Liquid dosage forms

Liquid Dosage Forms

Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D

Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of Pharmacy

Omer Al-Mukhtar UniversityTobruk, Libya.

E-mail: [email protected]

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CONTENTS

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1. Pharmaceutical solutions (a) Classifications. (b) Aqueous solutions (waters and preparation). (c) Peppermint water. (d) Solutions and their preparations.2. Galenicals and their preparations.3. Decoction, infusion, percolation solutions.4. Douches and Enemas.5. Gargles, Washes, Juices and Sprays.6. Sweetener or other viscid solutions.7. Honey, Mucilage and Jellies.8. Non-aqueous solutions (colloids).9. Elixirs, Glycerites, Liniments.10. Oleo vitamins-Spirits and drops.

1. Pharmaceutical solutions• Pharmaceutical solutions are a homogenous one-

phase system.• Pharmaceutical solutions are liquid dosage forms that

prepared by dissolving the active ingredients in an aqueous or non-aqueous solvents.

• Consists of one or several soluble substances (solute) dissolved in vehicle (solvent).

• The vehicle is defined as the liquid in which the active ingredients are dissolved or suspended.

• Solvent: greater quantity (water), Solute: smaller quantity (sugar)

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(a) Classifications

1. Aqueous solutions: water is the most widely used as a solvent.

2. Non-aqueous solutions: If the drugs insoluble (griseofluvin) or unstable (e.g. methylpenicillin) in aqueous systems, it is necessary to use alternative systems such as oils, alcohols, liquid paraffin, glycerol.

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(b) Aqueous solutions (waters and preparation)

• Aqueous solutions are the most prevalent of the oral solutions. Drugs are dissolved in water along with any necessary flavorings, preservatives, or buffering salts. 

• Distilled or purified water should always be used when preparing pharmaceutical solutions.

The following are examples of aqueous pharmaceutical solutions.• Syrups e.g. Syrup USP, Wild Cherry Syrup USP.• Aromatic waters e.g. Peppermint Water, USP.• Mucilages e.g. Acacia Mucilage; Tragacanth Mucilage.• Aqueous acids

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(c) Peppermint water Formula (Ref. U.S.P. XVII) Peppermint oil -------------02 ml Purified water to add -----1000 ml• Method of preparation: It is prepared by dissolving

2 ml of peppermint oil in purified water by occasional shaking for twelve hours or overnight. It is then filtered.

• Use: As a flavoring agent and carminative• Dose: 15 to 30 ml

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(d) Solutions and their preparations

• Definition: When two or more liquid substances are mixed together chemically and physically, a homogeneous mixture is obtained. This mixture or the product is termed as solution.

• Sometimes, alcohol or glycerine is added as a preservative or to facilitate in getting a clear solution

• It is presumed that the particles of the substances go to the their molecular dimensions. Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles, the product is termed as either true solution, colloidal solution or suspension.

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(d) Solutions and their preparations

1. Coal Tar Solution2. Cresol with Soap Solution3. Formaldehyde Solution4. Hydrogen Peroxide Solution5. Aqueous Iodine Solution6. Weak Iodine Solutions7. Strong Ammonium Acetate Solution8. Surgical Chlorinated Soda Solution9. Chloroxylenol Solution

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2. Galenicals and their preparations

• Medicines prepared according to the formulae of Galen.• A medicinal preparation composed mainly of herbal or

vegetable matter.• It is prepared by extraction of crude vegetable drugs

(active principles) with suitable solvents.• The term is now used to denote standard preparations

containing one or more active constituents of a plant and made by a process that leaves the inert and other undesirable constituents of the plant un-dissolved.

• E.g. Infusions, Decoctions, Fluid extracts, Semisolid extracts, Dry extracts, Tinctures, Medical oils.

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Decoction solutions• In this process, the drug is boiled with water for a

stated period usually 10 minutes. After boiling, the liquid is strained and water is passed through the content of the strainer to make the required volume.

• This process is mainly used for vegetable drugs of hard and woody nature having thermo stable water soluble constituents.

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Infusion solutions• It consists of pouring water over the drugs and then

allowing it to keep in contact with water for the stated period, usually 15 minutes, with occasional stirring and finally filtering off the liquid.

• The marc is not pressed. The boiling water is commonly used as a solvent, since it has a greater solvent action than cold water.

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Percolation solutions• This method uses a percolator (coffee maker). • The powdered material is packed in the percolator. • Enough solvent is then poured to soak the powder. • Then more solvent is poured and allowed to percolate

through the material. • The extract is collected in a receiver. • The process is continued until extraction is complete.

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Douches• A douche is a medicated solution meant for rinsing a

body cavities, such as eyes, ear or nasal cavities for cleaning or removing the foreign particles or discharges from them.

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Enemas• Enemas are aqueous or oily solutions, as well as

emulsions and suspensions, are available for the rectal administration of medicaments for cleansing, diagnostic or therapeutic reasons.

