Load Monitoring and Design of Power Plant with its specifications

Abstract

Now-a-days electricity is generating on a large scale.In this era electricityplays very important role in our life.But as soon as the time goes on theprice of electricity is increasing so we have to develop such thing in which weminimize this threat of increasing price and the solution of this is to developour own small plant which runs our house. In house along with electricitywe are also using thermal and cooling load.In this report our main purposeis to develop such engineering scheme in which we become independent ofany grid system and we design such plant that runs our house in which werun our thermal , electrical and cooling load on this plant in cheap way thisreport comprises of all the methods mentioned here and how we can shiftour house load , what are the basic schemes and what are the specificationsfor designing this type of plant and how we shift our thermal , electrical andcooling load of our house to such type of plant.

Contents

1 Background 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 House Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2.1 Ground Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2 First Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Electrical And Cooling Load and its Assessment 42.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 Electrical And Cooling Load And Its Assessment . . . . . . . 4

2.2.1 Energy Savers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.2 Electric Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.3 Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.4 Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.5 Washing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.6 Clothes Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2.7 Submersible Water Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2.8 Room Air Conditioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2.9 Ceiling Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2.10 Sockets Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.3 Total Units Consumed of Electrical And Cooling Load . . . . 7

3 Thermal Load and its Assessment 93.1 Heat Loss Due to Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1.1 Heat Loss Due to Energy Savers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.1.2 Heat Loss Due to Electric Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.1.3 Heat Loss Due to Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1.4 Heat Loss Due to Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1.5 Heat Loss Due to Washing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1.6 Heat Loss Due to Clothes Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.1.7 Heat Loss Due to Submersible Water Pump . . . . . . 123.1.8 Heat Loss Due to Room Air Conditioner . . . . . . . . 12

Power Plant Engineering (LAB) Report c©Malik Muhammad Zaid

3.1.9 Heat Loss Due to Ceiling Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.1.10 Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 Total Heat Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Sunlight Capturing Techniques 154.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.1.1 Thermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.1.2 Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.2 Solar Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3 Concentrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.3.1 Parabolic Dish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.3.2 Parabolic Trough Solar Concenterator . . . . . . . . . 164.3.3 Power Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.3.4 Heliostats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.3.5 Simple Solar Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5 Electricity Generation Techniques From Solar power 205.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.2 Solar Power Generation (Thermal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.3 Large Scale Solar Thermal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.4 Small Scale Thermal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5.4.1 Solar Stirling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.4.2 Solar Power Generation (Voltaic) . . . . . . . . . . . . 225.4.3 Small Scale Photovoltaic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6 Heating Techniques From Solar power 246.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.2 Solar Water Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.2.1 Types of Solar Water Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . 246.2.2 Active Solar Water Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . 256.2.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6.3 Storage Tanks And Solar Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3.1 Flat Plate Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3.2 Integral collector-storage systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3.3 Evacuated-tube solar collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6.4 Room Air Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.4.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.5 Installing The System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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7 Cooling Techniques From Solar power 297.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.1.1 Desiccant cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.1.2 Solar collectors for solar cooling systems . . . . . . . . 30

8 Designing Parameters for Electrical , Thermal and CoolingFor house 328.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328.2 Selection of Panels For Electrical Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

8.2.1 Photovoltaic Energy Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338.3 Solar Insolation When Panel Facing Maximum Light will be . 33

8.3.1 Energy When Panel will be facing Maximum Light . . 348.3.2 Solar Irradiance at Different Angles . . . . . . . . . . . 408.3.3 Solar Energy Generated at Position Vertical Surface . . 408.3.4 Solar Energy Generated at Position Optimal Year Round 418.3.5 Solar Energy Generated at Position Adjustable Through-

out the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.3.6 Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Winter Per-

formance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.3.7 Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Summer Per-

formance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.3.8 Solar Energy Generated at Position Flat Surface . . . . 43

