

TYPES

- Alloys: two or more metals

- Non Ferrous: All other metals (more expensive)

- Ferrous: Iron, relatively cheap.

Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility Porosity Density Conductivity Durability Reus-ability

Sustainability

Varied. Gold= Hardest Lead= softest

Low High Medium. High when heated

Mostly impermeable

High Good conductors of heat and electricity.

Depends on type but can be.

High Can have high embodied energy.

(Newton, 2014p)

SPANNING SPACES

Architecture= enclosing spaces.

How to span a space was a technical problem of early architecture.

ARCH

- Used in brick first

- Only fails by distortion

- Has to be supported whilst under construction

- Spanning- leaning arch relies on friction

- Doesn’t require formwork.

HATTUSAS

- Carried column

- First large interior space of its kind.

Hall of one hundred columns, Persepolis- Columnar halls.

Spanning Geographical space

- Pont-du-Gard- Romans had concrete.

Monolithic arch- arch shapes cut into stone, weakening the building but an attempt to copy roman

architecture.

(Lewis,2014)

FERROUS METALS NON FERROUS METALS

IRON -Magnetic, very reactive, good compressive strength

ALUMINIUM -Light -Easily formed, machined and cast -Expensive in cost and energy -Common for window frames, door handles, cladding panels -Self protective -Powder coating and anodisation.

WROUGHT IRON -Heated and hammered to shape. -Used less in modern days

COPPER -Conducts electricity- electrical wiring -Very malleable and ductile -Good conductor of heat -Found in pure form -Roofing material- changes to green -Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework.

CAST IRON -Melted, poured into moulds. -High compressive strength

ZINC -Expensive cladding system -Used to galvanise steel, thin layer painted on -Bluish white -Brittle in ambient temperatures, malleable at 100C-150C -Reasonable conductor of electricity

ALLOY- STEEL -Iron and carbon -Different proportions and combinations result in different types of steel with different properties. -Strong -Transfers heat and electricity -Formed into different shapes -Long lasting

LEAD -Roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for waterproofing- all in the past, can be toxic -Bluish white, soft, highly malleable, ductile, relatively poor conductor of electricity -Resistant to corrosion

STRUCTURAL STEEL -Framing, columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. HOT ROLLED -Shaped while metal is hot -more material required -primary structural elements -protected by coating

TIN -Rare (decorative) -Was used in building for lining lead pipes or occasionally as protective covering for iron plates and small gas pipes/tubing. -Silvery-white

GLOSSARY

Rafter- Basic member

that span the

construction

Eave- Roof member

overhang that gives

protection

Purlin- Metal rafters

Cantilever- Member

with one mode of

support

Alloy- Combination of

two base metals.

Soffit- Underside of

eaves- cladded in

cement sheet or timber

batons can also be both.

Top chord- Top and

bottom member of

trusses, generally metal

trusses

Portal frame- Knee has

rigid joints, warehouses.

Rigid frames generally

made of steel.

Irving, Mark. Tutorial 6,

11/04/2014

(galvanised) -joints welded or bolted. COLD FORMED -Elements folded from sheets that have been produced and cooled. -Secondary structure -protected by galvanising -Joints bolted or screwed.

-Malleable and somewhat ductile. -Crystalline structure -Attacked by strong acids -Resists water.

STEEL SHEETING -Cladding and roofing -must be protected from weather, either paint or galvanising.

TITANIUM -Occasionally cladding -Expensive -Durable -Excellent corrosion resistance.

STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS -Chromium -Coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire and tubing. -Harsh environments -Very rarely used as primary structure

BRONZE -Bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs. -Alloy of copper and tin -Corrosion resistant -Hard

BRASS -Element where friction is required -Locks, gears, screws, valves -Malleable -Low melting point

(Newton, 2014h) (Newton, 2014q) ROOF SYSTEMS

The roof system is the primary shelter for

a construction and must be structurally

sound to span the space and carry its own

weight as well as the weight of attached

equipment and built up precipitation. The

gravity loads for a building originate with

the roof system, its structural layout needs

to correspond with the columns and load

bearing walls to allow the force to be

evenly distributed down the structure to

the foundation system. (Ching, Frances

D.K. Building Constructed Illustrated, 2008)

ROOF SLOPES SLOPING FLAT

-Low slope or medium to high -The roof slope affects the choice of roofing material, the underlayment and eave flushing. -Dispel rainwater easily to gutters -The space under a sloping roof can be used MAY CONSIST OF: -Wood or steel rafters -Timber or steel beams, purlins and decking -Timber or steel trusses

-Require continuous waterproof membrane -Must have slight roof slope to allow drainage to gutters. -Can serve as a useable outdoor space MAY CONSIST OF: -Reinforced concrete slabs -Flat timber or steel trusses -Timber or steel beams and decking -Weed or steel joists and sheathing (Ching, 2008)

TUTORIAL

Tiles- Terracotta or slate, pitches greater than fifteen degrees to allow water to drain away. Steel- Iron and Carbon, iron alone is brittle, adding carbon to add ductility.

- Formed into UB, IB, CHB - Not easy to cut and change on site.

CFC- Compressed fibre cement- cellulous fibres FC- Fibre cement

- Wet areas - Relatively cheap - Cladding material - Sheet can be used for flooring or cladding - Tongue for joining.

