RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHENNAI 602 124 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL LAB CODE: EC641 2 LAB NAME: LINEAR INTEGRAT ED CIRCUITS LAB IV SEMESTER - ECE AFFLIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY – CHENNAI 600 025 R!"#$%&'() 200*+ P,!%,!. /M,SM%)'3 !"%$%'A&P,( !(, ECE M,AA.$')A,#$A&P,(!(,ECE M,VSV'")!7A&P,(!(,ECE L%/ A'&%)& MJ!!8'&7% EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRA TED CIRCUITS Page
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1 Anna University Syllabus234 Introduction Of Operational Amplifier IC 7415 esi!n and "estin! of Invertin!# $on invertin! and ifferential amplifiers% esi!n and "estin! of Inte!rator and ifferentiator 7 esi!n and "estin! of Instrumentation amplifier & esi!n and "estin! of Active lo'pass# (i!)pass and bandpass filters* esi!n and "estin! of Astable + ,onostable multivibrators usin! op-amp.
esi!n and "estin! of Sc)mitt "ri!!er usin! op-amp.1/ esi!n and "estin! of 0)ase s)ift and ien brid!e oscillators usin! op-amp.11 esi!n and "estin! of Astable and monostable multivibrators usin! $555
"imer.12 Construction and testin! of freuency multiplier usin!13 Construction and "estin! of C po'er supply usin! ,317 and ,72314 Study of S,0S
S'3#$%&'() E:!,'3!)&15 D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation)
1% Analog multiplier 17 CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR
! Invertin!# $on invertin! and ifferential amplifiers."! Inte!rator and ifferentiator.#! Instrumentation amplifier $! Active lo'pass# (i!)pass and bandpass filters.%! Astable + ,onostable multivibrators and Sc)mitt "ri!!er usin! op-amp.&! 0)ase s)ift and ien brid!e oscillators usin! op-amp.'! Astable and monostable multivibrators usin! $555 "imer.! 0 c)aracteristics and its use as 9reuency ,ultiplier.! C po'er supply usin! ,317 and ,723.*!Study of S,0S.! S0IC Simulation of :periments 3# 4# 5# % and 7."!S+IC Simulation D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation)#! S+IC Simulation Analog multiplier $! S+IC Simulation o- CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR
LIST OF E=UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS FOR A BATCH OF <0 STUDENTS >< !,B%&?7@
INTRODUCTION inear Inte!rated circuits bein! used in number of electronics applications suc) as in fields li6e
audio and radio communication# medical electronics# Instrumentation control etc..One of t)e !oode:amples for inear Inte!rated circuits is O!,%&'() A3$''!, An operational amplifier ;or Op-Ampin s)ort< is directly coupled )i!) !ain amplifier consistin! of one or more differential amplifier t)at canamplify si!nals from C to 1 ,(@. A typical Op-Amp is a C amplifier 'it) a very )i!) volta!e !ain #very )i!) input impedance and @ero output impedance. It is t)e basic circuit ')ic) is used in 'ideran!e of electronics system. ")e operational amplifier can be used to amplify ac as 'ell as dc inputsi!nals and 'as mainly used to perform mat)ematical operations suc) as addition# subtraction#multiplication and division. (ence it is 6no'n as operational amplifier or computin! amplifier. An Op-Amp can be confi!ured in eit)er t)e invertin! or in t)e non-invertin! mode. An ideal O!,%&'()%$A3$''!, is basically a t)ree-terminal device ')ic) consists of t'o )i!) impedance inputs# one calledt)e I)8!,&')" I)#&# mar6ed 'it) a ne!ative si!n# ;D-D< and t)e ot)er one called t)e N()-')8!,&')"I)#&# mar6ed 'it) a positive plus si!n ;D=D<.")e t)ird terminal represents t)e op-amps output port')ic) can bot) sin6 and source eit)er a volta!e or a current
OPERATION AMPLIFIER SYMBOL
")e symbol for an Operational Amplifier alon! 'it) its terminal is s)o'n in fi!ure. ")e Op-Amp is indicated basically by a trian!le 'it) points in t)e direction of t)e si!nal flo'.
INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
")e first sta!e of an Op-Amp is almost a differential amplifier and t)e last sta!e is usually aclass B pus) pull emitter follo'er.
I)#& S&%"!
")e input sta!e is a dual input and balanced output diff amp. ")us sta!e provides most of t)evolta!e !ain of t)e amp and also establis)es t)e input resistance of t)e Op-Amp.
")e input sta!e s)ould )ave t)e follo'in! c)aracteristicsE• (i!) i>p resistance• o' i>p bias ct• Small i>p offset vol.• Small i>p offset ct.• (i!) C,?? • (i!) open-loop volta!e .!ain
I)&!,3!.'%&! S&%"!In most of t)e amp.an intermediate sta!e is provided ')ic) increases t)e overall !ain of t)e
Op-amp. ")e C level at t)e output of t)e intermediate sta!e is 'ell above t)e !round potential.")is reuires a level translator as t)e succeedin! sta!e in order to brin! t)e d.c level bac6 to t)e!round potential.
L!8!$ S7'&!, S&%"!")e level s)ifter sta!e is used to s)ift t)e dc level at t)e output of intermediate sta!e
do'n'ard to @ero volts 'it) respect to !round.
O#&#& S&%"!
")e last sta!e is a complementary symmetry pus) amplifier. ")e output sta!e s)ould )avet)e follo'in! desirable propertiesE ar!e o>p vol. s'in! capability ar!e o>p ct. s'in! capability o' o>p resistance S)ort F Circuit protection
An emitter follo'er at output sta!e provides a lo' resistance and class B and AB can provideslar!e output po'er.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER> IC-41@ PIN DIAGRAM0in-ia!ram of IC-41 ' % *-') IC. ")e pin dia!ram is s)o'n in 9i!. very IC s)ould be
supplied 'it) positive and ne!ative dc volta!es of =12 and F12 volts respectively. So t)e op-amp'or6s on dual po'er supply 'it) t)e same ma!nitude.=12 s)ould be supplied to ')- and F12to ')-4 P')-2 is t)e invertin! input pin and P')-< is t)e non invertin! input . Output can bemeasured at t)e t ')-6. P') 1 %). 5 are used for output offset volta!e compensation. ")ese t'o pins are not reuired for normal application.
