Life Cycle Assessment-MSW

7/31/2019 Life Cycle Assessment-MSW

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Waste is defined as 'any material that are no longerdesired and has no current or substance that has beendiscarded or otherwise designated as a waste material,or one that may become hazardous by interaction

with other substances

Every year, billions of tons of solid wastes are

discarded into our environment. These wastes rangein nature from common household trash to complexmaterials in industrial wastes, range in nature fromcommon household trash to complex materials in

industrial wastes, such as hospitals and laboratories.

Waste ?


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Waste isfood (for another system)

a resource in the wrong place

any byproduct of a human process that

does not meaningfully contribute to the goal

of meeting human needs any human activity that absorbs

resources but creates no value

Technically.


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Problems associated withsolid waste?

Disease

Rodent and Pests

Fire Potential

Decrease in the aesthetic quality of the

environment


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Types and Sources

Major Categories

House Hold Commercial

Agricultural Practices

Industrial Products


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Solid waste in general...Composition of the waste

Stream:* Residential/commercial (62%)

* Special - white goods, tires,

yard waste, etc. (5%)* Household hazardous (0.1%)

* Institutional (3.4%)

* C&D (14%)* Municipal: landscaping, street

cleanings, and catch basins

(9.5%)

* Treatment plant sludges (6%)

(Tchobanoglous et al. 1993; BFI 2000)


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MSW Composition - 1960

Metals

13%

Other

10%

Paper

30%Glass

8%

Yard

24%

Food

15%


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MSW Composition 1999


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Need to Study Solid Waste?

To determine the quickest/cheapest

way to pick up solid waste

To determine the optimum disposalmethod

Safe (environment and us)

Cheap

Long term capacity

Recycle potential (cost to benefit)


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Magnitude of Problem

1.95 kg/capita-day (1-3 kg/capita-day)

258 Tg in 1998 (2 billion tons) 60% residential

40% Commercial

Volume 100 m by 100m by 35,600 m (MtEverest)

Characteristics

Refuse or solid waste- Just abouteverything

Garbage, animal and vegetable waste


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Source

Reduction

Reuse/Recycle

Composting

Incineration

Land Filling

Management Hierarchy


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Source Reduction

Source reduction is the most feasible andeconomic method of waste reduction as

this helps in reducing the waste and at the

same time also cut cost. Source reduction helps us in saving the

resources and when we are reducing the

sources of waste generation at the same

time we are saving our resources.


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Reuse/Recycle/Recovery

Reuse - involves selling materials or waste to externaldealers i.e. off-site or on-site, where the material orwaste is reprocessed/recovered and reused within theindustry

Recycle - refers to recycling materials and energy withinthe process.

Recovery - This is the process of reclaiming valuableresources from wastes in the form of raw materials, by-products/products. Recovery normally is the preceding

activity to recycle or reuse.NOTE: However, recycling and reuse options can incur

somewhat increased risk and liability due to threatsto product quality risks.


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Resource Recovery and Conservation

Before 1939 % recovered of

44 copper 39 lead

28 aluminum

30 paper

Current Potential Estimate iron 6.7

4.7 copper

8.4 aluminum

2.8 lead

tin 18.9

14 paper

0.5% of energy needs


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Composting

After the source reduction, reuse, recycle andrecovery of the waste then comes the easiest

and safest method of dealing with the waste;

COMPOSTING, composting is the use of waste

in form of manure for agricultural use.

The mail disadvantage of this process is that

only selected type of waste can be processed

under this category, e.g. wet household waste,

animal waste and wet agricultural waste.


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O2

NutrientsH2O

H2O Heat CO2

CompostingControlled aerobic partial degradation of organic wastes


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Organic solids

Decomposition stable, humus-like material Aerobic

micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi)

Garden or industrial/municipal scale

Source of organic matter + nutrients

Product:

high organic matter good soil amendment

high in trace metals

organic contaminants: toxic

Composting Contd


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Composting Contd

Need to control: C:N ratio

N too low: inhibits microorganisms(add food waste, manure)

N too high NH3 (add sawdust, straw, paper)

Content of metals, organics, pathogens

Temperature(50-60C: speeds reactions, kills pathogens. Exothermic)

