National Ecosystem Services Partnership Webinar National Ecosystem Services Partnership An Introduction to the National Ecosystem Services Classification System Charles Rhodes - Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, participating at EPA Dixon Landers – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency January 21, 2016
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National Ecosystem Services Partnership Webinar
National Ecosystem Services Partnership
An Introduction to the National Ecosystem Services Classification System
Charles Rhodes - Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, participating at EPA
Dixon Landers – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
January 21, 2016
ABOUT Federal Resource Management and Ecosystem Services Guidebook | nespguidebook.com
Updates to NESP guidebook
ABOUT Federal Resource Management and Ecosystem Services Guidebook | nespguidebook.com
February 11th, 1-2:30 EST
Oregon Action Framework for the Health and the Outdoors
- Katherine Smith USFS; Bobby Cochran, Willamette Partnership; Steve Kelley, NC State and Kelley Family Foundation
Recent webinars now posted on line
White House Memorandum on Mitigating Impacts on Natural Resources
- Timothy Male CEQ, Tomer Hasson DOI, Palmer Hough EPA
White House Memorandum on Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Policy
- Sarah Ryker CEQ, Hannah Safford OSTP
The Classification webinar series, Parts 1 and 2 will be posted soon
Upcoming NESP Webinars
NESP webinars are now being posted online. You can view and download past presentations from the Meetings and Webinars page here: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/focal-areas/national-ecosystem-services-partnership
ABOUT Federal Resource Management and Ecosystem Services Guidebook | nespguidebook.com
Presenters
Charles Rhodes is an Oak Ridge Institute Science & Education (ORISE) post-doctoral research fellow, participating with US EPA’s Offices of Water and of Research and Development in Washington, DC. His work is single-project on the National Ecosystem Services Classification System, coordinating aspects of tool development and interdisciplinary communication. In this capacity he interacts with academics and ecosystem services practitioners in many trans disciplinary conferences and symposia, exploring classification as a means to standardize definitions and certain methodologies, and to widen the scope of quantitative analyses – including with the UN Statistics Division team working to develop “green accounting” standards for national accounting. His PhD is in agricultural and resource economics.
Dixon Landers is a Senior Research Environmental Scientist (Limnologist) at EPA's National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, in Corvallis, OR and an Associate Professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University. He is currently serving as a task leader for developing a Standardized Classification and Indicators for Ecosystem Goods and Services for EPA’s national Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program. Previously, he designed and directed the National Park Service’s Western Airborne Contaminant Assessment Project from 2002-2008. His PhD is in Zoology/Limnology.
Identifying and Classifying Final Ecosystem Services: An Introduction to the
National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) and to its Relationship to the
Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System (FEGS-CS)
Presentation and Discussion withNational Ecosystem Services Partnership (NESP)
January 14, 2015
Charles Rhodes ORISE (participating at EPA) Dixon Landers EPA
Joel Corona EPAAmanda Nahlik Kenyon College (cooperating with EPA)Paramita Sinha RTIGeorge van Houtven RTI
Overview Ecosystem Services (ES) – evolving to formalized classification Core Features for ES classification – standardizing vocabulary and
baseline methodology National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS)
‒ Conceptual Framework
‒ 4-Group Structure
‒ Hierarchical Coding System
‒ Wiring Diagram/Example Application with Coding
What NESCS does and does not offer
Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System (FEGS-CS)
Relationship between the FEGS-CS and NESCS tools
Growing ES literature since Daily et al. (1997), as ecologists, researchers, and policy makers try to apply ES concept:
De Groot et al (2002); MA (2005); Boyd and Banzhaf (2007);Wallace (2007); Fisher and Turner (2009); Staub et al (2011);Haines-Young and Potschin (2012); Landers and Nahlik (2013) …
Where and what ecosystem services occur along the continuum between ecosystems and human well-being?How should we distinguish ecosystem services relevant
to any focused analysis?
“These categories overlap extensively, and the purpose is not to establish a taxonomy but rather to ensure that the analysis addresses the entire range of services” (p. 38).
