Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015 1 Livestock as providers of ecosystem services How improved management to generate ecosystem services can be incentivized – assessment and policy dialogue Irene Hoffmann (AGAG)
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
1
Livestock as providers of ecosystem services
How improved management to generate ecosystem services can
be incentivized – assessment and policy dialogue
Irene Hoffmann (AGAG)
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
2 Policy cycle
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Assessment, evidence
Policy response
Country
Implemen-tation
Monitoring
Country
Reporting
Policy request
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
3 Policy requests
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 14th session 2012,
requested FAO to
• identify the nature of ecosystem services provided by livestock species and
breeds , with special consideration of the contribution of small-scale
livestock keepers and pastoralists
• prepare 2nd Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture,
• prepare The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture,
Committee for World Food Security requested FAO to develop/contribute to
• Civil Society Mechanism of the CFS - develop a Pastoralist Knowledge Hub
• Technical Guide to implementing the Voluntary Guidelines on Governance of
Tenure in pastoral rangelands
• HLPE report on Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and
Nutrition, including the Role of Livestock
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
4 Assessment
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Issues Livestock sector “supply” perspective on ESS provision
Data availability: livestock in general > species > breeds
Methods • GIS – mapping - NRL, AGAL
• Spatial distribution of species by land cover and climatic zone /
production system
• Attribution of ESS provision by production system
• Global survey – 120 responses from 47 countries
• Country responses to SOW-AgBio
• Country responses to SOW-AnGR-2
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
5 Global livestock production systems
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
6 Global livestock numbers in different land cover/systems, by species
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
units: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs (1000 heads); chicken (10.000.000 heads); data source: Robinson et al., 2014
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
grass+herb+shrub+sparse
tree mixed
Cattle
Goats
Pigs
Sheep
Chicken
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
7 Livestock provisioning services - Food
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
8 Provisioning services: Supply of animal sources food
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Least DevelopedCountries
Africa Asia European Union Northern America World
kg/c
apit
a/ye
ar
Eggs Meat Milk
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
9 Contribution to total cattle milk and beef production by production systems and agro-ecological zone
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Opio et al., 2013
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
10 Global chicken and pig production in 2005 by production system
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Pigs Backyard Intermediate Industrial All
Million tonnes pig
carcass weight per year 22.9 20.5 66.8 110.2
Chicken Backyard Semi-intensive to industrial All
Layer Broiler
Million tonnes egg per
year 8.3 49.7 58
Million tonnes carcass
weight per year 2.7 4.1 64.8 71.6
MacLeod et al., 2013
> 80% of meat from exotic breeds or crossbreds
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
11
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sheep
goats
cattle
pigs
chicken
% of livestock numbers that occur where locally adapted breeds thrive on grass and roughage
Terrestrial land cover by agriculture (72% of total)
Grassland, shrubs, herbs,
sparse vegetation
44% Tree covered
39%
Cropland 17%
Majority of milk production is based on forage
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
12 Survey results: Supporting services in different grassland types
habitat provisioning
34%
nutrient cycling
28%
primary productivity
29%
other supporting
services 9%
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
13 Effects of the breed’s grazing on supporting services
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
1
2
5
2
4
3
10
12
12
33
42
32
8
30
11
20
11
6
8
7
4
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
habitat provisioning
nutrient cycling
primary production
other supporting services
Very negative
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Very positive
No data
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
14 Survey results: Regulating services in different grassland types
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
weed control 18%
climate regulation
11%
erosion control 15%
bush reduction 19%
pest control 8%
water quality 13%
seed dispersal 14%
other 2%
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
15 Effects of the breed’s grazing on regulating services
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
1
1
1
1
2
9
7
2
8
13
2
1
7
14
18
13
12
9
11
2
40
12
25
34
12
27
37
5
23
11
15
26
1
6
9
9
15
10
8
25
10
13
2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
weed eradiction
climate regulation
erosion control
bush encroachment
pest regulation
water quality regulation
seed dispersal
other regulating services
Very negative
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Very positive
No data
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
16 Survey results: Cultural services in different grassland types
cultural, historic and
natural heritage
22%
knowledge systems and
education 20% landscape
values 22%
recreational values 18%
spiritual & religious values 13%
other cultural services
5%
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
17 Effects of the breed’s grazing on cultural services
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
10
13
21
32
39
47
40
17
8
44
29
24
14
7
4
1
2
4
7
14
2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
cultural, historic and natural heritage
knowledge systems and education
landscape values
recreational values
spiritual & religious values
other cultural services
Very negative
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Very positive
No data
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
18 Protected areas across different grassland ecosystems
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Category I 4% Category Ia
5%
Category II 20%
Category III 2% Category IV
11%
Category V 12%
Category VI 15%
no 23%
NA 8%
IV-VI Co-management protection
I+II Segregation protection
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
19 Selected constraints and opportunities
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
0 20 40 60 80
Recognition
Insecurity
Traditional links
Income
Policies
Knowledge
Research
Social issues
Environmental changes
Constraints
0 20 40 60 80
Breeding
Nature conservation
Financial incentives
Public awareness
Education
Ensuring recognition
Research programmes
Opportunities
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
20 Policy response
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
The Commission, at its 15th session Requests FAO to raise awareness about the important ecosystem services provided by
livestock species through a publication on the topic;
Request FAO and countries to improve the mapping particularly in grassland-based
production systems,
Request FAO to improve assessment methods for the valorisation of ecosystem services
provided by livestock to develop results-based incentive systems
Strengthen the link between breed conservation and nature conservation, and the
collaboration of the agricultural/livestock sector with the environment/wildlife/forestry
sector,
Request countries to take appropriate measures to recognize and support breeds and
livestock keepers
Invite countries to explore options for supporting the provision of ecosystem services by
livestock
Invite countries to implement the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of
Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security.
