Time - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/12/2019 Time - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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The flow of sand in an

hourglass can be used to

keep track of elapsed

time. It also concretely

represents the present as

being between the past

and the future.

TimeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Timeis a dimension in which events can be ordered from the past through the

present into the future,[1[!["[#[$[%and also the measure of durations of events

and the intervals between them.["[&['Time has long been a ma(or sub(ect of

study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable toall fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.["[&['[)[1*[11

+evertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences,music, dance, and the live theater all incorporate some notion of time into their

respective measuring systems.[1![1"[1#ome simple, relatively uncontroversial

definitions of time include -time is what clocks measure-[&[1$and -time is what

keeps everything from happening at once-.[1%[1&[1'[1)

Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. neview is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe/a dimension

independent of events, in which events occur in se0uence. ir Isaac +ewtonsubscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as

+ewtonian time.[!*[!1The opposing view is that timedoes not refer to any kindof -container- that events and ob(ects -move through-, nor to any entity that-flows-, but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure togetherwith space and number2 within which humans se0uence and compare events. This

second view, in the tradition of 3ottfried 4eibni5[1$and Immanuel 6ant,[!![!"

holds that timeis neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable norcan it be travelled.

Time is one of the seven fundamental physical 0uantities in the Internationalystem of 7nits. Time is used to define other 0uantities / such as velocity / so

defining time in terms of such 0uantities would result in circularity of definition. [!#8n operational definition oftime, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical eventsuch as the passage of a free9swinging pendulum2 constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highlyuseful in the conduct of both advanced e:periments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leavesaside the 0uestion whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity (ust mentioned, thatflows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring 0uestions aboutspace into 0uestions about time, 0uestions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural

philosophy.

Furthermore, it may be that there is a sub(ective component to time, but whether or not time itself is -felt-, as a

sensation or an e:perience, has never been settled.["[&['[!$[!%

Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation andastronomy. ;eriodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time.


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1 Temporal measurement

1.1 >istory of the calendar

1.! >istory of time measurement devices

! ?efinitions and standards

!.1 World time

!.! Time conversions

!." idereal time

!.# =hronology" @eligion

".1 4inear and cyclical time

".! Time in 3reek mythology

# ;hilosophy

#.1 Time as -unreal-

$ ;hysical definition

$.1 =lassical mechanics

$.! pacetime

$." Time dilation$.# @elativistic time versus +ewtonian time

$.$ 8rrow of time

$.% Auantised time

% Time and the Big Bang

%.1 peculative physics beyond the Big Bang

& Time travel

' Cudgment of time

'.1 Biopsychology

'.! 8lterations

) 7se of time

1* ee also

1*.1 Books

1*.! rgani5ations

1*." Discellaneous arts and sciences

1*.# Discellaneous units of time

11 @eferences

1! Further reading

1"


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>ori5ontal sundial in Taganrog.

8 contemporary 0uart5 watch

Main article: Calendar

8rtifacts from the ;alaeolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as %,*** years ago.[!'

4unar calendars were among the first to appear, either 1! or 1" lunar months either "$# or "'# days2. Withoutintercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons 0uickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelvelunar months. 4unisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the differencebetween a full year now known to be about "%$.!# days2 and a year of (ust twelve lunar months. The numbers

twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship ofmonths to years.

The reforms of Culius =aesar in #$ B= put the @oman world on a solar calendar. This Culian calendar was faultyin that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical solstices and e0uino:es to advance against it by about 11minutes per year. ;ope 3regory III introduced a correction in 1$'!G the 3regorian calendar was only slowlyadopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but is today by far the one in most common use aroundthe world.

History of time measurement devices

Main article: History of timekeeping devices

See also: Clock

8 large variety of devices have been invented to measure time. Thestudy of these devices is called horology.

8n


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=hip9scale atomic clocks, such as

this one unveiled in !**#, are

e:pected to greatly improve 3;

location.["#

The $$$ timer I= is an integrated

circuit chip2 used in a variety of

timer, pulse generation and oscillator

applications.

Units of time

Unit Size Notes

yoctosecond 1*J!#s

=hristiaan >uygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks.

The arrison.Dore recently, the term has also been applied to the chronometerwatch, a wristwatch that meets precision standards set by the wissagency ==.

The most accuratetimekeeping devices areatomic clocks, which areaccurate to seconds in

many millions of years,["$

and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments.8tomic clocks use the spin property of atoms as their basis, and since

1)%&, the International ystem of Deasurements bases its unit oftime, the second, on the properties of caesium atoms. I defines thesecond as ),1)!,%"1,&&* cycles of the radiation that corresponds tothe transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground

state of the 1""=s atom.

Today, the 3lobal ;ositioning ystem in coordination with the+etwork Time ;rotocol can be used to synchroni5e timekeeping

systems across the globe.

