lingvistika - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/8579/1/Lingvistika.pdf · lingvistika avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori) siuzan kertisi, brius p. heizi, nina haiemzi,

lingvistika

avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori)siuzan kertisi, brius p. heizi, nina haiemzi, patriSa a. kitingi,

ilda kupmeni, pemela manro, dominik sportiSi, edvard p. steibleri,

donCa steriade, tim stoueli, ana sabolci.

lingvistikis Teoriis Sesavali

lingvistika

avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori)siuzan kertisi, brius p. heizi, nina haiemzi, patriSa a. kitingi,

ilda kupmeni, pemela manro, dominik sportiSi, edvard p. steibleri, donCa steriade, tim stoueli, ana sabolci.

lingvistikis Teoriis Sesavali

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009

lingvistika: Sesavali lingvistikis TeoriaSi. viqtoria fromkini Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory. Victoria A. Fromkin

wignis yvela nawili dawerilia lingvisturi Teoriis konkretul sferoSi cno-bili avtoris mier da avsebs im sicarieles, rac ling vistikis safuZvlebze Se-qmnil saxelmZRvaneloebs axasiaTebs. Tormeti cnobili avtori Tavis codnas gviziarebs morfologiaSi, sin taqs Si, semantikaSi, fonetikaSi, fonologiaSi... saxelmZRvanelo mrav lismomcveli da STambeWdavia.

This edition is published by arrangement with Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. Translated by Publishing House at Ilia Chavchavadze State University from the original English language version. Responsibility of the accuracy of the translation rests solely with Publishing House at Ilia Chavchavadze State University and is not the responsibility of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Copyright© 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

yvela ufleba daculia. dauSvebelia Blackwell Publishing Ltd.-is, nebarTvis gareSe wignis romelime nawilis nebismieri formiT gamoyeneba. qarTul enaze gamoica

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis mier, saavtoro ufleba © 2007.

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saminis-

tros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba ~.

wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mier.

pirveli qarTuli gamocemaISBN 978-9941-9116-9-9

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

qaquca ColoyaSAvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo

Ilia State University Publishing3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

winasityvaoba 4

nawili I Sesavali 7

1. lingvistika: adamianis sametyvelo enis mecnieruli Seswavla 9

nawili II morfologia da sintaqsi 27

2. morfologia: sityvebis struqtura 29

3. sintaqsi I: zmnis saargumentacio struqtura da frazis struqtura 95

4. sintaqsi II: sintaqsuri damokidebulebebi 216

5. sintaqsi III: zmnuri formebis distribucia:

calkeul SemTxvevaTa analizi 285

6. sityva da winadadebis struqturis aTviseba 355

nawili III semantika 393

7. semantika I: kompoziciuroba 395

8. semantika II: konteqsti 419

9. semantika III: kategoriaTSorisi paralelizmebi 439

10. mniSvnelobis Secnoba 465

nawili IV fonetika da fonologia 487

11. fonetika: bgerebi enaSi 489

12. fonologia I: ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi 528

13. fonologia II: fonologiuri gamoxatulebebi 581

14. fonologia III: ganmartebebi da SezRvudebi fonologiaSi 607

15. fonetikis da fonologiis Secnoba 649

glosariumi 670

bibliografia

danarTi

sarCevi

winasityvaoba

es saxelmZRvanelo dawyebiTi kursis im studentebisTvis daiwera, romelT-

ac lingvistikis Teoriis gacnoba pirvelad uwevT, _ visac enaTmecnieruli

codna jer ara aqvs da am mecnierebis umTavres dargebSi _ fonetikaSi, fono-

logiaSi, sintaqsSi, morfologiasa da semantikaSi safuZvlis ganmtkiceba es-

aWiroebaT, rom SesaZeni codna masze daafuZnon. am wignis yvela TavSi msofli-

os yvela enisTvis saerTo _ universaluri gramatikis Zireul principebze

iqneba saubari. universaluri gramatika isaa, rac nebismieri enis, msoflios

nebismieri gramatikis principebs udevs safuZvlad da maT aTvisebas gviadvi-

lebs. Teoriuli cnebebi da koncefciebi vrceli lingvisturi masalis (arabu-

li enidan zulumde) analizis meSveobiT iqneba ganmartebuli. lingvistikaSi

muSaobis principebs studentebi swored am lingvisturi masalis meSveobiT

daeuflebian. wignis yovel TavSi Teoriuli gansja mcire praqtikul samuS-

aosTan iqneba Serwymuli. gramatikis ZiriTad Semadgenel nawilebTan erTad

Cveni wignidan imasac gaigebT, rogor iTviseben bavSvebi universaluri grama-

tikis safuZvlis komponentebs. universaluri gramatikis Teoriis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi sakvlevi problema xom swored bavSvebis mier enis aTvisebis unari da

Taviseburebebia.

wignis teqsti oTx nawiladaa gayofili. I nawili students saenaTmecniero

codnaSi gzas ukvlevs, am sferos zogad istorias aziarebs, kerZod imas, Tu

rogor movediT codnis dRevandel donemde. II nawili morfologias (Tavi 2) da

sintaqss (Tavebi 3-5) moicavs, Tavi 6 ki _ morfologiisa da sintaqsis aTvisebis

Taviseburebebs. III nawili semantikas da mniSvnelobaTa aTvisebas (Tavebi 7-10)

eZRvneba, nawili IV _ fonetikas (Tavi 11) da fonologias (Tavebi 12-14), enisT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli bgerebisa da bgeriTi modelebis aTvisebas. (Tavi 15).

saenaTmecniero problemebi TiToeuli Tavis savarjiSoebSi iqneba gada-

sawyvetad warmodgenili. saxelmZRvanelos kiTxvis dros studentebi am sa-

varjiSoebs Seasruleben, lingvistikis Teoriis principebs, ZiriTad cnebebsa

da empiriul safuZvels gaecnobian. yvela Tavs damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da

ganxilul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxavi literatura mosdevs, wignis

mTlian teqsts ki _gamoyenebul terminTa leqsikoni da saerTo bibliografia.

5

saxelmZRvanelo, pedagogis Sexedulebisamebr, erT semestrze, an saswavlo

wlis meoTxedzea gaTvlili. maszea damokidebuli sruli, an Semoklebuli, aT-

kviriani kursis arCevac. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, masaliT datvirTul 5, 9 da

14 Tavebze muSaoba SeiZleba am sakiTxebis Semdgomi, ufro dawvrilebiTi Ses-

wavlis droisTvis gadaidos, zogierTi sxva Tavi ki momdevno kursebze iqnes

Seswavlili.

es saxelmZRvanelo Tormeti avtoris erToblivi muSaobis Sedegad daiwera.

wignze muSaobis periodSi Tormetive kaliforniis universitetis enaTmec-

nierebis fakultetze moRvaweobda. rogorc swavlebis, ise kvlevebis warmoe-

bis TvalsazrisiT, am fakultets saucxoo reputacia aqvs.

avtorebs surT madloba gadauxadon TavianT studentebs, romlebic wignze

muSaobis dros maTTan TanamSromlobdnen, da garkveuli azriT, maT Tanaav-

torebadac unda CaiTvalon. amasTAan, maT surT madloba gadauxadon filip kar-

penters da stiv smiTs maT mier gamoxatuli ndobisTvis.

da bolos, wignis avtorebi aRiareben im uzarmazar wvlils, romelic enaT-

mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi noam Comskis miuZRvis. misma pionerulma kvlevam

transformaciuli generatiuli gramatikis sferoSi, sintaqssa da fonolo-

giaSi, lingvistikis miseulma xedvam, romelic kognituri mecnierebis axali

sferos mTavar dargad swored am mecnierebas miiCnevda, mogvca is, rasac axla

SegviZlia SemecnebaSi momxdari revolucia vuwodoT.

nawili I

Sesavali

lingvistika:

adamianis sametyvelo enis

mecnieruli Seswavla

Tavis sarCevi

1.0. Sesavali

1.1. paninidan Comskimde da mis

Semdeg

1.2. lingvistikis Teoriis

amocanebi

1.3. risgan Sedgeba codna

enis Sesaxeb? gramatika,

rogorc lingvisturi codnis

reprezentacia

1.3.1. leqsikoni

1.3.2. morfologia

1.3.3. sintaqsi

1.3.4. semantika

1.3.5. fonetika da fonologia

1.4. azrobrivi gramatikafi,

universaluri gramatika, aRweriTi

gramatika, saswavlo

gramatika da normatiuli gramatika

1.5. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis

SeZena? bavSvis mier enis aTvisebis

logikuri problema

1.6. rogor gamoiyeneba codna enis

Sesaxeb? lingvisturi performansi

1.7. lingvistikis `qmna”

1.8. Sejameba

Semdgom sakiTxavi literatura

1

1.0 Sesavali

adamianis sametyvelo ena, Cveni saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli es unikal-

uri unari, adamianTa modgmis interess mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze iwvevda.

mecnierebas, romelic adamianis enas Seiswavlis, enaTmecniereba anu lingvis-

tika ewodeba. maSasadame, lingvisti is adamiani ki araa, romelsac bevr enaze

SeuZlia saubari (Tumca, bevrma enaTmecnierma marTlac bevri ena icis) _ aseT

adamianebs poliglotebs uwodeben _ enaTmecnieri, lingvisti mecnieria, ro-

melic adamianis sametyvelo enas misi yvela gamovlinebiT Seiswavlis, ikvlevs

mis agebulebas, gamoyenebas, mis istorias da rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

ama Tu im saxis lingvisturi codnis forma da Semadgenloba Teoriuli

lingvistikis Seswavlis sagania. es saxelmZRvanelo gramatikis anu lingvistu-

ri codnis mentaluri reprezentaciis Teorias Seexeba. Tumca, lingvistikis

sfero mxolod gramatikis TeoriiT rodi amoiwureba. mas uamravi ganStoeba

10Sesavali

CanarTAi 1.1

aqvs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im mecnierebaTa umetes nawilze, romlebic iseT

rTul, kompleqsur fenomenTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoric adamianis sam-

etyvelo enaa.

lingvistikis dargis zogadi mimoxilva

Teoriuli lingvistika (Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Seswavlis sagani) xSirad

generatiul lingvistikad moixsenieba da safuZvlad Comskis 1955 wliT da-

TariRebuli naSromi udevs, romlis saTauria lingvistikis Teoriis logi-

kuri struqtura. Comskis am, da amis momdevno wignebsa da samecniero statieb-

Si, aseve im mecnierebis naSromebSi, romlebic mis Sexedulebebs iziareben,

ZiriTad amocanad adamianis lingvisturi codnis da kompetenciis (kompeten-

cia adamianis gonebaSi arsebuli azrobrivi gramatikis saxiT warmogvidgeba),

arsis da bunebis kvlevaa dasaxuli _ rom ganvmartoT, imis axsna, Tu ra codna

aqvs mosaubre adamians, ra aris es codna, romelic mas metyvelebis da sxva ada-

mianis saubris Tu niSnebis (magaliTad, yru-munjTa ena) gagebis unars aniWebs.

metyvelebis aqti an misi gageba Sesrulebad iTvleba, rac kompetenciisgan gan-

sxvavdeba, magram maszea damokidebuli.

aRweriTi lingvistika enebis, vTqvaT, arabulis an zulus gramatikebis

analizs eweva. cnebebi ̀ indo-evropuli enaTmecniereba~, ̀ romanuli enebis gra-

matika~, `afrikuli enebis gramatika~ calkeuli enebis an enaTa jgufis Seswav-

lasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rogorc istoriuli, ise sinqronuli TvalsazrisiT.

istoriuli lingvistika enebSi momxdari cvlilebebis Semswavleli Teor-

iaa da imas ikvlevs, Tu ratom da rogor ganviTarda esa Tu is ena. komparatiuli

anu SedarebiTi meTodi, sxvagvarad _komparativistika mecxramete saukunis

filologebma, Zmebma grimebma da herman paulma SeimuSaves. enaTmecnierebis es

dargi sxvadaxva enebis Sesadareblad gamoiyeneba _ imis dasadgenad, Tu rome-

li enebi enaTesaveba erTmaneTs; am niSniT enaTa jgufebis gamosayofad da maTi

Zirebis gansasazRvrad.

anTropologiuri lingvistika anu eTnolingvistika da sociolingvis-

tika enas kulturis da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawilad ganixilavs da me-

tyvelebisa da kulturis Taviseburebebis, socialuri fenebis, eTnikuri da

sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis fonze Seiswavlis.

dialeqtologia ikvlevs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs da yofs es faqtorebi

erT enas ramdenime enad. sociolingvistikis da gamoyenebiTi lingvistikis

interesis sagans enis dagegmva, wignierebis ganviTareba, orenovneba (bilin-

gualizmi) da meore enis aTvisebis Taviseburebebi warmoadgens. gamoyenebiTi

lingvistika moicavs iseT sferoebsac, rogorebicaa diskursi da saubris ana-

lizi, enis Sefaseba da enis pedagogika.

kompiuteruli lingvistika ikvlevs bunebrivi enis kompiuterul aplika-

ciebs anu avtomatur gramatikul garCevas, manqanur procesirebas da kom-

piuteris mier gramatikuli modelebis wabaZva-gameorebas winadadebis war-

moqmnis da garCevis dros. Tu xelovnuri gonebis (xg) sferos ganStoebad gan-

vixilavT, maSin kompiuteruli lingvistikis mizani adamianis sametyvelo enis

11lingvistika: adamianis sametyvelo enis mecnieruli Seswavla

kognitur sistemad modelireba iqneba.

maTematikuri lingvistika ikvlevs enis formalur da maTematikur Tvise-

bebs.

pragmatika enas Sinaarsobriv konteqstSi Seiswavlis da aseve situaciis

gavlenas mniSvnelobaze.

neirolingvistika enis biologiur safuZvels ikvlevs da Tavis tvinis, gonebisa da enis urTierTqmedebas Seiswavlis. amas lingvistikis Teoria afa-ziis (Tavis tvinis dazianebiT gamowveuli enobrivi darRvevebi) kvlevamde mi-

hyavs, xolo Tavis tvinis mier warmosaxvisa da monacemebis damuSavebis (CT, PET, fMRI, MEG, ERP) Seswavlisas _ uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebamde.

fsiqolingvistika lingvistikis is mimarTulebaa, romelic lingvisti-

kur Sesrulebas _ metyvelebis (an niSnis) warmoSobas da gagebas Seiswavlis.

fsiqolingvistikas ganekuTvneba bavSvTa mier enis aTvisebac, romelic xSirad

damoukidebel dargadac iTvleba. es dargi ikvlevs, Tu rogor iTvisebs bavSvi

kompleqsur gramatikas, rac, TavisTavad, enis gamoyenebis safuZvelia. esaa misi

umTavresi sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT, enis biologiisadmi didi interesis gamo.

