Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental Implications of Information Technology Budapest, Hungary September 1-3, 2003 Paulo Ferrão
Dec 20, 2015
Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign
ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental Implications of Information Technology
Budapest, Hungary
September 1-3, 2003
ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental Implications of Information Technology
Budapest, Hungary
September 1-3, 2003
Paulo Ferrão
OutlineOutline
I. Analysis of the evolution of the historical pattern of environmental strategies
II. Life cycle framework- ex: electrical and electronic equipment
III. Industrial Ecology FrameworkIV. Ecodesign/DFE: a new software tool, towards
the new framework V. Conclusions and …software demonstration
Extended product Extended product responsabilityresponsability
Eco-efficiencyDesign for EnvironmentLife Cycle Assessment
LCA
Product orientedProduct oriented
Business-as-usualBusiness-as-usual
Compliance with regulationPollution prevention
EIA, Energy audits, Envir. audits
Process orientedProcess oriented
Historical pattern of Environmental strategiesHistorical pattern of Environmental strategies Time and Time and SpaceSpace
Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies
Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies
MSW
EEE
Car
Components ManufacturingComponents
Manufacturing Assembly
Assembly
UseUse
Waste
Environment
Life cycle thinkingLife cycle thinking
Resources
Resources
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
Puts the EPR policy on place for Electrical and Electronic Equipment: The establishment, by this Directive, of producer responsibility is one of the means of encouraging the design and production of electrical and electronic equipment which take into full account and facilitate their repair,possible upgrading, reuse, disassembly and recycling.
Motivation: The amount of WEEE generated in the Community is growing rapidly. The content of hazardous components in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is a major concern during the waste management phase and recycling of WEEE is not undertaken to a sufficient extent.
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered
1. Large household appliances2. Small household appliances3. IT and telecommunications equipment4. Consumer equipment5. Lighting equipment6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools)7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected
products)9. Monitoring and control instruments10. Automatic dispensers
ANNEX IA
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
For WEEE from private households, Member States shall ensure that by the 13 August 2005:a) systems are set up allowing final holders and distributors to return such
waste at least free of charge.b) when supplying a new product, distributors shall be responsible for ensuring
that such waste can be returned to the distributor at least free of charge on a one-to-one basis as long as the equipment is of equivalent type and has fulfilled the same functions as the supplied equipment.
c) without prejudice to the provisions of (a) and (b), producers are allowed to set up and operate individual and/or collective take-back systems for WEEE from private households provided that these are in line with the objectives of this Directive;
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
Member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2006 at the latest a rate of separate collection of at least four kilograms on average per inhabitant per year of WEEE from private households is achieved.Regarding WEEE sent for treatment, Member States shall ensure that, by 31 December 2006, producers meet the following targets:– for WEEE falling under categories 1 and 10 of Annex IA, the rate of recovery
shall be increased to a minimum of 80 % by an average weight per appliance, and component, material and substance reuse and recycling shall be increased to a minimum of 75 % by an average weight per appliance;
– …
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Financing in respect of WEEE from private households
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Financing in respect of WEEE from private households
1. Member States shall ensure that, by 13 August 2005,producers provide at least for the financing of the collection, treatment, recovery and environmentally sound disposal of WEEE from private households deposited at collection facilities, set up under Article 5(2).
2. For products put on the market later than 13 August 2005, each producer shall be responsible for financing the operations referred to in paragraph 1 relating to the waste from his own products. The producer can choose to fulfil this obligation either individually or by joining a collective scheme.
End-of-life processingEnd-of-life processing
Dismantler
WEEE
Shredder
Landfill
Manufacturer
Raw material producers
Re-use
Siderurgy
Foundry
Steel
Non-ferr met..
SR
Energy recovery
Metals
Glass
Plastics
Rubber
Other
RecyclingComponents
Component suppliers
Raw material producers
Component suppliers
Sample images from a shredderSample images from a shredderSample images from a shredderSample images from a shredder
SR treatment methodsSR treatment methods
GallooGalloo
GrindingMagnetic
sep.
ferrous metals
Heavy media sep.