In medieval philosophical writings, the atomwas a unit of time referred to as the smallest possible division oftime. The earliest known occurrence in


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5eptosecond 1*J!1s

attosecond 1*J1'sshortest time uncertainty

in present measurements

femtosecond 1*J1$spulse time of ultrafast lasers1** as N *.1 fs2

picosecond 1*J1!s

nanosecond1*

J)

stime for molecules to fluoresce

microsecond 1*J%s

millisecond *.**1 s

second 1 s SI base unit

minute %* seconds

hour %* minutes

day !# hours

week & days 8lso calledsennight

fortnight 1# days ! weeks

lunar month !&.!H!).$ days Oarious definitions e:ist.

month !'H"1 days

0uarter " months

year 1! months

common year "%$ days $! weeks P 1 day

leap year "%% days $! weeks P ! days

tropical year "%$.!#!1) days[") average

3regorian year "%$.!#!$ days[#* average

lympiad # year cycle

lustrum $ years 8lso calledpentad

decade 1* years

Indiction 1$ year cycle

generation 1&H"$ years appro:imate

(ubilee Biblical2 $* years

century 1** years

millennium 1,*** years

e:asecond 1*1's roughly "! billion years, more than twicethe age of the universe on current est imates

cosmological decade varies

1* times the length of the previous

cosmological decade, with =Q 1 beginning

either 1* seconds or 1* years after the

Big Bang, depending on the definition.

second. From the second, largerunits such as the minute, hour andday are defined, though they are-non9I- units because they do notuse the decimal system, and alsobecause of the occasional need fora leap second. They are, however,

officially accepted for use iththeInternational ystem. There are nofi:ed ratios between seconds andmonths or years as months andears have significant variations in

length.[#1

The official I definition of the

second is as followsE[#1[#!

The second is the durationof ),1)!,%"1,&&* periodsof the radiationcorresponding to thetransition between the twohyperfine levels of theground state of the caesium1"" atom.

8t its 1))& meeting, the =I;D

affirmed that this definition refersto a caesium atom in its ground

state at a temperature of * 6.[#1

;revious to 1)%&, the second wasdefined asE

the fraction1K"1,$$%,)!$.)& of thetropical year for 1)**Canuary * at 1! hours

ephemeris time.

The current definition of thesecond, coupled with the currentdefinition of the metre, is based onthe special theory of relativity,which affirms our space9time to bea Dinkowski space.

World time

Time9keeping is so critical to the functioning of modern societies that it is coordinated at an international level.The basis for scientific time is a continuous count of seconds based on atomic clocks around the world, knownas the International 8tomic Time T8I2. ther scientific time standards include Terrestrial Time and Barycentric? namical Time.


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=oordinated 7niversal Time 7T=2 is the basis for modern civil time. ince Canuary 1, 1)&!, it has beendefined to follow T8I with an e:act offset of an integer number of seconds, changing only when a leap second isadded to keep clock time synchroni5ed with the rotation of the


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>indu units of

time shown

logarithmically

Main article: Chronology

8nother form of time measurement consists of studying the past.


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?ivine time. In theology, 6airos is 0ualitative, as opposed to 0uantitative.

In 3reek mythology, =hronos 8ncient 3reekE `2 is identified as the ;ersonification of Time. >is name in3reek means -time- and is alternatively spelled =hronus 4atin spelling2 or 6hronos. =hronos is usuallyportrayed as an old, wise man with a long, gray beard, such as -Father Time-. ome eraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.[#$;lato, in the Timaeus, identified time with theperiod of motion of the heavenly bodies. 8ristotle, in Book IO of hishysicadefined time as the number of

change with respect to before and after.

In Book 11 of his Confessions, t. 8ugustine of >ippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, -What then istime^ If no one asks me, I knowE if I wish to e:plain it to one that asketh, I know not.- >e begins to define time

by what it is not rather than what it is,[#%an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions.>owever, 8ugustine ends up calling time a distention of the mind =onfessions 11.!%2 by which wesimultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by e:pectation.

In contrast to ancient 3reek philosophers who believed that the universe had an infinite past with no beginning,medieval philosophers and theologians developed the concept of the universe having a finite past with a

beginning. This view is shared by 8brahamic faiths as they believe time started by creation, therefore the onlything being infinite is 3od and everything else, including time, is finite.

Isaac +ewton believed in absolute space and absolute timeG 4eibni5 believed that time and space are

relational.[#&The differences between 4eibni5s and +ewtons interpretations came to a head in the famous4eibni59=larke =orrespondence.

Immanuel 6ant, in the Criti*ue of ure +eason, described time asan a prioriintuition that allows us together with the other a priori

intuition, space2 to comprehend sense e:perience.[#'With 6ant,

neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather bothare elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarilystructures the e:periences of any rational agent, or observingsub(ect. 6ant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstractconceptual framework, together with space and number, within

Time is not an empiricalconcept. For neither co9

e:istence nor successionwould be perceived by us, ifthe representation of time didnot e:ist as a foundation apriori. Without this

resu osition we could not

'


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Immanuel 6ant, Criti*ue of ure +eason

1&'12, trans. Oasilis ;olitis 4ondonE?ent., 1))12, p.$#.

which we se0uence events, 0uantify their duration, and comparethe motions of ob(ects. In this view, timedoes not refer to any kindof entity that -flows,- that ob(ects -move through,- or that is a-container- for events. patial measurements are used to 0uantifythe e:tent of and distances between ob(ects, and temporalmeasurements are used to 0uantify the durations of and betweenevents. ee ntology2.