(es Tema gramatikis TeoriebTan kavSiris gamo teqstSic iqneba ganxiluli.)

arsebobs iseTi saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic lingvistikis TiToeul am

ganStoebas Seiswavlis. yovel maTgans safuZvlad TviT ena udevs, romelic

Cveni saxelmZRvanelos ganxilvis sagania.

1.1. paninidan Comskimde da mis Semdeg

adamianis sametyvelo enis mimarT interesi kacTa modgmis ganviTarebasTan

erTad matulobda. ar arsebobs kultura, romelsac adamianis am unikaluri

unaris mimarT filosofiuri an praqtikuli interesi ar gamoexatos da kvali

ar daetovebinos. sxvadasxva istoriul xanaSi enis kvlevas sxvadasxva amocana

hqonda, magram orive saxis interesi erTmaneTis Tanadroulad arsebobda.

egvipteli qirurgebi yuradRebas klinikur sakiTxebze amaxvilebdnen. mag-

aliTad, Cv.w-aR.-mde 1700 wliT daTariRebuli egvipturi papirusi Tavis tvi-

nis dazianebiT gamowveuli enobrivi darRvevebis samedicino aRweras Seicavs.

Zveli saberZneTis filosofosebi ki sametyvelo enis warmoSobasa da bunebaze

msjelobdnen. platonma, romlis nawerebi Cv.w-aR.-mde 427-dan 348-mde peri-

odiT unda daTariRdes, Tavisi dialogi `kratilusi~ misi droisTvis aqtua-

lur saenaTmecniero sakiTxebs miuZRvna, aristotele ki enas ritorikisa da

filosofiis kuTxiT ganixilavda.

Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi gramatikebsac werdnen, enis bgerebze da si-

tyvaTa Tu winadadebaTa Sedgenilobaze msjelobdnen. es interesi arc Sua

saukuneebsa da renesansis periodSi ganelebula da Cvens dromde uwyvet xazad

moaRwia.

unda iTqvas, rom enaTmecniereba mecnierebis mxolod evropuli dargi araa;

jer kidev Cv.w-aR.-mde meTormete saukuneSi indoeTSi sanskrits dawvrilebiT

Seiswavlidnen. paninis sanskritis gramatika Cv.w-aR.-mde 500 wels daiwera, ma-

gram dRemde enaTmecnierebis erT-erT udides miRwevad iTvleba. sametyvelo

12Sesavali

enasTan dakavSirebul Cvens codnas arabma da Cinelma mecnierebmac bevri ram

Semates.

mecxramete saukunis enaTmecnierTa Zalisxmeva umTavresad enis istoriu-

li da SedarebiTi kvlevisken iyo mimarTuli. am tradiciis farglebSi Svedma

lingvistma ferdinand de sosiurma (1857-1913) yuradReba enis cvlilebis da

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis nacvlad enis struqturul principebs miapyro,

da amiT meoce saukunis enaTmecnierebaze udidesi gavlena moaxdina.

evropasa da amerikaSi lingvistebi enebis aRweriT sinqronul kvlevas da

analizis empiriuli meTodebis SemuSavebas Seudgnen. mecnierebis sxvadasxva

dargebis mkvlevrebi enisa da enis gamoyenebis araerTi aspeqtiT dainteres-

dnen. meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi amerikeli lingvistebi moicavdnen

anTropolog eduard sepirs (1884-1939) romelic dainteresebuli iyo Crdil-

oeT da samxreT amerikis xalxTa enebis, enisa da kulturis urTierTqmedebisa

da adamianTa sazogadoebaSi enis rolis kvleviT da da leonard blumfelds

(1887-1939) istoriuli, SedarebiTi da aRweriTi enaTmecnierebis warmomad-

genels, Tavisi drois erT-erT TvalsaCino mecniers. sapirma da blumfeldma

enis zogadi Teoria SeimuSaves. sapiri `mentalisti~ iyo im TvalsazrisiT,

rom swamda: nebismieri sicocxlisunariani lingvisturi Teoria lingvisturi

codnis azrobriv gamoxatulebas, mis `fsiqologiur realobas~ unda emyare-

bodes. blumfildi mogvianebiT biheviorizmis mimdevari gaxda. biheviorizmi,

im drois fsiqologiis wamyvani mimarTuleba, enis azrobrivi gamoxatulebis,

TviT adamianis gonebis nebismieri saxis kvlevas gamoricxavda.

roman iakobsoni (1896-1982), praRis saenaTmecniero skolis erT-erTi dam-

aarsebeli 1941 wels amerikaSi gadasaxlda da enaTmecnierebaSi axali sityva

Tqva. moris halesTan da gunar fantTan mis TanamSromlobas fonologiaSi

gamorCeuli niSan-Tvisebebis Teoriis Seqmna mohyva. hale ukanaskneli aT-

wleulebis erT-erT wamyvan fonologad iTvleba. inglisSi fonetikosebma de-

niel jonsma (1881-1967) da henri svitma (1845-1912) (es mecnieri bernard Sous

personaJis, henri higinsis prototipia) enis bgeriTi sistemebis Seswavlaze

didi gavlena moaxdines.

1957 wels, `sintaqsuri struqturebis~ gamoqveynebasTan erTad, noam Coms-

kim generatiuli gramatikis eras Cauyara safuZveli, Teorias, romelmac mec-

nierebaSi revolucia moaxdina. igi enis aTvisebas, gamoxatvas, gamoyenebasa da

im universalur principebs ganixilavs, romlebic yvela enas aerTianebs da

Teorias advilad gasagebs xdis.

Cveni wignis momdevno Tavebi mniSvnelovanwilad lingvistikis Teoriis im

siaxleebs efuZneba, romlebic ori naSromis: 1957 wels `sintaqsuri struq-

turebis~, xolo 1965 wels `sintaqsis Teoriis aspeqtebis~ gamoqveynebam moi-

tana. wlebis Semdeg noam Comskim Tavisi Teoria iseT mniSvnelovan naSromebSi

ganaviTara, rogorebicaa `SeniSvnebi nominalizaciis Sesaxeb~ (1970), `trans-

formaciis pirobebi~ (1973), `leqciebi mTavrobasa da kavSirebis Sesaxeb~ (1981),

`barierebi~ (1986), `sintaqsuri Teoriis principebi da parametrebi~ (1981) da

`minimalisturi programa~(1995).

momdevno TavebSi am publikaciebSi gamoyenebuli da lingvistikis sferos


(sintaqsis garda) sxva ZiriTadi cnebebi iqneba ganxiluli. maTi mimoxilva zo-

gadi da martivi xasiaTis iqneba.

1.2. lingvistikis Teoriis amocanebi

sami ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romlebic 1986 wels Comskim wamoWra, lingvistiki-

sTvis dResac aqtualuria:

risgan Sedgeba codna enis Sesaxeb? (kompetencia)

rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena? (aTviseba)

rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis gamoyeneba?

(Sesruleba/ enis procesireba)

rogorc zemoT iTqva, Cveni teqsti, upirveles yovlisa, pirvel sakiTxs

ganixilavs, da ganixilavs meoresTan mimarTebaSi. Cvilobis asakidan ama Tu

im enaze metyveleba am enis bunebisa da struqturis intuitiur gaTavisebas

iwvevs, da amis Sesaxeb wignis yvela nawilSi iqneba saubari. enis gamoyenebis

gageba (Sesruleba) _ es fsiqolingvistikuri kvlevis ZiriTadi samizne sfero

_ Cvens im warmodgenazea damokidebuli, Tu ras vgulisxmobT mis gamoyenebaSi.

am wignSi imazec vimsjelebT, Tu ra sxvaobaa lingvistur codnasa (kompeten-

cia) da mis gamoyenebas (Sesruleba) Soris.

1.3. risgan Sedgeba codna enis Sesaxeb? gramatika, rogorc lingvisturi kompetenciis ganxorcieleba

enis codna adamians saSualebas aZlevs, rom bgerebi (an Jestebi niSanTa

enaze) mniSvnelobebs daukavSiros anu saTqmelis enobrivi Tu niSnobrivi

gamoxatuleba gaigos da azrebi metyvelebis an niSnebis meSveobiT gadmosces.

unda aRiniSnos, rom yru-munjTa niSnuri enis gamoyeneba arsiT sametyvelo

enis gamoyenebis msgavsia _ Jestebis/vizualur modalobas emyareba da ara me-

tyvelebis bgeriTi da smeniTi aRqmis modalobas. im SemTxvevebis garda, roca

saqme sametyvelo bgerebs exeba, enis bunebasa da niSan-Tvisebebze msje loba

rogorc sametyvelo, ise niSnebis enebs unda daeyrdnos.

lingvistur codnas iseTi saxiT, rogoriTac is mosaubris gonebaSi arse-

bobs, gramatika ewodeba. lingvistikis Teoria im azrobrivi gramatikis bunebas

ikvlevs, romelic adamianis mier sakuTari enis codnas gamoxatavs.

Tu gramatika SeiZleba sakuTari lingvisturi codnis azrobriv gamoxatu-

lebad ganvsazRvroT, maSin enis zogadi Teoria _ gramatikis Teoriaa. grama-

tika moicavs yvelafers, rac adamianma sakuTari enis struqturis Sesaxeb icis

_ misi leqsikoni (gonebrivi leqsikoni anu sityvaTa maragi), misi morfologia

(sityvebis struqtura), misi sintaqsi (frazebis, winadadebebis Tu winadadeba-

Ta ama Tu im Tanwyobis struqtura), misi semantika (sityvebis da winadadebebis

mniSvneloba) da misi fonetika da fonologia (bgerebi da bgeraTa sistemebi an

modelebi). gramatikis Teoria TiToeuli am komponentis bunebas, da yvela ar-

sebuli gramatikis universalur aspeqtebs gansazRvravs.

amaTgan TiToeuli saxis lingvisturi codna AAazrobrivi gramatikis nawilad

warmogvidgeba. magram ra saxis codnaa es? ra icis mosaubre adamianma? up-

14Sesavali

irveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqme cnobier codnasTan ar gvaqvs. Cven,

adamianTa umetesobas (Tu enaTmecnierebis kursi ar gvaqvs gavlili ) Cveni enis

aracnobier codnaze odnavi warmodgenac ar gagvaCnia. am enis sirTulesa da

kompleqsurobas Cven srulebiT ver vacnobierebT. am kompleqsur enas winamde-

bare wignis zogierT TavSi ganvixilavT. Tumca, erTgvari Sesavalis saxiT, am

lingvisturi codnis (kompetenciis) ilustrireba Cveni azrobrivi gramatikis

komponentadac SeiZleba.

1.3.1. leqsikoni

ama Tu im enaze TiToeuli mosaubre gonebiT leqsikons, sityvaTa marags at-

arebs. am leqsikonSi yvela is sityvaa, romelic man icis, vTqvaT, kata, jado-

qari, Rrmuli, makbeti, masxara, leqsikoni, mokvla, Ralati, siyvaruli, siZul-

vili. cnobilia, rom Cveulebrivi monacemebis adamianma 45 000-dan 60 000 sityva

icis. azrobriv leqsikonSi swored amdeni sityvaa daculi (ixileT Tavi 2).