FRAMING MATERIALS

TIMBER STEEL

PRIMARY MEMBER Floor- bearer Roof- rigid beam Manufactured timber

Beam Hot rolled- UB, UC

SECONDARY MEMBER Floor- joist Roof- rafters Pine F5

Purlins Cold formed- C, Z

*Primary members span the shortest length. Secondary members span perpendicular.

ROOFS

Small Module- minimum pitch 15 degrees.

- Timber shingle

- Terracotta tile

- Concrete tile

- Slate

Long sheet- metal

- Steel (cheapest)

- Copper

- Aluminium

- Zinc

Galvanising (protective coating)

All steel that is exposed to the elements must be protected.

- Galvanic series base metals- aluminium, zinc, iron, copper.

Built up roof- Flat roof

*Pitch of roof is governed by material you use.

- Concrete, needs waterproof membrane and protective layer over membrane

- Expensive and heavy

- Terraces and plants

- Lightweight can be done- cfc.

Where the screws are drilled can be

an access point for water, meaning

the screws are generally screwed in

the crest area.

CLASS PRESENTATIONS

Cardigan Street, Carlton Alfred Street, Prahran

- Three story townhouse - ICF WALLS: polystyrene blocks act as

formwork for which concrete is poured in between two skins.

- Energy efficient - Sound absorption - Fire protected - Malthoid- waterproof material, under roof

and building. - Window extruded aluminium, moulded plastic - Joist hangers allow rigid joints and are made

of galvanised steel - 3metres of concrete in single pour - Fire rating high - Steel rods placed into the concrete for further

reinforcement/ - Triangular framing - Open web floor trusses - Softwood pine timber frame

- Load bearing bricks, two story duplex.

- Pressed brick, concrete footings - Masonry wall - Double brick cavity - Old hardwood timber - Trench mesh in slab. - PVC Sewage - Screwpiles - All services installed before slab-

sewage and water need to be underneath slab.

- Pine timber frame.

LECTURE

Dermot McGeown- Property manager

Property development

- Space creation

- Profits made or lost

- Capitalising opportunity

- Knowing the product, market and marketing

- Achieving set outcomes

- Understand land use and potential

- Understanding planning and permissions.

- Social systemPolitical systemEnterprise system

Successful development

- Location

- Market timing

- Financial staying power

- Control of construction costs

- Manage risks

Bates Smart- Roger Poole

171 Collins street- BHP BILITAN

- Tight on site- more people, less land

- Height limited by planning regulations

- 1500 metres squared floor plate

- Glass front stairs- encourage people to utilise the stairs.

- Building fits into landscape of the area

35 Spring street

- 5 basements

- 250 apartments- sold very quickly

- “Frame” views

- Balancing internal and external

- Interest of layers, interest of city= complicated balance

- Relationships are fundamental to what you design

- All about where you put the money

Royal Children’s Hospital

- 4000 rooms, global benchmark

- Hospital in the park

- After 25 years handing it back over to the state

- Property transaction

Peter Suffren

- Team work

- Guaranteed maximum price- value for money

- Lump sum tendering- doesn’t work

- If architect and builders don’t work together they cannot go to developer looking for more

money for the project.

- “Forte”- Made of timber (renewable resource, incredibly quick), screw fixed, pre grooved

and imported timber.

- Quicker make quicker sales quicker returns

WEEK 7 18/04/2014

ELEARNING

DETAILING FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE

- Basements need to be tanked

(waterproof membrane)

- Double skin walls, cavity walls,

best for waterproofing.

- Box gutters drain outside of

building reducing risk of incidents

inside of building

- Eaves protect a building and

reduce likelihood of water tracking

backwards to the building.

- Material joining areas are high risk areas for water to

penetrate.

For water to penetrate:

An opening Remove opening: -SEALANTS- Silicone -GASKETS- Artificial rubber These need to be updated and replaced as they age.

Water present at opening Keep water from opening: -GUTTERS- Collects water -DOWNPIPES- Discharges water -STORMWATER SYSTEMS -OVERLAPPING ROOFING AND CLADDING -SLOPING WINDOW SILLS AND FLASHING

Force to run water through opening Neutralise the forces that move water through openings: -GRAVITY- Slopes and overlaps -SURFACE TENSION & CAPILLARY ACTION- drip or break between

GLOSSARY

Drip- Prevents water clinging to

the underside of an opening,

neutralises the force of surface

tension and capillary action.

(Newton, 2014f)

Vapour barrier- A plastic

membrane laid under a slab to

improve performance against

rising damp from the soil. (2006,

retrieved from

www.buildingscience.com/docu

ments/digests/bsd-106-

understanding-vapour-barriers)

Gutter- A channel at the edge of

a roof that collects and carries

away rainwater.

Parapet- A low protective wall or

railing along the edge of a raised

structure like a roof or balcony.

(2014 retrieved from

http://www.thefreedictionary.co

m)

Down pipe- A pipe that carries

water from the roof to a drain or

to ground level

Flashing- A strip of metal used to

stop water penetrating the

junction of a roof with another

surface. (2014 retrieved from

http://www.dictionary.com/defi

nition/flashing)

Insulation- Process of keeping

heat, sound or electricity from

spreading. (2014 retrieved from

http://www.dictionary.com/defi

ntion/insulation)

Sealant- A material that can

make things air tight and water

resistant (2014, retrieved from

www.dictionary.com/definition/

sealant)

surfaces to prevent clinging to underside. -MOMENTUM- Gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes which deflects the water. -AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL- Air barrier on internal side creates Pressure Equalisation Chamber (PEC)

*Removing one of these factors will stop water from entering, removing two is even

better in case one fails.