MA Categorization of Ecosystem Services and their Links to Human Well-BeingSource: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2003. Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment, 266p.
• Porous categories• Double Counting
Questions when attempting to quantify or assess value for ES from within the MA:
“value” is a function of ecosystem condition and a function of human context
• the same “use” is of different value to different users;• MA seems to have ES uses, but not ES users?
MA classification mixes “processes (means) for achieving services and the services themselves (ends) within the same classification strategy” Boyd and Banzhaf (2007)
Boyd and Banzhaf (2007) indicate a potential way forward: count only those ES that directly enter the human economy, at the point they do – Final Ecosystem Services
With these constraints can researchers derive a set of clear, unique, unduplicated ecological and economic
measures for ES that matter to people?
Exhaustive and Mutually Exclusiveuniquely identifies all structures, processes, functions, and products of natural systems
(separate from human-driven systems) that humans use or appreciate
Non-Duplicativefocuses attention and measurement on those ecosystem services that humans use or
appreciate directly (final versus intermediate ecosystem services), to avoid double-counting
Practical for Usersgroups or separates candidate elements in a way easy to conceive and use, with clear
definitions, and rules for classifying that appeal across disciplines and users –avoiding overwhelming complexity, confusion, fuzzy classification boundaries,
and thus avoiding divergent choices for similar cases by similar users
Helpful for Selecting Appropriate Metrics uniquely identifying the environment, the precise flows of ecosystem services, the users, and how they use the ES, all
help to determine what ecologists and economists should measure
Core Features for a Desirable Final Ecosystem Services Classification System
Modulara “bonus” for practical use, if system interfaces with other standard classification
systems or ecosystem service tools without extensive exceptions and patching
Appropriate to be a Standarda “bonus” for practical use, if system is stable, its rules for use are well-explained,and it is practical enough to serve as the standard for many types of applications
Wis
h Li
st:
The National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS)
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS): Framework Design and Policy Application. EPA-800-R-15-002. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Detail Support of plant or animal cultivation: 1105
NESCS Classification Structure and Hierarchical Coding System
Note that this 15-digit code is the most disaggregated level of representation. Different levels of aggregation can be used depending on the context.
End-ProductsEnvironment Direct Use/Non-Use Direct UserIndustries• Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and
Hunting• Mining• Utilities• Construction• Manufacturing• Wholesale Trade• Retail Trade• Transportation and Warehousing• Information• Finance and Insurance• Real Estate Rental and Leasing• Professional, Scientific, and
Technical Services• Management of Companies and
Enterprises• Administrative Support and Waste
Management and Remediation Services
• Educational Services• Health Care and Social Assistance• Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation• Accommodation & Food Services• Other Services
Other Biotic Components• Specific types of natural
material
Atmospheric Components• Air• Solar light/radiation
Soil• Specific types of soil
Other Abiotic Components• Specific types of natural
material
Composite End-Products• -Scapes: views, sounds,
scents of land, sea, sky• beach envrnmt (13.81.)
- metric: degree natural/unbuilt
• Regulation of extreme events
• Presence of environmental class
Other End-Products Stoc
k in
dica
tors
, Flo
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, Qua
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Indi
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rs, S
ite In
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Cha
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Extr
eme
Even
ts
Use• Extractive Use
– Raw material for transformation– Fuel/energy– Industrial processing– Distribution to other users– Support of plant or animal cultivation– Support of human health and life
or subsistence• freshwater (13.12.1106.)