1.3.2. morfologia

ama Tu im enaze mosaubrem isic icis, rogoria sityvebis struqtura; icis,

rom magaliTad, inglisur enaSi sityva da misi fuZe SeiZleba erTi iyos, rogorc

magaliTad, sityvaSi witch _ jadoqari, an fuZeze sufiqsis darTviT _magali-Tad, witch-es, fuZeze prefiqisis darTviT _ dis-en-chant, an fuZeze sufiqsis da prefiqsis darTviT, magaliTad, dis-en-chant-ment warmoiSveba. amas garda icis, rom sityvaTa es nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda daewyos. anu, sufiq-

sis ̀ ment~ sityvis TavSi darTva _ magaliTad, mentenchant am sityvas gaugebars an gramatikulad gaumarTavs gaxdis (Semdgom wignis yvela TavSi aseT gaugebar

an gramatikulad gaumarTav formebs _ sityvebs, frazebs Tu winadadebebs

yvelgan varskvlaviT * aRvniSnavT.). raki mosaubres SeuZlia, marTebuli da

gaumarTavi formebi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos, maSasadame, es imas niSnavs, rom

sityvas lover miiRebs, da formas erlove ukuagdebs _ amas Cvens gonebaSi daculi, azrobrivi gramatikis karnaxiT gaakeTebs, romelic Cveni gramatikuli codnis

nawilia.

1.3.3 sintaqsi

Cveni lingvisturi codnis nawili gvkarnaxobs rogor SevadginoT sityvebis

gamarTuli Tanwyoba, rogor SevaerToT sityvebi ise, rom frazebi da winadade-

bebi avagoT. Cven viciT, rodisaa sityvebis amgvari Tanwyoba swori, da rodis _

araswori, rogorc qvemoT motanil winadadebebSi (1) da (2), da marTebuli for-

mis amocnoba SegviZlia:

(1) lirs sami qaliSvili hyavda.

(2) * sami lirs qaliSvili hyavda.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom amovicnobT Tu ara gramatikulad swor da aras-

wor formas srulebiT araa damokidebuli imaze, mosmenili gvqonda Tu ara

adre winadadeba, an imaze, sworia Tu ara masSi gamoTqmuli azri (3):


(3) lirs mxolod ori qaliSvili hyavda.

es gramatikulad marTebuli winadadebaa, magram Seqspiris tragediis

mixedviT, swori winadadeba araa. raki liri misi piesis personaJia da ara re-

aluri adamiani, mefe, romelsac sami qaliSvili hyavs, (1) winadadebis siswore

realuri samyaros informaciaze damokidebuli ver iqneba.

sintaqsis (da semantikis) Cveni codna aseve eyrdnoba im faqts, rom Cven

viciT: (4) bundovani, orazrovani winadadebaa (anu winadadeba, romelsac erTze

meti mniSvneloba aqvs).

(4) kordelias liri reganaze metad uyvarda.

aseTi winadadebis mosmenisas TavSi erTi mniSvneloba mogvdis:

(4) 4. a. kordelias liri ufro metad uyvarda, vidre regans uyvarda liri.

inglisuris mcodneebma agreTve ician rom (4b), (4)-is mniSvnelobac SeiZleba

iyos.

(4) 4 b. kordelias liri ufro metad uyvarda, vidre kordelias regani uyvar-

da.

sintaqsis wyalobiT nebismier enaSDi winadadebebis usazRvro raodenobaa.

winadadebis sigrZe SezRuduli ar aris, da Sesabamisad, arc winadadebebis ra-

odenobas SegviZlia davudoT zRvari.

(5) lirs kordelia uyvarda.

(6) lirs uyvarda kordelia, xolo kordelias uyvarda liri.

(7) lirs, romelsac sami qaliSvili hyavda, kordelia yvelaze metad uyvar-

da.

(8) liri, romelsac kordelia uyvarda, Zalze ganrisxda, roca man (korde-

liam) sityvierad ar uTxra, rogor uyvarda igi (liri) da amis gamo memkvi-

dreobis uboZeblad moikveTa, ramac regani da gonerili gaaxara, magram

Zalian usamarTlo gadawyvetileba iyo, vinaidan kordelias mama marTla

yvelaze metad uyvarda, keTili da mzrunveli buneba hqonda da es ambavi

bolos mefe lirisTvis saSineli tragediiT dasrulda.

SegviZlia am winadadebidan winadadebebi (9a-g)-s mixedviT gamovyoT:

(9) a. kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo.

b. mas mama uyvarda.

g. kordelias, romelic liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo igi uyvarda.

SegviZlia winadadebebi SevaerToT, rogorc (10) winadadebaSi:

(10) kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo da uyvarda igi.

Cven viciT, rogor SevqmnaT uaryofiTi da kiTxviTi winadadebebi:

(11) kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili ar iyo.

(12) kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo?

viciT isic, rom (13) winadadebaSi he _`igi (kaci)~ lirs ar ganekuTvneba,

16Sesavali

xolo (14) –Si ki SeiZleba, rom liri an sxva piri, mamakaci igulisxmebodes.

(13) Lear loved him. –lirs uyvarda igi.

(14) Regan told Lear she loved him. –reganam uTxra lirs, rom uyvarda igi.

3, 4 da 5 TavebSi zogierT am da sxva im sakiTxebze iqneba saubari, romlebic

sintaqsuri struqturis Cvens intuitiur codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Cvens

mentalur gramatikaSi es codnac igulisxmeba da zemoT motanili mtkicebule-

bebis Sedgenis Cvens unarze metyvelebs.

1.3.4 semantika

mosaubrem bevri ram icis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs mis enaSi esa Tu is ga-

moTqma. swored es codnaa, bgerebis Tu Jestebis modelebs `simbolurs~ rom

xdis. winadadeba erTgvari akustikuri Tu Jestismieri suraTia _ igi raRacis

gamoxatulebas axdens _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gamoxatulebis miseuli xerxebi

naxatisgan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, Cven viciT, rom warmoTqmuli an daweri-

li sityva Seqspiri SeiZleba romelime adamianisaTvis saxelis misacemad iqnas

gamoyenebuli. viciT, rom warmoTqmuli an dawerili fraza piesebs werda iseT

unars gamoxatavs, romelic gaaCnia zogierT, magram ara yvela adamians. qvemoT

motanili winadadebis (15) mniSvneloba rom gavigoT, am or ideas vaerTianebT:

(15) Seqspiri piesebs werda.

martivi idea, rom qvemdebare raRacas saxels aZlevs, xolo winadadebis da-

narCeni nawili moqmedebas aRniSnavs, yvela msgavs SemTxvevaSi marTebuli ar

aris. magaliTad, qvemoT motanili winadadeba gveubneba, rom:

(16) arcerTi jadoqari piesebs ar wers.

winadadeba (16)-is mniSvneloba sruliad gasagebia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar-

cerTi jadoqari erT romelime pirs ar gulisxmobs. 7, 8 da 9 TavebSi iseTi wina-

dadebebis mniSvnelobebs SevexebiT, romlebic erTdroulad moicavs rogorc

(15), ise (16) winadadebis msgavs mniSvnelobebs.

amas garda, Cven SegviZlia iseTi winadadebebis mniSvneloba gavigoT, rom-

lebic isea agebuli, rogorc amis saSualebas sintaqsi iZleva: gvesmis CarTuli

da qvewyobili winadadebebi; gvesmis uaryofiTi da kiTxviTi winadadebebi. sin-

taqsuri struqturebis amocnobis Cveni unari struqturaTa usasrulo jaW-

vis mniSvnelobaTa gagebis Cveneul unars emTxveva; es ori unari erTdroulad

gvaqvs.

roca gamoTqmebis mniSvnelobebs ganvixilavT SevniSnavT, rom SeiZLleba ms-

gavsi mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva saxiT gadmocema. magaliTad, mocemul or wina-

dadebas msgavsi mniSvneloba aqvs.

(17) Cveulebriv, jadoqrebi piesebs ar weren.

(18) jadoqrebis umetesoba piesebs ar wers.

amgvari codna Cvens azrobriv gramatikaSi semantikur codnas warmoadgens;

mas 7, 8 da 9 TavebSi ganvixilavT.


1.3.5 fonetika da fonologia

sakuTari enis codna misi bgerebis da bgeraTa modelebis codnasac moicavs.

Cven viciT, romeli bgerebi arsebobs Cvens enaSi, da romeli _ara. inglisur

enaze mosaubrem, xSirad aracnobierad icis, rom mis enaSi xuTze meti xmovani

bgeraa. maT gamosayofad TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT im sityvebs, romle-

bic dawerilobiT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba: bit, beat, bet, bat, boot, but, boat, bought, put, pot. inglisuri enis damwerlobiT sistemaSi xuTi xmovani bgeris ga-mosaxatavad xuT aso-niSans _ a, e, i, o, u_viyenebT. rogorc xedavT, anbanuri simboloebi da is bgerebi, romlebsac isini gamoxataven, erTmaneTs zustad ar

Seesatyviseba.

inglisur enaze mosaubrem isic icis, mis enaSi bgerebis romeli bmuli qmnis

sityvebs, romeli _ SesaZlo sityvebs, da romeli bmulebisganaa SeuZlebeli

sityvis warmoqmna. ase magaliTad, sityva clasp _Sesakravi TiTqmis yoveli in-glisurenovani adamianis azrobriv leqsikonSi arsebobs, formebi clisp an klisp ki _ ara (vinaidan am bgerebTan raime mniSvneloba araa dakavSirebuli), ma-

gram es uazro formebic ki SeiZleba gaxdes sityvebi, vinaidan isini inglisuri

enisTvis damaxasiaTebel bgeraTa Tanmimdevrobas ar arRveven. forma *lkisp ki inglisurSi SesaZlo sityvad ver CaiTvleba, arc *ngisp, vinaidan pirvel SemTx-vevaSi bgeraTa wyoba lk, meore SemTxvevaSi ki ng, bgera, romelic sityva king-s abolovebs, inglisur enaSi sityvas ver daiwyebs. es iseTi wesebi an kanonebi ki

ar aris, romlebic SeiZleba saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebma daaweson, aramed

enis, am SemTxvevaSi inglisuri enis bgeriTi modelebis SezRudvebia, romelT-

ac bavSvi mSobliur enasTan erTad iTvisebs. aseTi SezRudvebi da damatebiTi

informacia sametyvelo bgerebisa da bgeriTi modelebis Sesaxeb, romelTac

11-dan14 TavebSi ganvixilavT, inglisuri enis azrobriv gramatikaSi warmodge-

nil fonologiur codnas ganekuTvneba.

1.4 azrobrivi gramatika, universaluri gramatika, aRweriTi gramatika, saswavlo gramatika da normatiuli gramatika

aq gramatika misi Cveuli gagebisgan gansxvavebulad iqneba ganxiluli. roca

mosaubris lingvisturi codnis gamoxatulebad ganvixilavT, gramatika azro-

brivi sistemaa _ Tavis tvinis/gonebis kognituri nawili, romelsac Tu ada-

mianis pirvel, anu mSobliur enaze gvaqvs saubari, bavSvi sagangebod Seswav-

lis gareSe, bunebrivad iTvisebs. sityva gramatika xSirad mxolod sintaqsTan

mimarTebaSi ixmareba, Cven ki mas lingvisturi kompetenciis yvela aspeqts vu-

kavSirebT. im SemTxvevebTan erTad, roca am sityvas azrobriv gramatikasTan

mimarTebaSi vxmarobT, roca lingvistebi ama Tu im enaze mosaubre eTnikuri

jgufis saziaro codnas gulisxmoben, enis aRweras enis gramatika ewodeba.

iseT or adamians ver ipoviT, rom erTmaneTis sruliad identuri azrobrivi

gramatika hqondeT. zogma SeiZleba iseTi sityvebi icodes, romelic sxvisTvis

ucnobia; erTs SeiZleba sakuTari, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli wesi an gamoTqmis Ta-

visebureba gaaCndes, magram raki es adamianebi erTmaneTs esaubrebian, erTmane-

18Sesavali

Tis esmiT, maSasadame, arsebobs raRac saerTo codna, rasac Cven maT azrobriv

gramatikas vuwodebT. aRweriTi gramatika erT enobriv jgufSi yvela mosau-

bris azrobrivi gramatikebis idealuri formaa.

yvela enis gramatika universaluri `kanonebiT~ anu `principebiTaa~ Sez-

Ruduli. es Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeba Comskimde moRvawe bevri lingvistis

Sexedulebebisgan. zogi maTgani amtkicebda, rom enebi SeiZleba dausrule-

blad icvlebodes. rac metad vakvirdebiT msoflios enebs, miT metad vrw-

mundebiT mecamete saukunis filosofosis rojer bekonis Tvalsazrisis sis-

woreSi. bekoni werda:

`imas, visac erTi enis gramatika esmis, meore enis gramatikasac gaigebs, vinaidan grama-tikis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi saerToa. is, rom aseTi adamiani sxva enaze ver met-yvelebs, an sxva ena ar esmis, sityvaTa da maT formaTa usasrulo mravalferovnebis gamo xdeba, magram eseni gramatikis SemTxveviTi niSan-Tvisebebia.~

am Sexedulebis sasargeblod uamravi mowmoba arsebobs. dRes mas im Tval-

sazrisis aRiarebac amyarebs, rom enebis aTvisebis adamianiseul unars biolo-

giuri safuZveli gaaCnia. am samyaroSi bavSvi enebis aTvisebis Tandayolili

midrekilebiT ibadeba, romelic am universalur principebs anu genetikurad

gansazRvrul azrobriv sistemas eyrdnoba, es ukanaskneli ki _ universalur

gramatikas (ug). es sakiTxi wignSi Semdgom iqneba ganxiluli.