Page

List of Figures

1.1 House Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Ground Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 First Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 EnergySavers Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 Electric Iron Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.3 Refrigerator Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 Television Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 Washing Machine Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 Clothes Dyer Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 Submersible Water Pump Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 Room Air Conditioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.9 Ceiling Fan Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.10 Sockets Load Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.11 Unit Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Heat Loss Due to Energy Savers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 Heat Loss Due to Electric Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3 Heat Loss Due to Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.4 Heat Loss Due to Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.5 Heat Loss Due to Washing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.6 Heat Loss Due to Clothes Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.7 Heat Loss Due to Submersible Water Pump . . . . . . . . . . 123.8 Heat Loss Due to Room Air Conditioner . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.9 Heat Loss Due to Ceiling Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.10 Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.11 Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 Parabolic Dish Solar Concentrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.2 Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.3 Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrators Source: US DOE (EERE) 17


4.4 Power Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.5 Heliostats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.6 Simple Solar Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.1 Large Scale Electric Power from Solar thermal Energy . . . . . 215.2 Small Scale Electric Power from Solar thermal Energy . . . . . 225.3 Photovoltaic Electric Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.1 Solar Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.1 Desiccant cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

8.1 Specifications of Solar Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328.2 Solar Insolation When Panel Facing Maximum Light . . . . . 338.3 Panel facing Maximum Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.4 Energy During January . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.5 Energy During Febuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.6 Energy During March . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.7 Energy During April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.8 Energy During May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.9 Energy During June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.10 Energy During July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.11 Energy During August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.12 Energy During September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.13 Energy During October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.14 Energy During November . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.15 Energy During December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.16 Solar Irradiance at Different Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.17 Solar Energy Generated at Position Vertical Surface . . . . . . 418.18 Solar Energy Generated at Position Optimal Year Round . . . 418.19 Solar Energy Generated at Position Adjustable Throughout

the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.20 Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Winter Performance 428.21 Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Summer Performance 438.22 Solar Energy Generated at Position Flat Surface . . . . . . . . 43

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Chapter 1

Background

1.1 Introduction

In this report the place under observation is my house which is situatedin kala Gujran,Jhelum.the place consists of 19-Marlas.The House is doublestorey and consists of total 5 washrooms and the other extensive specificationof house is as follow:

Figure 1.1: House Specifications

1.2 House Map

The house which is under consideration consists of two storeys the maps ofground floor and the 1st floor are

1


1.2.1 Ground Floor

Figure 1.2: Ground Floor

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1.2.2 First Floor

Figure 1.3: First Floor

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Chapter 2

Electrical And Cooling Loadand its Assessment

2.1 Introduction

In house different types of loads are present in which we categorizes all theloads in three types which are• Electrical Load.• Thermal Load.• Cooling Load.

2.2 Electrical And Cooling Load And Its As-

sessment

2.2.1 Energy Savers

There are total 25 Energysavers present in the house their usage are as follow:

Figure 2.1: EnergySavers Usage

4


2.2.2 Electric Iron

The usage of electric iron is as follow

Figure 2.2: Electric Iron Usage

2.2.3 Refrigerator

There is one Combi fridge-freezer A+ whose usage is as follow

Figure 2.3: Refrigerator Usage

2.2.4 Television

Their is one 25” colour TV whose usage is as follow

Figure 2.4: Television Usage

2.2.5 Washing Machine

The usage of washing machine is as follow

Page 5


Figure 2.5: Washing Machine Usage

2.2.6 Clothes Dyer

The usage of clothes dyer is as follow

Figure 2.6: Clothes Dyer Usage

2.2.7 Submersible Water Pump

The usage of submersible water pump is as follow

Figure 2.7: Submersible Water Pump Usage

2.2.8 Room Air Conditioner

The usage of room air conditioner is as follow

Page 6


Figure 2.8: Room Air Conditioner

2.2.9 Ceiling Fan

Their are total eleven ceiling fans whose usage are as follow

Figure 2.9: Ceiling Fan Usage

2.2.10 Sockets Load

The usage of sockets load is as follow

Figure 2.10: Sockets Load Usage

2.3 Total Units Consumed of Electrical And

Cooling Load

The total units consumed due to electrical load on yearly basis and monthlybasis is shown below:

Page 7


Figure 2.11: Unit Consumption

Page 8

Chapter 3

Thermal Load and itsAssessment

Most equipment and appliances are driven by electric motors, and thus theheat given off by an appliance in steady operation is simply the power con-sumed by its motor. The power rating Wmotor on the label of a motor repre-sents the power that the motor will supply under full load conditions. But amotor usually operates at part load, sometimes at as low as 30 to 40 percent,and thus it consumes and delivers much less power than the label indicates.This is characterized by the load factor fload of the motor during operation,which is fload = 1.0 for full load.Also, there is an inefficiency associated withthe conversion of electrical energy to rotational mechanical energy. This ischaracterized by the motor efficiency ηmotor which decreases with decreas-ing load factor. Another factor that affects the amount of heat generated bya motor is how long a motor actually operates. This is characterized by theusage factor fusage with fusage=1.0 for continuous operation. Motors withvery low usage factors are usually ignored in calculations. Then the heatgain due to a motor inside a conditioned space can be expressed as

Qmotor = Wmotor.fload.fusageηmotor

Heat generated in conditioned spaces by electric, gas, and steam appli-ances such as a range, refrigerator, freezer, TV, dishwasher, washing machine,drier, computers, printers are significant, and thus they are being consideredwhen determining the peak cooling load of a building. The exhaust hoods inthe kitchen complicate things further. Also, some equipment such as printers,laptops and desktop computers consume considerable power in the standbymode. A 350-W laser printer, for example, may consume 175 W and a 600-Wcomputer may consume 530 W when in standby mode.

9


A more realistic approach is to take 50 percent of the total nameplateratings of the appliances to represent the maximum use. Therefore, the peakheat gain from appliances is taken to be

Qunhooded−appliances = 0.5.Qappliance,input

regardless of the type of energy or fuel used. For cooling load estimate, about34 percent of heat gain can be assumed to be latent heat, with the remaining66 percent to be sensible.In hooded appliances, the air heated by convection and the moisture gener-ated are removed by the hood. Therefore, the only heat gain from hoodedappliances is radiation, which constitutes up to 32 percent of the energyconsumed by the appliance. Therefore, the design value of heat gain fromhooded electric or steam appliances is simply half of this 32 percent.

3.1 Heat Loss Due to Appliances

As we are using different appliances but their efficiency is not always hundredpercent so due to this some of its energy is converted into heat and releasedwhich are as follow:

3.1.1 Heat Loss Due to Energy Savers

There are total 25 Energysavers present in the house whose Heat Loss Dueto Energy Savers is as follow:

Figure 3.1: Heat Loss Due to Energy Savers

3.1.2 Heat Loss Due to Electric Iron

The Heat Loss Due to Electric Iron is as follow

Page 10


Figure 3.2: Heat Loss Due to Electric Iron

3.1.3 Heat Loss Due to Refrigerator

There is one Combi fridge-freezer A+ whose Heat Loss Due to Refrigeratoris as follow

Figure 3.3: Heat Loss Due to Refrigerator

3.1.4 Heat Loss Due to Television

Their is one 25” colour TV whose Heat Loss Due to Television is as follow

Figure 3.4: Heat Loss Due to Television

3.1.5 Heat Loss Due to Washing Machine

The Heat Loss Due to Washing Machine is as follow

Page 11


Figure 3.5: Heat Loss Due to Washing Machine

3.1.6 Heat Loss Due to Clothes Dyer

The Heat Loss Due to Clothes Dyer is as follow

Figure 3.6: Heat Loss Due to Clothes Dyer

3.1.7 Heat Loss Due to Submersible Water Pump

The Heat Loss Due to Submersible Water Pump is as follow

Figure 3.7: Heat Loss Due to Submersible Water Pump

3.1.8 Heat Loss Due to Room Air Conditioner

The Heat Loss Due to Room Air Conditioner is as follow

Page 12


Figure 3.8: Heat Loss Due to Room Air Conditioner

3.1.9 Heat Loss Due to Ceiling Fan

Their are total eleven ceiling fans whose Heat Loss Due to Ceiling Fan areas follow

Figure 3.9: Heat Loss Due to Ceiling Fan

3.1.10 Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load

The Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load is as follow

Figure 3.10: Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load

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3.2 Total Heat Loss

The total amount of heat loss occurs on the monthly and annual basis is asfollow:

Figure 3.11: Heat Loss Due to Sockets Load

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Chapter 4

Sunlight Capturing Techniques

4.1 Introduction

When we capture solar energy then it may be used for heat or for electricalenergy. In this two Systems are present which are as follows:

4.1.1 Thermal Systems

In this system sun light is captured by falling it on the solar collector and thisis used further in hot water or for space heating, but the heat can also usedto generate electricity by focusing the heat on the heat absorber in whichworking fluid is present which is used to raise steam which in turn drives agenerator and turbine in a seprate circuit.