Air sep.Drum
tumbler
plastics & wood
Heavy media sep.
residues
PP & PE
Extrusionadditives
compounded plastic
Landfill
Incineration
non ferrous metals
sand & glass
Road construction
Foam fluff
Recycling Recycling Landfill
ASR
PP & PE from other waste flows
GrindingMagnetic
sep.
ferrous metals
Heavy media sep.
Air sep.Drum
tumbler
plastics & wood
Heavy media sep.
residues
PP & PE
Extrusionadditives
compounded plastic
Landfill
Incineration
non ferrous metals
sand & glass
Road construction
Foam fluff
Recycling Recycling Landfill
ASR
PP & PE from other waste flows
ASR 80%
Fluidized bedgasifier
Combustible gas
Cyclonic combustion chamber
solid residue
Metals sep. equipment
metals
Bottom ash (glass, stones)
Recycling
flue gas
molten slag
Road construction
Boiler
energy
Exhaust gas treatment
ash
Landfill
Sludge 20%
EbaraEbara
Grinding Density sep.Smelting cyclone
metals oxygenreduced iron
& copper
melt granulate
Gaseous fuel
Boiler
Exhaust gas treatment
Road construction
Recycling
energy
Recycling
MSW flying ash (45%)
ASR (55%)
ReshmentReshment
CitronCitron
Pelletization
Grinding
Rotating furnace
Oxyreducer
Metal concentrates
Grinding
Recycling in cement industry
gasesGravity
chamberExhaust gas treatment
Thermal energy
Zn dust Mercury
Recycling Recycling
iron sludge(40%)
ASR (60%)
Fibre
Granulate
Sand
metals
Dust/sludge
Recovery in blast furnace
Recycling as dewateringagent
Recycling in construction and nFe smelters
Recycling
Incineration
GrindingMechanical
sorting
Other SR
ASR
VW SiconVW Sicon
MSW
Others
EEEProdu
ct Life
Cyc
le Sp
ace
Environment
Car
Components ManufacturingComponents
ManufacturingAssemblyAssembly UseUse
Resources Waste
Physical nature of the economyPhysical nature of the economy
IndustrialIndustrial EcologyEcologyCreating loop closing industrial ecosystemsPromoting waste exchangesCascading energy utilization
Systems OrientedSystems Oriented
Extended product Extended product responsabilityresponsability
Eco-efficiencyDesign for EnvironmentLife Cycle Assessment
LCA
Product orientedProduct oriented
Business-as-usualBusiness-as-usual
Compliance with regulationPollution prevention
EIA, Energy audits, Envir. audits
Process orientedProcess oriented
Historical pattern of Environmental strategiesHistorical pattern of Environmental strategies Time and Time and SpaceSpace
Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies
Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies
Towards a physical economyTowards a physical economy
Are there tools available to support policy makingin the new framework?
Others
MSW
EEE
CarComponents
ManufacturingComponents
ManufacturingAssemblyAssembly UseUse
Inci
nerat
ion
Landfil
l
Resourc
es
Recyc
ling
Environmental Sphere
I.E. T
ech.
I.E. T
ech.
Shre
dder
Shre
dder
Produ
ct Life
Cyc
le Sp
ace
Others
MSW
EEE
CarComponents
ManufacturingComponents
ManufacturingAssemblyAssembly UseUse
Inci
nerat
ion
Landfil
l
Resourc
es
Recyc
ling
Environmental Sphere
I.E. T
ech.
I.E. T
ech.
Shre
dder
Shre
dder
Produ
ct Life
Cyc
le Sp
ace
Bulk- MFABulk- MFA
LCALCA
SFASFA MFAMFA
Materials Flow AnalysisMaterials Flow Analysis
Economy
Air Water
Air Water
* Matthews et al. (2000)
StocksStocks
Imports Exports
ENVIRONMENT
Environmentalburdens
DMITMRDomesticextraction
Domesticoutput
Foreign hidden flows
Domestic hidden flows
Evolution of DMI vs. GDPEvolution of DMI vs. GDP
Adapted from Bringezu and Schütz, 2000, Total Material Requirement of the European Union, European Environment Agency, Technical report No 55.