universaluri gramatika yvela sametyvelo enis gramatikebs gansazRvravs,

magram arsebobs `SemTxveviTi gansxvavebebi~, romlebic enaTSoris lingvistur

cvalebadobas qmnian. ase magaliTad, universaluri gramatika SeiZleba gansaz-

Rvravdes, rom sityvis thane (rogorc ‘‘Mackbeth, the thane of Cawdor’’), an thigh sawyisi bgera _ th SesaZlo sametyvelo bgera iyos. inglisuri enis aRweriTi gramatika am bgeras xsenebuli enis gramatikaSi ganixilavs, magram franguli

enis gramatika _ ara. zogierT enaSi nacvalsa xeliT warmodgenili qvemdebaris

gamotoveba SeiZleba, zogSi ki – ara. zogierT enaSi erTi rTuli Sedgenilobis

sityva meore enis mTeli winadadebis eqvivalenturia. es gansxvavebebi am enebis

aRweriT gramatikebSi iCens Tavs. aRweriTi gramatikebi SeiZleba saswavlo anu

pedagogikuri gramatikebis safuZvladac CaiTvalos. am gramatikebs meore enis,

an mSobliuri enis romelime versiis (dialeqtis) saswavlebladac iyeneben.

aRweriTi gramatikebis mizani im azrobrivi gramatikis gamovlenaa, ro-

melic ama Tu im enaze mosaubris codnas warmoadgens da ara imis dadgena, Tu

rogori unda iyos am mosaubreebis gramatika. maSin, roca enis (an dialeqtis)

zogierT formas SeiZleba xSirad socialuri, politikuri an ekonomikuri mo-

sazrebiT mieniWos upiratesoba, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT aseTi upirateso-

ba arc erT dialeqts ar eZleva. amis gamo lingvistikas, rogorc mecnierebas,

normatiuli lingvistikis mimarT mcire interesi gaaCnia.

aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom enebis umetesoba damwerlobiT formas mokle-

bulia (amaze me-2 TavSi iqneba saubari). amis miuxedavad, es enebi damwerlobas,

an sakuTari anbanis mqone enebze nakleb kompleqsuri da racionaluri rodia.

metyveleba (an niSani) pirveladia, adamianis saxeobisTvis bunebiT naboZebi

unaris nawilia; damwerlobiTi sistemebi sametyvelo enebisgan warmodga; ami-


tomacaa, rom msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi dabadebuli adamiani, bavSvobidanve

Tandayolili lingvisturi unaris wyalobiT, Tavisi garemos enas TavisiT

swavlobs, magram wera-kiTxvas sagangebo swavlebis gareSe ufro xSirad ver iT-

visebs. yru-munji bavSvic ki, romelic metyvelebis unars moklebulia, Jest-

ebis sakuTar enas igonebs, romelic universaluri gramatikis SezRudvebis

SesatyvisobiT viTardeba da icvleba. Tumca, aseTi bavSvebi sakuTar damwer-

lobas ver igoneben.

1.5. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena? bavSvebis mier enis aTvisebis logikuri problema

patara bavSvebi, romlebsac bevri sxva TvalsazrisiT SezRuduli Ses-

aZleblobebi aqvT, mniSvnelovan SemecnebiT gamarjvebebs uadvilesad da

Za l dautaneblad aRweven. sul ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, uSualo in-

struqtirebisa da koreqciis gareSe lingvisturi codnis urTules da erT-

gvarovan SemecnebiT sistemas ayalibeben _ im enis gramatikas, romelsac iT-

viseben. rogor axerxeben amas bavSvebi? es aris umTavresi kiTxva, romelzec pa-

suxis gacemas enaTmecnierebis Teoria cdilobs. enis aTvisebis problemisadmi

cnobiswadils kidev ufro metad is faqti zrdis, rom Cveni enis Sesaxeb imaze

vrceli informacia dagvigrovda, vidre Cveni lingvisturi garemo iZleva sa-

Tanado monacemebia. TvalsaCinoebisTvis, ganvixiloT winadadebebi (19) da (20):

(19) Polonius is eager to please. _ poloniusi mondomebulia, rom asiamovnos.

(20) Polonius is easy to please. _ poloniusisTvis siamovnebis miniWeba advilia.

zedapirulad, es ori inglisuri winadadeba Zalze msgavsia, mxolod zed-

sarTavebSia _ eager (19) –Si da easy (20) -Si gansxvaveba. Tumca, Tu kargad dafiqrdeba, inglisurad mosaubre adamiani aRmoaCens, rom maT Soris sxvao-

bas mxolod zedsarTavebi ar qmnis. winadadebaSi (19) qvemdebare poloniusi

is aris, vinc mzadaa viRacas asiamovnos, maSin, roca winadadeba (20) –Si Tavad

poloniusis siamovnebazea saubari, romelsac sxva asiamovnebs. inglisur enaSi

(20) winadadebis perifrazic moiZebneba: It is esay to please Polonius, maSin, roca (19) –s msgavsi perifrazi ar gaaCnia. * It is eager to please John _ inglisurad gamarTuli forma ver iqneba. is, rac am winadadebebTan dakavSirebiT ingli-

surenovani adamianebis codna gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre zedapirul Tval-

saCino formebSi Cans.

swored aseve, winadadebas (21) masTan dakavSirebuli ori mniSvneloba gaaC-

nia:

(21) Visiting witches can be dangerous.

inglisurad mosaubrem icis, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es winadadeba: a) rom

CvenTvis jadoqrebTan stumroba saxifaToa, an b) rom jadoqrebis stumroba

saxifaToa. winadadebis aseTi orazrovneba mis zedapirul formaSi ar Cans da

mainc, es iseTi ram aris, rac Cven viciT. aseve viciT, rom winadadeba (22) ingli-

sur enaSi gramatikulad gamarTuli kiTxvaa, xolo winadadeba (23) _ara, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom arsebiTad orives erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs.

20Sesavali

CanarTi 1. 2

(22) What did Caesar drink necktar with?

(23) *What did Caesar drink nectar and?

sxva magaliTebi imisa, Tu risgan Sedgeba Cveni lingvisturi codna, zemoT

moviyvaneT. saqme isaa, rom Cveni enis Sesaxeb bevrad meti ram viciT, vidre amas

Cveni Tvali xedavs, an Cvens yurs esmis. maS saidan viciT amdeni ram mSobliuri

enis winadadebis struqturisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, roca is, rac gvesmis,

mxolod da mxolod bgerebis garkveuli Tanmimdevrobaa? enis aTvisebis am

simartivis, siswrafisa da erTgvarovnebis axsnas saTanado monacemebis ukma-

robis pirobebSi erT problemaze muSaobiT cdiloben. am problemas enis aT-

visebis logikuri problema ewodeba da pirvelad am formiT noam Comskim (1955

wels ) wamoayena.

enis aTvisebis logikuri problema (LPLA)

LPLA im zogadi sakiTxis erTi mcire nawilia, romelic adamianis mier cod-nis aTvisebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. adamianis mier dagrovil codnas britaneli

filosofosi bertran raseli ase axasiaTebs:

`rogor moxda, rom adamianebma, romelTa urTierToba garesamyarosTan ase xanmokle, pirovnuli da SezRudulia, amis miuxedavad mainc imxela codnis dagroveba moaxerxes, rogoric Cven gagvaCnia? Cveni warmodgena codnis Sesaxeb nawilobriv iluzoruli xom ar aris? xolo Tu ase ar aris, sxvagvarad rogor SegviZlia am codnis miReba Tu ara Cveni SegrZnebebi,?~

raseli ukanasknel frazaSi imas gulisxmobs, rom Cveni codnis umetesi

nawili naswavli ar gvaqvs, arc samyarosTan Sexebis da Sesabamisi gamocdilebis,

arc SegrZnebebis gziT gveZleva _ es Sinagani codnaa, Tandayolili da biolo-

giurad gansazRvruli.

enis aTvisebis procesSi bavSvs mxolod sasruli raodenobis gamoTqmebi es-

mis. amis miuxedavad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, droTa ganmavlobaSi usasrulod

bevri winadadebis xmareba da gageba SeuZlia. es enis gamoyenebis SemoqmedebiTi

aspeqtia. amgvari `SemoqmedebiToba~ srulebiT araa dakavSirebuli leqsebis

Tu romanebis werasTan _ es unaria, romlis meSveobiT adamiani usasrulo ra-

odenobis winadadebebs qmnis da igebs, maT Soris iseTebs, romlebic adre aras-

dros warmouTqvams an gaugonia. zusti lingvisturi maragi, romelsac adamiani

adreuli asakidan moipovebs, yoveli bavSvisTvis gansxvavebulia. SeuZlebelia

ori iseTi bavSvis povna, romelsac Cvilobidan erTnairi gamoTqmebi esmis; da

mainc, yoveli maTgani sabolood erTsa da imave gramatikas SeimuSavebs. bavS-

vis Tavdapirveli maragi SemTxveviTi ramaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom mSoblebi an

adamianebi, romlebTanac is drois umetes nawils atarebs saubrisas gramatikis

ama Tu im sakiTxis ilustrirebas ar axdenen. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, bavSvebi

enis sistemur codnas imuSaveben. amgvarad, SezRudulobis da gare samyaros-

gan miRebuli sawyisi maragis Tu im viTarebis nairgvarovnebis miuxedavad,

romelSic izrdebian, isini mainc lingvisturi codnis mdidar da erTian siste-

mas imuSaveben. SeZenili codna Tavdapirvel maragze gacilebiT metia. rogor


CanarTi 1.3

vigebT Cvens enaze imdens, ramdenic axla viciT, Tu ara Cveni lingvisturi

garemodan?

enis aTvisebis logikuri problemis sapasuxod arsebobs varaudi, rom bevri

ram iqidan, rac Cveni enis Sesaxeb viciT, adreul asakSi ki araa naswavli, aramed

Tandayolili unaria, romelic zemoT naxsenebi universaluri gramatikidan

(ug) warmodga. zogadad, universaluri gramatika adamianis sametyvelo enis

formasa da funqcionirebas, Sesabamisad _ yvela enisaTvis saerTo principebs

gansazRvravs. am TvalTaxedviT, bavSvis goneba enas ase vTqvaT, tabula rasa-d anu sufTa furclad ar ganixilavs, romelic mxolod samyarosTan urTierTo-

bis gamocdilebiT unda Seivsos, arc mxolod iseTi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi

gaaCnia, rogorebicaa wabaZva, daxsomeba, analogia an zogadi induqcia. piriq-

iT, enasTan Sexebisas bavSvs garkveuli `molodini~ gaaCnia misi lingvisturi

struqturisa da principebis mimarT, romlebic enas marTavs da ayalibebs. uni-

versaluri gramatika bavSvs Tavdapirveli codnis SezRudulobis daZlevaSi

exmareba da maT gramatikul ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.

negatiuri monacemebis uqonlobis problema

gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebebi, vTqvaT, iseTi, rogoric (23)-ia

(adre motanili winadadeba)

(23) What did Caesar drink nectar and?

enis aTvisebis gansakuTrebiT rTuli aspeqtis ilustrirebas axdens. es

negatiuri monacemebis uqonlobis problemaa. elementi, romlis mimarTac

winadadeba (23)-Si kiTxvaa dasmuli, koordinaciis nawilia, rogorc winadade-

baSi Caesar drank nectar and wine. (keisari neqtars da Rvinos svamda). aq TiTqos koordinirebis struqturis an kiTxvis dasmis garkveuli SezRudva arsebobs.

es SezRudva mxolod inglisurs ki ara, yvela enas axasiaTebs. magram sakiTxavia,

rogor SeiTvisebs bavSvi msgavs SezRudvas, roca Sesabamisi monacemi gramati-

kulad gaumarTavi winadadebaa, romelsac is Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi veras-

dros gaigonebs. varskvlaviT aRniSvna, ra Tqma unda, mosaxerxebeli lingvis-

turi niSania, magram bavSvs xom Tavdapirvel codnad ver dahyveba. zogadad,

imgvar negatiur monacemze, anu uSualo informaciaze, rom romelime wina-

dadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia, bavSvebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT. es erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani aspeqtia, romelic bavSvis Tavdapirvel codnaSi arasakmari-

sadaa warmodgenili.

amgvarad, bavSvi enas swrafad da efeqturad, anu mxolod mciredi Secdome-

biT iviTarebs. es xdeba stimulis simwiris (magaliTad, negatiuri monacemebis

naklebobis) miuxedavad, radgan enis ZiriTadi forma, adamianis biologi-

uri Taviseburebis gamo mas dabadebidan Tan dahyveba. enis aTvisebis Sesaxeb

gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, bavSvi enas `uceb~ swavlobs. es azri TiTqos si-

marTlesTan axlos aris, magram albaT ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu enis aTvise-

bas `zrdas~ SevadarebT da ara swavlas. arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom am process

swavlis elementebi aklia. bavSvma, ra Tqma unda, Sesaswavli enis leqsikoni da

22Sesavali

am enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi unda iswavlos. rogorc am wignis

gverdebidan SeityobT, sxvadsxva enebs, rogorebicaa mag., inglisuri, fran-

guli, iaponuri, suahili, bevri saerTo niSan-Tviseba aerTianebs _isini xom

saziaro, universaluri gramatikidan arian warmomdgari, magram Tan bevri

TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdebian. swored es gansxvavebebi unda Seiswavlos bavS-

vma gamocdilebis SeZenisas. universaluri gramatikis warmodgena, albaT, erT

did Sablonad ufro upriani iqneba, romelsac aqa-iq Riobebi aqvs da isini sx-

vadasxva enasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebiT unda Seivsos.