")e circuit belo' s)o's an euivalent circuit of op-Amp. (ere t)e Aid is an euivalent.")evenin volta!e source and ?/ are t)e euivalent of ")evenin euivalent resistance loo6in! bac6into t)e output terminal of an op-amp.")e euivalent circuit is useful in analy@in! t)e basic operatin! principles of op-amp. ")e outputvolta!e is !iven by
V0 A 8'. A >V1 – V2@)ereAGar!e Si!nal olta!e ainidGifference Input olta!e1Golta!e at t)e noninvertin! Input "erminal2G olta!e at t)e invertin! Input "erminal
")e euation s)o's t)e output volta!e / is directly proportional to t)e al!ebraicdifference bet'een t)e input volta!es. 9or t)is reason t)e polarity of t)e output volta!edepends on t)e polarity of t)e difference in input volta!e.
I)')'&! - ")e main function of an operational amplifier is to amplify t)einput si!nal and t)e more open loop !ain
Open- loop !ain is t)e !ain of t)e op-amp 'it)out positive or ne!ativefeedbac6 and for an ideal amplifier t)e !ain 'ill
be infinite but typical real values ran!e from about 2/#/// to 2//#///.
I)')'&! - Input impedance is t)e ratio of input volta!e to input currentand is assumed to be infinite to prevent any current flo'in! from t)e
source supply into t)e amplifiers input circuitry ;Iin G/<. ?eal op-amps)ave input lea6a!e currents from a fe' pico-amps to a fe' milli-amps.
2 Input impedance#
;in<
!,( - ")e output impedance of t)e ideal operational amplifier isassumed to be @ero actin! as a perfect internal volta!e source 'it)no internal resistance so t)at it can supply as muc) current asnecessary to t)e load. ")is internal resistance is effectively in series'it) t)e load t)ereby reducin! t)e output volta!e available to t)eload. ?eal op-amps )ave output-impedance in t)e 1//-2/H ran!e.
< Output impedance#;out<
I)')'&! - An ideal operational amplifier )as an infinite freuencyresponse and can amplify any freuency si!nal from C to t)e)i!)est AC freuencies so it is t)erefore assumed to )ave an infinite band'idt). it) real op-amps# t)e band'idt) is limited by t)e ain-Band'idt) product ;B<# ')ic) is eual to t)e freuency ')ere t)eamplifiers !ain becomes unity.
4
Band'idt)# ;B<
!,( - ")e amplifiers output 'ill be @ero ')en t)e volta!e difference bet'een t)e invertin! and t)e non-invertin! inputs is @ero# t)e sameor ')en bot) inputs are !rounded. ?eal op-amps )ave some amountof output offset volta!e.
Output ?esistance ,( 75 O)msOpen oop ain A($ 1/% dB
ain Band'idt) T 4 ,(@Sle' ?ate SR /.5 7>us
IC IDENTIFICATION
")ere are several types of Op-Amp s produced in t)e form of inte!rated circuit ;IC< by differentmanufactures. ")ese Op-Amps are identified usin! seven c)aracter identification code;I<. ")ecode )as t)ree parts namely prefix , design!"r # and s#ffix$ ")is code is s)o'n in bello'
")e follo'in! is a summary of t)e Operational Amplifiers and t)eir confi!urations.
• ")e Operational Amplifier or Op-amp as it is most commonly called# is an ideal amplifier 'it)infinite ain and Band'idt) ')en used in t)e Open-loop mode 'it) typical d.c. !ains of 1//#///#
or 1//dB.
• ")e basic Op-amp construction is of a 3-terminal device# 2-inputs and 1-output.
• An Operational Amplifier operates from eit)er a dual positive ;=< and an correspondin! ne!ative;-< supply# or t)ey can operate from a sin!le C supply volta!e.
• ")e t'o main la's associated 'it) t)e operational amplifier are t)at it )as an infinite inputimpedance# ;K< resultin! in DN( ?#,,!)& $(')" ')&( !'&7!, ( '& &( ')#&D and @ero input
offset volta!e DV1 V2D.• An operational amplifier also )as @ero output impedance# ; G /<.
•
An operational amplifier also )as @ero output impedance# ; G /<.• Op-amps sense t)e difference bet'een t)e volta!e si!nals applied to t)eir t'o input terminals and
t)en multiply it by some pre-determined ain# ;A<.
• ")is ain# ;A< is often referred to as t)e amplifiers DOpen-loop ainD.
• Op-amps can be connected into t'o basic confi!urations# I)8!,&')" and N()-')8!,&')".
T7! T( B%'? O!,%&'()%$ A3$''!, C',?#'&
• ")e Open-loop !ain called t)e G%') B%).'.&7 P,(.#?&# or ;B0< can be very )i!) and is a
measure of )o' !ood an amplifier is.• ery )i!) B0 ma6es an operational amplifier circuit unstable as a micro volt input si!nal
causes t)e output volta!e to s'in! into saturation.
• By t)e use of a suitable feedbac6 resistor# ;?f< t)e overall !ain of t)e amplifier can be accuratelycontrolled.
• 9or )!"%&'8! !!./%? # 'ere t)e fed-bac6 volta!e is in Danti-p)aseD to t)e input t)e overall !ainof t)e amplifier is reduced.
• 9or ('&'8! !!./%? # 'ere t)e fed-bac6 volta!e is in D0)aseD 'it) t)e input t)e overall !ain of
• By connectin! t)e output directly bac6 to t)e ne!ative input terminal# 1//L feedbac6 is ac)ievedresultin! in a V($&%"! F($$(!, ;buffer< circuit 'it) a constant !ain of 1 ;Unity<.
• C)an!in! t)e fi:ed feedbac6 resistor ;?f< for a 0otentiometer# t)e circuit 'ill )ave Adustableain.
• ")e D'!,!)&'%$ A3$''!, produces an output t)at is proportional to t)e difference bet'een t)e2 input volta!es
INVERTING AMPLIFIER")e invertin! amplifier is s)o'n in 9i!. ")e input si!nal drives t)e invertin! input of t)e op-amp
t)rou!) resistor R1 . ")e op-amp )as an open-loop !ain of A# so t)at t)e output si!nal is muc) lar!er t)an t)eerror volta!e. Because of t)e p)ase inversion# t)e output si!nal is 1&/ο out-of-p)ase 'it) t)e input si!nal")is means t)at t)e feedbac6 si!nal opposes t)e input si!nal and t)e feedbac6 is ne!ative or de!enerative.
