LO APUSH Ch 28 pp

PROGRESSIVISM AND THE PROGRESSIVISM AND THE REPUBLICAN ROOSEVELT REPUBLICAN ROOSEVELT

Chapter 28Chapter 28

• Protecting social welfare– YMCA– Salvation Army– Florence Kelly:

improving women's and children's lives.

• Promoting Moral Improvement: Prohibition, W.C.T.U.

The Progressive Era

Four Goals of Progressivism

PROGRESSIVE ROOTSPROGRESSIVE ROOTS

By 1900 America was faced with social By 1900 America was faced with social problems that had been mounting for 30 years problems that had been mounting for 30 years but had not been affectively addressed.but had not been affectively addressed.

The nation was gripped by a reform movement The nation was gripped by a reform movement called called ProgressivismProgressivism. . Biggest period of reform since the 1840s. Biggest period of reform since the 1840s. It waged war on many social evils including It waged war on many social evils including

monopolies, corruption in government, inefficiency, monopolies, corruption in government, inefficiency, social injustice and irresponsible corporations.social injustice and irresponsible corporations.

ProgressivismProgressivism The heart of progressive movement: The heart of progressive movement:

Belief that government should be Belief that government should be strengthened so that it could act aggressively strengthened so that it could act aggressively to tackle social ills.to tackle social ills.

Government could be an instrument of Government could be an instrument of positive goodpositive good

Basic prescription: use government as an Basic prescription: use government as an agency of human welfare.agency of human welfare.

At heart, a rejection of Laissez Faire At heart, a rejection of Laissez Faire

Roots of ProgressivismRoots of Progressivism Pressure came from a number of different Pressure came from a number of different

groups:groups: Socialists from Europe—start to gain strength in USSocialists from Europe—start to gain strength in US Christians preaching Christians preaching Social GospelSocial Gospel—focused on the —focused on the

needs of the poor and the workers at the mercy of needs of the poor and the workers at the mercy of corporations.corporations.

Feminists—suffrage movement included social justice Feminists—suffrage movement included social justice in their call for reform because women were often in their call for reform because women were often those who suffered the most.those who suffered the most.

Urban pioneers exposing corruption of cities and Urban pioneers exposing corruption of cities and working conditions of children and women.working conditions of children and women.

MUCKRAKERS/Progressives: Combat problems of Industrialization

• Ida Tarbel: History of The Standard Oil Trust

• Robert LaFollette: wanted to expand and reform democracy

• John Muir: preservation of nature

• Jacob Riis: photographed working and living conditions of the poor.

• Upton Sinclair: The Jungle exposed the sickening conditions of the Chicago meat-packing industry.

MuckrakersMuckrakers Magazines and Newspapers Magazines and Newspapers

began to compete with each began to compete with each other to expose evil and other to expose evil and corruption corruption

Purpose?Purpose? TR dubs Muckrakers. Why?TR dubs Muckrakers. Why? Lincoln Steffens—Lincoln Steffens—Shame in Shame in

the Cities the Cities Ida TarbellIda Tarbell—expose of —expose of

Standard OilStandard Oil David Phillips—The Treason David Phillips—The Treason

of theof the

• Creating Economic ReformEugene DebbsMuckrakersIda Tarbell

Muckraking TargetsMuckraking Targets Malpractice of life insurance Malpractice of life insurance

companycompany tariff lobbiestariff lobbies beef trustbeef trust money trustmoney trust railroad baronsrailroad barons White slave traffic in womenWhite slave traffic in women SlumsSlums High rate of industrial accidentsHigh rate of industrial accidents Child laborChild labor Plight of blacks in the southPlight of blacks in the south Adulterated Patent MedicineAdulterated Patent Medicine

Goals of MuckrakersGoals of Muckrakers Was out-pouring of national criticism and Was out-pouring of national criticism and

exposure of ways in which the system was exposure of ways in which the system was broken.broken.

Articles had a profound impact on the nationArticles had a profound impact on the nation Like progressives in general, these articles were Like progressives in general, these articles were

long on complaint but short on solutions. long on complaint but short on solutions. They sought not to overthrow capitalism, but to They sought not to overthrow capitalism, but to

cleanse it to cure the ills of American cleanse it to cure the ills of American democracy.democracy.