Aeration

mix to prevent compaction, microorganisms need

aerobic environmentWater supply

Time 30-45 days


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Landfill

Highest proportion of domestic waste

Design is very important

Prevention of contamination of ground or surface water

Solid, liquid, gas

Rainwater dissolves waste + reaction/decay products

React leachate

Biological reactions CH4 gas

Leachate/gas: change with time (quantity/composition)


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Landfill SitesAbove ground

Hole-filling

Limited Lifetime

e.g., 15 years, 4Mt waste (e.g.Beddington Farm, Sutton)

Facilities

e.g., recycling and energy recovery

Other uses

e.g., sand + gravel extraction alongside

Landfilling rapid reclamation/restoration


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Landfill Operation

Cellular structure: Lining + cover

Cells: covered with soil each day so as to reducewater infiltration

Compaction

Reduces: settlement

hydraulic conductivity

Increases: strength

load-bearing capacity


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ClayLiner

Sand Leachate

collection

GascollectionCap/Cover

Sanitary Landfill Design

Waste


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Landfill: LeachateLiquid rich in organics, mineral salts, bacteria moves with

surface/groundwater

Organics: bacteria degrading organics

increased BOD reduced oxygen content

eutrophication of surface water

Ammonia NH3: increases OD, toxic for fishfertilizer: affects ecology

Fe2+ (ferrous iron): ochreous deposits (yellow): turbidity

Heavy metals may be toxic

Cl-, SO42-, P, CaPhysical effects: Suspended solids, colour, turbidity,

affect light, thus affect the aquatic food chain

Temperature


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Landfill: Leachate Contd

Groundwater requires protection

Effects will depend on permeability, flow, dilution

Leachate must be either:

contained

collected, removed and treated

diluted and dispersedMay need impermeable liners/leak detection systems

Must be monitored for e.g., 20 years after life of landfill

site.

Quantity of leachate=+ Rainfall/percolation (minimise infiltration: cap/cover)

+ Initial water/liquid disposal (dry waste)

- Water absorbed by waste (reduces over time)


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Landfill GasGas composition evolves:

Initially aerobic : CO2 (+ N2, O2)Over time becomes anaerobic

O20, N2


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SitingWhere would you site a landfill?

NIMBY

Not In My Back Yard

NIMETNot In My Elected Term

BANANABuildAbsolutely NothingAnytime Near

Anyone


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Even More RegulatoryRequirements

Groundwater protection

Liners and leachate collection

Cover

Monitoring wells down-gradient


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Final Regulatory Requirements

Closure, 30 year responsibility

Cover maintenance

Groundwater monitoring

Gas monitoring


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Richmond (Napanee)landfill site

2 million tonnes existing Canadian Waste Services

application for 750,000 more annual tonnes

leachate flow into:Marysville,Sucker Creek

thence into Bay of Quinte

Committee of Concerned Residents

Paul Finkle, Stephen Geneja, Residents

- community press, April 2, 1999


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Incineration/Waste to Energy


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High temperature combustion of waste

Must be controlled + managedorganic chemicals CO2, H2O inorganic residue

Products:

Atmospheric emissions Waste Water

Ash

May include energy recovery

Can be close to population (unlike landfill)

Reduces volume of waste by 90%

Reduces methane/leachate problems in landfill

Incineration Contd.


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Produces CO2, SO2, NOx, PAH, Cl-organics

Solid residue (ash) must be disposed ofRelease of fly ash into air

Refractory elements ash

Volatile elements vapour e.g., Cd, Pb, Hg

Public concern over emissions (dioxins)

Incineration Contd.


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Heating value = f (composition)

Removal of non-combustibles

Increase heating value

MSW typically 8-15 MJ/kg

RDF typically 14-18 MJ/kg

Waste-to-Energy (WTE)


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Incineration Waste ProductsFly ash

Very fine ash, rises up stack, PM10High metal content (e.g., 1-10% Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn)Can be hazardous,

Disposal as special (hazardous) waste

Bottom Ash

10-20% of original waste, Slag or clinker

SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, MgO

May recover metalsFairly inert construction (rail/road beds) (=recycling!)