lingvistikis Teoriasa da enis aTvisebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.

magram calkeuli enebis struqturis analizis safuZvelze lingvistika cdi-

lobs daadginos, Cveni lingvisturi codnis romeli aspeqtebia universa luri

da maSasadame, rogorc universaluri gramatikis nawili, bavSvisTvis xelmis-

awvdomi da romeli aspeqtebia mxolod calkeuli enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli.

amgvarad, calkeuli gramatikebis Seswavla enis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mniS-

vnelovan codnas gvmatebs. amasTan, bavSvebSi enobrivi ganviTarebis Tavse-

burebebis dadgena adamianis sametyvelo enis organizebaze ukeTes warmodge-

nas gviqmnis. ganviTarebis im safexurebs, romelTac bavSvi zrdasrulobisTvis

damaxasiaTebel lingvistur kompetenciamde gadis, 6, 10 da 15 TavebSi ufro

dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

1.6. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gamoyeneba? lingvisturi Sesruleba

Tu gramatika lingvisturi kompetenciis azrobrivi gamoxatulebaa, maSin

imgvari codnisgan riT gansxvavdeba, romlis gamoyenebiTac vmetyvelebT an

naTqvams vigebT? gansxvaveba Cvens gonebaSi arsebuli codnis gamoxatulebasa

da am codnis gamoyenebas Soris mxolod enisTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli. musi-

kaluri nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas, adamians igi, vTqvaT, `mTvaris sona ta~ SEei-

Zleba `zepirad daswavlili~ aqvs da zogjer unaklod asrulebs mas. magram Sei-

Zleba nawarmoebi xandaxan sworad ver Seasrulos, Secdomebi dauSvas, garkveu-

li pasaJebic ki daaviwydes. is faqti, rom momdevno Sesrulebisas vcdilobT

Secdomebi aRar davuSvaT, imas mowmobs, rom codna gvqonda, magram nawarmoebis

Sesrulebisas misi gamomJRavneba srulad ver movaxerxeT. anu sonata vicodiT,

magram Cveni SesrulebiT es ver davadastureT.

imaves Tqma enazec SeiZleba. imis miuxedavad, rom principSi usasrulo ra-

odenobis winadadebebis SeTxzva da gageba SegviZlia, aSkaraa, rom sinamdvile-

Si amis gakeTeba arcerT mokvdavs ar ZaluZs. (23) winadadebis, an misi msgavsi

frazis gagonebisas vxvdebiT, rom garkveuli saxis gaumarTaobasTan gvaqvs

saqme, rom igi gramatikulad arasworia. amas Cveni lingvisturi kompetencia

gvafiqrebinebs, Tumca, SeiZleba dazustebiT ver vTqvaT, Cveni gramatikis

romeli nawilis wesi aris darRveuli, riTac cxadi xdeba, rom Cvenive codna

aracnobieria.

gansxvaveba lingvistur codnasa (kompetencias) da lingvistur Sesrulebas

Soris SeiZleba gamomJRavndes, magaliTad, warmoTqmaSi daSvebuli SecdomiT.


roca pativcemuli spuneri (misTvis damaxasiaTebelma Secdomebma termin

`spunerizmsac~ ki daudo saTave) dedofal viqtoriaze saubrobda, man war-

moTqva that queer old dean, (ucnauri moxuci dekani, Tumca es sityva-sityviTi Targmania, vinaidan sityva old inglisurSi xandaxan asakis ki ara, simpaTiis ga-mosaxatad ixmareba) Tumca sul sxva fraza _ that dear old queen (Zvirfasi moxuci dedofali _aqac igive SeniSvna gaviTvaliswinoT) unda warmoeTqva. spunerma

icoda, rom dedofali arc ucnauri iyo da arc dekani. Secdoma yvelas mosdis.

xSirad amas Tavadve vamCnevT da naTqvams vasworebT. amiT vadasturebT, rom

Sesabamisi codna gvaqvs da rom sityvis, winadadebisa Tu frazis swori forma

viciT.

xarvezebi Cvens mexsierebasac gaaCnia: xandaxan grZeli winadadebis dasawy-

isi gvaviwydeba da iseTi Secdoma mogvdis, rogoric (24)winadadebaSia naCvenebi

_ mravlobiTi ricxvis nacvlad (isini, maT) mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxels

(igi, man) warmovTqvamT.

(24) makbetma da banqom, mefis orma generalma, cxenebi im cixe-simagrisken

gaaWenes, romelic man Soridan SeniSna.

urTierkavSiri gramatikasa da lingvistur Sesrulebass Soris rTuli da

kompleqsuria da fsiqolingvistikuri kvlevis umTavres sagans warmoadgens.

Cveni wignis mizani imdenad lingvisturi Sesrulebis ganxilva araa, ramdena-

dac im azrobrivi sistemis, romelic metyvelebasa da metyvelebis aRqmasTan,

gagebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca, kompetenciasa da performanss Soris ar-

sebuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor SeuZliaT mecnierebs kompeten-

ciis, azrobrivi gramatikis arsis kvleva?

1.7. lingvistikis `qmna~

arsebobs meTodebi, romelTac enaTmecnierebi lingvistikis `saqmnelad~,

enebis analizisTvis, gramatikebis agebisa da gramatikis Teoriis Sesaqmnelad

iyeneben.

lingvistebi erTnairad iyeneben rogorc naturalistur, ise eqsperi-

mentul monacemebs. naturalisturi monacemebi aqtualuri metyvelebisgan

Sedgeba, dawerilobiTi iqneba igi, Tu sxva raime gziT miRebuli, mag., firze

Cawerili da xSirad pozitiuri monacemebis mopovebis sasargeblo wyaroa. es

monacemebi xSirad imas mowmobs, rom garkveuli yaidis winadadeba (albaT) gra-

matikulad gamarTulia.

magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom firze Cawerili saubris mosmenisas an Cawer-

ili teqstis Seswavlisas aRmoaCines, rom nacvalsaxelebi him da her (mas _ mamr. da mdedr. sqesi) yovelTvis sxva pirs ganekuTvneba da ara subieqts. vTq-

vaT, aseT winadadebebSi:

(25) Othello hates him. _ otelos sZuls igi.

(26) Titania loved her. _ titanias uyvarda igi.

maSin, roca iseT winadadebebSi, rogorebicaa (27) da (28):

24Sesavali

(27) Othello hates himself. _ otelos Tavi sZuls.

(28) Titania loved herself. _ titanias Tavi uyvarda.

nacvalsaxelebi himself, herself yovelTvis subieqts ganekuTvneba. adamians SeuZlia daaskvnas, am nacvalsaxelebis romeli formebia gramatikulad mar-

Tebuli ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi. magram amasTan kompetenciasa da Sesrulebas So-

ris arsebul gansxvavebasTan dakavSirebuli zemoT mocemuli gafrTxilebac

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT (es exeba gansakuTrebiT, erTi mxriv, azrobrivi

gramatikidan warmomdgar winadadebebsa da meore mxriv, a) iseT gamoTqmebs,

romelTac mocemul enaze mosaubreebi xSirad warmoTqvamen da arsebiTad spu-

neris Secdomebis msgavs `enabrgvilobebs~ warmoadgens, aseve b) winadadebis

dasawyisis daviwyebiT gamowveul Secdomebs, g) pauzis Sesavsebad warmoTqmul

bgerebs Soris da a.S).

amas garda, naturalisturi monacemebi negatiuri mowmobis sando wyarod

ver CaiTvleba, anu imis dasabuTebad ar gamodgeba, rom romelime calkeuli wi-

nadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia. sworia Tu ara winadadeba, amas mxolod

imis safuZvelze ver davaskvniT, rom manamde es winadadeba arasdros gvsme-

nia. rogorc zemoT iTqva, adamianis bunebriv sametyvelo enaSi gramatikulad

gamarTuli winadadebebis SesaZlo raodenoba usasruloa, magram adamianebi

TavianT sicocxleSi mxolod sasruli raodenobis winadadebebs warmoTqvamen.

amis gamo, gramatikulad gamarTuli bevri winadadeba arasdros warmoTqmula

(lingvists ki gacilebiT naklebi aseTi winadadebis dakvirvebis saSualeba

eZleva). saimiso negatiuri mowmobis mosagroveblad, rom winadadeba grama-

tikulad gaumarTavia, lingvistebi, rogorc wesi, eqsperimentebis monacemebs

eyrdnobian, raTa ganisazRvros, acnobiereben Tu ara amas mocemul enaze mo-

saubreebi, intuitiurad grZnoben, rom es forma bunebrivia Tu mxolod mis-

aRebia.

erT-erTi aseTi eqsperimentis dros, mocemul enaze mosaubreebs winadade-

bebs akiTxeben an asmenineben. maT pasuxi unda gascen kiTxvas, misaRebad JRers

igi Tu sruliad gamarTulad. msgavs eqsperimentebs morfologiaSic atareben:

mocemul enaze mosaubreebs sTxoven, misaRebad CaTvalon an uaryon morfemebis

esa Tu is Serwyma. aseve fonologiaSic: adamianebs sTxoven, maTi mSobliuri

enis bgeraTa bmebi Seafason: SeiZleba Tu ara ama Tu im Tanwyobam misi enis Sesa-

Zlo sityva Seadginos. fonetikur laboratoriebSi sametyvelo bgerebis _

maTi warmoSobis, aRqmis, maTi akustikuri maxasiaTeblebis kvleva warmoebs,

romelSic araerTi saxis kompiuterul da sxva teqnologiebs iyeneben.

aucileblad unda gvaxsovdes, rom cnebebi misaRebi da gramatikulad

gamarTuli mTlad tolfasi araa, vinaidan, gramatikulis garda kidev sxva faq-

torebic gansazRvraven misaRebia Tu ara romelime forma. magaliTad, adamian-

ma SeiZleba mSobliur enaze mosmenili an wakiTxuli esa Tu is fraza miuReblad

miiCnios, Tuki misi romelime sityva bundovani an Seuracxmyofeli moeCveneba

an Tu winadadeba metismetad grZelia da adamians aviwydeba, rogor iwyeba igi

da bolos, Tuki winadadebis mniSvneloba imdenad bundovania, rom SeiZleba

gaugebroba gamoiwvios. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaubris mosazrebebi imis Taobaze,


misaRebia Tu ara winadadeba, misi gramatikuli gamarTulobis srul indikato-

rad ar gamodgeba. raki winadadebis gramatikuli gaumarTaobis Tu piriqiT,

gamarTulobis dasadgenad sxva pirdapiri saSualeba ar arsebobs, lingvistebi,

am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, rogorc wesi, im mosaubreebis intuicias eyrdno-

bian, visTvisac mocemuli ena mSobliuria.

zemoT moyvanil an maT msgavs SemTxvevebSi gamotanili daskvnebis gasamar-

Tleblad Cven vvaraudobT, rom aracnobier azrobriv gramatikaSi sintaqsuri

wesebis garkveuli forma arsebobs.

hipoTezebi zogierTi wesis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, mcdaric aRmoCndes. Tu es

Semdgomi kvlevis Sedegad dadasturdeba, maSin iseTi axali hipoTezebis for-

mulireba unda moxdes (sxva sintaqsuri wesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb), romlebic

naturalur Tu eqsperimentul situaciebSi mosaubris lingvistur qcevas ax-

snida.

saeqsperimento monacemebis, gramatikuli gamarTuloba-gaumarTaobis da

misaRebobis Sesaxeb Cven Semdgom, 3 TavSic vimsjelebT. Cveni wignis gverde-

bze lingvistebis im meTodebze gveqneba saubari, romelTa meSveobiT isini

lingvistikas `qmnian~. Tqven ki momdevno TavebSi saSualeba mogecemaT, rom mo-

wodebuli masala Tavad gaaanalizoT.