Openings

Planned Unplanned

- Windows - Doors - Skylights

- Poor construction workmanship - Deterioration of materials

Controlling Heat

- Heat is conducted through building envelope, which is subjected to radiant heat and the

thermal mass of the building regulates flow of heat.

THERMAL INSULATION THERMAL BREAKS DOUBLE GLAZING

Reduces heat conduction Low conductivity when using materials known for being highly conductive.

Air spaces between panes of glass reduce the flow of heat.

Solutions:

RADIATION THERMAL MASS AIR LEAKAGE

- Reflective surfaces - Shading systems-

verandas, vegetation

Captures warmth, when temp drops the stored heat is slowly released.

- Materials: Masonry, concrete and water bodies.

- Opening - Air at opening - Force at opening - Wrap in a reflective foil

(sarking) to provide an air barrier weather stripping around doors and windows

(Newton, 2014f)

RUBBER

NATURAL SYNTHETIC

Rubber tree - Seals - Gaskets - Flooring - Insulation - Hosing and piping

Petrochemical, made in laboratory - EPDM (Gaskets and control joints) - Neoprene (control joints) - Silicone (seals)

Hardness Varies. Harder rubbers prevent erosion, softer rubbers provide better seals.

Fragility Low, doesn’t shatter or break, however if heavily weathered it could be higher.

Ductility High when heated, varied when cold. Flexibility/ Plasticity High Porosity/ permeability Waterproof Density 1.5 times denser than water Conductivity Poor conductor of heat and electricity Durability Can be very durable, varies Reusability/Recyclability High Sustainability Embodied energy varies greatly Cost Generally very cost effective Considerations - Weather related damage

- Avoid or minimise sun exposure.

(Newton, 2014w)

PLASTICS

- Able to be moulded: Carbon, silicone, hydrogen, oxygen.

THERMOPLASTICS THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS

- Mouldable when heated and become solid when cooled.

- Polyethylene - Polymethyl

methacrylate - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC,

Vinyl) - Polycarbonate (roofing)

- Only shaped once - Melamide

Formaldehyde (laminex)- finishing surfaces

- Polystyrene- insulation panels

- Synthetic rubber - EPDM - Neoprene - Silicone

Hardness Med- Low

Fragility Low-med, some degrade in sunlight Ductility High (heated) Flexibility High

Porosity/Permeability Most waterproof Density Low Conductivity Poor conductors of heat and electricity Durability Can be, varies Reusability High for thermoplastics and elastomers, limited

for Elastomers. Sustainability Embodied energy varies

Cost Generally cost effective Considerations - Weather related damage (sunlight)

- Protection and management (expansion and contraction)

(Newton, 2014t)

PAINTS

- Begins as a liquid, thin layer applied to a surface turns into a solid when in contact with air.

- Protects and colours a particular element

- Clear paints are called lacquers or varnishes.

OIL BASED WATER BASED

Not water soluable Most common High gloss finish Durable and flexible

Tools and brushes can be cleaned with water

PROPERTIES

COLOUR CONSISTENCY Needs to resist fading, red dyes are less stable in the sunlight.

DURABILITY Paint can generally only be as good as the surface on which they are painted.

- Powder coating and PVF2 are more durable modern ways to paint.

GLOSS Surface finishes from matte to gloss FLEXIBILITY/PLASTICITY Water based latex paints more flexible than oil.

(Newton, 2014s)

WEEK 8 2/05/2014

ELEARNING

Doors

ALUMINIUM DOORS & FRAMES

STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES

- Offices and commercial

- Work from the manufacturers range

- Sliding and swinging - Fly screens can easily

be added

- Used in combination with other materials, generally a steel frame with a wood door.

- Good for security purposes- tough.

Windows

ALUMINIUM STEEL

- Domestic - Most commonly

commercial

- Finer and flatter than aluminium

- Expensive - Steel loses heat

CURTAIN WALLS- A window system that is part of the concrete

structure and carries its own load. Force generally needs to be carried

around the windows.

(Newton, 2014r)

GLASS

- Formed from Silica

FORMERS FLUXES STABILISERS

- Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into glass.

- Silica

- Help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures

- Soda Ash - Lithium - Carbonate

- Combine with formers and fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling’Limestone

- Alumina - Magnesia

PROPERTIES

Porosity Non porous/ waterproof

Density Med-High. Denser than concrete

Conductivity Transmits heat and light but no electricity

Hardness High, can be scratched Fragility Generally high depending

on type Ductility Very low Flexibility/ Plasticity Very high flexibility and

plasticity when in molten form.

Durability/Lifespan Typically very durable Reusability/Recyclability Very high Sustainability/ Carbon footprint High embodied energy and

carbon footprint but ease of recycling makes it popular sustainable product

Cost Gnerally expensive to produce and transport

(Newton, 2014l)

TYPES AND MANUFACTURE

Flat Clear Tinted

- Reduce visible light transfer Laminated

- Tough, plastic interlayer (PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes

- Improves security and safety - Fragments adhere to p;astic rather

than falling away Tempered

- Heating ordinary glass to a higher temperature which it begins to soften then very quickly quenching it to create a state of high compression in the glass

- Building strength increased - Breaks into small pellet shaped

pieces - Ideal for highly exposed situations

or when the sizes required are large

Wired

GLOSSARY

Window Sash- Frame

inside a window,

members for moving

part of window

Deflection- The amount

a column moves when a

point load is applied.