>enri Bergson believed that time was neither a real homogeneousmedium nor a mental construct, but possesses what he referred to

as,uration. ?uration, in Bergsons view, was creativity and memory as an essential component of reality. [#)

8ccording to Dartin >eidegger we do not e:ist inside time, e are time. >ence, the relationship to the past is apresent awareness ofhaving -een, which allows the past to e:ist in the present. The relationship to the future isthe state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity forcaring and being concerned, which causes -being ahead of oneself- when thinking of a pending occurrence.Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to e:ist in the present. The present

becomes an e:perience, which is 0ualitative instead of 0uantitative. >eidegger seems to think this is the way thata linear relationship with time, or temporal e:istence, is broken or transcended.[$*We are not stuck inse0uential time. We are able to remember the past and pro(ect into the future 9 we have a kind of randomaccess to our representation of temporal e:istence 999 we can, in our thoughts, step out of ecstasis2 se0uential

time.[$1

Time as (unreal(

In $th century B= 3reece, 8ntiphon the ophist, in a fragment preserved from his chief work On Truth, held

thatE .Time is not a reality (hypostasis)/ -ut a concept (no'ma) or a measure (metron)0.;armenides wentfurther, maintaining that time, motion, and change were illusions, leading to the parado:es of his follower

eno.[$!Time as an illusion is also a common theme in Buddhist thought.[$"[$#

C. D.


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Two9dimensional space depicted in three9

dimensional spacetime. The past and future

light cones are absolute, the -present- is a

relative concept different for observers in

relative motion.

associated with ob(ects in motion relative to an inertial observer.

The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Dinkowski spacetime, a mathematical structurethat combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in spacecan be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light9year is a measure of distance, and ameter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Dinkowskispacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space9like, light9like, or time9like.


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@elativity of simultaneityE


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8 graphical representation of the e:pansion of the

universe with the inflationary epoch represented as

process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a conse0uence of time being modeled by aparameter in the system being analy5ed, where there is no -proper time-E the direction of the arrow of time issometimes arbitrary. awking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were anothertime frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that

happened then would have any effect upon the present time9frame.[$'7pon occasion, >awking has stated thattime actually began with the Big Bang, and that 0uestions about what happened -eforethe Big Bang are

meaningless.[$)[%*[%1This less9nuanced, but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from

philosophers such as 8ristotelian philosopher Dortimer C. 8dler.[%![%"

cientists have come to some agreement on descriptions of events that happened 1*J"$seconds after the Big

Bang, but generally agree that descriptions about what happened before one ;lanck time $ M 1*J##seconds2after the Big Bang are likely to remain pure speculation.

Speculative physics beyond the ,i# ,an#

While the Big Bang model is well established incosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. 4ittle isknown about the earliest moments of the universeshistory. The ;enrose9>awking singularity theoremsre0uire the e:istence of a singularity at the beginning ofcosmic time. >owever, these theorems assume thatgeneral relativity is correct, but general relativity mustbreak down before the universe reaches the ;lanck

temperature, and a correct treatment of 0uantum gravitymay avoid the singularity.[%#

There may also be parts of the universe well beyondwhat can be observed in principle. If inflation occurred


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.

,iopsycholo#y

The brains (udgement of time is known to be a highly distributed system, including at least the cerebral corte:,cerebellum and basal ganglia as its components. ne particular component, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, isresponsible for the circadian or daily2 rhythm, while other cell clusters appear capable of shorter9rangeultradian2 timekeeping.

;sychoactive drugs can impair the (udgement of time. timulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate

time intervals,[&"[while depressants can have the opposite effect.[&$The level of activity in the brain of

neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this.[&%uch chemicals willeither e:cite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register theoccurrence of more events within a given interval speed up time2 and a decreased firing rate reducing the

brains capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval slow down time2.[&&

Dental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual9motor tasks to infer the content, duration, andtemporal se0uencing of cognitive operations.

lterations

In addition to psychoactive drugs, (udgements of time can be altered by temporal illusions like the kappa

effect[&'2, age,[&)and hypnosis.['*The sense of time is impaired in some people with neurological diseasessuch as ;arkinsons disease and attention deficit disorder.

;sychologists assert that time seems to go faster with age, but the literature on this age9related perception of

time remains controversial.['1Those who support this notion point to the increased pressence of e:ciatory

neurotransmitters in young people [&&and the role having new e:periences plays in time perception.

