Africa List of countries and capitals with currency and language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags and capitals,including their respective currency and native language. This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. The continents are: Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania (a geopolitical region which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands) Antarctica In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be combined as the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including different models, see here). There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one continent, according to geographical, political, or historical criteria. Contents 1 Africa 2 Asia 3 Europe 4 North America 5 South America 6 Oceania 7 Antarctica 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Africa Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and
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Africa
List of countries and capitals with currency andlanguageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respectivenational flags and capitals,including their respective currency and native language.
This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. Thecontinents are:
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Oceania (a geopolitical region which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands)Antarctica
In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be combinedas the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including differentmodels, see here).
There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one continent,according to geographical, political, or historical criteria.
Contents
1 Africa2 Asia
3 Europe
4 North America5 South America
6 Oceania
7 Antarctica
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Africa
Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Africa with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 millionsq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of theEarth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land
area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), itaccounts for about 15% of the world's human population.The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to thenorth, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the SinaiPeninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast,and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includesMadagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fullyrecognized sovereign states ("countries"), 9 territories and
three de facto states with limited recognition.[3]
Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely acceptedas the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (greatapes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that havebeen dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecusafricanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern
human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4] Africa straddles the equator and encompassesnumerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate
zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.[6]
None Western SaharaNone Disputed territory between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab
Democratic Republic
Moroccan
dirhamAlgerian dinar
Mauritanian
ouguiya
Seerespective
claimants
Zambia LusakaZambian
kwachaEnglish
Zimbabwe Harare variousEnglishShona
Sindebele
Asia
Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Asia
See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Eurasia
Further information: Geography of Asia
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Asia with geographical data such as area, population,and population density, see here.
Asia ( i/ˈeɪʒə/ or /ˈeɪʃə/) is the world's largest and mostpopulous continent, located primarily in the eastern andnorthern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's totalsurface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current humanpopulation. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly
Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths ofEurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Uralriver, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the CaucasusMountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the
Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east bythe Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and onthe north by the Arctic Ocean.
Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – "is more a cultural concept"
incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely amongand within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties andgovernment systems.
Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial
language
Afghanistan Kabul AfghaniPashtoDari (Persian)
Akrotiri and
DhekeliaEpiskopi Cantonment Euro
English
Greek
Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian
Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani
Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali
Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha
British Indian
Ocean Territory
Diego Garcia
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
US dollar
UK poundEnglish
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollarBahasaMelayu
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer
China Beijing Renminbi (yuan)Standard
Chinese
Christmas IslandFlying Fish Cove
External territory of AustraliaAustralian dollar English
Cocos (Keeling)
Islands
West Island
External territory of AustraliaExternalterritory of Australia
The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia ishistorically the successor of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russianconquest of Northern Asia begins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is in Asia, butmost of its population lives in the European part.
Europe
Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states
and dependent territories in Europe
See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Eurasia
Further information: Geography of Europe
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Europe with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.
Europe ( i/ˈjʊərəp/ EWR-əp or /ˈjɜrəp/ YUR-əp[13]) is, byconvention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprisingthe westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generallydivided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural andCaucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and BlackSeas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean
Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to thenorth, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Seato the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways tothe southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept datingback to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as theprimarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporatecultural and political elements.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres(3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the countryhas territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous
continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.[15]
Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in globalaffairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20thcenturies, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of
Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were largely focused uponEurope, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century
as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along theIron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to theformation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have beenexpanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
De facto sovereign state lacking general internationalrecognition
Recognized by United Nations as de jure part ofMoldova
Transnistrian
ruble
RussianMoldovan
Ukrainian
Ukraine KievUkrainian
hryvniaUkrainian
United Kingdom LondonPound
sterlingEnglish
Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian
Notes
Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United NationsStatistics Division:
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey.
In West Asia, but a member of the European Union: Cyprus.
North America
Main articles: North America and List of sovereignstates and dependent territories in North America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states anddependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of North America
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin North America with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.
North America is a continent wholly within the NorthernHemisphere and almost wholly within the WesternHemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of
the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by the ArcticOcean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west andsouth by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by SouthAmerica and the Caribbean Sea.
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 squarekilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of theplanet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 millionpeople across 23 independent states. North America is thethird-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, andEurope.
Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial
language
Anguilla The ValleyOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's
Aruba OranjestadConstituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Bahamas Nassau
Barbados Bridgetown
Belize Belmopan
Bermuda HamiltonOverseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Bonaire Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands
British Virgin Islands Road TownOverseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Canada Ottawa
Cayman Islands George TownOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom
Clipperton Island — Overseas territory of France
Costa Rica San José
Cuba Havana
Curaçao WillemstadConstituent country of the Kingdom ofthe Netherlands
Sint Eustatius Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands
Sint Maarten PhilipsburgConstituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Turks and CaicosIslands Cockburn Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
United States Washington, D.C.
United States VirginIslands
Charlotte AmalieInsular area of the United States ofAmerica
South America
Main articles: South America and List of sovereign
states and dependent territories in South America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of South America
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin South America with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.
South America is a continent located in the WesternHemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21]
It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on thenorth and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and theCaribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelvesovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, andVenezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas regionof France, and the Falkland Islands, a British OverseasTerritory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of theNetherlands may also be considered part of South America,as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American statesthat border the Caribbean Sea – Colombia, Venezuela,Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known asCaribbean South America.
South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 hasbeen estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and NorthAmerica) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coinedin 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was thefirst European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknownto Europeans.
Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial
language
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish
BoliviaSucre (official)La Paz (seat of government)
BolivianoSpanishQuechuaAymara
Brazil Brasília Real Portuguese
Chile Santiago Peso Spanish
Colombia Bogotá Peso Spanish
Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish
FalklandIslands
Stanley
Overseas territory of the UnitedKingdom
Falkland Islandspound
English
French GuianaCayenne
Overseas department of France— —
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English
Paraguay Asunción GuaraníSpanishGuaraní
Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish
Venezuela Caracas Bolívar fuerte Spanish
Oceania
Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states
See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands
Further information: Geography of Oceania
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territoriesin Oceania with geographical data such as area,population, and population density, see here.
Australia (UK /ˌoʊʃɪˈɑːnɪə/ or /ˌoʊsɪˈɑːnɪə/;[22]
US /ˌoʊʃiː ˈæniː ə/)[23] is a region centered on the islands of the
tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutesOceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands ofthe South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions
of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to the entireinsular region between Asia and the Americas, includingAustralasia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.The term issometimes used more specifically to denote a continent
comprising Australia and proximate islands,[26][27][28][29] orbiogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasianecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone(Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from
New Zealand[30] or from mainland New Guinea).[31]
Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial
language
AmericanSamoa
Pago PagoInsular area of the United States of
America
United States dollarEnglishSamoan
Ashmore andCartier
IslandsExternal
territory ofAustralia
— —
Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c]
Baker Island —Insular area of the United States of
Antarctica ( i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑrktɨkə/)[d] is Earth'ssouthernmost continent, containing the geographic SouthPole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the SouthernHemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and
is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2
(5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area afterAsia, Africa, North America, and South America. Forcomparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia.About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages atleast 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiestcontinent, and has the highest average elevation of all the
continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annualprecipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and
far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent humanresidents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scatteredacross the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (forexample mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation whereit occurs is tundra.
Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the firstconfirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition ofFabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remainedlargely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treatyprohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supportsscientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000scientists from many nations.
Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S,and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have beenmade:
Argentina: Argentine AntarcticaAustralia: Australian Antarctic TerritoryBrazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)
Chile: AntárticaFrance: Adélie LandNew Zealand: Ross DependencyNorway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud LandUnited Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory
(Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)
Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:
Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)Port-aux-Français (KerguelenIslands)
Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul andAmsterdam Islands)Overseas territory of France
Euro French
Heard Island and McDonaldIslandsExternal territory of Australia
— — —
South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands
King Edward PointOverseas territory of the UnitedKingdom
Pound
sterlingEnglish
See also
List of countries and capitals in native languagesList of national capitalsList of currencies
Notes
a. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separatecurrency.
b. ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km2 only, considerably less thanthe total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km².
c. ^ English does not have de jure status.
d. ^ The word was originally pronounced without /k/, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The
"c" was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced.[33][34]
References
1. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm/)United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)
2. ^ Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
3. ^ See List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa.
4. ^ Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005(http://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.html)
5. ^ Visual Geography. "Africa. General info" (http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html). Retrieved2007-11-24.
6. ^ IMF WEO Oct. 2010 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/pdf/c2.pdf). Retrieved 2010 October15.