Location Strategies Hassan Abualola Charles Angotto Shaun Jameson John Reardon Joel Vastl
Feb 25, 2016
Location Strategies
Hassan AbualolaCharles AngottoShaun JamesonJohn Reardon
Joel Vastl
Agenda
• The Strategic Importance of Location
• Factors that Affect Location Decisions
• Methods of Evaluation Location Alternatives
• Service Location Strategy
The Strategic Importance of Location
• Location Strategy
• Location and Costs
• Location and Innovation
Location Strategy
• It is one of the most important strategic decisions made by many
companies (FedEx, Mercedes-Benz, and Hard Rock)
• Has a significant impact on both fixed costs and variable costs
• Companies make location decisions relatively infrequently
• 3 Location options
• Decision making often depends on the type of business
• “The objective of location strategy is to maximize the benefit of location to
the firm”
Location and Costs
• Location decisions often has the power to make or break a
company’s business strategy because it is such a significant cost
and revenue driver.
• Once management has committed to a specific location, many
costs are firmly in place and difficult to reduce
• Hard work to determine an optimal facility location is a good
investment
Location and Innovation
• Cost is not always the most important aspect of a strategic
decision
• Four attributes that seem to affect overall competitiveness as
well as innovation
1. Presence of high quality and specialized inputs
2. An environment that encourages investment and intense local
rivalry
3. Pressure and insight gained from a sophisticated local market
4. Local presence of related and supporting industries
Factors That Affect Location Decisions
• The Basics:
1. Country Decision
2. Region/ Community Decision
3. Site Decision
• Labor Productivity
• Exchange Rates and Currency Risks
• Costs
• Political Risk, Values and Culture
• Proximity
Country DecisionKey Success Factors
1. Political risks, government rules, attitudes, incentives
2. Cultural and economic issues
3. Location of markets4. Labor talent, attitudes,
productivity, costs5. Availability of supplies,
communications, energy6. Exchange rates and
currency risks
Region/Community DecisionKey Success Factors
1. Corporate desires2. Attractiveness of region 3. Labor availability and costs4. Costs and availability of
utilities5. Environmental regulations6. Government incentives
and fiscal policies7. Proximity to raw materials
and customers8. Land/construction costs
MN
WI
MI
IL IN OH
Site DecisionKey Success Factors
1. Site size and cost2. Air, rail, highway, and
waterway systems3. Zoning restrictions4. Proximity of
services/ supplies needed
5. Environmental impact issues
Labor Productivity
• Area’s wage rate• Companies do not want to go to low• ↓Wage Rate = ↓Knowledge • ↑Wage Rate = ↑Knowledge
Labor cost per dayProductivity (units per day)
= Cost per unit
Exchange Rates and Currency Risk
• With the low wage rate that particular country must have GOOD exchange rates
Costs
• Tangible Costs- easily measured costs such as utilities, labor, materials, taxes
• Intangible costs- less easy to quantify and include education, public transportation, community, quality-of-life
Political Risk, Values and Culture
• National, State, Local governments’ attitudes towards
private company
• National, State, Local property, zoning and pollution laws
• Workers values differ with culture
• Do not want to insult a different countries beliefs,
morals, and or culture
Proximity
•→ MarketsNear customers
•→ SuppliersNear raw material
•→ Competitors clustering
Methods of Evaluating Location Alternatives
• 4 Types of Methods• The Factor-Rating Method• Example• Locational Break-Even Analysis• Example• Example• Center-of-Gravity Method• Example• Example• Transportation Model
Four Types of Methods• The Factor-Rating Method: A location method that instills
objectivity into the process of identifying hard to evaluate costs.
• Locational Break-Even Analysis: The use of cost-volume analysis to make an economic comparison of location alternatives.
• Center-of-Gravity Method: A mathematical technique used for finding the location of a distribution center that will minimize distribution costs.
• Transportation Model: The objective of the transportation model is to determine the best pattern of shipments from several points of supply to several points of demand.
The Factor-Rating Method• Popular method because a wide variety of factors can be
included in the analysis.• Qualitative and Quantitative
• Six Steps• Develop a list of relevant factors called key success factors• Assign a weight to each factor• Develop a scale for each factor• Score each location for each factor• Multiply score by weights for each factor for each location• Recommend the location with the highest point score
Example
Locational Break-Even Analysis
• Used to determine which location provides the lowest cost• Can be done mathematically or graphically
• Three Steps• Determine the fixed and variable cost for each location• Plot the cost for each location• Select location with the lowest total cost for expected
production volume.