Use of time

See also: Time management and Time discipline

In sociology and anthropology, time discipline is the general name given to social and economic rules,conventions, customs, and e:pectations governing the measurement of time, the social currency and awarenessof time measurements, and peoples e:pectations concerning the observance of these customs by others. 8rlie@ussell >ochschild and +orbert owever, some aspects oftime use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work,which despite ma(or changes in transport, has been observed to be about !*H"* minutes one9way for a largenumber of cities over a long period.

Time management is the organi5ation of tasks or events by first estimating how much time a task re0uires and

when it must be completed, and ad(usting events that would interfere with its completion so it is done in theappropriate amount of time. =alendars and day planners are common e:amples of time management tools.

8 se0uence of events, or series of events, is a se0uence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural

steps, arranged in time order chronological order2, often with causality relationships among the items.['!['"['#


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Times mortal aspect is personified in

this bron5e statue by =harles van der

tappen

, , ,

never precedes cause. 8 se0uence of events can be presented in te:t, tables, charts, or timelines. Thedescription of the items or events may include a timestamp. 8 se0uence of events that includes the time alongwith place or location information to describe a se0uential path may be referred to as a world line.

7ses of a se0uence of events include stories,['$historical events chronology2, directions and steps in

procedures,['%and timetables for scheduling activities. 8 se0uence of events may also be used to help describeprocesses in science, technology, and medicine. 8 se0uence of events may be focused on past events e.g.,stories, history, chronology2, on future events that must be in a predetermined order e.g., plans, schedules,procedures, timetables2, or focused on the observation of past events with the e:pectation that the events willoccur in the future e.g., processes2. The use of a se0uence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machinescam timer2, documentaries Seconds !rom ,isaster2, law choice of law2, computer simulation discrete event

simulation2, and electric power transmission['&se0uence of events recorder2. 8 specific e:ample of ase0uence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima ?aiichi nuclear disaster.

See also

>orology6airos

Term time2

,oo&s

2 3rief History of Timeby tephen >awking

2-out Time: Einstein6s 1nfinished +evolutionby ;aul

?avies

!rom Eternity to Here: The 7uest for the 1ltimate Theoryof Timeby ean D. =arroll

The hysical 3asis of The ,irection of Timeby >ein59

?ieter eh

2n E5periment ith Timeby C. W. ?unne

Einstein6s ,reamsby 8lan 4ightman

.r#anizations

8eading scholarly organi$ations for researchers on the history

and technology of time and timekeeping

8nti0uarian >orological ociety H 8> 7nited 6ingdom2

=hronometrophilia wit5erland2

?eutsche 3esellschaft fr =hronometrie H ?3= 3ermany2

+ational 8ssociation of Watch and =lock =ollectors 9 +8W== 7nited tates of 8merica2

/iscellaneous arts and sciences

8nachronistic

?ate and time notation by country

4ist of cycles

+etwork Time ;rotocol +T;2

/iscellaneous units of time

Fiscal year

>alf9life

>e:adecimal time

eason


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+onlinear arts2

;hilosophy of physics

@ate mathematics2

Tithi

7nit of time

7ni: epoch

$eferences

1. 0-+ewton did for time what the 3reek geometers did for space, ideali5ed it into an e:actly measurable

dimension.-2-out Time: Einstein6s 1nfinished +evolution, ;aul ?avies, p. "1, imon R chuster, 1))%, IB+

)&'9*%'#'1'!!1

!. 0-:ford ?ictionariesETime- httpEKKo:forddictionaries.comKdefinitionKtime2 . :ford 7niversity ;ress. !*11.

httpEKKo:forddictionaries.comKdefinitionKtime. @etrieved !*1191!91'. -the indefinite continued progress of

e:istence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole-

". abcd

-Websters +ew World =ollege ?ictionary- httpEKKwww.yourdictionary.comKtime2 . !*1*.

httpEKKwww.yourdictionary.comKtime. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -1.indefinite, unlimited duration in which

things are considered as happening in the past, present, or futureG every moment there has ever been or

ever will be... a system of measuring duration !.the period between two events or during whichsomething e:ists, happens, or actsG measured or measurable interval-

-The 8merican >eritage tedmans Dedical ?ictionary dictionary.com-

httpEKKdictionary.reference.comKbrowseKtime^rN%%2 . !**!.

httpEKKdictionary.reference.comKbrowseKtime^rN%%. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -8 duration or relation of

events e:pressed in terms of past, present, and future, and measured in units such as minutes, hours,

days, months, or years.-

-=ollins 4anguage.com- httpEKKwww.collinslanguage.comKresults.asp:^conte:tN"RreversedNFalseRactionNdefineRhomonymN91Rte:tNtime2 . >arper=ollins. !*11.

httpEKKwww.collinslanguage.comKresults.asp:^conte:tN"RreversedNFalseRactionNdefineRhomonymN9