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERA typical non-invertin! amplifier 'it) input resistor ?1 and a feedbac6 resistor ?f is s)o'n in t)e
fi!ure. ")e input volta!e is !iven to t)e positive terminal. $on-invertin! amplifier usin! op-amp ")e outputvolta!e is !iven by /G;1=? f >? 1<id
it can be observed t)at t)e closed-loop !ain is al'ays !reater t)an one and depends on t)e ratio of t)efeedbac6 resistors.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER")e differential amplifier# also called difference amplifier# can be constructed usin! a sin!le op-amp or
t'o op-amps 'it) constant or variable !ain in closed-loop confi!uration. Basic differential amplifier is s)o'n
in 9i!ure. ")e output volta!e is !iven by o G ;?2 > ?1< ;1 F 2<
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 11
1. Connections are made as per t)e circuit dia!ram.2. Apply t)e input volta!e usin! A9O or ?0S.3. ")e output is noted and plots t)e !rap).4. ")en calculate t)e !ain value.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 14
ifferential AmplifierE1. ive t)e connection as per t)e circuit dia!ram.2. 9or various input volta!e measure and record t)e output volta!e.3. ?epeat t)e same for differential amplifier.
INFERENCE ")us t)e non-invertin!# invertin! and differential amplifier circuits are desi!ned and constructed usin!op-amp and t)eir outputs are obtained.
In t)e above fi!ure t)ere is some relative operatin! freuency# and for freuencies from f to fa t)e !ain ?9>?1is constant. (o'ever# after fa t)e !ain decreases at a rate of 2/ dB>decadeIn ot)er 'ords# bet'een fa and fbt)e circuit of above fi!ure acts as an inte!rator. ")e !ain limitin! freuency fa is !iven by
% 12RC
$ormally faQfb. 9rom t)e above euation# 'e can calculate ?f by assumin! fa + Cf .
")is is very important freuency. It tells ')ere t)e useful inte!ration ran!e starts.
If fin Q fa - circuit acts li6e a simple invertin! amplifier and no inte!ration results#If fin G fa - inte!ration ta6es place 'it) only 5/L accuracy results#If fin G 1/fa - inte!ration ta6es place 'it) **L accuracy results.
")e output volta!e of t)e inte!rator is !iven by
V0 >&@ 1R 1C 8? >&@.&
Inte!rator )as 'ide applications in1. Analo! computers used for solvin! differential euations in simulation arran!ements.2. A> Converters
As t)e name su!!ests# t)e circuit performs t)e mat)ematical operation of differentiation# i.e. t)e outputvolta!e is t)e derivative of t)e input volta!e.
V0-R C1.V'.& Bot) t)e stability and t)e )i!)-freuency noise problems can be corrected by t)e addition of t'ocomponentsE ?1 and Cf# as s)o'n in t)e circuit dia!ram. ")is circuit is a practical differentiator.
")e input si!nal 'ill be differentiated properly if t)e time period " of t)e input si!nal is lar!er t)an oreual to ?fC1. ")at is# T RC1
ifferentiator can be desi!ned by implementin! t)e follo'in! steps.1. Select fa eual to t)e )i!)est freuency of t)e input si!nal")en# assumin! a value of C1Q1 R9# calculate t)e value of ?f
DESIGN")e !ain for t)e practical inte!rator is# t)e lo' freuency !ain or t)e d.c. !ain A G ? f >? 19or ac)ievin! near ideal inte!ration# let ? f >? 1 G 1/And# assume# t)e input freuency G 1/ M(@9or proper inte!ration# 'e must )ave f T 1/ f a # ')ere f a is t)e lo' level or t)e brea6 freuency of t)e practicalinte!rator.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 17
")en f>f aG1/V f aGf>1/ et ? 1 G 1/MH? f G 1/ : ? 1 G 1//MH")en# Cf G 1>2? f f a GWW P9 or WWn9? comp G ? 1 ? f∴ ? comp G W.MHConsider a suare 'ave si!nal of freuency f G 1M(@# ")e c)an!e in output volta!e is
V( V')T2R 1C
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 1&
PROCEDURE1. Connections are made as per t)e circuit dia!ram.2. Apply t)e input volta!e usin! A9O or ?0S.3. ")e output is noted and t)e !rap) is plotted.
INFERENCE ")us t)e inte!rator and differentiator circuits are desi!ned and constructed usin! op-amp and t)eiroutputs are obtained.OBSERVATION ")eoretical 9reuencyG 0ractical 9reuency
E9NO< DESIGN AND TESTING OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM "o desi!n and test t)e operation of Instrumentation Amplifier for various !ain values.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 21
E9NO4 DESIGN AND TESTING OF ACTIVE LOPASS HIGHPASS ANDBANDPASS FILTERS
4@% DESIGN AND TESTING OF SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOPASS FILTER
AIM "o obtain t)e freuency response of an active lo' pass filter for t)e desired cut off freuency.
RE=UIREMENTSE
S.$o uipment andComponents
?an!e 8uantity
1.2.3.4.5.%.
7.&.
?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?O
Bread boardConnectin! 'ires
1.56#1/6#5.&%M /.1R9IC741
;/-3/<v--
--
2#2#121211
1fe'
THEORY
A lo'-pass filter is an electronic filter t)at passes lo' freuency si!nals but attenuates ;reducest)e amplitude of< si!nals 'it) freuencies )i!)er t)an t)e cutoff freuency. ")e actual amount of attenuationfor eac) freuency varies from filter to filter. A lo'-pass filter is t)e opposite of a )i!)-pass filter . A band- pass filter is a combination of a lo'-pass and a )i!)-pass. o'-pass filters e:ist in many different forms#includin! electronic circuits ;suc) as a )iss filter used in audio<# anti-aliasin! filters for conditionin! si!nals prior to analo!-to-di!ital conversion# di!ital filters for smoot)in! sets of data# acoustic barriers# blurrin! of
ima!es# and so on. o'-pass filters provide a smoot)er form of a si!nal# removin! t)e s)ort-term fluctuationsand leavin! t)e lon!er-term trend.