(11.12.1106.)- metric: m3frshw
– Recreation/tourism– Cultural/spiritual activities– Information, science, education, and
research– Other extractive use
• In-Situ Use– Energy– Transportation medium– Support of plant or animal
cultivation– Waste disposal/assimilation– Protection or support of human
health and life– Protection of human property– Recreation/tourism – Cultural/spiritual activities – Aesthetic appreciation
(11.)• Wetlands• Lakes and ponds (13.)• Near coastal marine• Open ocean and seas• Groundwater
Terrestrial• Forests• Agroecosystems• Created greenspace• Grasslands• Scrubland/ shrubland• Barren/rock and sand• Tundra• Ice and snow
Atmospheric• Atmosphere
NESCS-S NESCS-D
(a)
(b)
Proposed 4-Group NESCS Structure – “Wiring Diagram” with Proposed Metrics By GroupExample: (a) lake, river, or stream water for drinking – m3 fresh water (m3frshw)
(b) same water in composite viewing environment – degree natural/unbuilt
Flows ofFinal
Ecosystem Services
Use • Extractive Use
– Raw material for transformation
– Fuel/energy – Industrial processing – Distribution to other users
– Support of plant or animal cultivation – Support of human health and life
or subsistence
– Recreation/tourism
– Cultural/spiritual activities
– Information, science, education, and research
– Other extractive use • In-situ Use
– Energy – Transportation medium – Support of plant or animal cultivation – Waste disposal/assimilation – Protection or support of human health and life – Protection of human property – Recreation/tourism – Cultural/spiritual activities – Aesthetic appreciation
• Wholesale Trade • Retail Trade • Transportation and Warehousing • Information • Finance and Insurance • Real Estate Rental and Leasing • Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services • Management of Companies and Enterprises • Administrative Support and Waste Management and
Remediation Services • Educational Services
• Health Care and Social Assistance • Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation • Accommodation & Food Services • Other Services
Households
Government
Aquatic • Rivers and streams • Wetlands • Lakes and ponds • Near coastal marine
(14.) • Open ocean and
seas • Groundwater
Terrestrial • Forests • Agroecosystems • Created greenspace • Grasslands • Scrubland/ shrubland • Barren/rock and sand • Tundra • Ice and snow
Atmospheric • Atmosphere
Water • Snow/ice • Liquid water
Flora • Specific classes/species
of flora
Fauna • Specific classes/species
of fauna
Other Biotic Components • Specific types of natural
material
Atmospheric Components • Air • Solar light/radiation
Soil • Specific types of soil
Other Abiotic Components • Specific types of natural
material
Composite End-Products • Scapes: views, sounds,
scents of land, sea, sky
• Regulation of extreme
events • Presence of
environmental class
Other end-products
Environment End-Products Direct Use/Non-Use Direct User
Flows of Final
Ecosystem Services
NESCS-S NESCS-D
Proposed 4-Group NESCS Structure – with FEGS-Metric Pass-Through Example (a): mussels – m2 mussels/km of beach (m2m/kmb)
(1) 14. (8) 81. (1) (12) 1209. (2) 201 - 14.81.1209.201 14.0601AND …if “beach experience” is part of “ES” of mussel harvest, then a separate Non-Use ES “use” for any User, “combined end-product” here, not “fauna” b: 06=non-extrct
viewer…let’s pick Household, not Industry for this example
FEGS-CS – NESCS Pass-Through Example: 7 times “wild mussels”, 1 times “beach-scape” at the wild mussel site
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ces
Supp
ly S
ide
Ecos
yste
m S
ervi
ces
Dem
and
Side
Economic Goods & Services Supply Side
Economic Goods & Services Demand Side
IntermediateEconomic Goods & Services / Products
Lumber Sales
PhysicalCapital and
Labor
IntermediateEconomic
Production Function
LumberProduction
FinalEconomic
ProductionFunctionFurniture
Manufacturing
HouseholdUtility
FunctionFinal Economic Goods &
Services / ProductsFurniture
HUMAN WELL-BEINGCapital
and labor services
EcologicalProduction
FunctionTree Growth,
Health and Regeneration
NaturalCapitalForests
FEGS Stocks / End-Products
Trees
Flows of Final Ecosystem Services
Policy Change toAtmosphere
The NESCS Conceptual Framework – Specialized to a Terrestrial Acidification Example