1.8. Sejameba

lingvistika is mecnierebaa, romelic adamianis enas Seiswavlis. lingvis-

tikas bevri ganStoeba aqvs. es saxelmZRvanelo umTavresad enaTmecnierebis

Tanamedrove Teorias anu Teoriul lingvistikas Seexeba, romlis mizani ada-

mianis yvela sametyvelo enis bunebis da struqturis kvlevaa. adamianis enis

mimarT interesi uxsovari droidan arsebobda. 1957 wels Comskis `sintaqsuri

struqturebis~ gamoqveynebam generatiuli lingvistikis xanas misca dasabami,

romelic miznad isaxavs, pasuxi gasces sam ZiriTad kiTxvas: risgan Sedgeba

Cveni codna enis Sesaxeb (lingvisturi kompetencia), rogor xdeba am codnis

SeZena, da rogor xdeba am codnis gamoyeneba lingvsitur SesrulebaSi? saku-

Tari enis codna adamianis gonebaSi azrobrivi gramatikis saxiTaa warmodge-

nili, romelSic igulisxmeba yvelaferi, rac man am enis Sesaxeb icis: leqsikoni

(anu sityvebi), morfologia (am sityvebis struqtura), sintaqsi (frazebis da

winadadebebis struqtura), semantika (lingvisturi struqturebis mniSvnelo-

bebi) fonetika da fonologia (am enis bgerebi da bgeriTi modelebi). amgvarad,

ama Tu im enaze mosaubris gramatika lingvisturi kompetenciis azrobrivi

gamoxatulebaa. calkeuli enebis gramatikebs, romlebic enaTmecnierTa mieraa

dawerili da azrobrivi gramatikis anarekls warmoadgens, aRweriTi grama-

tikebi ewodeba. aRweriTi gramatika xSirad safuZvlad edeba saswavlo anu

pedagogiur gramatikas. am gramatikas isini iyeneben, visac meore (an mesame

meoTxe da a.S) enis Seswavla aqvs gadawyvetili. arc aRweriTi, da arc azrobri-

vi gramatikis mizani araa is, rom gansazRvros ra unda Tqvas mosaubrem; eseni

mosaubris codnas asaxaven sakuTari enis Sesaxeb.

bavSvebi sakuTari enis kompleqsur gramatikas swrafad, gasaocari siio-

26Sesavali

sakiTxavi literatura

Chomsky, Noam.1957. Syntactic Struc-tures. The Hague. Mouton.

_____.1968. Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Extended edition, 1972.

_____.1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Prae-ger.

Fromkin, Victoria A. and Robert Rod-man, 1998.

An Introduction to Language. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.

Klima, Edward S. and Ursula Bellu-gi. 1979. The Signs of Language. Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Newmeyer, Frederick J. 1983. Gram-matical Theory: Its Limits and Its Possi-bilities. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Pinker, Steven. 1994. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Languag-es. New York: William Morrow and Co.

liT, umaswavleblod da Caurevlad iTviseben. is, Tu rogor akeTeben amas, bavS-

vis mier enis aTvisebis logikur problemas warmoadgens. amis axsna da gageba

advili ar aris, radgan bavSvebi sasrul da mwir informacias iReben, negatiuri

mowmobis gareSe (romelic imis gagebas gauadvilebdaT, bgerebis rogori bmaa

araswori). amis miuxedavad, isini dausrulebeli odenobis winadadebebis war-

moqmnisa da gagebisaTvis wesebs mainc SeimuSaveben da maTi meSveobiT marTebul

(gramatikulad swor) da umarTebulo (aragramatikul) formebs erTmaneTis-

gan asxvaveben. am faqts im varaudamde mivyavarT, rom adamiani Tandayolili

enobrivi unariTaa dajildovebuli. es unari universaluri gramatikaa (ug). roca enis bunebis gagebas vcdilobT, erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT

lingvisturi kompetencia (lingvisturi codnis gamoxatuleba) da lingvistu-

ri Sesruleba (am codnis gamoyeneba metyvelebis procesirebis _saubris da

naTqvamis gagebis dros). SesrulebaSi Cveni codna enis Sesaxeb aralingvistur

codnasTan urTierTqmedebs da bevr faqtorze axdens gavlenas, maT Soris xan-

mokle mexsierebaze, sxva fsiqologiur procesebze da am yvelaferTan erTad

pragmatul codnazec.

lingvistebi naturalistur monacemebsac iyeneben _ aqtualur metyvele-

bas, saubrebs, sxvadasxva gziT Caweril teqstebs _ da saeqsperimento mona-

cemebsac. momdevno TavebSi TvalsaCinod iqneba warmoCenili is meTodebi,

romelTac lingvistebi enis Teoriis Seqmnisas da msoflios sxvadaxva enebis

aRwerisas iyeneben.

nawili II

morfologia da

sintaqsi

2

morfologia:

sityvebis struqtura

Tavis sarCevi

2.0. Sesavali

2.1. sityvebis struqtura

2.2. sityva da morfemaTa klasebi

2.2.1 sityvaTa klasebi

2.2.2 sityvaTa gavrceleba

2.2.3 fleqsiuri morfologia

2.2.4 derivaciuli morfologia

2.2.5 Ria da daxuruli klasebi

2.3 morfologiuri struqturis

analizi

2.3.1 rTuli zmnebi suahiliSi

2.3.2 rTuli zmnebi tolkapaia

iavapaiSi

2.3.3 sityvaTa struqturis

analizi

2.3.4 morfemaTa Tanmimdevroba

2.4 variacia morfologiaSi

2.4.1 variaciis tipebis analizi

2.4.2 ganpirobebuli variacia

2.4.3 Tavisufali variacia

2.4.4 portmanto morfologia da

fuZemonacvleoba

2.5 sityvaTa ierarqiuli struqtura

2.5.1 ierarqia morfologiur

struqturaSi

2.5.2 xisebri diagramebi

2.5.3 markirebebis warmodgena

kvadratul frCxilebSi

2.6 prefiqsebis da sufiqsebis miRma

2.6.1 infiqsacia

2.6.2 rTuli sityvebis anu

kompozitebis Sedgena

2.6.3 gaormageba

2.6.4 ablauti

2.7 saTavo sityvebi da ierarqia

2.8 sityvebis statusi

2.8.1 sityvaTa zRvrebi da

klitika

2.8.2 leqsikoni

2.9 morfologiuri analizis

problema

2.9.1 nulovani morfemebi da

uniSno formebi

2.9.2 gawyvetili morfemebi2.10 morfologia da tipologia

2.11 Sejameba

Semdgom sakiTxavi

naxsenebi enebis Sesaxeb

savarjiSoebi

2.0. Sesavali

morfologia sityvebs da maT struqturas swavlobs. ra aris sityva? sityve-

bi mniSvnelobis mqone enobrivi erTeulebia, romelTa SejgufebiT SeiZleba

frazebi da winadadebebi warmodges. roca adamians sakuTar enaze warmoTqmu-

li sityva esmis, Sesabamis mniSvnelobasTan myisieri asociacia uCndeba.

30 morfologia da sintaqsi

2.1 sityvebis struqtura

ganvixiloT inglisuri enis aseTi winadadeba:

(1) The friends promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bi-anca.

(1) megobrebi Sepirdnen (obieqti dauzustebelia), rom mzeTunaxav (an mSve-

nieri) biankasTvis dawvrilebiT cnobebs Seagrovebdnen skolis maswavleblis

(an skolis direqtoris) Sesaxeb.

am inglisuri winadadebis cametive sityvidan TiToeuli (Tormeti gan-

sxvavebuli, xolo the artikli erTgan meordeba) SeiZleba sxvadasxva konte-qstSi iqnes naxmari (usasrulo raodenobis winadadebaSi), an SeiZleba calke

gamoiTqvas. (zogierT enaSi, maT Soris, inglisurSic, arsebobs tipografiuli

pirobiToba _sityvebs Soris sivrcis dacva aucilebelia. magram daSorebebis

meSveobiT erTmaneTisgan sityvebis gamoyofac garkveul kanonzomierebebs

emorCileba. magaliTad, zogierTi sityva inglisur enaSi Sedgenili sityva _

kompozitia, romelic erTze meti sityvisgan Sedgeba, xolo es sityvebi sityvis

SigniT SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan defisiT gamoiyos, rogorc, magaliTad, sityva-

Si jack-in-the-box (erTgvari saTamaSoa) an sivrciT, rogorc magaliTad, looking glass (sarke), an sulac ar iyos gamoyofili, rogorc sityvaSi girlfriend (Seyva-rebuli). damwerlobis uqoneli xalxebis warmomadgenelic ki gumaniT grZnobs,

bgerebis rogorma Tanmimdevrobam SeiZleba Seadginos sityva mis enaSi, da ro-

gorma _ ara.

sityvebi mniSvnelobis mqone umciresi erTeulebi rodia. sityva SeiZleba

martivi Sedgenilobisac iyos da rTulisac. sityva promised ori nawilisgan Sedgeba, esenia: promise da –ed; sityva friends ase iyofa friend da –s; xolo care-fully ase SeiZleba davyoT: carefull (romelic Tavis mxriv care da -ful) da –ly. sityva schoolmaster ori sityvisgan Sedgeba: school da master. kompozitis Semadgenel yvela nawils, romelTa dayofa ufro mcire erTeulebad SeuZlebelia, mor-

fema ewodeba. SegviZlia zemoT moyvanili winadadeba xelaxla gadmovweroT,

oRond axla sityvis Semadgenel morfemebs Soris zRvrebis gamosakveTad de-

fisi gamoviyenoT (artikli a da zmna is xSirad defisis magivrobas swevs da mor-femebs Soris zRvrebs bunebrivad gamohyofs):

(2) The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.

amgvarad, winadadeba Tvrameti morfemisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan artikli

the orjer gvxvdeba, anu mTlianobaSi Cvidmeti morfema gvaqvs. (am sityvebis me-

tad dayofac ki SesaZlebelia. zogi mecnieri SegvekamaTeba, rom sityva promise ase iyofa: pro-mise, xolo inquire _ in-quire, about ki a-bout.)

gansxvavebaa morfemebis or jgufs Soris: Bianca, promise, friend, inquire, fair, about da, meore mxriv, -ly, -ful, -ed, -s. morfemebis pirvel jgufSi mxolod sityvebia da isini damoukidebel sityvebadac SeiZleba arsebobdes, meore jgu-

fis morfemebi ki _ara. iseTi morfemebi, rogorebicaa –ly da –s aucileblad

sxva morfemebs unda Seerwyas. eseni damokidebuli morfemebia, xolo Bianca da

31morfologia: sityvebis struqtura

friend _ Tavisufali morfemebi. sityvebi Bianka, promise, friend, fair leqsikuri morfemebia da im kategoriis

sityvebs ganekuTvneba, rogorebicaa arsebiTi saxelebi (friend –megobari), zmne-bi (promise- Sepireba) da zedsarTavebi (fair _ aq: mSvenieri). iseTi saxelebi, ro-goricaa Bianca, arsebiTi saxelebis gansakuTrebul klass Seadgens. leqsikuri

morfemebi sagnebs, qmedebebs, Tvisebebs da cnebebs moicavs. isini SeiZleba

aRiweros sityvebiT, maTi gaTvalsaCinoeba SesaZlebelia suraTebiT. –ed, -ly, -s gramatikuli morfemebia, romelTac mosaubre sityvasa da mis konteqsts Soris

kavSiris gamosaxatad iyenebs. magaliTad, warsuli drois gamomxatveli ele-

menti –ed sityvaSi promised gviCvenebs, rom Sepireba winadadebis warmoTqmamde garkveuli xniT adre moxda, xolo mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli elementi

–s sityvaSi friends imaze migviTiTebs, rom erTze met megobarzea saubari. yvela is leqsikuri da gramatikuli morfema, romelic mosaubrem icis, leqsikons

Seadgens. misi meSveobiT mosaubre winadadebebs qmnis da am wesebs zogad siste-

mas uTanadebs.

Tumca, yvela leqsikuri morfema araa Tavisufali da arc yvela gramati-

kuli morfemaa damokidebuli. magaliTad, iseTi gramatikuli morfemebi, rog-

orebic the da a ganmsazRvrelebia anu artiklebia, damoukidebel sityvebs war-moadgenen. (artikli tradiciuli gramatikis terminia da inglisuri enis iseT

sityvebs Seesatyviseba, rogorebic ganusazRvreli a da an, da gansazRvruli _ the artiklebia. lingvstikis Tanamedrove TeoriaSi am sityvebs ganmsaz-Rvrelebad ganixilaven. sityvaTa es klasi iseT nacvalsaxelebsac Seicavs,

savarjiSo 2.1

Semdegi inglisuri winadadebebi da frazebi maTi danawevrebiT gaaana-

lizeT_ yvela im morfemas Soris, romelTac amoicnobT, defizebi CasviT.

miuTiTeT, Tavisufalia esa Tu is morfema, Tu SezRuduli (damokidebuli),

leqsikuri Tu gramatikuli. yoveli damokidebuli morfemis amocnobisas

daasaxeleT sxva sityva, romelic imave damokidebul morfemas Seicavs. zogi-

erTi sityvis morfemebad dayofa gagiWirdebaT _ imsjeleT yovel proble-

maze, romelTac aseT SemTxvevebSi gadaawydebiT. magaliTad, sityva day (dRe) udavod damoukidebeli sityvaa (morfema); magram yester sityvidan yesterday morfemad unda CaiTvalos? Tu asea, maSin rogoria misi mniSvneloba? swored

aseve, ramdeni morfemaa warsuli drois zmnaSi told?

1.Yesterday Ophelia picked wildflowers in the churchyard.2.He told me that Desdemona had married a Moor.3.Aren’t you going to show me your newest quiver?4.Portia argued her case long and well.5.My horse! My horse! My kingdom for a horse! (Richard III, V, IV, 7)6.All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (makbeti, V, I,56)7. I’ll put a gridle round about the earth in forty minutes. (`zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, II, I, 163).