DESIGN
9or a 2nd order 9ilter# 9 ( G 1 > 2 ?C (@
et 9( G1 M(@ and ? G 1.5 MH
1 1/3 G 1 > 21.5 1/3C
C G /.1R9
")e pass band !ain of t)e filter# A9 G ;1=? f > ?1<9or a second order filter# A9 G 1.5&%# et ?1 G 1/MH
1.5&%G ;1=? f > ?1<
et ?1 G 1/MH
1.5&%G ;1=? f >1/MH <
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 25
An astable multivibrator is a suare-'ave !enerator. ")e resistors ?1 and ?2 form a volta!e divider
net'or6# and a fraction ZG?2>;?1=?2< of t)e output is fed bac6 to t)e input. ")e output can ta6e values of =Zsat or [ Zsat . ")e volta!e \ Zsat acts as ref at t)e ;=< input terminal. ")e output is connected also tot)e ;-< input terminal t)rou!) an inte!ratin! lo'-pass ?C net'or6. )en t)e volta!e vc across capacitor C ust e:ceeds ref # s'itc)in! ta6es place resultin! in a suare-'ave output. ")e time period " of t)e out 'ave form is
" G 2 ?C ln ; ;1=Z<>;1-Z<<ZG?2>;?1=?2<
Assume ?1 G 1.1% ?2. ")en# " G 2?Cand 9reuency G 1>;2?C<
DESIGN
Assume f/ G 1 M(@?1 G 1.1% ?2et ?2 G 1/ 6 H and ?1 G 11.%6HAssumin! CG ./5 P9# ? G 1>; 1/ ]1/-&]1///< G 1/ 6H
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 34
!n!sta/#e mu#t)/rat!r %as a sta/#e state an' a :uas0sta/#e state. Sng#e!ut"ut "u#se !- a'usta/#e tme 'urat!n n res"!nse t! a trggerng sgna# (an /egenerate' usng t%e m!n!sta/#e mu#t)/rat!r. T%e tme 'urat!n -!r t%e !ut"ut "u#se sa(%e)e' /* (!nne(tng re:ure' eterna# (!m"!nents t! t%e !"0am". T%e (r(ut (an/e use' as a tme0'e#a* (r(ut. T%e re(tangu#ar +a)e-!rm !ut"ut (an /e use' as agatng sgna# n (!unters an' ana#!g0t!0'gta# (!n)erters.
DESIGN T%e "u#se 'urat!n T s 'e$ne' /* t%e re#at!n T > RC #n 339D < 9sat7< 3077 T>RC#n339D<9sat7<3077F%ere1 > R2<3RR27)en sat TT ;/.7< and ?1 G ?2 'it) Z G/.5 # " G /.%*3?C.
Des!n spec"c#tons :
Generate t%e "u#se -!r T> 66HsAssume C> 6. H R>JJ.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 37
THEORYSc)mitt tri!!er circuit is an invertin! comparator 'it) positive feedbac6. ")e input volta!e is applied
to t)e ;-< terminal and feedbac6 volta!e to t)e ;=< terminal. ")e input volta!e i t)e output every time ite:ceeds certain volta!e levels called upper t)res)old and lo'er t)res)old volta!e. ")is circuit converts anirre!ular s)aped 'aveform to a suare 'ave or pulse.
E9NO DESIGN AND TESTING OF PHASE SHIFT AND IEN BRIDGEOSCILLATORS USING OP-AMP
@% DESIGN AND TESTING OF PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP
AIM "o desi!n# construct and test a ?C 0)ase S)ift Oscillator Usin! Op-Amp.RE=UIREMENTS
S.$o uipment andComponents
?an!e 8uantity
1.2.3.4.5.
%.7.&.
?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9O
C?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires
1/#16H/.1R9IC741
;/-3/<v-
---
1#21211
11
fe'
THEORYOscillator is a feedbac6 circuit ')ere a fraction of output volta!e of an amplifier is a fed bac6 to t)e input int)e same p)ase. ?C p)ase s)ift oscillators are sine 'ave oscillator ')ic) is used in audio freuency ran!e.")e amplification is done by t)e op-amp and as it is used in t)e invertin! mode is !ives a p)ase s)ift of 1&/de!ree. ")e feedbac6 ?C net'or6 produces an additional p)ase s)ift of 1&/ de!ree. ac) ?C net'or6 !ives%/de!ree p)ase s)ift.")e freuency of oscillation is !iven by
foG1> %;2?C<DESIGN")e freuency of oscillation is !iven by
foG1> %;2?C<
Assume foG1//(@Assume CG/.1R9?G1.576N")eoretical ain of ?C p)ase s)ift Oscillator is !iven as ?f>?1G2*"o prevent overloadin! of t)e amplifier by t)e ?C net'or6 ?1^1/? et ?1G1/?
?fG2*?1GWW..6N
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 43
9reuency of oscillation foi. ")eoretical G ii. 0ractical G
@/ DESIGN AND TESTING OF IEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP 41
AIM"o desi!n t)e ien Brid!e oscillator usin! O0-A,0 IC for producin! a freuency of
fo G 1///(@.
RE=UIREMENTS
S.$o uipment andComponents
?an!e 8uantity
1.2.
3.4.5.%.7.&.
?esistor Capacitor
Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires
3.1#3/#%/6H/./5R9
IC741;/-3/<v
----
2#1#11
21111
fe'
THEORY
")e ien brid!e oscillator is t)e most commonly used audio freuency oscillator because of itssimplicity and stability. 9i!ure s)o's t)e ien brid!e oscillator in ')ic) ien brid!e circuit is connected
bet'een t)e amplifier input terminals and t)e output terminal. ")e brid!e )as a series ?C net'or6 in one armand a parallel ?C net'or6 in t)e adoinin! arm. In t)e remainin! t'o arms of t)e brid!e# resistors ?1 and ?fare connected. ")e p)ase an!le criterion for oscillation is t)at t)e total p)ase s)ift around t)e circuit must be/o. ")is condition occurs only ')en t)e brid!e is balanced. ")e freuency of oscillation fo is e:actly t)eresonant freuency of t)e balanced ien brid!e and is !iven by# fo G 1>;2 ? C <.
DESIGN:
foG16(@fo G 1>;2 ? C < and ?f G 2?1C)oose CG/./5P 9So ?G 1> ;2 1///_/./5P 9< G3.1MH
"a6e ?1G1/?G3/ MH and?fG2?1G %/ MH
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 4%
")us t)e ein brid!e oscillator is desi!ned to produce t)e reuired freuency and tested.OBSERVATION
9reuency of oscillation foi. ")eoretical G ii. 0ractical G
E9NO* DESIGN AND TESTING OF ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATORS USING NE555 TIMER
()#* DESIGN AND TESTING OF ASTABLE %ULTIVIBRATOR USIN$ +++IC
AI%:"o desi!n and test an astable multivibrator for !eneratin! symmetrical and unsymmetrical suare 'ave
form for t)e !iven freuency and duty cycle.