NESCS-S NESCS-DE
nv. C
lass
Env
. Sub
-C
lass
End
-pr
oduc
t C
lass
End-product
Sub-Class or Example
Direct Use/ Non-Use
Class
Direct Use/ Non-Use
Sub-ClassDirect Use/
Non-Use Detail
Examples of Direct Uses/
Non-UseDirect User
ClassDirect User Sub-Class User Detail
2. T
erre
stria
l
21. F
ores
ts
2. F
lora
Sugar maple trees
1. Direct Use
11. Extractive Use
1101. Raw material for transformation
Input for maple syrup, furniture, construction
1. Industry 111. Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
1113. Forestry and Logging(e.g., 21.2.1101.1113)
123. Construction 123. Construction131–33. Manufacturing (Manufg.)
1311. Food Manufg.1321. Wood Product Manufg.1337. Furniture and Related Product Manufg.
12. In-situ Use 1207. Recreation/tourism
Fall color viewing
1. Industry 148–49. Transportation and Warehousing
1487. Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation
172. Accommodation and Food Services
1721. Accommodation1722. Food Services and Drinking Places
2. Non-Use 21. Existence 2101. Existence Existence use 2. Households 201. Households 22. Bequest 2201. Bequest Bequest use 2. Households 201. Households
Red spruce trees
1. Direct Use
11. Extractive Use
1101. Raw material for transformation
Input for musical instruments, furniture, construction
1. Industry 111. Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
1113. Forestry and Logging
131–33. Manufacturing (Manufg.)
1321. Wood Product Manufg.1337. Furniture and Related Product Manufg.1339992. Musical Instrument Manufg.
2. Non-Use 21. Existence 2101. Existence Existence use 2. Households 201. Households 22. Bequest 2201. Bequest Bequest use 2. Households 201. Households (e.g., 21.2.2201.201)
Applying NESCS: Policies Impacting Terrestrial Acidification – Two-species example table, with NESCS numeric coding pieces
The NESCS is NOT a list –• the 4-Group Structure and Guidelines for Use (under
construction) provide a framework, operators, and general rules
• can be used to make a list for any application, but there is little use for a comprehensive list (which could include thousandsof potential FFES)
Understanding NESCSin contrast to other Tools and Approaches
Final ES are NOT in any of the 4-Group Structure columns or tables
The NESCS does NOT – do any economic valuation
The NESCS is a modular (final) ES identification tool The NESCS looks outside of its own framework,
structure, and rules for:
Understanding NESCSin contrast to other Tools and Approaches
• Ecological Production Functions –to describe/project dynamics of FFES from an area, over time, and in response to exogenous influences
• all final selection of metrics, indicators, and qualitative or quantitative measures; proper use of NESCS can guide choices, not make them
• stakeholders vet the appropriate set of identifiable FFESand the appropriate subsets for environmental measurement and for valuation
• choosing which research and methodology gaps –to improve future ES assessment efforts
United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development
Classifying Ecosystem Services: The Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System (FEGS-CS)Amanda M. Nahlik1,2 and Dixon H. Landers2
1KENYON COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, GAMBIER, OHIO
2US EPA OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY, WESTERN ECOLOGY DIVISION, CORVALLIS, OREGON
How do you identify FEGS?