1Rte:tNtime. @etrieved !*1191!91'. -1. The continuous passage of e:istence in which events pass from

a state of potentiality in the future, through the present, to a state of finality in the past. !.physicsa0uantity measuring duration, usually with reference to a periodic process such as the rotation of the

earth or the vibration of electromagnetic radiation emitted from certain atoms. In classical mechanics,

time is absolute in the sense that the time of an event is independent of the observer. 8ccording to the

theory of relativity it depends on the observers frame of reference. Time is considered as a fourth

coordinate re0uired, along with three spatial coordinates, to specify an event.-

-The 8merican >eritage cience ?ictionary dictionary.com-

httpEKKdictionary.reference.comKbrowseKtime^rN%%2 . !**!.

httpEKKdictionary.reference.comKbrowseKtime^rN%%. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -1. 8 continuous, measurable0uantity in which events occur in a se0uence proceeding from the past through the present to the

future. !a. 8n interval separating two points of this 0uantityG a duration. !b. 8 system or reference

frame in which such intervals are measured or such 0uantities are calculated.-

-oughton Difflin =ompany2, !*11, httpEKKahdictionary.comKwordKsearch.html^0Ntime, -8

nonspatial continuum in which events occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the

present to the future.-

$. 0Derriam9Webster ?ictionary httpEKKwww.merriam9webster.comKdictionaryKtime2 the measured ormeasurable period during which an action, process, or condition e:ists or continues E durationG a nonspatial

continuum which is measured in terms of events that succeed one another from past through present to future

%. 0=ompact :ford


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&. abcd

-Internet ouse ?ictionary-

httpEKKdictionary.reference.comKbrowseKtime^rN%%2 . !*1*.httpEKKdictionary.reference.comKbrowseKtime^rN%%. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -1. the system of those

se0uential relations that any event has to any other, as past, present, or futureG indefinite and continuous

duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another.... ". sometimes initial capital letter2 a

system or method of measuring or reckoning the passage of timeE mean timeG apparent timeG 3reenwichTime. #. a limited period or interval, as between two successive eventsE a long time.... 1#. a particular or

definite point in time, as indicated by a clockE What time is it^ ... 1'. an indefinite, fre0uently prolonged

period or duration in the futureE Time will tell if what we have done here today was right.-

Ivey, ?onald 3.G >ume, C.+.;. 1).hysicshttpEKKbooks.google.comKbooks^

idN>r>v8888D88CR0N_!!timePisPwhatPclocksPmeasure_!!Rd0N_!!timePisPwhatPclocksPmeasure_!!RhlNen2 . 1. @onald ;ress. p. %$. httpEKKbooks.google.comKbooks^idN>r>v8888D88CR0N_!!timePisPwhatPclocksPmeasure_!!Rd0N_!!timePisPwhatPclocksPmea

sure_!!RhlNen. -ur operational definition of time is that time is what clocks measure.-

'. abc4e ;oidevin, @obin Winter !**#2. -The $T$!F4f=f%A3>nrT)BgRvedN*=?Auw7w88vNonepageR0N3etting_!*organi5ed_!*at_!*work_!*_"8_!*!#_!*lessons_!*to_!*set_!*goals_!

=_!*establish_!*priorities_!=_!*and_!*manage_!*your_!*timeRfNfalse2 . Dc3raw9>ill.IB+ )&'**&1$)1"'%. httpEKKbooks.google.comKbooks^

idNac;;?%l==:c=RprintsecNfrontcoverRd0N3ettingPorgani5edPatPworkPEP!#PlessonsPtoPsetPgoals,PestablishPpriorities,PandPmanagePyourPtimeRhlNenRsaNReiN!5>$T$!F4f=f%A3>nrT)BgRvedN*=?Auw7w8

8vNonepageR0N3etting_!*organi5ed_!*at_!*work_!*_"8_!*!#_!*lessons_!*to_!*set_!*goals_!

=_!*establish_!* riorities_!=_!*and_!*mana e_!* our_!*timeRfNfalse. 1*' a es


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1$. abcBurnham, ?ouglas E taffordshire 7niversity !**%2. -3ottfried Wilhelm 4eibni5 1%#%H1&1%2

Detaphysics H &. pace, Time, and Indiscernibles- httpEKKwww.iep.utm.eduKleib9metK>&2 . The &. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -First of all, 4eibni5finds the idea that space and time might be substances or substance9like absurd see, for e:ample,