(1988-1997)
Portuguese DMI evolutionPortuguese DMI evolution
Portuguese DMI: Domestic/ImportedPortuguese DMI: Domestic/Imported
• Almost all non-renewable domestic extraction is due to Rock, Clay and Clay extraction for construction
•Imports: mainly fossil fuels
Portuguese DMI dynamicsPortuguese DMI dynamics
Metabolism time scale, from infraestructure to use
Environmental indicators frameworkEnvironmental indicators framework
Enhance the capability of the decision making processIntegrating physical and economical indicators, environmental impacts and policies with causality-effect relations
Requires appropriate Indicators Framework
Responses
Impact
StatePressures
Drivers
Eco-efficiency indicators and emissions factors
Pathways and dispersion models
Dose response indicators and relationships
Risk assessment costs and benefits of action/in action
Effectiveness of responses
Effectiveness of responses
Effectiveness of responses
Effectiveness of responses
Indicators framework: DPSIR Indicators framework: DPSIR
DriversDriversare the underlying factors that influence a variety of relevant variables
very static
are useful to calculate pressures indicators, to help decision-makers to plan action and to serve as basis for scenario development
PressurePressuress
describe the variables that directly cause environmental burdens
should be responsive
due to their celerity, demonstrate the effectiveness of policy actions
StateState show the current condition of the environment
have a great inertia
Used to do a first assessment of the situation, and to answer the question where do we stand?
ImpactImpact
describe the ultimate effects on the environment or changes of state
react even slower than
state indicators
formalize the cause-effect relationships, are more scientific “decision models” rather then statistical indicators
ResponsResponsee
demonstrate the efforts of society, namely decision-makers to solve the problems
are very fast
monitor the measures taken to reduce the environmental problems, in conjunction with others indicators show the effectiveness of the measures
DPSIR frameworkDPSIR framework
(Jesinghaus, 1999)
Towards a physical economyTowards a physical economy
Are there tools available to support DFEin the new framework?
The “New Framework” requires the analysis ofdismantling vs shredding
The “New Framework” requires the analysis ofdismantling vs shredding
ELV Dismantler hulk Shredder
SR separator
He
av
y
SR
Non ferrous metals separatorL
igh
t S
R
SR
Non ferrous metals
Fe
rro
us
m
eta
ls
Re
us
e
pa
rts
Ha
zard
ou
s m
ate
ria
ls
rec
ov
ery
/re
cy
cli
ng
Landfill Residues Materials for recovery/recycling
Objectives:Evaluate environmental impact through all the life cycle;Minimize end of life costs achieving a pre specified recycling rate;
DfE Software ToolLife cycle approachDfE Software ToolLife cycle approach
The method is implemented in the EoL module of a software tool aimed at support eco efficient product design. This tool considers the product’s life cycle
Materials andprocesses
(transport & manufacture)
DfU
(use)
DfA
(production)
DfR
(end of lif e)
Environmentalimpacts
Environmentalimpacts
Environmentalimpacts
&
Optimum EoLstrategy
ModulesDatabase Results
DfE Software ToolStructure
DfE Software ToolStructure
EoL module
Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods
Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods
Exhaustive (Lambert, 2002):
Considers the product’s connection diagram. Precedence relations are established between parts;
A
B
CD
E
F
G
H
I
Identifies and represents all the feasible disassembly sequences (ex: transition matrix, AND/OR graphic, Petri Net). These consist in feasible groups of parts “linked” by disassembly actions;
Exhaustive (Lambert, 2002):
Economic information is considered by attributing costs to disassembly actions and revenues to parts (reuse or recycling)
Optimum disassembly sequence is calculated using optimization methodologies such as linear programming and Petri Net optimization
May require significant amounts of computational time and dismantling information (for assessing parallel disassembly sequences) and expert user intervention
Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods
Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods
Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methodsOptimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods
Simplified (Ramirez, 1996):
Considers the product’s bill of materials (parts and sub assemblies). Precedence relations are established for parts and sub assemblies
S1
S2 S3 S4
S5A BC DE
F
G
H
I
Revenues are attributed to parts and subassemblies (reuse, recycling, recovery or landfill). Costs are attributed to removal times for parts and sub assemblies Assessment of each disassembly sequence is done by evaluating the final state (set of separated parts and sub assemblies)
Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methodsOptimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods
Simplified (Ramirez, 1996):
Optimum sequence is found by enumerating and comparing all the possible sets. For larger sets of parts a genetic algorithm based procedure is used
The results may be highly dependent on the way the user supplies information on parts, subassemblies and precedence relations, namely for complex assemblies
Optimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodologyOptimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodology
Main topics
Considers the product’s connection diagram.