21
“components of nature, directly enjoyed, consumed, or used to yield
human well-being” (Boyd & Banzhaf 2007)
Environment Beneficiary+ FEGS
• Three Key Steps:1. Clearly define the Environmental Class boundary2. Identify applicable Beneficiary Categories 3. For a Beneficiary in a specific Environment,
hypothesize the FEGS
The FEGS-CS Classification Scheme
22
Classifying FEGS
• Identified 338 FEGS– Each associated with an
Environmental Class and Beneficiary Category using FEGS Matrices
– Published as an EPA Report in 2013 (EPA/600/R-13/ORD-004914)
– Learn more about FEGS-CS at: http://www.gispub.epa.gov/FEGS
FEGS-CS satisfies ecological orientation 21 Types of FEGS less flexibility in use-user combinations
FEGS-CS and NESCS define final ES beginning from the same real-world environmental classes and sub-classes
NESCS satisfies economic orientation 9 ecological end-product categories Complete use-user flexibility to national accounting classes
Comparing FEGS-CS and NESCS
Comparing FEGS-CS and NESCSMetrics or indicators
“populate” NESCS cells
FEGS-CS Metric 2
ORD Contact for FES Metrics and Indicators: Dr. Paul Ringold/ [email protected]; 541-754-4565
ORD Contact for EcoService Models Library: Randy Bruins/ [email protected]://esml.epa.gov/epf_l/public/signup
Tool developers and practitioners within EPA expect FEGS-CS to be used to vet appropriate metrics for final ES, and the EcoService Models Library to aid in identifying ecological production functions
Addressing common questions: Where is Carbon, Biodiversity, or Climate?Carbon is not an ecosystem service of any kind. “Carbon” is, especially at a wide-macro scale, a decent quantitative indictor of biotic abundance when more refined measures are unavailable. Biodiversity is a structural component, so generally intermediate, not “final.” It is a decent quantitative indictor when more refined measures unavailable.
For “Weather or Climate” we turn to expanded 4-Group Structure…
Aquatic• Rivers and streams• Wetlands• Lakes and ponds• Near coastal marine• Open ocean and seas• Groundwater
Terrestrial• Forests• Agroecosystems• Created greenspace• Grasslands• Scrubland/shrubland• Barren/rock and sand• Tundra• Ice and snow
Atmospheric• Atmosphere
Water• Snow/ice• Liquid water
Flora• Specific species of flora
Fauna• Specific species of fauna
Other Biotic Natural Material• Specific types of natural
material
Atmospheric Components• Air• Solar light/radiation
Soil• Specific types of soil
Other Abiotic Natural Material• Specific types of natural
material
Combined End-Products• -Scapes: views, sounds
and scents of land, sea, sky
• Regulation of extreme events
• Natural phenomena • Presence of environmental
class
Other End-Products
Use • Extractive Use
– Raw material for transformation
– Fuel/energy– Industrial processing– Distribution to other users– Support of plant or animal
cultivation– Support of human health and
life or subsistence– Recreation/tourism– Cultural/spiritual activities – Information, science,
education, and research– Other extractive use
• In-Situ Use– Energy– Transportation medium– Support of plant or animal
cultivation– Waste disposal/assimilation– Protection or support of human
health and life– Protection of human property– Recreation/tourism – Cultural/spiritual activities – Aesthetic appreciation – Information, science,
education, and research– Other in-situ use
Non-Use• Existence• Bequest
Industries• Agriculture, forestry,
fishing and hunting• Mining• Utilities• Construction• Manufacturing• Wholesale and retail
trade• Transportation and
warehousing• Information• Finance and insurance• Real estate rental and
leasing• Professional, scientific,
and technical services• Management of
companies and enterprises
• Administrative support and waste management and remediation services
• Educational services• Health care and social
assistance• Arts, entertainment,
and recreation• Accommodation and
food services• Other services
Households
Government
Environment End-Products Direct Use/Non-Use Direct User
Flows ofFinal
Ecosystem Services
Stoc
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dica
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, Flo
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, Qua
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Indi
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, Ind
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Cha
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Extr
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Even
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NESCS-S NESCS-D
National Ecosystem Services Classification System, Four-Group Structure
Challenge Slide!! Can you suggest a flow of “final” ES that we cannot trace from left to right?!
Charles Rhodes – ORISE post-doctoral fellow, participating through the Offices of Water and of Research and Development at U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. [email protected]; 202-564-9642.
Dixon Landers – EPA’s Office of Research and Development, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR. [email protected]; 541-754-4427.
EPA’s Office of Research and Development, as part of the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program, is working to define metrics and indicators for Final Ecosystem Services both at the community and national scale. Contact for this work is Dr. Paul Ringold at the Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR. [email protected]; 541-754-4565.