Or landfill


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Incineration: Emissions Particulates

Acid-generating gases CO2/CO

Volatilisation depends on source/nature of waste,

incinerator operating conditions, etc.

e.g., Pb reducing: S S2- PbS volatile @ 1000C

oxidising PbO (more volatile)

chlorinated waste e.g., PVC PbCl2

(completely volatile)Improved technology and legislation

separators, scrubbers, filters, cyclones

clean-up of stack gases, capture of fly ash


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Historical Management (tons)


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Cost of Land fillingVs Incineration

88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02

Year wise Description


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Incineration Vs. Recycling

Integrated Waste Services Association

survey of 70 communities concluded that:

WTE is compatible with aggressive recyclingprograms

Average recycling rates in communities with

both exceeded the national average


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Cornwall hazardous wasteincinerator

October 1998, began operation PCBs from fluorescent light ballast

In the new permit they also want to

burn:

pharmaceuticals, chloroflurocarbons,

electrical equipment, poisonous andreactive gasses, controlled substances

and waste oils.


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Life Cycle AssessmentEnvironmental management toolCalculate / compare environmental impacts through life cycle of

product:

raw materials

manufacture

distribution

use

reuse/recycling

disposal

overall life cycle environmental burdenenvironmental trade-offs change parts of cycle

compare e.g., paper vs polystyrene cups


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Raw Materials

Materials Processing

Product Manufacture

Packaging, Distribution

Product Use

Disposal

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT


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Raw Material Extraction

and Processing

Materials Production

Manufacture of

Finished Products

Transportation

Energy

Resources

Lifetime

Operation/Use

Disposal/Recycling

Energy

Liquid

Emission To

Atmosphere

Discharges

SUMMARY OF LIFE CYCLEASSESSMENT PROCEDUREINPUTS OUTPUTS


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Resource

Conservati

on

Waste

Preventio

n

Training/

Awareness

Product

Improvem

ent

Waste

Management

How to cut on Waste


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Waste PreventionImproved Operating Procedures

Waste SegregationGood Housekeeping

5S Program

7 Wastes

Resource ConservationRecycle , Reuse & Recovery

Off-site recycling

On-site RecyclingEnergy Conservation

Process Modification

Input Material Changes

Process / Equipment Changes

Organizational Behavior


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Glycerin losses inprocess were high

High COD wastewater

Improvement in Operating Procedure of Glycerin

Increase in productivity by 32 per cent.

Daily glycerin yield increased by 5 per cent i.e., an additional

6 kilograms.

Reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater.

Example of ImprovedOperating Procedures


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Waste Stream Segregation Ease in end-of-pipe treatment of a

non-compatible pollutant stream Increased possibility of recycling /

reusing a waste stream

Electroplatingwastewater

Chromiumrinse water

Nickel

Rinse water

Degreasingwastewater

Possiblechromium

recoveryPossibleNickel recovery


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Some benefits of Waste Segregation

Ease in end-of-pipe treatment of a non-compatiblepollutant stream

Increased possibility of recycling / reusing a wastestream

Difficulties in segregating waste More space requirements

Higher capital and operating costs for wastetransportation and storage


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Product

Waste

Raw materials

Overflow to be avoided by placing

valve and tightening supervision

Process 2Process 2Process 1Process 1

Leaks to be identified and fixed Accidental spillage to be avoided Maintain up- to- date operating manuals andupdate records

Waste Waste

Segregate

Hazardous

Waste

RationalizingProcess

Waste Reduction by Good Housekeeping


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Seiri - Sorting

Seiton - Arranging

Seiso Cleaning and Inspecting

Seiketsu Improving and standardizing

Shitsuke - Self-Discipline

The 5S Technique


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7 Wastes

Waiting: Leaving resources waiting during production.

Transporting: Moving material unnecessarily in the factory.

Processing: Waste inherent in the process or design.

Inventory: Keeping high inventory or work-in-process.

Motions: Unnecessary movement of worker during operation.

Defect: Producing defective parts or poor products.

Overproduction: Produces more than required or needed

quantity.


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Seminar OnSeminar OnLIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OFLIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OFMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTEMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

WASTE INCINERATOR

Guided by:Guided by:Guided by:Guided by:Dr. I.D.MallDr. I.D.MallDr. I.D.MallDr. I.D.Mall

Any Questions?

Life Cycle Assessment-MSW

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