Progressives in the MiddleProgressives in the Middle

Were mainly middle-class Were mainly middle-class What pressures did middle class feel.What pressures did middle class feel.

Curbing capitalism; insulation against Curbing capitalism; insulation against socialism.socialism.

Progressives crossed party boundaries, Progressives crossed party boundaries, existed in all regions and at all levels of existed in all regions and at all levels of government.government.

Is reform from those in the middleIs reform from those in the middle

Goals of ProgressivesGoals of Progressives Regain the power that had slipped from the hands of the Regain the power that had slipped from the hands of the

people into the hands of the special interest. Thus, people into the hands of the special interest. Thus, pushed for:pushed for:

primary electionsprimary elections.. initiativesinitiatives referendumreferendum recallsrecalls, allowing voters to remove candidates who were , allowing voters to remove candidates who were

screwing up.screwing up. Another objective was rooting out corruption. Another objective was rooting out corruption.

corrupt practices acts. corrupt practices acts. secret ballot secret ballot direct election of US senatorsdirect election of US senators..

• This eventually passes as the This eventually passes as the 17th Amendment17th Amendment.. Woman’s suffrageWoman’s suffrage..

Progressivism In The Cities And StatesProgressivism In The Cities And States

Progressives scored their biggest Progressives scored their biggest victories at the State and City level. victories at the State and City level.

City commission form of City commission form of governmentgovernment --Galveston Texas. --Galveston Texas.

Urban reformersUrban reformers Wisconsin a test lab for progressive Wisconsin a test lab for progressive

proposals. proposals. Gov. Robert La FolletteGov. Robert La Follette. .

Oregon. Oregon. Hiram Johnson in CaliforniaHiram Johnson in California Charles Evans Hughes in New York.Charles Evans Hughes in New York.

Cleaning up Local

GovernmentReforming Local Government

natural disasters/city managers

reform mayors

Reform at state level

Robert La Follette

Progressive WomenProgressive Women Settlement House Settlement House

movementmovement Social Clubs.Social Clubs. ““Women’s issues”Women’s issues” Sweat shops. Sweat shops.

Triangle Shirt Waste FireTriangle Shirt Waste Fire Muller v. OregonMuller v. Oregon Lochner v. New YorkLochner v. New York

Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement Temperance movementTemperance movement Woman’s Christian Temperance Woman’s Christian Temperance

Union :Frances Willard. Union :Frances Willard. one million members.one million members.

Some states and counties Some states and counties passed laws controlling, passed laws controlling, restricting or banning liquor. restricting or banning liquor.

The big cities generally stay wet.The big cities generally stay wet. Why?Why?

• Protecting social welfare– YMCA– Salvation Army– Florence Kelly:

improving women's and children's lives.

• Promoting Moral Improvement: Prohibition, W.C.T.U.

The Progressive Era

Four Goals of Progressivism

Women in Work Force

Farm Women

Women in Industry

Domestic Workers

TR’s Square Deal For LaborTR’s Square Deal For Labor Roosevelt a progressive. Roosevelt a progressive. Demanded a Demanded a “Square Deal”“Square Deal” for capital, labor and the for capital, labor and the

public. public. Believed the government should uphold the public Believed the government should uphold the public

interest.interest. He pushed control of three Cs: He pushed control of three Cs:

corporations, corporations, consumer protectionconsumer protection conservation of natural resources.conservation of natural resources.

Intervened in the coal strike of 1902. Intervened in the coal strike of 1902. SignificanceSignificance

Department of Commerce and LaborDepartment of Commerce and Labor 1903. 1903. Bureau of CorporationsBureau of Corporations

“Trust Buster”- President Teddy Roosevelt

Accepted BIG BUSINESS but regulated business that

abused their power.

A Rough Riding President

Roosevelt's Rise:WealthySickly as a childOutdoorsmanHarvard Graduate Rough rider war of 1898

Modern PresidencyUsed presidents office

as a “BULLEY PULPET”. Promised Americans a “SQUARE DEAL”

TR Corrals The CorporationsTR Corrals The Corporations

RR monster still largely RR monster still largely untouched. untouched.

Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate Commerce Commission was largely ineffective. was largely ineffective.