-=orrespondence with =larke,- 4eibni5s Fourth ;aper, q'ff2. In short, an empty space would be a substance

with no propertiesG it will be a substance that even 3od cannot modify or destroy.... That is, space and time are

internal or intrinsic features of the complete concepts of things, not e:trinsic.... 4eibni5s view has two ma(or

implications. First, there is no absolute location in either space or timeG location is always the situation of an

ob(ect or event relative to other ob(ects and events. econd, space and time are not in themselves real that is,not substances2. pace and time are, rather, ideal. pace and time are (ust metaphysically illegitimate ways of

perceiving certain virtual relations between substances. They are phenomena or, strictly speaking, illusions

although they are illusions that are well9founded upon the internal properties of substances2.... It is sometimes

convenient to think of space and time as something -out there,- over and above the entities and their relations to

each other, but this convenience must not be confused with reality. pace is nothing but the order of co9

e:istent ob(ectsG time nothing but the order of successive events. This is usually called a relational theory of

space and time.-

1%. 0=ummings, @aymond 6ing 1)!!2. The 4irl in the 4olden 2tomhttpEKKbooks.google.comK^

idNt8%#&b3iWws=RpgN;8#%RlpgN;8#%Rd0N_!!keepsPeverything_!!vNonepageR0N_!!keeps_!*ever

ything_!!2 . 7 of +ebraska ;ress. p. #%. IB+ )&'9*9'*"!9%#$&91. httpEKKbooks.google.comK^

idNt8%#&b3iWws=RpgN;8#%RlpgN;8#%Rd0N_!!keepsPeverything_!!vNonepageR0N_!!keeps_!*everything_!!. @etrieved !*119*#9*). =hapter $. =ummings repeated this sentence in several of his novellas.

ources, such as this one httpEKKbooks.google.comKbooks^

idN")6A1Fnfk=RpgN;8)'RlpgN;8)'Rd0NcummingsP_!!timePprofessor_!!P_!!keepsPeverything_!

!vNonepageR0Ncummings_!*_!!time_!*professor_!!_!*_!!keeps_!*everything_!!RfNfalse2 ,

attribute it to his earlier work, The Time rofessor, in 1)!1. Before taking book form, several of =ummingss

stories appeared seriali5ed in maga5ines. The first eight chapters of his The 4irl in the 4olden 2tomappeared

httpEKKwww.isfdb.orgKcgi9binKtitle.cgi #%11!2 in2ll=Story Maga$ineon Darch 1$, 1)1). In the novel version

httpEKKwww.gutenberg.orgKebooksK!1*)#2 the 0uote about time appears in =hapter OhttpEKKwww.gutenberg.orgKfilesK!1*)#K!1*)#9hK!1*)#9h.htm=>8;T


19/24

. ,

the product of the way we represent things. The[y are ideal, though not in the sense in which 4eibni5 thought

they are ideal figments of the imagination2. The ideality of space is its mind9dependenceE it is only a condition

of sensibility.... 6ant concluded -absolute space is not an ob(ect of outer sensationG it is rather a fundamentalconcept which first of all makes possible all such outer sensation.-...Duch of the argumentation pertaining to

space is applicable, mutatis mutandis, to time, so I will not rehearse the arguments. 8s space is the form of

outer intuition, so time is the form of inner intuition.... 6ant claimed that time is real, it is -the real form of inner

intuition.--

!". abDc=ormick, Datt E =alifornia tate 7niversity, acramento !**%2. -Immanuel 6ant 1&!#H1'*#2

DetaphysicsE #. 6ants Transcendental Idealism- httpEKKwww.iep.utm.eduKkantmetaK>#2 . The #. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -Time, 6ant

argues, is also necessary as a form or condition of our intuitions of ob(ects. The idea of time itself cannot be

gathered from e:perience because succession and simultaneity of ob(ects, the phenomena that would indicate

the passage of time, would be impossible to represent if we did not already possess the capacity to represent

ob(ects in time.... 8nother way to put the point is to say that the fact that the mind of the knower makes the a

priori contribution does not mean that space and time or the categories are mere figments of the imagination.6ant is an empirical realist about the world we e:perienceG we can know ob(ects as they appear to us. >e gives

a robust defense of science and the study of the natural world from his argument about the minds role in

making nature. 8ll discursive, rational beings must conceive of the physical world as spatially and temporally

unified, he argues.-

!#. 0?uff, kun, Oene5iano, i-id0p. ". -There is no well established terminology for the fundamental constants of+ature. ... The absence of accurately defined terms or the uses i.e., actually misuses2 of ill9defined terms lead

to confusion and proliferation of wrong statements.-

!$. 0=arrol, ean, =hapter ne, ection Two, ;lume, !*1*. -From ere-. IB+ )&'9*#$!!)%$#1. -8s

human beings we feel the passage of time.-

!%. 04ehar, teve. !***2. The Function of =onscious


20/24

httpEKKbooks.google.comKbooksîdNkBasA@y#s=., eideggerRfNfalse2 . tudies

in the >istory of @eligions, $#.. The +etherlandsE Brill 8cademic ;ublishers. pp. $", $#, $$, $%, $&, $', and $).

IB+ )&'9)*9*#9*)$'"9*. httpEKKbooks.google.comK^

idNy)#c6earry Foundalis. -ou are about to disappear- httpEKKwww.foundalis.comKphiKWhyTimeFlows.htm2 .

httpEKKwww.foundalis.comKphiKWhyTimeFlows.htm. @etrieved !*119*#9*).