4.1.2 Photovoltaic Systems

In this radiant energy of sunlight is directly converted into electrical energyby focusing sunlight on the photovoltaic cellsThe amount of energy captured is directly proportional to the area of theSun’s energy front intercepted by the collector.

4.2 Solar Collectors

It is the heat collecting surface on which sunlight falls and this radiant energyof sun is used to heat up the thermal working fluid.

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4.3 Concentrators

In paractical all the sun light is focused on the small receiver so that wecan attain higher temperature easily and early for the working fluid suchcollectors are called concentratorsThe unit of solar concenterator is ”suns”Their types are as follow

4.3.1 Parabolic Dish

In this heat absorber is present at the focus of the parabolic shaped dish.when sun light falls then all the light is used to be focused on the heatabsorber such that the temperature rise of the absorber is proportional tothe area of the dish such that by increasing the area of the dish we can getmore temperature at the absorber of the parabolic dish.It is used for thesystems between 10kW to 50kW

Figure 4.1: Parabolic Dish Solar Concentrators

4.3.2 Parabolic Trough Solar Concenterator

Larger systems use arrays of parabolic trough shaped mirrors oriented north-south to concentrate the solar radiation. They usually also include a trackingsystem to track the Sun’s path throughout the day. This is parabolic shapedmirrors which is in the direction of north-south to concenterate sunlight.Inthis tracking system is also pesent which tracks the position of sun andultimately turn those plates accordingly The thermal absorber which is inthe form of a tube located at the focal line of the mirror, in which the workingfluid is present which is heated by sunlight and used to drive a heat engine.

Page 16


Figure 4.2: Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrators

picture taken from the source of US DOE (EERE) is as follow

Figure 4.3: Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrators Source: US DOE (EERE)

4.3.3 Power Tower

In this large number of plates are present and all the sunlight which fallson these plates is concenterated on the tower on which solar furnance ispresent and this solar furnance is used to make steam to run steam turbinein return.In this solar plates are fixed on their axis as shown below:

Page 17


Figure 4.4: Power Tower

4.3.4 Heliostats

This is similar to power tower but in this all the plates which focus all thesunlight on the tower are basically sun tracking mirrors which moves with thedirection of sun and falls all the sunlight to the tower in return. The figureshown below is the solar-thermal power project near Daggett, California.Every mirror reflects sunlight on the tower on which receiver is present asshown below:

Figure 4.5: Heliostats

Page 18


4.3.5 Simple Solar Collector

In this simple solar plates are present on which light falls and this light isconverted into DC power so that they charge up the batteries for furtheruse.These plates are in rectangular or in square shaped and are mostly planeas shown below:

Figure 4.6: Simple Solar Collector

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Chapter 5

Electricity GenerationTechniques From Solar power

5.1 Introduction

As during dark no power will be provided by the solar system so the standalone systems must generate that amount of energy so that it meets up theday time usage as well as it will be able to store enough energy for nightand also when no sunlight Is available due to weather changings,we can alsouse batteries as backup to provide electrical energy during night and duringperiods of overcast skies,but it is not possible to store large amount of energyin the summer and use it afterwards in winter

5.2 Solar Power Generation (Thermal)

The generation of electricity in a solar thermal plant somprises of two stages• In the first stage the heat energy from the sun is captured and this heatenergy Is used to heat the working fluid• In the second stage this working fluid is used to generate electrical energyThermal power plant usually have set of mirrors on which sulight falls andthis sunlight is used to heat the absorber which run the turbine for electricalenergy. On large scale systems, the heat engine is usually a turbine drivenby steam or other vaporous working fluid. In small scale systems the heatengine may be a Stirling engine

20


5.3 Large Scale Solar Thermal Plants

In this system solar plates are present which captures sunlight and concenter-ate all the sunlight on the single concenterator which transfers heat to heatexchanger and this heat exchanger further transfers its heat to run steamturbine and steam turbine along with steam generator gives electrical energywhich is used further for other purposes . Each module requires about 50hectares of land and needs very precise engineering and control..this type ofsystem is used on large scale as show below