Moment of inertia-

Rotational stress

Door furniture- Handles

and locks. Hardware is

the hinge and bolts etc.

Stress- Occur when a

load is applied to a

material.

Shear force- The force

that is trying to rip the

material apart.

Irving, Mark. In personal

conference, 2/05/2014

- Similar to laminated but uses wire mesh

Shaped Patterned - Rolled glass, good for privacy

Curved - Moulded and expensive

Blocks Channels

- Façade system Slumped and formed

- Design features Tubes

Fibres - Hair like strands - Telecommunications

Photovoltaic - Integrates solar cells

Float Most common glass production process in the world

- Cheap and simple - Low risk, low cost - Breaks into sharp and dangerous

shards Double and triple

glazed

- Reduced heat loss in winter - Low-e double glazing= absorbs

more radiant energy (Summer)

(Newton, 2014l)

GLASS SKINS

As time progressed windows dissapeared and changed from something that enables light into a

building encolsure to becoming the building enclosure.

- Glass involves silica, sand, controlled cooling.

- An insulator and transmittor of light.

- Natural glass only occurs through intense heat

Glass= Sand + Soda+ Lime

19th century

- Architectural glass hand blown

- Blowing, casting, cutting and colouring

- Limited by size and quality

- Wood frames a dominant feature

20th century

- Machines producing glass

- Diffused into a wide array of products

- Frames reduced to point supports

- Windows have become a glazing system

- Cheaper more systematic way to join the building

Glass is the modulator of sunlight

- Relationship with the sun shapes our design

- Sun was to be avoided in the 1890s, however in the 1990s the sun was

celebrated and the relationship became more complex.

Glass buildings used to require a lot of heating and cooling

- Discovered the potential to harness energy of the sun

- Glass interface between inside and outside

- Captures the natural world and brings it inside.

- Glass is the carrier of meaning and technical materials.

(Sadar, 2014)

TUTORIAL

Double glazing

- Increases thermal

resistance

- Very good sound

insulator too if

vacuum sealed

- Stops med-high

frequency sounds.

- Low frequency sounds

stopped through mass

Diffuse light- even light, bounced off things, not intense

Direct light- In Summer it’s a heat gain however, it is good in winter.

3 strategies for keeping moisture from entering a building

Minimise openings Keep water away from opening

Neutralise the forces that move water through openings

A building can’t have no windows or doors so it is difficult to minimise these sorts of openings.

Gutters - Eaves gutter- On the

edge of the eaves. Back edge of the gutter higher than the front edge to take overflow away from building

- Box gutter- Concealed behind parapet

Sealant or caulking

Forces considered - Gravity - Wind - Momentum - Surface tension and

capillary action - Air pressure

differential. Cavity

- Prevents water

- Fills a hole, can’t be too big or may break.

- Silicon

penetrating inner skin - Stops the tendency of

pressure of outside water being sucked into building.

Ground water - DPC: Damp proof

course stops water from being sucked up (capillary action)

- Placed underneath concrete slab.

GLASS

Glass is rolled and can be very different thicknesses

Safety glass

- Laminated glass

- Two pieces of glass glued together with a film

- Film holds two pieces together if it breaks

- Could be fit Insitu if needed

Toughened glass

- Heated more meaning it is solid

- More embodied energy

- Shatters into tiny pieces

- Cannot process on site

- Must be the right size

Laminated Toughened glass

- Two pieces of toughened glass glued together

- The strongest type of glass

Seraphic glass

- Colour back

- Glass splashbacks

Anneal glass

- When it breaks it shatters and can be quite dangerous.

Curtain walls

- Glass clad

- Vision panels

- Spandrel for where the concrete slab lies on a high rise building so you cannot see the slab.

TASK

Recreate the drawing allocated to you of a section of

the Oval Pavillion at full size scale on a piece of A1

paper. My drawing was a glass wall cut out starting

from the slab which had fixed glazed glass and an RHS.

WEEK 9 9/05/2014

ELEARNING

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Monolithic

- Single material

- Materials combined so that components are indistinguishable.

E.g. metal alloys

Composite Two or more materials are combined in such a way that individual materials remain easily distinguishable.

1. Combination of two or more materials which differ in

composition or form

2. Remain bonded together

3. Retain their identities and properties

4. Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic

characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components

acting alone.

- Laminate

- Fibrous

- Particulate

- Hybrid

Made from Common forms

Common uses

Benefits

Fibre Reinforced cement

Cellulose (or glass) fibres. Portland cement; sand and water

Sheet and board products and shaped products

Exterior or interior wet areas

- Doesn’t burn - Resistance to

water, termite damage, rotting and warping

- Relatively inexpensive

Fibreglass Mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins

Flat and profiled sheet products and shaped products

Water tanks Baths Swimming pools Wall cladding

- Fire resistant - Waterproof - Light weight - Strong

Aluminium Sheet composites

Aluminium and plastic

Plastic core of phenolic resin lined

Feature cladding material in interior and

- Seamless details

- Less aluminium means light

GLOSSARY

Sandwich Panel-

Plastic core and two

thin aluminium

sheets bonded to

the outside, a

composite material.