$". 0>uston, Tom. -Buddhism and the illusion of time- httpEKKwww.buddhasvillage.comKteachingsKtime.htm2 .

httpEKKwww.buddhasvillage.comKteachingsKtime.htm. @etrieved !*119*#9*).

$#. 03arfield, Cay 4. 1))$2. The fundamental isdom of the middle ay: DgDruna6s MFlamadhyamakakDrikD

httpEKKbooks.google.comKîdNkfsyfo1Il=RpgN@819;@1)Rd0NThePfundamentalPwisdomPofPthePmiddlePwayPtimevNonepageR0RfNfalse2 . +ew orkE :ford

7niversity ;ress. IB+ )&'9*91)9$*)""%9*. httpEKKbooks.google.comKîdNkfsyfo1Il=RpgN@819;@1)Rd0NThePfundamentalPwisdomPofPthePmiddlePwayPtimevNonepageR0RfNfalse.

$$. 0-Time is an illusion^- httpEKKphysicsandphysicists.blogspot.comK!**&K*"Ktime9is9illusion.html2 .

httpEKKphysicsandphysicists.blogspot.comK!**&K*"Ktime9is9illusion.html. @etrieved !*119*#9*).

$%. 0>erman D. chwart5,ill Book =ompany, 1)%', hardcover ##!

pages, see IB+ *9''!&$9#&'9$ 1)&& edition2, pp. 1*H1"

$&. 08. . 8. 4orent5, >. Weyl, >. Dinkowski, The rinciple of +elativity, ?over ;ublications, Inc,

!***, softcover !1% pages, IB+ *9#'%9%**'19$, ee pp. "&H%$ for an


21/24

, .

$). 0>awking, tephen 1))%2. -The Beginning of Time- httpEKKwww.hawking.org.ukKthe9beginning9of9

time.html2 . 7niversity of =ambridge. httpEKKwww.hawking.org.ukKthe9beginning9of9time.html. @etrieved !*1!9*&9*'. -The conclusion of this lecture is that the universe has not e:isted forever. @ather, the universe, and

time itself, had a beginning in the Big Bang, about 1$ billion years ago.-

%*. 0>awking, tephen !**%9*!9!&2. -;rofessor tephen >awking lectures on the origin of the universe-

httpEKKwww.o:.ac.ukKmediaKnewsstoriesK!**%K*%*!!&.html2 . 7niversity of :ford.

httpEKKwww.o:.ac.ukKmediaKnewsstoriesK!**%K*%*!!&.html. @etrieved !*119*#9*). -uppose the beginning ofthe universe was like the outh ;ole of the earth, with degrees of latitude playing the role of time. The universe

would start as a point at the outh ;ole. 8s one moves north, the circles of constant latitude, representing thesi5e of the universe, would e:pand. To ask what happened before the beginning of the universe would become

a meaningless 0uestion because there is nothing south of the outh ;ole.-

%1. 03handchi, am E awking could have avoided the error of supposing that time had a beginning with the Big Bang ifhe had distinguished time as it is measured by physicists from time that is not measurable by physicists.... an

error shared by many other great physicists in the twentieth century, the error of saying that what cannot be

measured by physicists does not e:ist in reality.- -The 3reat Ideas Today-.EncyclopGdia 3ritannica. 1))!.

%". 08dler, Dortimer C., ;h.?.. -+atural Theology, =hance, and 3od-

httpEKKradicalacademy.comKadlertheology!.htm2 . httpEKKradicalacademy.comKadlertheology!.htm. @etrieved

!*119*#9*). -Where awking flatly asserts that what is not measurable by physicists does not e:ist/has no reality whatsoever.

With respect to time, that amounts to the denial of psychological time which is not measurable by physicists,

and also to everlasting time/time before the Big Bang/which physics cannot measure. >awking does not

know that both 80uinas and 6ant had shown that we cannot rationally establish that time is either finite or

infinite.- -The 3reat Ideas Today-.EncyclopGdia 3ritannica. 1))!.

%#.0

>awking, tephenG and httpEKKadsabs.harvard.eduKabsK1)'";h@v?..!'.!)%*>2 .

doiE1*.11*"K;hys@ev?.!'.!)%* httpEKKd:.doi.orgK1*.11*"_!F;hys@ev?.!'.!)%*2 .

%%. 04anglois, ?avid !**!2. -Brane cosmologyE an introduction-.rogress of Theoretical hysics Supplement

132E 1'1. arivEhep9thK*!*)!%1 httpEKKar:iv.orgKabsKhep9thK*!*)!%12 . Bibcode !**!;Th;.1#'..1'14

httpEKKadsabs.harvard.eduKabsK!**!;Th;.1#'..1'142 . doiE1*.11#"K;T;.1#'.1'1

httpEKKd:.doi.orgK1*.11#"_!F;T;.1#'.1'12 .

%&. 04inde, 8ndre !**!2. -Inflationary Theory versus


22/24

. .