Elkins Act Elkins Act of 1903of 1903 Hepburn ActHepburn Act of 1906 of 1906 Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate Commerce Commission

given new teeth. given new teeth. jurisdiction expanded; allowed to set jurisdiction expanded; allowed to set

maximum rates and nullify existing maximum rates and nullify existing rates.rates.

Using Federal PowerTrust-busting government enforced and strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1902 Coal Strike Coal running low after 5 month strike

Roosevelt intervenes and sides with strikers

Strike threatens public safety-intervention

Railroad RegulationStrengthened I.C.C.

TR Trust BustingTR Trust Busting Northern Securities Co. Northern Securities Co.

case.case. Under TR the Justice Under TR the Justice

Department initiated over 40 Department initiated over 40 anti-trust suits. anti-trust suits. Targets Targets

Roosevelt’s exaggerated rep Roosevelt’s exaggerated rep as a trust-busteras a trust-buster

Roosevelt’s goal and Roosevelt’s goal and philosophy in busting trusts? philosophy in busting trusts?

Caring For The ConsumerCaring For The Consumer TR backed legislation TR backed legislation

protecting against protecting against adulterated and adulterated and mislabeled food.mislabeled food.

1906 1906 Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair The The JungleJungle

Meat Inspection Act of Meat Inspection Act of 1906 1906

Pure Food and Drug Act Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 of 1906

"There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his a hand over these piles of meat and sweep off  handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together."

Roosevelt and ConservationRoosevelt and ConservationEarth ControlEarth Control

Conservation measures set aside millions of acres

appointed Gifford Pinchot U.S. Forest service

CONSERVATIONIST: Use some land common good

John Muir: preservationist

Yosemite National Park

Earth ControlEarth Control

Americans using up natural resources Americans using up natural resources Corporations hungry to exploit resources.Corporations hungry to exploit resources. Conservation and naturalist movement started Conservation and naturalist movement started

before TR president.before TR president. Desert Land Act of 1877Desert Land Act of 1877.. Forest Reserve Act of 1891Forest Reserve Act of 1891

TR gave the movement a huge kick in the pants TR gave the movement a huge kick in the pants Newlands Act of 1902 Newlands Act of 1902 Roosevelt set aside vast tracts of forests to Roosevelt set aside vast tracts of forests to

prevent logging on it. prevent logging on it.

Roosevelt Emboldens Enemies Roosevelt Emboldens Enemies

Roosevelt is easily elected in Roosevelt is easily elected in his own right in 1904. his own right in 1904.

TR’s big mistake: TR’s big mistake: announces that he will not run announces that he will not run

for a “Third” term. for a “Third” term. Makes him a Lame DuckMakes him a Lame Duck Emboldens the conservative Emboldens the conservative

wing.wing.

Roosevelt Panic Of 1907Roosevelt Panic Of 1907

Sharp but short-lived panic on Wall Street Sharp but short-lived panic on Wall Street in 1907. in 1907.

Why do conservatives blame TR?.Why do conservatives blame TR?. TR lashes back hard. What does he say?TR lashes back hard. What does he say? Causes of panic Causes of panic Aldrich-Vreelant Act Aldrich-Vreelant Act Sets the stage for Sets the stage for Federal Reserve Act of Federal Reserve Act of

1913.1913.

Roosevelt and Civil Rights

Booker T Washington (Tuskegee Institute)

Vs.

W.E.B.Du Bois

1905 Niagara fall conference

1909 creation ofNationalAssociationfor the Advancement ofColoredPeople (NAACP)

The Rough Rider Thunders OutThe Rough Rider Thunders Out Roosevelt used his political Roosevelt used his political

clout to engineer nomination of clout to engineer nomination of Taft in 1908Taft in 1908

Taft platform. Taft platform. Dems nominate Dems nominate BryanBryan. His . His

theme?theme? Taft wins easily. Taft wins easily. Socialists manage nearly a Socialists manage nearly a

half-million voteshalf-million votes

Contributions of TRContributions of TR Enlarged the power and prestige Enlarged the power and prestige

of the presidencyof the presidency Began the process of taming Began the process of taming

capitalism ensuring that it would capitalism ensuring that it would survive rather than being survive rather than being replaced.replaced.