Figure 5.1: Large Scale Electric Power from Solar thermal Energy

5.4 Small Scale Thermal Plants

On small different techniques are used to generate electricity for use whichare as follow

5.4.1 Solar Stirling

In this solar energy is converted to thermal and transported to run stirlingengine which is used further to run generator to give us AC supply.when noac supply is to be taken from generator in that case that ac supply gives itsenergy to battery charger after which the conversion of AC to DC we chargeup the batteries which is present along with it which is used for back uppower.

Page 21


Figure 5.2: Small Scale Electric Power from Solar thermal Energy

5.4.2 Solar Power Generation (Voltaic)

In this solar power is directly converted into electricity such that as the lightfalls on the solar panel this light is converted into electricity fo use directlybut this only happens when sunlight present this system does not work inthe absence of sunlight.

5.4.3 Small Scale Photovoltaic Plants

This is the most simple and useable technique in domestic purpose in thissystem solar panels capture the sunlight and then this sunlight which isconverted into variable DC after passing through voltage regulator transfersto DC control unit and this DC control unit is attached with battery bankas well as with the inverter DC control unit gives its DC supply to inverterafter to the conversion of AC it is used for other purposes. As, DC controlunit also giving its supply to battery bank such that extra energy is going tocharge batteries which used for back up and these batteries gives its energyto inverter which is converted to AC which is used afterwards in our homes.This is the technique which is I am going to use for electricity generation inmy house.

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Figure 5.3: Photovoltaic Electric Power Generation

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Chapter 6

Heating Techniques From Solarpower

6.1 Introduction

In many cases solar power is used to heat up the water only instead of makingelectricity The working is done in such a way that solar plates heat up theheat exchanger so that in this working fluid is water which we have to heatup and this water passed through heat exchanger which consists of coiledpipe and this water after that enters hot water storage tank so that in such away we can heat up our water indirectly through solar system.This is calledsolar water heating system this system is going to use in our house

6.2 Solar Water Heating System

Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. Thereare two types of solar water heating systems: active, which have circulatingpumps and controls,

6.2.1 Types of Solar Water Heating Systems

There are two types of solar water heating system but we are going to useonly one heating system which is active water heating system which is de-scribed below extensively• Active Solar Water Heating System• Passive Solar Water Heating System

24


6.2.2 Active Solar Water Heating System

There are two types of active solar water heating systems:

Direct Circulation Systems

Pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home.They work well in climates where it rarely freezes.so this system is going touse us in our house

Indirect Circulation System

Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors anda heat exchanger. This heats the water that then flows into the home. Theyare popular in climates prone to freezing temperatures.

6.2.3 Methodology

In this system we use flat plate collectors which captures sunlight and thissunlight is used to heat the working fluid which is water and this water whenheats up due to sunlight is sent to heat exchanger which consists of coiledpipe and this heat exchanger is linked with hot water storage tank and theportion of hot water storage tank is also present in kitchen of our house whenthis hot water storage tank gets heated due to heat exchanger in which warmwater flows then the water present in hot water storage tank is used in houseand the body of hot water storage tank is used for cooking purpose carefully.

Figure 6.1: Solar Heating System

Page 25


6.3 Storage Tanks And Solar Collectors

Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storagetanks have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector.In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is combined with the solar storagein one tank.Three types of solar collectors are used for residential applications:• Flat Plate Collector• Integral collector-storage systems• Evacuated-tube solar collectors

6.3.1 Flat Plate Collector

Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes that containa dark absorber plate under one or more glass or plastic (polymer) covers.Unglazed flat-plate collectors – typically used for solar pool heating – have adark absorber plate, made of metal or polymer, without a cover or enclosure.

6.3.2 Integral collector-storage systems

Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or more black tanks ortubes in an insulated, glazed box. Cold water first passes through the solarcollector, which preheats the water. The water then continues on to theconventional backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot water.They should be installed only in mild-freeze climates because the outdoorpipes could freeze in severe, cold weather.