RE=UIREMENTS
S.$o uipment andComponents
?an!e 8uantity
1.2.3.4.5.
%.7.&.
?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9O
C?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires
1#3.%6H/./1#/.1R9
IC555;/-3/<v
-
---
2#11#1111
11fe'
T'EOR,:")e 555 inte!rated circuit timer 'as first introduced by Si!netics Corporation as "ype S555>$555
It is available in &-pin circular style "O-** Can# &-pin mini-I0 and 14-pin I0. ")e 555 timer can beoperated 'it) a dc supply volta!e ran!in! from =5 to =1&. ")is feature ma6es t)e IC compatible to"">C,OS lo!ic circuits and op-amp based circuits.
?esistors ?A and ?B form t)e timin! resistors. ")e disc)ar!e ;pin 7< terminal is connected to t)e
unction of ?A and ?B. ")res)old ;pin %< and tri!!er ;pin 2< terminals are connected to t)e terminal# andcontrol ;pin 5< terminal is by-passed to !round t)rou!) a /./1 9 capacitor. In astable mode of operation# t)etimin! capacitor c)ar!es up to'ards cc ;assumin! o is )i!) initially< t)rou!) ;?a = ?b< until t)e volta!eacross t)e capacitor reac)es t)e t)res)old level ;2>3< cc . At t)is point t)e internal upper comparators'itc)es state causin! t)e internal flipflop output to !o )i!). ")is turns on t)e disc)ar!e transistor and t)etimin! capacitor C t)en disc)ar!es t)rou!) ?B and t)e disc)ar!in! transistor . ")e disc)ar!in! continues untilt)e capacitor volta!e drops to ;1>3< cc# at ')ic) point t)e internal lo'er comparator s'itc)es states causin!
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 4*
&ROCEDURE:1. Connect t)e circuit as !iven usin! component values as obtained in desi!n part ;a<2. Observe and s6etc) t)e capacitor volta!e 'aveform and output 'aveform.3. ,easure t)e freuency and duty cycle of t)e output 'aveform.4. Connect t)e circuit usin! component values as obtained from desi!n part ;b<.5. ?epeat step 2 and 3.
INFERENCE:
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 51
")us astable multivibrator is desi!ned# constructed and tested.
OBSERVATION:
T7! #$! '.&7 8%$#!
. T%e!ret(a# > . Pra(t(a# >
()-* DESIGN AND TESTING OF %ONOSTABLE %ULTIVIBRATOR USIN$+++IC
AI%:"o desi!n and test an monostable multivibrator for !eneratin! symmetrical and unsymmetrical suare
'ave form for t)e !iven freuency and duty cycle.RE=UIREMENTS
S.$o uipment andComponents
?an!e 8uantity
1.2.3.4.5.
%.7.&.
?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9O
C?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires
1#3.%6H/./1R9IC555
;/-3/<v-
---
2#12111
11fe'
T'EOR,: ,ono-stable multivibrator )as only one stable state and one uasi-stable state."ransition is obtainedfrom t)e stable to uasi-stable by tri!!erin!. ")e transition timedue to e:ternal tri!!erin! is very s)ort#')ereas t)e time for t)e circuit to remain uasistablestate is very lar!e. ")e circuit returns to stable state fromits uasi-stable state byitself# 'it)out reuirin! any e:ternal tri!!erin! si!nal. Because# after tri!!erin!# t)ecircuit returns from uasi-stable state by itself after a certain time delay# t)erefore t)e circuit is also called a
one s)ot multivibrator or univibrator. ")e mono-stable multivibrator also called a one s)ot multivibrator# is a re!enerative device# ')ic) isused to !enerate rectan!ular output# pulse of predetermined'idt). ")e device can ma6e a fast transition intime " after t)e application of inputtri!!er and as suc) can be used as a delay circuit. 0ulse 'idt) " p G 1.1 ?
DESIGN0ulse 'idt) # "p G 1.1 ?C
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 52
9or "p G /.1ms C)oose CG /./1P9 "o 9ind ? ? G"p>1.1CG1/MH
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION
R>@ C >QF@ P#$! '.&7>T@T7!(,!&'?%$
P#$! '.&7>T@P,%?&'?%$
&ROCEDURE:1. Connect t)e circuit as s)o'n in dia!ram.2. Apply ne!ative tri!!er pin 2 .3. Observe and s6etc) t)e out put 'aveform at pin 3.4. Observe t)e out put pulse 'idt) for different values of C and tabulate.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 53
")us monostable multi vibrator is desi!ned# constructed and tested.OBSERVATION:
T7! #$! '.&7 8%$#!
. T%e!ret(a# > . Pra(t(a# >
E9NO CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF FRE=UENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC
AIM
"o study t)e operation of $ 5%5 0 as a freuency multiplier.
E=UIPMENTS RE=UIRED
S.$o uipment andComponents
?an!e 8uantity
1.2.3.
4.5.%.7.&.*.
?esistor Capacitor 0
ual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ire"ransistor
2/#2#1/.4.76H/./1#/.//1R9
IC $5%5# IC74*/
;/-3/<v----
2$33*1
1#1#11#11
1111
9e'1
THEORY
")e bloc6 dia!ram of a freuency multiplier usin! t)e 5%5 0 is s)o'n belo'. ")e
freuency counter is inserted bet'een t)e CO and t)e p)ase comparator. Since t)e output of t)e divider isloc6ed to t)e input freuency fI$# t)e CO is actually runnin! at a multiple of t)e input freuency. ")e desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selectin! a proper divide by $ net'or6#')ere $ is an inte!er. 9or e:ample# to obtain t)e output freuency fOU" G5 fI$# a divide by $ G 5 net'or6 isneeded. ")e 4 bit binary counter ;74*/< is confi!ured as a divide by 5 circuit. ")e transistor 8 is used as adriver sta!e to increase t)e drivin! capability of t)e $ 5%5. C3 is used to eliminate possible oscillation. C2s)ould be lar!e enou!) to stabili@e t)e CO9reuency.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 54
and t)e output freuency is determined and it s)ould be 5 times t)e input freuency.4. etermine t)e output freuency for different input freuency of 1M(@ and 1.5 M(@.