Disassembly operations eliminate connections between parts. One operation may eliminate more than one connection
Precedence relations are defined for operations
The disassembly sequence is evaluated considering its final state (set of performed and non-performed operations).
In a feasible sequence, all the performed operations comply with precedence relations
A
B
CD
E
F
G
H
I
Optimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodologyOptimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodology
Information for assessing economic value and recycling rate:
Operation: time (costs are proportional), parts disconnected and precedence relations
Parts: mass, material composition and reuse value. Revenue from part (and groups of parts) is highest EoL value (reuse, recycling, shredding and landfill)
Subassembly: higher level assembly and reuse value
EoL scenarios: recycling value, shredding value (dependent on material composition), shredding efficiencies, SR separation efficiencies and landfill cost
DfE Software ToolDfR module
DfE Software ToolDfR module
The user supplies information on:
product structure (parts and assemblies), part material composition and mass. Specific parts may be marked for removal
EoL operators costs (buildings, equipment, labor), recycled material revenues and separation efficiencies
The information on operations, connections and precedence relations is introduced by completely disassembling the product
Precedence relations
Connections
DfE Software ToolDfR module
DfE Software ToolDfR module
The Software identifies
an optimum DFR
strategy, (maximum
dismantling profit),
given a target recycling
rate and the available
recycling infraestructure
DfE Software ToolDfR module
DfE Software ToolDfR module
Case Study: automobile seatProduct Structure
Case Study: automobile seatProduct Structure
Case Study: automobile seatDisassembly Operations
Case Study: automobile seatDisassembly Operations
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Mat
eria
ls' e
nd
of
life
tota
l co
sts
(%)
Recycling rate Disassembled material
Disassembly sequence for a minimum cost achieving a recycling rate of 70%
Case Study: automobile seatOptimum disassembly sequenceCase Study: automobile seatOptimum disassembly sequence
Future policy directions ? Future policy directions ?
EconomyEconomy
Indicator Indicator frameworkframework
Environmental Environmental toolboxtoolbox
End-of-life End-of-life Environmental Environmental businessbusiness
Monetary
DPSIR
EIA,LCA,...
Product Green dot societies
ProductProduct orientedoriented
Environmental strategyEnvironmental strategy
+ Physical
DPSIR
+ MFA, SFA,...
+ Material flows symbiosis
IndustrialIndustrial EcologyEcology
Final remarksFinal remarks
DFE is an increasingly relevant concept, as a consequence of a broader extended product responsibility policies at an EU level
The DFR concept is not limited to disassembly operations, as shredding and post shredding recycling technologies are increasingly relevant
A new and innovative DFE software tool, including this broad approach was developed and used in the auto industry context
Future work will be concentrated on developing a database of shredding and post-shredding recycling technologies.
M.Sc. in ENGINEERING DESIGN
A development integrated in a new program…
http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/mscdesign/
….at IST, LISBON