&!. 08ndersen, >ollyG @ick 3rush pending2 ;?F2.2 -rief history of time=consciousness: historical precursors to

ames and HusserlhttpEKKmind.ucsd.eduKpapersKbhtcK8ndersenR3rush.pdf2 . Cournal of the >istory of

;hilosophy. httpEKKmind.ucsd.eduKpapersKbhtc K8ndersenR3rush.pdf. @etrieved !*119*#9*).

&". 0Wittmann, D.G 4eland ?, =huran C, ;aulus D;. ' ctober !**&2. -Impaired time perception and motor

timing in stimulant9dependent sub(ects- KKwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKpmcKarticlesK;D=1))&"*1K2 online

abstract2.,rug 2lcohol ,epend067!H"2E 1'"H)!. doiE1*.1*1%K(.drugalcdep.!**&.*".**$

httpEKKd:.doi.orgK1*.1*1%_!F(.drugalcdep.!**&.*".**$2 . ;D= 1))&"*1KKwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKpmcKarticlesK;D=1))&"*12 . ;DI? 1"#%)*

KKwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKpubmedK1"#%)*2 . KKwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKpmcKarticlesK;D=1))&"*1K. @etrieved

!*119*#9*).

. 0=heng, @uey96uangG Dacdonald, =hristopher C.G Deck, Warren >. !**%2. -?ifferential effects of cocaine

and ketamine on time estimationE Implications for neurobiological models of interval timing- httpEKKcat.inist.frK^

aDodeleNaffiche+RcpsidtN1'"*"*$)2 online abstract2. harmacology/ -iochemistry and -ehavior2512E

11#H1!!. doiE1*.1*1%K(.pbb.!**%.*&.*1) httpEKKd:.doi.orgK1*.1*1%_!F(.pbb.!**%.*&.*1)2 . ;DI? 1%)!*1'!

KKwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKpubmedK1%)!*1'!2 . httpEKKcat.inist.frK^aDodeleNaffiche+RcpsidtN1'"*"*$).

@etrieved !*119*#9*).

&$. 0Tinklenberg, Cared @.G Walton T. @oth1G Bert . 6opell Canuary 1)&%2. -Dari(uana and ethanolE ?ifferential

effects on time perception, heart rate, and sub(ective response-

httpEKKwww.springerlink.comKcontentK01!!$"r#'1:#")K2 .sychopharmacology36"2E !&$H!&).doiE1*.1**&KBF**#!%'"* httpEKKd:.doi.orgK1*.1**&_!FBF**#!%'"*2 . ;DI? '!%)#$

KKwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKpubmedK'!%)#$2 . httpEKKwww.springerlink.comKcontentK01!!$"r#'1:#")K.@etrieved !*119*#9*).

&%. 08r5y, haharG Istvan Dolnar95akacsG laf Blanke !**'9*%91'2. -elf in TimeE Imagined elf94ocationInfluences +eural 8ctivity @elated to Dental Time Travel-

httpEKKwww.(neurosci.orgKcontentK!'K!$K%$*!.abstract2 8bstract2. The ournal of euroscience2!$2E

%$*!H%$*&. doiE1*.1$!"KC+


23/24

'%. 0?avid C. ;iasecki. -Inventory 8ccuracy 3lossary- httpEKKwww.accuracybook.comKglossary.htm2 .

8ccuracyBook.com ; ;ublishing2. httpEKKwww.accuracybook.comKglossary.htm.

'&. 0-7tility =ommunications 8rchitecture 7=82 glossary-httpEKKwww.nettedautomation.comKglossarymenueKglossaryuca.html2 . +etted8utomation.

httpEKKwww.nettedautomation.comKglossarymenueKglossaryuca.html.

8urther readin#

Barbour, Culian 1)))2. The End of Time: The e5t +evolution in Our 1nderstanding of the 1niverse. :ford7niversity ;ress. IB+ *91)9$1#$)!9$.

4andes, ?avid !***2. +evolution in Time. >arvard 7niversity ;ress. IB+ *9%**!'!9!.

?as, Tushar 6anti 1))*2. The Time ,imension: 2n olt, @inehart and Wilson +ew ork2.

Whitrow, 3erald C. 1)'*2. The atural hilosophy of Time. =larendon ;ress :ford2.

Whitrow, 3erald C. 1)''2. Time in History0 The evolution of our general aareness of time and temporal

perspective. :ford 7niversity ;ress. IB+ *91)9!'$!119%.@ovelli, =arlo !**%2. "hat is timeA "hat is spaceAhttpEKKwww.diren5o.itKmain.phtml^

4anguageNenR?ocN***1RIB+N'''"!"1#%$2 . @omeE ?i @en5o


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httpEKKwww.bbc.co.ukKiplayerKconsoleKp**$#%$5KInurTimeTime2 2

?owden, Bradley =alifornia tate 7niversity, acramento2 !**&2. -Time-

httpEKKwww.iep.utm.eduKtimeK2 . In Cames Fieser, ;h.?., Bradley ?owden, ;h.?.. The

Time - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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