INFERENCE
")e freuency multiplier usin! 0 principle is studied and t)e output 'aveform
is observed.
E9NO10 CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF DC POER SUPPLY USINGLM<1 AND LM2<
10@% CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF DC POER SUPPLY USING LM2<
AIM "o desi!n# construct and test t)e lo' volta!e and )i!) volta!e re!ulators usin! IC 723.
")e t)ree terminal volta!e re!ulators suc) as 7&/5# 7*15 are capable of producin! only fi:ed positiveor ne!ative output volta!es. ")ey also don`t )ave s)ort circuit protection. ")e IC 723 !eneral purpose volta!ere!ulatorsovercome t)e limitation of t)e above fi:ed volta!e re!ulators.")e IC 723 is in)erently a lo' currentdevice but it can be boosted to more t)an 5A usin! current boost circuits connected e:ternally.
")e maor limitation is t)at it does not )ave in-built t)ermal protection.By usin! differentarran!ements of t)e e:ternal resistors 'e can !et t)e lo' volta!e or )i!) volta!e re!ulation. ")e lo' volta!ere!ulator is used for re!ulatin! volta!es ran!in! from 2 to 7. ")e dia!ram of lo' volta!e re!ulator is!iven. ue to t)e potential divider ?1#?2 t)e input at $I terminal is $I G ref;?2>?1=?2<. ")e difference bet'een $I and O is fed to I$ terminal and amplified by t)e error amplifier ')ose output drives t)e passtransistor in emitter follo'er mode. (ence# O G ref;?2>?1=?2<# ')ere ref is typically 7.15. So t)eoutput volta!e 'ill al'ays be lesser t)an 7.15 and )ence t)e name lo' volta!e re!ulator.In case of )i!)
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 5%
volta!e re!ulators t)e output volta!e ran!es bet'een 7 to 37. ")e circuit is !iven in t)e fi!ure. ")e $Iterminal is directly connected to t)e ref t)rou!) ?3 ')ere ?3 G?1?2. ")e I$ is connected to t)eunctionof t)e potential divider ')ic) is connected 'it) output O.
")erefore O G ref;1= ?1>?2< G7.15;1= ?1>?2<. (ence t)e output volta!e!ot 'ill al'ays be!reater t)an 7.15.
LO VOLTAGE REGULATOR E-
DESIGN ref G7.15# CrefG /.1u9#C1G1//p9 et OG5# and ?2G1/M
")en ?1G4.3M $o' ?3G1/M4.3M
G3M And let ?scG3.33 o)ms
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR E-DESIGN
et C1G1//p9 and refG7.15
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 57
If t)e output OG12 and ?2G1/M ")en ?1G%.7&M $o' ?3G1/M%.7&M G4./4M o)ms?clG3 o)ms
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDUREi. Connect t)e circuits as !iven in t)e circuit dia!rams.ii. Connect t)e supply pin to t)e ?0S.iii. $ote t)e values of O for different input values beyond *.5iv. ?epeat t)e same for bot) lo' volta!e and )i!) volta!e
re!ulators.v. ra' t)e re!ulation curve!
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 5&
One of t)e most popular variable volta!e re!ulators is t)e IC 317 re!ulator. ")e , 317 is anadustable t)ree terminal positive volta!e re!ulator.")ey are capable of supplyin! output current of /.1A to1.5A# over a ran!e of 1.2 to 37. ")e , 317 needs t'o resistors ?1# ?2 for settin! t)e output volta!e.Usually t)e input capacitor is of disc type and t)e output is of electrolytic type to improve t)e transientresponse. ")e unre!ulated input is applied at i # ')ic) is normally 2 more t)an t)e reuired output volta!e. )en t)e circuit is connected as s)o'n t)e value of ref G1.25# bet'een t)e output and t)e adustableterminals. ")is volta!e is dropped across ?1# drivin! a current I1G ref>?1. So t)e net current flo'in!t)rou!) ?2 is I1=IA. But as IA is very small# OGref;1=?2>?1< ')ere t)e reference volta!e is 1.25
DESIGN
et capacitors C1G/.1u9 and C2G1u9.If resistor ?1G24/ o)ms and if ?2 G1/// o)msV")en re!ulated outputG1.25;1=?2>?1<
G%.4% volts If a variable resistor is used in t)e place of ?2# 'e can !et can adustable output volta!e.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 5*
PROCEDUREi. ive t)e circuit connections as per t)e circuit dia!ram.ii. By varyin! t)e input volta!e observe t)e output volta!e.iii. $o' c)an!e t)e resistor values to !et a different O.iv. Once a!ain by varyin! t)e supply observe t)e output.v. ra' t)e re!ulation curve.
I)!,!)?!
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %/
")us t)e volta!e re!ulator usin! , 317 is desi!ned# constructed and tested
E9NO11STUDY OF SMPS
AIM
"o study about t)e operation# advanta!es and disadvanta!es of S,0S
THEORY
A s'itc)ed-mode po'er supply ;s'itc)in!-mode po'er supply# S,0S# or simply s'itc)er< is anelectronic po'er supply t)at incorporates a s'itc)in! re!ulator in order to be )i!)ly efficient in t)e
conversion of electrical po'er. i6e ot)er types of po'er supplies# an S,0S transfers po'er from a source
li6e t)e electrical po'er !rid to a load ;e.!.# a personal computer< ')ile
convertin! volta!e and current c)aracteristics. An S,0S is usually employed to efficiently provide a
re!ulated output volta!e# typically at a level different from t)e input volta!e. Unli6e a linear po'er supply# t)e
pass transistor of a s'itc)in! mode supply s'itc)es very uic6ly ;typically bet'een 5/ 6(@ and 1 ,(@<
bet'een full-on and full-off states# ')ic) minimi@es 'asted ener!y. olta!e re!ulation is provided by varyin!
t)e ratio of on to off time. In contrast# a linear po'er supply must dissipate t)e e:cess volta!e to re!ulate t)e
output. ")is )i!)er efficiency is t)e c)ief advanta!e of a s'itc)ed-mode po'er supply.