8.Merrily, merrily shall I live now, under the blossom that hangs on the bough. (`qa-riSxali~, V, I, 88).


rogorebic this, that nacvalsaxelebia.) To, about, for Tandebulebia. am sityvebs ufro xSirad gramatikul morfemebad Tvlian, vidre leqsikur morfemebad _

nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom aseTi sityvebi raodenobrivad bevri ar aris (isini

daxurul klass ganekuTvneba), nawilobriv, ki im mizeziT, rom cnebebis Sez-

Rudul odenobas gamoxataven. miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvebi school da master kompozitis -schoolmaster Sesaqmnelad erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli, orive Tavi-sufali morfemaa, vinaidan isini damoukidebeli sityvebicaa.

Cven inglisuri enis sityvebis ramdenime tipi ganvixileT, arafleqsiuri

fuZis formebi, romelTac gramatikuli morfemebi ar hqonda damatebuli (is-

eTebi, rogorebicaa Bianca, fair, promise, schoolmaster, inquire) da infleqsiuri sityvebi (fuZiseuli formebi zed damatebuli gramatikuli morfemebiT: prom-ised, friends) Carefully warmoebuli sityvaa, romelSic erTi fuZiseuli forma meoridanaa warmoqmnili: zmnizeda carefully zedsarTav saxelze careful mor-femis –ly damatebiT miiReba, maSin, roca careful Tavis mxriv arsebiT saxelze care morfemis –ful damatebiTaa warmoqmnili. iseT morfemebs, rogorebicaa –ly da –ful derivaciuli morfemebi ewodebaT. (derivaciuli morfologia qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.).

sityvebs, romlebic erTze meti morfemisgan Sedgeba, magaliTad, sityva

friends, promised, carefully, schoolmaster rTuli sityvebi ewodeba. amis sapirispi-rod, ararTuli sityvebi, romlebic mxolod erTi morfemisgan Sedgeba, mar-

tiv sityvebad iwodeba, maSinac ki, Tu sityva iseTi grZelia, rogorc vTqvaT,

Massachuesetts, Bianca, perestroika, an kangaroo. is martivi sityvebi, romlebic ramdenime marcvlisgan Sedgeba, xSirad an sakuTari saxelebia, an sxva enebidan

nasesxobebi. aseTi sityva SeiZleba rTulic iyos (anu ramdenime morfemad iyo-

fodes) _ oRond im Tavdapirvel enaSi, romlidanacaa nasesxebi, magram misi

struqtura inglisuri enis morfologias ar Seesabamebodes, vinaidan ingli-

surenovani mosaubre ar icnobs ucxo enis morfemebs, (AdavazustoT:N mxolod

im morfemebs icnobs, romlebic inglisur enaSi ukve damkvidrebul sityvebSi

gvxvdeba).

albaT, bevrma inglisurenovanma adamianma icis es sityva:

(3) antidisestablishmentarianism

am sityvis Svid an met iseT morfemad dayofa, romlebic sxva sityvebSic

gvxvdeba, imaTac ki ar gauWirdebaT, vinc TviTon sityvis mniSvneloba ar icis:

anti-dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism, Tumca, morfema masSi Svidze metic ki aris. mag-aliTad, sufiqsi –ism sufiqsisgan -ize (ixileT cxrili 2.1.) da masze damatebuli meore sufiqsisgan–m(rogorc sityvebSi baptize/baptism) Sedgeba. aq erTaderTi Tavisufali leqsikuri morfema sityvis fuZea _establish. fuZiseuli morfema leqsikuri morfemaa (inglisurSi es Cveulebriv Tavisufali morfemaa). igi

fuZed gvevlineba, romelsac gramatikuli an derivaciuli morfemebi emateba

da rTul sityvad iqceva.

Anti- da dis- prefiqsebi, anu winsarTebia _ damokidebuli morfemebi, rom-lebic sityvis fuZes TavSi erTvis, rac Seexeba iseT damokidebul morfemebs,

romlebic fuZes boloSi erTvis, iseTebi, rogoricaa, mag. –ment, -er, -ed, -est, -s


eseni sufiqsebia, anu bolosarTebi. prefiqsebi da sufiqsebi afiqsebis klasSi

erTiandeba.

2.2. sityvaTAa da morfemaTa klasebi

2.2.1 sityvaTa klasebi

afiqsebi sityvaTa (arsebiTi saxeli, zmna, zedsarTavi, zmnizeda) klasebs an

kategoriebs erTvis da maTTan erTad Ziri + afiqsis kombinacias qmnis. cxrili

2.1 ramdenime aseT magaliTs gvTavazobs.

cxrili 2.1 zogi inglisuri afiqsi da sityvaTa klasebi

afiqsi erTvis qmnis magaliTebi

anti- ars. saxelebs ars. saxelebs anti-matter,anti-aircraft zedsarTavebs zedsarTavebs anti-democraticun- zedsarTavebs zedsarTavebs un-happy, un-lucky zmnebs zmnebs un-bridle, un-lock re- zmnebs zmnebs re-establish, re-assure dis- zmnebs zmnebs dis-enfranchise, dis-own zedsarTavebs zedsarTavebs dis-ingenuous, dis-honest -ment zmnebs ars. saxelebs establish-ment, amaze-ment -ize ars.saxelebs zmnebs burglar-ize, Mirandaize zedsarTavebs zmnebs steril-ize, Islamic-ize -ism ars. saxelebs ars. saxelebs Ito-ism, gangster-ism zedsarTavebs ars. saxelebs real-ism, American-ism -ful ars. saxelebs zedsarTavebs care-ful, soul-ful, master-ful--ly zedsarTavebs zmnizedebs carefu-ly, nice-ly, angri-ly-er zedsarTavebs SedarebiT zedsarTavebs fair-er, angri-er -s ars. saxelebs ars. saxelebs friend-s, girl-s, cat-s mravlobiT formaSi

ganixileT inglisuri enis arsebuli da SesaZlo sityvebis CamonaTvali da

dayaviT Sesabamis morfemebad. TiToeul sityvas komentari daurTeT: `namdvi-

li~ sityvaa es (arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens gonebriv leqsikonSi)? SesaZlo sityvaa

(misi mniSvneloba ar iciT, magram savsebiT SesaZlebeli geCvenebaT, rom Tqveni

enis sityva iyos) Tu SeuZlebelia, rom sityva realurad arsebobdes, (anu Tv-

liT, rom inglisurenovani adamianis leqsikonSi aseTi sityva ver iarsebebs)?

(imsjeleT sakamaTo sityvebis gamoyenebis konteqstebze an sxva rTul SemTx-

vevebze.)CamonaTvali: antitrockistuli, umSvenieresi, biWebi, bavSvebi, bavSvebisa,

momajadoebeli, gagogoneba, misebi, Sedevrebi, moumxiblavi, morfologisti,

gasaxeleba, zemoTanebi, postpozicia, gaumyinvareba, tkbilebi, araqali, ara-

kaci, verbalovani.

savarjiSo 2.2


SeniSvna: zemoT CamoTvlil zogierT afiqss damatebiTi, nakleb gavrcele-

buli iseTi funqciac gaaCnia, romelTa magaliTebi ar mogviyvania.

homofonebis, sityvaTa wyvilebis msgavsad, romlebic erTnairad JRers,

magram gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvs (fair zedsarTavicaa (`mSvenieri~), romelic winadadeba (1)-Si Segvxvda da arsebiTi saxelic, romelic `sadResas-

waulo bazrobas~ niSnavs. qarTul enaSi amis magaliTia, vTqvaT, sityva `bari~),

SeiZleba ramdenime gansxvavebuli afiqsic arsebobdes, romlebsac erTnairi

forma eqneba. magaliTad, zedsarTavis SedarebiTi sufiqsis –er garda, arse-bobs imave formis sufiqsi, romelic zmnebs erTvis da saxelebs warmoqmnis (rid-er, teacher, runner). mravlobiTi ricxvis aRsaniSn -s sufiqsis garda, romelic saxelebs erTvis, imave formis sufiqsi III piris mxolobiTi ricxvis zmnebs erT-

vis (promises, inquires, establishes).

savarjiSo 2.3

ganixileT sityvaTa jgufebi da yovel maTganTan dakavSirebul kiTxvas

upasuxeT. sityvebis leqsikonSi moZebna aucilebeli araa, magram SeiZleba

dagexmaroT.

(I) badness, fairness, goodness, insurmountableness, wellness(II) incorrigible, incongruous, indefinite, inflexible, insurmountable(III) cowardly, daily, fatherly, lonely, lovely, womanly(IV) fifth, fourteenth, sixth, thirtieth, seventieth, seventy-seventh(V) dependent, descendant, defiant, prudent, reverent, servant(VI) democracy, idiocy, jealousy, monarchy, photography, victory

(a) SegxvdaT Tu ara iseTi morfema, romelic am jgufis yvela sityvaSi Se-

dis? Tu asea, romeli?

(b) Tu (a)-ze dadebiTi pasuxi gaeciT, maSin sami damatebiTi sityva daasax-

eleT, romelSic aseTi morfema Sedis.

(g) Tu Tqveni pasuxi (a)-ze dadebiTi iyo, maSin ganmarteT am morfemis mniS-

vneloba.

(d) Tu SegiZliaT, daasaxeleT sityvaTa klasi, romlis sityvebsac erTvis

aseTi morfema da aRniSneT sityvaTa romel klass qmnis misi darTva. ganixileT

nebismieri sirTule, romelic davalebis Sesrulebisas SegxvdaT.

marlTwera xSirad morfemis dadgenaSi dagexmarebaT, magram xandaxan Sei-

Zleba SecdomaSic SegiyvanoT. nu CaTvliT, rom or sxvadasxva morfemasTan

gaqvT saqme Tu sxvadsxva SemTxvevaSi isini gansxvavebulad iwereba. magaliTad,

sufiqsi –ly sityvaSi lonely da –li sityvaSi loneliness erTi da igive morfemaa. (VII) klasSi gaerTianebuli sityvebi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas

warmoadgens:

(VII) glare, gleam, glimmerlisten, glitter, glowes sityvebi, romlebic gl asoTSeTanxmebiT iwyeba, erTmaneTs TiTqos seman-

tikurad (gaixseneT, ra aris semantika?) enaTesaveba. Tumca, gl iseTi morfema ar aris, rogorc –ness, -er, -ly, an zemoT CamoTvlili morfema. scadeT ganmartoT, ratom. (karnaxi: CamoaSoreT TiToeul sityvas es bgeraTSeTanxmeba da naxeT,

ra darCeba).


rogorc cxrilSi 2.1 moyvanili magaliTebi cxadyofs, xandaxan sufiqsis

damateba sityvas sityvaTa sxva klasSi gadaanacvlebs xolme, magram ara yov-

elTvis.

rogorc afiqsebis klasi icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu sityvaTa romel klass

erTvian (ixileT cxrili 2.1), swored aseve, sityvebic im afiqsebis mixedviT

eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, romlebic maT erTvis: magaliTad, mravlobiT

ricxvSi mdgari -s sufiqsiani sityvebi (mxolobiTi _ friend, mravlobiTi _ friend-s), aseve zedsarTavTa umravlesoba da zogierTi zmnizeda SedarebiT formas –er sufiqsiT qmnis, aRmatebiTs ki _ -est sufiqsis damatebiT (pretty, pretti-er, pretti-est). zmnebis SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro rTuladaa: zmnaTa umetesoba mxolobiTi ricxvis awmyos –s sufiqsis darTviT qmnis, warsuls _ -ed –bolo-sarTis damatebiT, xolo awmyo uwyvetelis misaRebad maT –ing sufiqsi emateba. meoTxe zmnuri forma, warsuli drois mimReoba (past participle), romelic iseT winadadebebSi gvxvdeba, rogoricaa, mag: I have promised to do it (Sevpirdi, Sepire-buli var), zogierT zmnas erTnairi aqvs, zogsac _gansxvavebuli. SeadareT _

I wrote the letter (wrote warsulis formaa) da I have written the letter (written war-suli drois mimReobaa).

erTi Ziridan (Tu fuZidan) nawarmoeb sityvaTa erTobas paradigma ewo-

deba. sityvis friend paradigma moicavs: friend da friend-s; sityvisa promise-promise, promised, promising. (inglisuri zmnebis orive, -ed –iani da –ing –iani forma xSirad zedsarTavadac gamoiyeneba, rogorc magaliTad, the promised visit (Sepirebuli stumroba), a promising theory (imedismomcemi, didi momavlis mqone Teoria). winadadebebSi The friends promised to do it (megobrebi Sempird-nen (Segpirdnen, Sehpirdnen) amis gakeTebas) da The friends were promising to do it (megobrebi mpirdebodnen(gpirdebodnen, pirdebodnen) amis gakeTebas) zmnur formasTan gvaqvs saqme.

cxrili 2.2 zogi inglisuri zmnis paradigmebi

zmna awmyo warsuli awmyo

uwyveteli

warsulis

mimReoba

chew chews chewed chewing chewedkiss kisses kissed kissing kissedpromise promises promised promising promisedhit hits hit hitting hitfind finds found finding found sit sits sat sitting satteach teaches taught teaching taught

know knows knew knowing known

sing sings sang singing sung

write writes wrote writing written

inglisuri enis zmnebi erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, Tu ramde-

nad gansxvavdeba maTi paradigmebi (ise, rogorc cxrilSi 2.2. –a naCvenebi). pirve-


li jgufis zmnebi, romelSic chew, kiss, promise Sedis, wesier zmnebad iwodeba. wesieri zmna oTx gansxvavebul formas –s, -ed, -ing an –ed –is darTviT awarmoebs (aseT zmnebs warsulisa da warsulis mimReobis formebi identuri aqvs). iseT

zmnas, rogoricaa hit, mxolod sami gansxvavebuli forma aqvs, vinaidan warsuli da warsulis mimReoba zmnis fuZis identuria. zmnebs find, teach, sit oTxi gansx-vavebuli forma gaaCnia, iseve, rogorc wesier zmnebs, magram warsulsa da war-

sulis mimReobas sxvadasxvanairad awarmoeben (Cveulebriv, zmnis fuZis xmov-

nis SecvliT). iseT zmnebs, rogorebicaa know, sing, write xuTi gansxvavebuli forma aqvT _ maTi warsulisa da warsulis mimReobis formebi gansxvavebulia.

inglisur enaSi yvelaze arawesieri zmna be -a, romelic sxva zmnebis models ar misdevs, da rva forma gaaCnia: fuZe, awmyos sami forma (am, is, are), warsulis ori forma (was, were), awmyos mimReoba (being) da warsulis mimReoba (been).