Bending- External

force applied to the

element causing

internal stress and

the element to

distort (bend).

(Ching, 2008)

Skirting- Piece of

material that covers

the bottom of the

wall to blend the

wall and the floor.

Composite Beam-

generally a timber

composite

combine’s timber

either solid or

engineered, with

galvanised pressed

steel.

Shadow line joint- A

recessed joint, does

not blend the two

walls together but

leaves a small

recessed area.

Cornice- Blends

walls together

with two external skins of thin aluminium sheet.

exterior locations

weight - Less expensive - Weather

resistant - Unbreakable - Shock resistant

Timber composites

Combinations of solid timber, engineered timber and galvanised pressed steel.

Timber top and bottom chord with galvanised steel or engineered board/ plywood webs.

Beams (Floor joists and roof rafters) and trusses

- Minimum amount of material used for maximum efficiency

- Cost effective - Easy to install - Easy to

accommodate services

Free reinforced polymers

Polymers (plastics) with glass, timber or carbon fibres.

Moulded or pultrusian processed products

Decking (and external cladding) Structural elements such as beams and columns Public pedestrian bridges using glass or carbon fibres Carbon fibre reinforced polymer rebar

- High strength FRP with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel

- Corrosion resistant

(Newton, 2014B)

Joint Sealants

Joint sealants must be durable, resilient and have cohesive and

adhesive strength, these properties will help to provide an

effective seal against water and air.

- Low range sealants: Caulking, Oil based or acrylic

compounds.

- Medium range sealants: used for nonworking,

mechanically fastened joints, made from butyl rubber,

acrylic or neoprene compounds.

- High range sealants: Used for working joints subject to a significant amount of

movement, such as those in curtain. Made from polymercaptans,

polysulfide’s, polyurethanes and silicones.

Ching, 2008

Movement Joints

In response to changes in temperature, building materials expand and contract. Some

swell and shrink with moisture differentiation and others deflect under a load. Joints

must allow for this movement to happen without cracking or compromising their

structure.

Expansion joints Control joints Isolation joints

Continuous slots constructed between two parts of a building allowing thermal and moisture expansion to occur

Continuous grooves in concrete slabs and masonry which regulates the amount of cracking that can occur.

Divides a large structure into sections so that movement can occur between the two parts.

(Ching, 2008)

Construction Detailing

How materials are put together- Considerations

Joints Health and Safety

Ageing Gracefully

Repairable Surfaces Cleanable Surfaces

Maintenance Access

Constructability

Movement Joints

Part of the Building Code

- Fire - Stairs - Wet

areas

Choosing materials that suit the location

- Copper improves with age

Plasterboard easy to repair.

- Installing Skirtings

- Cornices - Corners are

the most vulnerable

Avoiding Carpets and corners; coved skirtings

Suspended ceilings hides all services and allows easy access from above

Difficult details often means expensive.

- Forgiving - Easy to

assemble - Possible to

adjust

(Newton, 2014e)

Columns

Rigid, relatively slender structural members that support axial compressive loads,

applied to the end of the members.

- Short columns= failure by crushing

- Long columns= failure by buckling

(Ching, 2008)

Beams

Rigid structural members designed to carry loads across space to supporting elements (columns)

- Deflection= Perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from the original position

under a load. This deflection increases as the load and span

increases.

- Bending moment= external, causes part of a structure to

rotate or bend.

- Resisting moment= internal moment equal and opposite to

the bending moment

- Bending stress= combination of compressive and tension

stresses, beginning at the cross section to resist a force.

- Moment of inertia= Sum of the products of each element of an

area, it indicates how the cross sectional area of a structural member is distributed.

Ching, 2008

TUTORIAL

Composite material- Aluminium sandwich panel

Enamel- Baked on paint- eats into the pores.

Aluminium windows- Colorbond or powder coated

Coved Skirting- Used in nursing homes, easy to clean. Vinyl.

- Skirtings: Bottom of the wall

- Cornice: Blends walls

- Architraves: Side of windows

Tolerance allows for materials to move and ease of buildability.

To combine two materials you either:

- Overlap

- Cover it up

- Materials need to either be side by side or one over the top.

Carpet

- Wool fibres and Nylon. 80/20 mix

- Laid in rolls, broad loon

- Carpet tiles: Synthetic nylon, durable, used in schools and nursing

homes

TASK

Site visit 1- Faraday Street

- An old 1880 primary school

- 2 story load bearing brick building

- Steel framed community centre

- Relatively light weight steel

- Light weight metal studs (commercial)

- Heritage- cultural/social architectural. Heritage Victoria

imply precise restraints.

Faraday street is a commercial building

meaning it is incredibly services intense.

Black pipes= insulated.

Orange cables= heavy duty, high

voltage.

The extension of the original building is

planned to be a library, using steel framing.

The steel needed to be brought in by a 16

tonne crane as there is limited access to

the site.

The steel is connected to neighbouring

steel via bolts, this is quicker and welding

tends to be avoided on site.

Timber fixing plates have been added to

the steel to make connecting timber to it

much easier

UB steel beam

Structural plywood for

the flooring- 25mm

thick

The old bricks

that have been

removed from

the original site

are being kept

and reused The exterior masonry walls are 380mm

thick and contain no cavity

Platform ladders

or platforms

used for OHS

purposes.