6.3.3 Evacuated-tube solar collectors

They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains aglass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin’s coatingabsorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat loss. These collectors areused more frequently for U.S. commercial applications.In our house we are using flat plate collector for heating purpose

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6.4 Room Air Heaters

Air collectors can be installed on a roof or an exterior (south-facing) wallfor heating one or more rooms. Although factory-built collectors for on-siteinstallation are available, do-it-yourselfers may choose to build and installtheir own air collector. A simple window air heater collector can be madefor a few hundred dollars.The collector has an airtight and insulated metal frame and a black metalplate for absorbing heat with glazing in front of it. Solar radiation heats theplate that, in turn, heats the air in the collector. An electric fan or blowerpulls air from the room through the collector, and blows it back into theroom. Roof-mounted collectors require ducts to carry air between the roomand the collector. Wall-mounted collectors are placed directly on a south-facing wall, and holes are cut through the wall for the collector air inlet andoutlets.

6.4.1 Methodology

In our house we are installing Air collectors on a roof for heating the houseand the thermostat is present between the Air collector and the internaltemperature of the house when the temperature of the internal temperatureis 10 times less than the temperature of air collector then the thermostatallows the fan which is present along with the air collector and which runswith the thermal energy for which separate plate is attached to turn on andallow the cold air of internal house to circulate from the air collector to heatup and enters in the house again.During summer season this thermostat canbe tripped manually.

6.5 Installing The System

The proper installation of solar water heaters depends on many factors.These factors include solar resource, climate, local building code require-ments, and safety issuesFor our house we use 100 gallons of Hot water storage tank and in thisthermostat plays the important role for heating system and this thermostatcan be tripped manually so that we can turn off the system manually byour own.The heart of the control system is a differential thermostat, whichmeasures the difference in temperature between the collectors and storageunit. When the collectors are 10 degree to 20 degree(F) (5.6 degree to 11DegreeC(C)) warmer than the storage unit, the thermostat turns on a pump

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or fan to circulate water or air through the collector to heat the storagemedium or the house.

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Chapter 7

Cooling Techniques From Solarpower

7.1 Introduction

The state-of-the-art of solar cooling has concentrated primarily on the de-velopmental stages of systems in the last few years. Various methods havebeen researched, and some demonstrated, but only a few systems have beeninstalled for other than research purposes. Solar cooling systems are attrac-tive because cooling is most needed when solar energy is most available. Ifsolar cooling can be combined with solar heating, the solar system can bemore fully utilized and the economic benefits should increase. Solar coolingsystems by themselves, however, are usually not economical at present fuelcosts. Combining solar heating and cooling systems is not easy because of thedifferent system requirements. This can best be understood by summarizingthe different solar cooling techniques. As with solar heating, the techniquesfor solar cooling consist of passive systems and active systems.For active solarcooling systems the three most promising approaches are the heat actuatedabsorption machines, the Rankine cycle heat engine, and the desiccant de-humidification systems. In this we are going to use Desiccant cooling systemas described below

7.1.1 Desiccant cooling system

Desiccant cooling systems are basically open cycle systems, using water asa refrigerant in direct contact with air. The thermally driven cooling cycleis a combination of evaporative cooling with air dehumidification by a desic-cant. For this purpose, liquid or solid materials can be employed. The term”open” is used to indicate that the refrigerant is discarded from the system

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after providing the cooling effect, and new refrigerant is supplied in its placein an open-ended loop. The common technology applied today uses rotatingdesiccant wheels, equipped either with silica gel or lithium-chloride as sorp-tion material. For the choice of the type of chillers, the following parametershave to be evaluated in advance:• The operating temperatures of the absorption machine, as they affect thechoice of solar collector.• The values of the coefficient of performance (COP) of the chiller, as theychange according to the above mentioned temperatures and also accordingto the heat distribution system installed (e.g. fan-coils or radiant floor).The choice of the type of solar collectors is not a difficult task. The func-tioning temperature of the absorption chiller determines the most suitabletypology of collectors for different layouts. Dimensioning of the panels surfacefollows the same rules of domestic solar plants for hot water production, eventhough the fact that a solar cooling plant operates at higher temperatureshas to be taken into account.