Developed technique of using Developed technique of using publicity as a political weaponpublicity as a political weapon

Helped shape the progressive Helped shape the progressive movement and to lay the ground-movement and to lay the ground-work for later liberal reformswork for later liberal reforms

Opened Americans, eyes to world Opened Americans, eyes to world affairs and America’s role and affairs and America’s role and potential influence on world potential influence on world events.events.

Taft: A Round Peg In A Square HoleTaft: A Round Peg In A Square Hole

Taft was initially very Taft was initially very popular. popular.

He was quite He was quite qualified.qualified.

Taft has Van Buren Taft has Van Buren problem: problem:

Taft Stumbles

Public lands lead to dispute within administration

Payne-Aldrich Tariff tariffs opposed by progressives

TaftTaft Taft was passive, comfortable Taft was passive, comfortable

with the status quo and not a with the status quo and not a strong leader. strong leader.

Poor judge of public opinion; Poor judge of public opinion; Foot-in-mouth disease.Foot-in-mouth disease. Passive toward CongressPassive toward Congress

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy What is dollar diplomacy?What is dollar diplomacy? What is the goal? What is the goal? Leads to much investment in Caribbean, Leads to much investment in Caribbean, Causes US entanglement in these countries Causes US entanglement in these countries US Marines land in Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras US Marines land in Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras

and the Dominican Republic to restore order and and the Dominican Republic to restore order and to protect US investments. to protect US investments. Continues the distrust of Caribbean and Central Continues the distrust of Caribbean and Central

American countries toward US.American countries toward US.

The United States in the CaribbeanThe United States in the Caribbean

Taft The TrustbusterTaft The Trustbuster Taft brought antitrust suits at nearly four Taft brought antitrust suits at nearly four

times the rate of TR. 90 in his 4-year times the rate of TR. 90 in his 4-year term.term.

Sup. Ct. decision in Sup. Ct. decision in Standard Oil caseStandard Oil case, , rule of reason Only “unreasonable” restraints of trade were Only “unreasonable” restraints of trade were

illegal. illegal. Created a huge hole in fed’s anti-trust net.Created a huge hole in fed’s anti-trust net.

Taft also went after US Steel, Taft also went after US Steel, Angered TR. Angered TR.

TR Busts TaftTR Busts Taft TR increasingly annoyed with Taft TR increasingly annoyed with Taft

TR expected and wanted Taft to be TR expected and wanted Taft to be progressive in his mold.progressive in his mold.

TR was not ready to leave the stage.TR was not ready to leave the stage. TR moving from Taft’s mentor to his TR moving from Taft’s mentor to his

antagonist. antagonist. The progressive wing longed for the return The progressive wing longed for the return

of TR.of TR.

Taft Splits The Republican PartyTaft Splits The Republican Party Lower tariff one of the primary progressive Lower tariff one of the primary progressive

aims; viewed as the mother of all Trusts.aims; viewed as the mother of all Trusts. Payne-Aldrich BillPayne-Aldrich Bill. .

Taft: the “best bill ever passed by the party.” Taft: the “best bill ever passed by the party.” Reactions of progressive wing.Reactions of progressive wing.

Gifford Pinchot.Gifford Pinchot.

Republican SplitRepublican Split By 1910 the progressive wing of By 1910 the progressive wing of

Republican party moving into open Republican party moving into open revoltrevolt

Taft being pushed into the camp of Taft being pushed into the camp of the conservatives. the conservatives.

Osawatomie, Kansas, speech Osawatomie, Kansas, speech Doctrine of “Doctrine of “New NationalismNew Nationalism” ”

Mid-term elections. Mid-term elections.

The Republican Party SplitsProblems with in the republican party. Democrats take control of the House in 1910 mid term election

The Taft-Roosevelt RuptureThe Taft-Roosevelt Rupture National Progressive Republican National Progressive Republican

League; LaFollette at the head. League; LaFollette at the head. TR lets it be known that he will accept TR lets it be known that he will accept

a third term if nominated by a third term if nominated by Republicans. Republicans.

He seizes the progressive banner. He seizes the progressive banner. Wins a number of the new primaries Wins a number of the new primaries TR is more popular with voters, but TR is more popular with voters, but

doesn’t win the nomination. Why? doesn’t win the nomination. Why? Roosevelt outraged. What does he Roosevelt outraged. What does he

do in response?do in response?