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
21 Collaboration for Implementation
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
Major area of work on ecosystem services and biodiversity Publications and policy briefs
Country testing of assessment methods
Rangeland-pastoralist axis: AGA, AGP, FOM, EST, NRC, NRL, OPC –
UNEP, IUCN, IFAD, AU-IBAR, VSF, WAMIP, CSOs • Pastoralist Knowledge Hub project
• Various GEF projects on participatory rangeland/forest assessment /
management / rehabilitation
• IFAD 2016 farmers day, rangeland-pastoralist conference?
• Governance – CFS, OPC, AGA, AGP, NRC, NRL
• VGGT implementation, esp. in pastoral countries
Valorisation
Community labels, community marks - WIPO
Incentives for ecosystem services - NRL
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
Incentives for ecosystem services (IES)
Design and funding of incentives for ecosystem service provision
Impact assessment
Benefit distribution and co-benefits
Ownership and negotiation of agreement
IES-agreement and policy framework
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
23 Recognition of ecosystem services by grassland ecosystems
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
23
6
2
12
8
16
14
1
9
4
1
4
3
3
3
1
1
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
temperate
tropical & subtropical
flooded & savannas
montane
mediterranean
deserts & steppes
yes
some
no
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
24 Recognition of ecosystem services by IUCN protected area type
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
2
1
17
1
6
7
8
1
3
6
1
5
7
8
2
1
1
0
2
1
2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Category I
Category Ia
Category II
Category III
Category IV
Category V
Category VI
yes
some
no
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
25 Recognition of ecosystem services by land ownership
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock
21
24
3
3
25
8
9
3
5
3
7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
private
communal
state
other
yes
some
no
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
26 Voluntary standards
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
27 Voluntary standards
• Slowfood International Presidia http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia
• Slowfood Ark of Taste http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/ark
• European Commission DOOR tool, http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/list.html;jsessionid=pL0hLqqLXhNmFQyFl1b24mY3t9dJQPflg3xbL2YphGT4k6zdWn34!-370879141
• Cyber terroirs http://www.cyberterroirs.org/
• IAMM/CIHEAM website http://www.iamm.fr/
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
28 Total economic values for ecosystem services
(Int.$/ha/year, 2007 price levels) Source: De Groot et al., 2012.
Direct use values from product sales ~ 20%
All other values ~ 80%
Thereoff: Payment for ecosystem services (c-sequestration, water, biodiversity) ~ 20%
Gap: ~ 60%
Total economic value for breeds at risk
Source: Bernues et al., 2014.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Grassland Woodland
Provisioning
Cultural
Habitat
Regulating
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
29 Conclusions
Close knowledge gaps • Mapping, scientific evidence at breed level
• Valuation and valorization, IES
• Benefit sharing, governance, tenure
• Outcome orientation: land and livestock management practices count
Advocacy • non-provisioning ecosystem services are widespread and undervalued
• Spatial overlap of non-provisioning ecosystem services with vast marginal areas
(rangelands/low-forest cover, mountains), and with marginalized people
(pastoralists)
• Linkages between nature conservation and breed conservation
• Need for IES and supportive policies
• Link to intl. frameworks/processes: GPA-AnGR, AU on pastoralism, UNPFII,
VGGT, CBD, Mountain partnership, Soil Partnership, GASL, etc
Seminar• Wageningen University, June 2015
30 Thanks
FAO study on ecosystem services provided by livestock