Figure 7.1: Desiccant cooling system

7.1.2 Solar collectors for solar cooling systems

For cooling purpose we are also using flat plate collectors whose specificationsare as follow

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Flat Plate Collector

Flat-plate collectors are the most widely used kind of collectors for domesticwater-heating systems and solar space heating/cooling. A typical flat platecollector consists of an absorber, transparent cover sheets, and an insulatedbox. The absorber is usually a sheet of high thermal conductivity metal suchas copper or aluminium, with tubes either integral or attached. Its surfaceis coated to maximise radiant energy absorption and to minimise radiantemission. The insulated box reduces heat loss from the back or the sides ofthe collector. The cover sheets, called glazing, allow sunlight to pass throughthe absorber but also insulate the space above the absorber to prevent coolair to flow into this space.

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Chapter 8

Designing Parameters forElectrical , Thermal andCooling For house

8.1 Introduction

Now we are going to run all the house which consists of electrical , thermaland cooling load on solar techniques which we have discussed aboveThe energy which we have to generate depends upon the sunlight and sun-light varies from place to place so that power of solar PV panels changesThe conversion of thermal and cooling load onto solar are described in theirspecific sections

8.2 Selection of Panels For Electrical Load

Our solar panel direction will be along East South East (67.5 Degree fromSouth)we select seven panels which we have to use in our house to run all theelectrical load to solar which is shown below:

Figure 8.1: Specifications of Solar Panels

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8.2.1 Photovoltaic Energy Calculation

The global formula to estimate the electricity generated in output of a pho-tovoltaic system is :

E = A * r * H * PR

• E = Energy (kWh)• A = Total solar panel Area ()m2)• r = solar panel yield or efficiency• H = Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels (shadings not in-cluded)• PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.5 and0.9, default value = 0.75)r is the yield of the solar panel given by the ratio : electrical power (in kWp)of one solar panel divided by the area of one panel.H is the annual average solar radiation on tilted panels.PR (Performance Ratio) is a very important value to evaluate the qualityof a photovoltaic installation because it gives the performance of the instal-lation independently of the orientation, inclination of the panel. It includesall losses.

8.3 Solar Insolation When Panel Facing Max-

imum Light will be

Solar insulation when panel facing maximum light will be as follow:

Figure 8.2: Solar Insolation When Panel Facing Maximum Light

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8.3.1 Energy When Panel will be facing Maximum Light

Energy of photovoltaic panel when panel facing maximum sunlight is de-scribed below and how the panel is facing the sun is also shown below:

Figure 8.3: Panel facing Maximum Light

Energy During January

Energy released during this month will be:

Figure 8.4: Energy During January

Energy During Febuary


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Figure 8.5: Energy During Febuary

Energy During March


Figure 8.6: Energy During March

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Energy During April


Figure 8.7: Energy During April

Energy During May


Figure 8.8: Energy During May

Energy During June


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Figure 8.9: Energy During June

Energy During July


Figure 8.10: Energy During July

Energy During August


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Figure 8.11: Energy During August

Energy During September


Figure 8.12: Energy During September

Energy During October


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Figure 8.13: Energy During October

Energy During November


Figure 8.14: Energy During November

Energy During December


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Figure 8.15: Energy During December

8.3.2 Solar Irradiance at Different Angles

Solar irradiance at different angles are as follow:

Figure 8.16: Solar Irradiance at Different Angles

8.3.3 Solar Energy Generated at Position Vertical Sur-face

Solar energy generated on monthly and yearly basis at this position is asfollow:

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Figure 8.17: Solar Energy Generated at Position Vertical Surface

8.3.4 Solar Energy Generated at Position Optimal YearRound


Figure 8.18: Solar Energy Generated at Position Optimal Year Round

8.3.5 Solar Energy Generated at Position AdjustableThroughout the Year


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Figure 8.19: Solar Energy Generated at Position Adjustable Throughout theYear

8.3.6 Solar Energy Generated at Position Best WinterPerformance


Figure 8.20: Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Winter Performance

8.3.7 Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Sum-mer Performance


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Figure 8.21: Solar Energy Generated at Position Best Summer Performance

8.3.8 Solar Energy Generated at Position Flat Surface


Figure 8.22: Solar Energy Generated at Position Flat Surface

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