• A variety of drug are formulated as enemas and are used to treatment conditions such as constipation or ulcerative colitis.

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• Gargles are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections.

• They are usually available in concentrated form with direction for dilution with warm water before use.

• They are brought into intimate contact with the mucous membrane of the throat and are allowed to remain in contact with it for a few seconds, before they are thrown out of the mouth.

• They are used to relieve soreness in mild throat infection. • It also stimulates secretion of saliva which relieves dryness.• Example:- Potassium Chloride and Phenol gargle

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Gargles

Washes (Mouth Washes)• These are aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and

odour used to make clean and deodorise the buccal activity.

• These are similar to gargles but are used specifically to treat conditions of the mouth.

• Generally they contain antibacterial agents, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agents, flavouring agents and colouring agents.

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Juices• Juices are the liquid preparation containing

medicament meant for oral cavity.

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Sprays• Sprays are preparations of drugs in which may be

aqueous, alcoholic or glycerin. • They are supplied to the mucous membrane of nose

or throat with an atomizer. • The throat-sprays must be sprayed from a special type

of atomizer known as nebulizer., which removes large droplets by a baffling system.

• Only fine droplets are required so that they may reach the lungs.

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6. Sweetener or other viscid solutions

• Sweetener can be sugar or non-sugar based, and is used to improve the taste and sometimes the feel of a liquid or chewable solid dosage form.

• To change the flavor, or mouth feel of a liquid. • To improve the flavor of a chewable solid. • Sugar based: Sucrose.• Non-sugar based: Aspartame, Maltose, Sorbitol,

Sucralose.

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Honey• Honey’s are thick liquid preparations somewhat allied

to the syrups, differing in that honey, instead of syrup, is used as a base.

• Viscid solution: simple syrup.

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Mucilage• The mucilage is a thick, viscid, adhesive liquids,

produced by dispersing gum in water or by extracting the mucilaginous principles from vegetable substances with water.

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Jellies• Jellies are transparent or translucent, non-greasy,

semi-solid preparations mainly used for external application to the skin.

• These are also used for lubricating catheters, surgical gloves and rectal thermometers.

• The substances like gelatin, starch, tragacanth, sodium alginate and cellulose derivative are used in the preparation of jellies.

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8. Non-aqueous solutions (colloids)

• Non-aqueous colloidal dispersions are of high importance to a wide range of industries.

• Oil based colloidal dispersions offer unique challenges in formulation and managing the stability of a colloidal dispersion in a non-polar environment requires different strategies to those employed for aqueous analogues.

• Successful formulation allows us access to a range of unique properties such as solubility, polarity, viscosity and density.

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Elixirs• The terms mixture and elixir are often confused

although an elixir refers strictly to a solution of a potent or nauseous drug.

• If the active agent is sensitive to moisture it may be formulated as a falvoured powder or granulation by the pharmaceutical industry and then simply dissolved in water immediately prior to administration.

• Dosage is usually given using a 5 ml medicine spoon although smaller volumes can be given using a volumetric dropper.

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Glycerites• Glycerites are preparations that uses glycerin to

extract the constituents from an herb. • Glycerin is both a solvent and a preservative and

good for preparing children’s remedies because of its sweet taste and lack of alcohol.

• Such preparations can be stirred into juice.

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Liniments• Liniments are liquid and semi-liquid preparations meant for

application to the skin. • Liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction and

rubbing of the skin. • The liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsion. • Alcohol helps in the penetration of medicaments into the skin

and also increase its counter-irritant or rubefacient action. • Arachis oil is used in some liniments which spread more easily

on the skin. • Soap is also included as ingredients in some the liniments

which helps in easy application of liniment on the skin.

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Oleo-vitamins• These are fish-liver oils diluted with edible vegetable

oil or solutions of the indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates (usually Vitamin A and Vitamin D) in fish-liver oil.

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Spirits• Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of

volatile substances and contain 50% to 90% of alcohol. • The high alcoholic contents maintain water-insoluble oils

in solution. If water is added to a spirit the oil acts separated.

• Some spirits are used as flavouring agents e.g. compound orange spirit, cardamum spirits etc. and some spirits are used as medicinal agents e.g. aromatic ammonia spirit.

• Spirits are prepared by dissolving the volatile substances in ethanol 90 % except aromatic spirit, prepared by distillation method.

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Drops• Ear Drops: These are simple solutions of drugs in

either water, glycerol, propylene glycol or alcohol/water mixtures for local use and include antibiotics, antiseptics, cleansing solutions and wax softeners.

• Nasal Drops: Nasal drops should also be made isotonic with nasal secretions using sodium chloride and viscosity can also be modified using cellulose derivatives if necessary.

• Eye Drops: Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as an ocular route to administer.

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THANK YOUE-mail: [email protected]

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