Polyethylene

insulation.

Lift shaft- Welded on site due to

restrictions on access to the

building.

Timber studs are 120mm apart

The lift is going to be a see

through lift, bystanders can see

the mechanics of the lift as it is

working, so it will have a large

glass pane.

Plasterboard and Fibre cement are the

wall coverings for the site. The

plasterboard is for the typical areas, the

fibre cement is for the wet areas and

areas that may be harder wearing than

others and experience more bumps.

Fibre cement

Three coats of render

needed to patch up

wall to suit traditional

surrounds

Suspended metal

framed ceiling,

allows for all the

service to sit above

the ceiling with

quite easy access.

Site visit 2- Corner of Rathdowne Street and Princes Street

- High-rise housing: Social housing and public housing

- PPP- Public private Partnership

- Precast structure- large module load bearing. 10

tonne panels, spanning two floors.

- Plasterboard lined interior in general areas, fibre

cement in areas that need a more resilient product.

- Green plasterboard= wet areas.

- Red plasterboard= fire resilient

- White= standard

- 110 apartments, most single bedroom aimed

generally at overseas students.

This massive steel UC as well as

another very similar UB is

supporting triple skin brickwork

from the level above. A special

footing needed to be poured

below to also help support such

a large weight of bricks. This

needed to be done because

there was originally the same

triple skin brickwork on this level

but was removed to allow for a

larger room.

As seen in very early,

original images of the

building there were

finials on the top of the

building, in an effort to

restore the building as

best possible, they have

constructed new ones to

replicate the older finials.

They are extremely

heavy and thus need to

be supported by the

structure on the right.

Conference room full of

cables. Cables on site also

needed to be kept off the

ground, hence the blue

cable in the image

- Two buildings; one 6 floors, including a ground floors and one 5 floors.

Services

- NBN- National Broadband network. Router in wardrobe of each apartment

- Gas

- Electricity

- Lighting

- Fire services

- Hose reels

- Split system air conditioners

- Smoke detectors in every apartment. One apartment contains a sprinkler

Bondeck on roof,

cast into the

concrete slab

above, fires

cannot come up

through the floor

Kitchen exhaust

and toilet exhaust

pumped out onto

the street

Stormwater pumped

into basement tank,

when that tank is full it

is then pumped onto the

street.

Lagging around pipe to

prevent noise of the

water rushing through

the pipe

Metal framing

system. Corridors

will be covered in

fire resistant

plasterboard.

Exterior precast

walls 180-200

thick.

Encapsulating

the bathroom

with

plasterboard at

the top allows

cables to be

guided through

here nice and

neatly if done

correctly.

Gap between

precast elements

and stud wall

Aluminium

window frames

will be put in.

Soldier piles drilled from the

top.

They continue 15m down

below the basement.

Made by placing a redo cage

in the ground and filling it

with concrete

Capping beam sits at the top

One and a half levels of

carpark

Shotcrete wall- concrete

sprayed onto the wall. Steel

reinforcement is placed in

before spraying takes place.

This type of concrete is very

sticky.

Grout between

precast panel

and the slab

Sprinklers through

the whole carpark

Saw cuts in the slab

to prevent cracking

Back-propped

every two and a

half metres for

upper levels that

have not been

completed fully yet.

At least two levels

must be propped at

one time.

Propping precast

walls- must have

two solid

connections for

panels whilst they

are setting into

place

Slab stressing-

Placing of cables in

the slab and

stretching the

cables to deflect

the slab up,

creating maximal

strength

Exterior panels contain 3 different patterns. These are

achieved by setting the precast panel into rubber

matting which contains the desired pattern. Once the

concrete panel sets, it comes out with the pattern.

Rebate between

precast panels

stops water coming

up and under the

panels, it is forced

to drain away

instead.

WEEK 10 16/05/2014

ELEARNING

LATERAL SUPPORTS

Lateral forces= Wind and Earthquakes

Resisting these lateral loads is a major

design concern.

- Wind forces are the function of

the exposed surface area to

wind, they act on the surface.

- Earthquake forces are a function

of the amount of building mass

above the foundation, they act

on the base.

Resisting Systems- prevent a structure

from overturning

Bracing Diaphragms/ Shear walls

Moment Joints

Provide diagonal paths for moving the lateral loads

Resist and collect lateral forces. Shear Walls transfer and stiffen the wall, resist the forces in the vertical plane

Rigidly connected joints. Act as a monolithic unit

(Newton, 2014)

Design considerations

WIND LOAD SEISMIC LOAD

Tall and skinny buildings largely affected

Irregular configurations largely affected

Unusual shapes Size Structures with large openings

Form

Large cantilevers Scale Geometry- irregular vs regular

Consequences of not employing Resisting Systems

Soft Story One or more floors are weaker than the others. Common at ground level and can cause a whole building to collapse. It

GLOSSARY

Shear Wall- Prevents a building

from tearing apart, firmly holds

the building still. (Newton, 2014)

Soft Storey- Frequently found at

ground level, where the level is

weaker than the others, could

cause whole buildings to collapse

(Newton, 2014)

Braced Frames- Generally a

diagonal member spanning

across a wall to carry lateral

loads through the building

(Newton, 2014)

Life Cycle- choosing materials

that are durable and will be able

to be recycled and reused. (Hes,

2014)

Deflect- To bend and distort

aside from a straight line. (2014,

Retrieved from

http://i.word.com/idictionary/de

flect)

Fascia- Usually horizontal, flat

member of a building that covers

the ends of rafters (2014,

retrieved from

http://i.word.com/idictionary/fa

scia)

Corrosion- Deterioration of

metal from a chemical reaction

between the metal and the

surrounding environment. (Bell,

Terrence. 2014. Retrieved from

http://metals.about.com/od/Cor

rosion/a/What-Is-Corrosion.htm)

Indoor Environmental Quality

(IEQ)- Quality of the buildings

health and environment in

relation to the people inside it.