S'itc)in! re!ulators are used as replacements for t)e linear re!ulators ')en )i!)er efficiency# smaller
si@e or li!)ter 'ei!)t are reuired. ")ey are# )o'ever# more complicated# t)eir s'itc)in! currents can cause
electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed# and simple desi!ns may )ave a poor po'er factor !
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESE
")e main advanta!e of t)is met)od is !reater efficiency because t)e s'itc)in! transistor dissipates
little po'er ')en it is outside of its active re!ion ;i.e.# ')en t)e transistor acts li6e a s'itc) and eit)er )as a
ne!li!ible volta!e drop across it or a ne!li!ible current t)rou!) it<. Ot)er advanta!es include smaller si@e andli!)ter 'ei!)t ;from t)e elimination of lo' freuency transformers ')ic) )ave a )i!) 'ei!)t< and lo'er )eat
!eneration due to )i!)er efficiency. isadvanta!es include !reater comple:ity# t)e !eneration of )i!)-
amplitude# )i!)-freuency ener!y t)at t)e lo'-pass filter must bloc6 to avoid electroma!netic
interference ;,I<# a ripple volta!e at t)e s'itc)in! freuency and t)e )armonic freuencies t)ereof.
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %1
interference 'it) A> euipment connected to t)e same p)ase. $on- po'er-factor-correctedS,0Ss also cause
)armonic distortion.
OPERATION
9IU?E Bloc6 dia!ram of a mains operated AC>C S,0S 'it) output volta!e re!ulation
I)#& ,!?&''!, &%"! If t)e S,0S )as an AC input# t)en t)e first sta!e is to convert t)e input to C. ")is is
called rectification. ")e rectifier circuit can be confi!ured as a volta!e doubler by t)e addition of a s'itc)
operated eit)er manually or automatically. ")is is a feature of lar!er supplies to permit operation from
nominally 12/ or 24/ supplies. ")e rectifier produces an unre!ulated C volta!e ')ic) is t)en sent to a
lar!e filter capacitor. ")e current dra'n from t)e mains supply by t)is rectifier circuit occurs in s)ort pulses
around t)e AC volta!e pea6s. ")ese pulses )ave si!nificant )i!) freuency ener!y ')ic) reduces t)e po'er
factor. Special control tec)niues can be employed by t)e follo'in! S,0S to force t)e avera!e input current
to follo' t)e sinusoidal s)ape of t)e AC input volta!e t)us t)e desi!ner s)ould try correctin! t)e po'er factorAn S,0S 'it) a C input does not reuire t)is sta!e. An S,0S desi!ned for AC input can often be run from
a C supply ;for 23/ AC t)is 'ould be 33/ C<# as t)e C passes t)rou!) t)e rectifier sta!e unc)an!ed
Its )o'ever advisable to consult t)e manual before tryin! t)is# t)ou!) most supplies are uite capable of suc)
operation even t)ou!) not)in! is mentioned in t)e documentation. (o'ever# t)is type of use may be )armful
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %2
to t)e rectifier sta!e as it 'ill only use )alf of diodes in t)e rectifier for t)e full load. ")is may result in
over)eatin! of t)ese components# and cause t)em to fail prematurely.X15Y
If an input ran!e s'itc) is used# t)e rectifier sta!e is usually confi!ured to operate as a volta!e doubler ')en
operatin! on t)e lo' volta!e ;12/ AC< ran!e and as a strai!)t rectifier ')en operatin! on t)e )i!) volta!e
;24/ AC< ran!e. If an input ran!e s'itc) is not used# t)en a full-'ave rectifier is usually used and t)e
do'nstream inverter sta!e is simply desi!ned to be fle:ible enou!) to accept t)e 'ide ran!e of C volta!es
t)at 'ill be produced by t)e rectifier sta!e. In )i!)er-po'er S,0Ss# some form of automatic ran!e s'itc)in!
may be used.
I)8!,&!, &%"!
")is section refers to t)e bloc6 mar6ed c)opper in t)e bloc6 dia!ram.
")e inverter sta!e converts C# ')et)er directly from t)e input or from t)e rectifier sta!e described
above# to AC by runnin! it t)rou!) a po'er oscillator# ')ose output transformer is very small 'it) fe'
'indin!s at a freuency of tens or )undreds of 6ilo)ert@. ")e freuency is usually c)osen to be above2/ 6(@# to ma6e it inaudible to )umans. ")e output volta!e is optically coupled to t)e input and t)us very
ti!)tly controlled. ")e s'itc)in! is implemented as a multista!e ;to ac)ieve )i!)
!ain< ,OS9" amplifier. ,OS9"s are a type of transistor 'it) a lo' on-resistance and a )i!) current-
)andlin! capacity.
V($&%"! ?()8!,&!, %). (#&#& ,!?&''!,
If t)e output is reuired to be isolated from t)e input# as is usually t)e case in mains po'er
supplies# t)e inverted AC is used to drive t)e primary 'indin! of a )i!)-freuency transformer . ")is
converts t)e volta!e up or do'n to t)e reuired output level on its secondary 'indin!. ")e outputtransformer in t)e bloc6 dia!ram serves t)is purpose.
If a C output is reuired# t)e AC output from t)e transformer is rectified. 9or output volta!es
above ten volts or so# ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. 9or lo'er volta!es# Sc)ott6y diodes are
commonly used as t)e rectifier elementsV t)ey )ave t)e advanta!es of faster recovery times t)an silicon
diodes ;allo'in! lo'-loss operation at )i!)er freuencies< and a lo'er volta!e drop ')en conductin!. 9or
even lo'er output volta!es# ,OS9"s may be used as sync)ronous rectifiersV compared to Sc)ott6y
diodes# t)ese )ave even lo'er conductin! state volta!e drops.
" )e rectified output is t)en smoot)ed by a filter consistin! of inductors and capacitors. 9or )i!)ers'itc)in! freuencies# components 'it) lo'er capacitance and inductance are needed.