Example• Three locations:
Selling price = $120Expected volume = 2,000 units
Akron $30,000 $75 $180,000Bowling Green $60,000 $45 $150,000Chicago $110,000 $25 $160,000
Fixed Variable TotalCity Cost Cost Cost
Total Cost = Fixed Cost + (Variable Cost x Volume)
Example
–$180,000 –
–$160,000 –$150,000 –
–$130,000 –
–$110,000 –
––
$80,000 ––
$60,000 –––
$30,000 ––
$10,000 ––
Annu
al co
st
| | | | | | |
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000Volume
Bowling Green
cost curve
Akron cost
curve
Chicago cost curve
Center-of-Gravity Method
• Finds location of distribution center that minimizes distribution costs• This method takes into account the…• Location of markets• Volume of goods shipped to those markets• Shipping Costs for distribution center
• Steps• Place existing locations on a coordinate grid• Calculate X and Y coordinates for ‘center of gravity’
ExampleNorth-South
East-West
120 –
90 –
60 –
30 –
–| | | | | |
30 60 90 120 150Arbitrary origin
Chicago (30, 120)New York (130, 130)
Pittsburgh (90, 110)
Atlanta (60, 40)
Center of gravity (66.7, 93.3)+
ExampleNumber of Containers
Store Location Shipped per Month
Chicago (30, 120) 2,000Pittsburgh (90, 110) 1,000New York (130, 130) 1,000Atlanta (60, 40) 2,000
x-coordinate =(30)(2000) + (90)(1000) + (130)(1000) + (60)(2000)
2000 + 1000 + 1000 + 2000= 66.7
y-coordinate =(120)(2000) + (110)(1000) + (130)(1000) + (40)(2000)
2000 + 1000 + 1000 + 2000= 93.3
Transportation Model
• Finds an initial feasible solution and then makes step-by-step improvements until an optimal solution is reached.• Solutions will minimize total production
and shipping costs
Service Location Strategy
• Service Location Strategy
• Service/Retail Location Strategy
• Goods Producing Location
• Service/Retail Techniques
• Goods Production Techniques
• Service/Retail Assumptions
• Goods Producing Assumptions
• Hotel Location Selection
• Call Center Industry
• Geographical Info Systems
Service Location Strategy
• Purchasing power of customer-drawing area
• Service and image compatibility with demographics of the
customer-drawing area
• Competition/Quality of the competition
• Uniqueness of the firm’s and competitors’ locations
• Physical qualities of facilities and neighboring businesses
• Operating policies of the firm
• Quality of management
Service/Retail Location Strategy
• Revenue focus• Volume/revenue
• Drawing area; purchasing power• Competition; advertising/pricing
• Physical quality• Parking/access; security/lighting; appearance/image
• Cost determinants• Rent• Management caliber• Operations policies (hours, wage rates)
Goods Producing Location
• Cost Focus• Tangible costs
• Transportation cost of raw material/ finished goods• Energy and utility cost; labor; raw material; taxes,
• Intangible and future costs• Attitude toward union• Quality of life• Education expenditures by state• Quality of state and local government
Service/Retail Techniques
• Regression models to determine importance of various
factors
• Factor-rating method
• Traffic counts
• Demographic analysis of drawing area
• Purchasing power analysis of area
• Center-of-gravity method
• Geographic information systems
Goods Production Techniques• Transportation method
• Factor-rating method
• Locational break-even analysis
• Crossover charts
Service/Retail Assumptions• Location is a major determinant of revenue
• High customer-contact issues are critical
• Costs are relatively constant for a given area; therefore, the revenue function is critical
Goods Producing Assumptions• Location is a major determinant of cost
• Most major costs can be identified explicitly for each site
• Low customer contact allows focus on the identifiable costs
• Intangible costs can be evaluated
Hotel Location Selection
• Strategically Most Important Decision
• La Quinta used 35 variables
• Refined to 4 variables:• Price of the hotel• Median income levels• State population for hotel• Nearby colleges
Call Center Industry
• No face to face or movement of materials
• Very broad location options
• Traditional variables are not relevant
• Cost and availability of labor may drive location decisions
Geographical Info Systems
• Important tool to help in location analysis
• Enables more complex demographic analysis
• Available data bases include• Detailed census data• Detailed maps• Utilities• Geographic features• Locations of major services