(2013, retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topic

s/indoorenv)

needs to be braced.

Re-entrant corners

Irregular geometries, differential stiffness, cause the building parts to move at different rates. The corner needs to be stiffened.

Discontinuous Structural Members

Interruption in force path flow. Joint needs to be strengthened at this point.

Torsion When the centre of mass of the floor does not coincide with its centre of rigidity.

- Produces torsion and deflection - Steel rigid connections and a

shear wall at each end can be preventative measures.

(Newton, 2014)

COLLAPSES AND FAILURES

Holiday Beach house

- Architectural house

- Fascia is very wide and thin

- The whole building is extremely exposed to the elements including sun and rain.

- Results in warping and cracking

- Corrosion and salt air problems

- Plywood is used as the backing to the cladding, however it is only joint using glue. This glue

is not satisfactory for long term performance.

- Sealants and workmanship has failed

- Sheets begin to blister, de-bonding between the glue and the plywood sheeting causing the

sheets to fall off.

- As a solution the sheets get nailed back on, completely losing the whole aesthetic quality the

glue was originally used to achieve.

- The sheets begin to rust.

- The building gets reclad, however moisture has already gotten in between the cladding and

the structure and causes condensation, leading to a long term performance issue.

- All materials must be considered in terms of suitability for the location.

(Ashford, 2014)

HEROES AND VILLAINS IN MATERIALS

Health Environment Pollution Life cycle

- Asthma - Reduce life

span - Nausea - Bronchitis - Headaches

How to choose good materials

- Reduce VOCs in paints, glues etc. Choose water based

- Reduce dust, less carpet and shelves

- Minimum cleaning, reduces chemicals that need to be used.

VILLAINS - Glues - Paints - Carpets - Cleaning

chemicals HEROES

- Bamboo - Termi-mesh - Water based

paints - Organic

cleaning products

Wasteful= costly. Invest in renewed resources- things that grow VILLAINS

- Timbers - Large and

small tiles. Using the right sized tile in the room you are working with to reduce wastage.

HEROES - Grasses - Ortech - Recycled

timber - Carpet

- Climate change - Optimise

lighting - Reduce

embodied energy

- Smog - Acid Rain - Minimise

waste, choose natural and organic

VILLAINS - Aluminium - Light globes - PVC - Cigarette

smoke HEROES

- Timber - Australian

made products, reduces distance covered to bring it to you.

- Diode light - Linoleum

flooring - Tiles - Wool

Design for durability - Best solution - Consider

timelessness - Consider the

ability to easily reuse and recycle the product. And how many times could you recycle it.

(Hes, 2014)

A TALE OF CORROSION- THE STATUE OF LIBERTY

- The statue of liberty is a copper skinned structure supported by an iron skeleton which is

connected via iron ribs.

- Copper Oxidisation: When exposed to the atmosphere, copper reacts with oxygen and

eventually turns into a green colour. The green can become a design aspect for many people

Initial Detail Consideration

- Galvanic corrosion between copper skin and iron frame. Due to two dissimilar metals.

- The two metals needed to be separated

SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2

Two materials separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac impregnated cloth. Problem: Shellac cloth became porous providing great conditions for more corrosion.

- The iron started to rust and expand, pulling the rivets away from the copper skin

(Cameron, 2014)

Remove iron armature and replace with Teflon coated stainless steel. This decision was made after extensive research into the product.

- Still have two dissimilar metals which poses a potential for corrosion, meaning the need for ongoing maintenance.

- Teflon doesn’t hold water

BUILDING MATERIALS

- Each material has properties of the strength it contains,in its elasticity and stiffness.

- Elasticity is the ability to deform under stress of a material and then return to its original

form when the load is removed.

- Stiffness refers to how far a material can either be pushed or pulled to its elastic limit and

the amount of force required to do so.

Other important considerations

Resistance Water and water vapour resistance needs to be considered if the mtaerial is to be exposed to the elements

Thermal conductivity Especially when used for constructing the exterior of a structure

Transmission, reflection, absorption Of visible light and radiant heat, when the material is going to be used as a finish of a room.

Density/Hardness It’s resistance to wear or abrasion, its durability and not only the cost of the material but the cost to maintain the material.

Resist combustion Withstand fire exposure and not produce toxic fumes

Colour, texture and scale Considering how the material fills the overall design

Standard shapes and sizes Materials can be manufactured in stock dimensions, which may differ from each manufacturer. Meaning the manufacturer must be chosen beforehand.

Dimensional Stability How the material responds to changes in temperature and moisture.

(Ching, 2008)

LIFE CYCLE

Not just considering the aesthetic, functional and economic qualities of a material, but assesing the

effect this material will have on the environment.