2.2.2 sityvaTa distribucia

im winadadebebisa da frazebis tipi, romlebSic sityvebi erTiandeba _ anu

sityvebis distribucia, sityvis klasze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, morfema, ro-

melic winadadeba (4)-Si gamotovebul sityvas win uZRvis, mxolobiT ricxvSi

mdgar arsebiT saxelze migvaniSnebs:

(4) A____promised to inquire about a schoolmaster.

Sepirda, rom maswavleblis Sesaxeb gaikiTxavda.

am winadadebaSi SeiZleba mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari saxelebi, magaliTad,

girl, friend, stegosaurus Caisvas, magram sityvebi girls, friends, stegosauruses ga-nusazRvreli artiklis Semdeg ver idgeba. swored aseve, gamotovebuli sityva

winadadeba (5)-Si zedsarTavi unda iyos:

(5) A friend made a promise to the________Bianca.

megobari ________biankas Sehpirda.(am winadadebaSi SeiZleba Caisvas iseTi zedsarTavebi, rogorebicaa fair, idi-

otic, virtuous, magram gamotovebuli adgilis nebismieri sityviT Sevseba ar Sei-Zleba.)

sityvaTa klasis dadgena CarCos testiT xelsayrelia iseTi sityvebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, rogorebicaa about, under, for _ Tandebulebis, romlebic sityvaTa Soris kavSirs gansazRvraven (mag. schoolmaster-sa da Bianca-s Soris urTierTo-bas winadadeba (1)-Si). inglisur Tandebulebs, gansxvavebiT arsebiTi saxelebi-

sgan, zmnebsa da zedsarTavebisgan, afiqsebi ar daerTvis. Tandebuli to an about winadadeba (6)-Si gamotovebul adgilas SeiZleba Caisvas:

(6) The schoolmaster made a promise_________Bianca.

skolis maswavlebeli (direqtori) biankas Sehpirda/ biankasTan dakavSire-

biT Sehpirda.

aseTi sadiagnostiko CarCoebi ufro metadac ki SeiZleba gamartivdes, imis

gamosavlenad, rom isini mxolod sityvaTa klasebis dadgenaSi gvexmareba da

ara calkeuli sityvis SerCevaSi. magaliTad, nawilobrivi CarCoebi winadade-

bebSi (7) sakmarisia, raTa mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari saxelebi da zedsarTavebi


CanarTi 2.1

iqnes amocnobili:

(7) mxolobiTSi mdgari arsebiTi saxelis CarCo . . .a_________VERB. . .

zedsarTavis CarCo: . . .the___________NOUN. . .

amasTan erTad, sityvaTa klasebs bevri qvejgufi aqvs, romlebzec saubari

Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSic iqneba da romelTa amocnoba konkretuli morfemebi-

sa da frazaTa tipebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. (ixileT CanarTi 2.1) winadade-

ba da sityvebis struqtura, sintaqsi, momdevno TavebSi iqneba ganxiluli.

2.2.3 fleqsiuri morfologia

garkveuli tipis gramatikuli morfemebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba winadade-

baTa CarCoebiTac iqnes gaTvalsaCinoebuli. magaliTad, carieli sivrce wi-

nadadeba (8)-is afiqsis CarCoSi mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli sufiqsiT –s unda Seivsos:

(8) The friend__________inquire about Bianca.

The friends inquire about Bianca (megobrebi biankas Sesaxeb cnobebs agroveben) misaRebi winadadebaa (gramatikulad gamarTuli, im TvalsazrisiT, romelzec

1 TavSi iyo saubari), xolo *The friend inquire about Bianca _ ara. swored aseve, winadadeba (9)-Si warsulis aRmniSvneli bolosarTi –ed afiqsebis CarCoSi unda iqnes Casmuli:

(9) The friends inquir_________yesterday. (guSin megobrebi biankasTvis cnobebs agrovebdnen.)

sakuTari saxelebi, sazogado saxelebi da morfologia

iseT arsebiT saxelebs, rogoricaa, bianka winadadebaSi _ `biankam maswavle-

beli dainaxa~, sakuTari saxelebi ewodeba. es sityva calkeul, advilad amosac-

nob, erTaderT, unikalur pirs Seesatyviseba, romelsac saxelad bianka hqvia.

amis gamo igi gansxvavdeba iseTi sazogado saxelisgan, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

sityva, gogona, romelsac ufro zogadi, upirovno mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan

nebismier axalgazrda qals SeiZleba miesadagos. sakuTar saxels, Cveulebriv,

mravlobiTi ricxvi ar gaaCnia, arc mravlobiTis sufiqsi-s daerTvis da arc ga-nusazRvreli artiklebis: a, an momdevno CarCoSi ismeba.

Tumca, Semdegi ori winadadeba sruliad gamarTulia:

Two Biancas go to my brother’s school.I know a Bianca.

Cemi Zmis skolaSi ori bianka swavlobs.

me vinme biankas vicnob.

niSnavs Tu ara es, rom sakuTari saxelebi sazogadoTagan arafriT gansx-

vavdeba? ra Tqma unda, ara. or ukanasknel winadadebaSi sityva `bianka~ konkre-

tul pirovnebas, erT romelime biankas ki ar niSnavs, aramed (nebismier) `gogo-

nas, romelsac bianka hqvia~.


CanarTi 2.2

sakuTari saxelis xmareba gansazRvrul artiklTan SeiZleba (gaixseneT

winadadeba (1) the fair Bianca). SegiZliaT, ganmartoT, ratom? es damatebiTi safuZvelia im mosazrebisTvis, Tu ratom SeiZleba iyos sakuTar saxel biankas

gansazRvra `konkretul pirovneba biankad~ metismetad SemzRudveli. ganmar-

teT ratom.

The friends inquired yesterday (guSin megobrebi cnobebs agrovebdnen) misaRebi winadadebaa, magram ara *The friends inquire yesterday (megobrebi guSin cnobas agroveben). –s sufiqsis xmarebis aucilebloba erT CarCoSi da –ed sufiqsisa _meoreSi winadadebis romelime sityvas sulac ar ukavSirdeba. SegiZliaT

arsebiTi sa xeli friend sxva arsebiTi saxeliT CaanacvloT, xolo zmna inquire winadadebaSi (8-9) _sxva zmniT, Sedegi amiT ar Seicvleba. afiqsebs sxva wesebi

moiTxovs, romlebic winadadebis da frazis formirebas gansazRvraven _ sin-

taqsuri wesebi, romlebi mosaubris gonebriv gramatikaSi arsebobs.

es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom iseTi gramatikuli morfemebi, rogorebicaa

-s, -ed inglisuri enis zogierTi winadadebis asagebad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. amgvar morfemebs, romelTa gamoyeneba konkretuli winadadebis struqturi-

Taa ganpirobebuli, fleqsiuri morfemebi ewodeba.

2.2.4 derivaciuli morfemebi

enaSi axali sityvebi ornairad mkvidrdeba _ ukve arsebul sityvebTan dau-

kavSirebeli sityvebis damatebiT (magaliTad, sxva enebidan Semosuli nasesxo-

bebiT) da sityvaTwarmoebis anu derivaciuli morfologiis meSveobiT anu ar-

sebul fuZeebze morfemebis damatebiT da axali, Ria klasis sityvebis SeqmniT.

iseTi morfemebi, rogorebicaa –anti-, dis-, un-, -ment, -ful, -ly deriva ci u li morfemebia. derivaciuli morfemebis darTva gramatikis moTxovne biT araa

ganpirobebuli, rogorc, magaliTad, fleqsiuri morfemebisa. isini enis

damokidebuli leqsikuri morfemebi

ganvixiloT sityva cranberry. Cven viciT, rom berry damoukidebeli sityvaa, amgvarad cran- calkeuli morfema unda iyos. Cran- gramatikuli morfema araa, magram damoukideblad ver iarsebebs. iseTi axali sityvebi, rogoricaa cranap-ple uCvenebs, rom cran- SeiZleba sxva damoukidebel morfemebs daerTos. misi gansazRvra advili araa (swored misi meSveobiT niSnavs sityva cranberry imas, rasac niSnavs), magram am damokidebul fuZiseul morfemas aSkarad ufro

leqsikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre gramatikuli.

morfema re- iseT zmnebSi, rogoricaa replay an rebuild derivaciuli morfe-mis sxva magaliTs qmnis, romelsac leqsikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia (Cveulebriv,

daaxloebiTi eqvivalentia zmnizedis again. (ixileT cxrili 2.1) sityvebSi remit an receive winsarTi re- iseT elements erTvis, romelic Tvi-

Tonaa damokidebuli. –Mit, -ceive rogorc Cans, Tavadac morfemebia da sxva kombinaciebSic gvxvdeba: submit, deceive. magram Tu enis leqsikonis agebis is-torias ar CauRrmavdebiT, an laTinurs ar SeiswavliT, am morfemebis zust


gansazRvrebas ver gaigebT. (Tu leqsikonSi CaixedavT, dainaxavT, ramdenad

ganmsazRvrelia maTi Tavdapirveli, laTinuri mniSvneloba maTi mniSvnelo-

bisTvis Tanamedrove inglisur enaSi.) –Mit, -ceive damokidebuli fuZiseuli morfemebia, romlebic rTuli zmnebis Sesaqmnelad derivaciul morfemebs

unda Seerwyas.

rogorc es magaliTebi mowmobs, derivaciuli morfemebi da damokidebuli

leqsikuri morfemebi xSirad arawesieria Serwymis dros, anu dadgenil wesebs

yovelTvis ar misdevs da mosaubres SeiZleba maTi mniSvnelobis an funqciis

Sesaxeb mkafio warmodgena ar hqondes. inglisuri sityvebi SeiZleba uamrav de-

rivaciul morfemas Seicavdes, magram, rogorc wesi, isini mxolod erT an or

fleqsiur morfemas Seicaven. derivaciuli morfemebi da damokidebuli leqsi-

kuri morfemebi, ufro metad, vidre fleqsiuri morfemebi, mxolod garkveul

fuZeebs erwymis. magaliTad, derivaciuli morfema, romelsac `kvlav~ zmnize-

dis mniSvneloba aqvs _ re-, da derivaciuli `ara~ _ prefiqsi –un, gamarTulad mxolod garkveul zmnebTan JRers (refasten, unfasten), magram ara yvela zmnasTan (*refind, *unfind). SeZlebT sxva aseTi magaliTebis motanas?

leqsikons amdidrebs da mosaubres saSualebas aZlevs, sakuTari azri ufro

sainteresod da moqnilad gadmosces, magram maTi arseboba winadadebis struq-

turis moTxovnebiT araa ganpirobebuli. ase, magaliTad, establish-ment saWiro, farTo gamoyenebis sityvaa, magram mxolod da mxolod arsebiTi saxelia, ar ar-

sebobs iseTi winadadeba, romelic –ment arsebiTi saxelis arsebobas moiTxovs (ixileT CanarTi 2.2)

2.2.5 Ria da daxuruli klasebi

arsebiTi saxelebis, zmnebis, zedsarTavebisa da zmnizedebis klasebi si-

tyvaTa Ria klasebad iTvleba, vinaidan am klasebSi axali sityvebis damateba

SesaZlebelia, rogorc es zemoT, derivaciuli morfologiis ganxilvisas ga-

moCnda. maT aseve leqsikuri Sinaarsis sityvebsac uwodeben.

sityvaTa yvela klasi Ria klasi rodia. TandebulTa da ganmsazRvrelTa

(determiners) klasebi, magaliTad, daxuruli klasebia. d

lingvistika - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/8579/1/Lingvistika.pdf · lingvistika avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori) siuzan kertisi, brius p. heizi, nina haiemzi,

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