- Extraction and processing of raw materials

- Manufacturing

- Packadging

- Transportation

- Maintenance

- Recyclability and reusability of the material in years to come

- The final disposal

INPUTS LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY OUTPUTS (Ching, 2008)

STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS

STATIC DYNAMIC

Applied slowly to a structure, deformation of the structure occurs when static force is at its maximum.

- Live Loads: people, furniture, stored materials. Anything that moves or is moveable.

- Snow Loads: accumulation of snow on the roof.

- Rain Loads: accumulation of water on the roof.

- Impact Loads: Kinetic Loads of short duration due to moving vehicles etc.

Dynamic Loads are applied very quickly to a structure, that can have rapid changes in magnitude and where the load is applied. WIND LOADS

- Forces from the energy of the moving wind. Assumed to come from a horizontal direction

- Flutter refers to the oscillations of a flexible member caused by the wind.

- Tall, slender buildings, unusual shaped buildings, lightweight, flexible buildings all require computer modelling to decipher how they will respond to wind.

EARTHQUAKE LOADS Longitudinal and transverse vibrations.

- Base is affected most. - Base shear can be computed to tell the

minimum design value for the total lateral, seismic force on a building.

- High rise structures, irreuglar shapes and structures built on soft soilds require a more complex analysis.

- The overturning moment of a structure, produced by a lateral load applied at a distance, must be counterbalanced by an external restoring moment and an internal resisting moment. These are provided by shear walls and columns.

(Ching, 2008)

STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM

As each structural element receives an applied load the supporting elements

must react with equal and opposite forces, creating a state of rest.

Two conditions necessary:

1. Vector sum of all forces must equal zero

2. The algebraic sum of all the forces about any point or line must also equal zero.

(Ching,2008)

TUTORIAL

Corrosion- Oxidation.

Required for corrosion to happen:

- Metals (potential difference between these)

- Electrical difference

- Medium (water) to transfer electrons

- Oxygen

For a roof system, gutter and flashing must be compatible with roof material. For example zinc roof

sheet and galvanised (zinc coating) steel gutter compatible because it is a zinc to zinc transfer.

Earthquakes

Lateral forces- generally comes in from the sides

- Need to be withstood by a structure

- Bracing and rigid joint not structurally sufficient for earthquake design.

- Low storey must have flexible joints, this means the forces are not transferred up the

structure

Seaside environment

- Salt attacks metals

- Plywood is a reasonable material, however gluing of plywood is avoided. Generally it is

connected via screws or nails.

TASK

Rectangular Hollow

Section (RHS), made

from steel

Double Glazed glass

windows

Steel plate

Concrete Slab

Function Room- front window

section

Function Room- front window

section 3-dimensional version

Function Room- front window

section in finished structure

Rectangular Hollow

Section (RHS), made

from steel

Double Glazed glass

windows

REFERENCES

Ashford, Peter (2008, 13/05/2014). Collapses and Failures [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Cameron, Rebecca (2014, 13/05/2014). A Tale of Corrosion [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be Ching, F. D. K. (2008). Building Construction illustrated (Fourth ed.). United States: John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. Hes, Dr Dominique (2014, 13/05/2014). Heroes and Villains: A Framework for Selecting materials [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be Hutson, Andrew (2014, 25/03/2014). The Pantheon: An example of Early Roman Concrete [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be Lewi, Dr Hannah (2014, 01/04/2014). Ghery's House: An Exploration of Wrapping [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be Lewis, Professor Miles (2014, 09/04/2014). Spanning Spaces [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-

uSaO8&feature=youtu.be Newton, Clare (2014a, 16/03/2014). Bricks [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be (2014b, 07/05/2014). Composite Materials [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be (2014c, 25/03/2014). Concrete [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be (2014d, 16/03/2014). Concrete Blocks [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be (2014e, 08/05/2014). Construction Detailing [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be (2014f, 16/04/2014). Detailing for Heat and Moisture [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be (2014g, 01/04/2014). Engineered Timber Products [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be (2014h, 09/04/2014). Ferrous Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-

is&feature=youtu.be (2014i, 25/03/2014). Floor Systems [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be (2014j, 17/03/2014). Footings and Foundations [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be (2014k, 02/04/2014). From Wood to Timber [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be (2014l, 30/04/2014). Glass [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be

(2014m, 25/03/2014). Insitu Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be

(2014n, 16/03/2014). Introduction to Masonry [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be

(2014o, 16/03/2014). Introduction to Mass construction [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be

(2014p, 09/04/2014). Introduction to Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be

(2014q, 09/04/2014). Non Ferrous Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be

(2014r, 30/04/2014). Openings: Doors and Windows [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be

(2014s, 15/04/2014). Paints [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be

(2014t, 15/04/2014). Plastics [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be

(2014u, 25/03/2014). Precast Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be

(2014v, 9/04/2014). Roof Systems [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be

(2014w, 16/04/2014). Rubber [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be

(2014x, 16/03/2014). Stone [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be

(2014y, 18/03/2014). Structural elements [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be

(2014z, 01/04/2014). Timber Properties and Considerations [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be

(2014{). Walls, Grids and Columns [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be

Sadar, John (2014, 30/04/2014). 10>1: Something Glass-y [Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be (2014, 13/05/2014). Interactive Structures [Retrieved from

https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_4336783_1&course_id=_271852_1