Simpler# non-isolated po'er supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. ")is type
includes boost converters# buck converters# and t)e buck-boost converters. ")ese belon! to t)e simplest
class of sin!le input# sin!le output converters ')ic) use one inductor and one active s'itc). ")e buc6
converter reduces t)e input volta!e in direct proportion to t)e ratio of conductive time to t)e total
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %3
s'itc)in! period# called t)e duty cycle. 9or e:ample an ideal buc6 converter 'it) a 1/ input operatin!
at a 5/L duty cycle 'ill produce an avera!e output volta!e of 5 . A feedbac6 control loop is employed to
re!ulate t)e output volta!e by varyin! t)e duty cycle to compensate for variations in input volta!e. ")e
output volta!e of a boost converter is al'ays !reater t)an t)e input volta!e and t)e buc6-boost output
volta!e is inverted but can be !reater t)an# eual to# or less t)an t)e ma!nitude of its input volta!e. ")ere
are many variations and e:tensions to t)is class of converters but t)ese t)ree form t)e basis of almost all
isolated and non-isolated C to C converters. By addin! a second inductort)e u6 and S0IC converters can be implemented# or# by addin! additional active s'itc)es# various
brid!e converters can be realised.
Ot)er types of S,0Ss use a capacitor -diode volta!e multiplier instead of inductors and transformers
")ese are mostly used for !eneratin! )i!) volta!es at lo' currents ;Cockcroft-Walton generator <. ")e lo'
volta!e variant is called c)ar!e pump.
R!"#$%&'()
A feedbac6 circuit monitors t)e output volta!e and compares it 'it) a reference volta!e# ')ic)
s)o'n in t)e bloc6 dia!ram serves t)is purpose. ependin! on desi!n>safety reuirements# t)e controllermay contain an isolation mec)anism ;suc) as opto-couplers< to isolate it from t)e C output. S'itc)in!
supplies in computers# "s and C?s )ave t)ese opto-couplers to ti!)tly control t)e output volta!e.
Open loop re!ulators do not )ave a feedbac6 circuit. Instead# t)ey rely on feedin! a constant
volta!e to t)e input of t)e transformer or inductor# and assume t)at t)e output 'ill be correct. ?e!ulated
desi!ns compensate for t)e impedance of t)e transformer or coil. ,onopolar desi!ns also compensate for
t)ema!netic )ysteresis of t)e core.
")e feedbac6 circuit needs po'er to run before it can !enerate po'er# so an additional non-
s'itc)in! po'er-supply for stand-by is added.
APPLICATIONS
S'itc)ed-mode po'er supply units ;0SUs< in domestic products suc) as personal computers often
)ave universal inputs# meanin! t)at t)ey can accept po'er from mains supplies t)rou!)out t)e 'orld
alt)ou!) a manual volta!e ran!e s'itc) may be reuired. S'itc)-mode po'er supplies can tolerate a 'ide
ran!e of po'er freuencies.
In 2//%# at an Intel evelopers 9orum# oo!le en!ineers proposed t)e use of a sin!le 12 supply inside 0Cs#
due to t)e )i!) efficiency of s'itc) mode supplies directly on t)e 0CB.Y
ue to t)eir )i!) volumes mobile p)one c)ar!ers )ave al'ays been particularly cost sensitive. ")e first
c)ar!ers 'ere linear po'er supplies but t)ey uic6ly moved to t)e cost effective rin!in! c)o6e converter
;?CC< S,0S topolo!y# ')en ne' levels of efficiency 'ere reuired. ?ecently# t)e demand for even lo'er no
load po'er reuirements in t)e application )as meant t)at flybac6 topolo!y is bein! used more 'idelyV
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %4
primary side sensin! flybac6 controllers are also )elpin! to cut t)e bill of materials ;BO,< by removin!
secondary-side sensin! components suc) as optocouplers.
RESULT
")us S,0S is studied.
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER >R – 2R LADDER TYPE@
AIM"o construct a & F bit di!ital to analo! converter usin! ? F 2? ladder type.
THEORY
A AC accepts an n F bit input 'ord b1# b2# WW# bn in binary and produces an analo! si!nal t)at is proportional to t)e input. In t)is type of AC# reference volta!e is applied to one s'itc) and t)e ot)ers'itc)es are !rounded. It is easier to build and number of bits can be e:panded by addin! more ? F 2?sections. ")e circuit slo' do'n due to stray capacitance. OBSERVATION
")us ? F 2? ladder type di!ital to analo! converter is implemented.
ANALOG MULTIPLIER
AIM
"o simulate an Analo! multi0I? usin! 0S0IC 52 APPARATUS RE=UIRED
1. 0C 2. 0S0IC soft'areTHEORY Anolo! multiplier is used to multiply t'o input sin!al. if a input is !iven to a lo! amplifier andt)e output can be ta6en in t)e antilo! amplifier.it is t)e simple 'ay to test t)e multiplied si!nal.in t)is circuitit is desi!ned usin! Ic.input is !iven to t)e terminals of t'o Ic`s and output is ta6en across . It is similar to lo!and antilo! operation.
PROCEDURE
1. Clic6 on t)e start menu and select t)e p spice simulation soft'are
2. Select t)e parts reuired for t)e circuit from t)e parts menu and place t)em in t)e 'or6 space
3. Connect t)e parts usin! 'ires 4. Save t)e file and select t)e appropriate analysis 5. Simulate t)e circuit and observe t)e correspondin! output 'aveforms
MODEL GRAPH
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %7
2. ive t)e effect of output usin! lo! and antilo! amplifiers.
3. ive t)e applications of analo! multiplier.
4. ive t)e advanta!e of analo! multiplier.
5. )at are t)e circuits used to multiply t'o inputs.
CMOS I)8!,&!, NAND %). NOR #')" PSPICEA'3
"o plot t)e transient c)aracteristics of output volta!e for t)e !iven C,OS inverter# $A$ and $O? from / to &/m s in steps of 1m s. "o calculate t)e volta!e !ain#input impedance and outputimpedance for t)e input volta!e of 5.
C,OS is 'idely used in di!ital IC`s because of t)eir )i!) speed# lo' po'er dissipation and it can beoperated at )i!) volta!es resultin! in improved noise immunity. ")e inverter consists of t'o ,OS9"s. ")esource of p-c)annel device is connected to = and t)at of n-c)annel device is connected to !round. ")e!ates of t'o devices are connected as common input.>''@ NAND
It consists of t'o p-c)annel ,OS9"s connected in parallel and t'o n-c)annel ,OS9"s connectedin series. 0-c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is ne!ative and $ c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is positive. ")us ')en bot) input is lo' and ')en eit)er of input is lo'# t)e output is )i!).
>'''@ NOR It consists of t'o p-c)annel ,OS9"s connected in series and t'o n-c)annel ,OS9"s connected in
parallel. 0-c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is ne!ative and $-c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is positive. ")us ')en bot) inputs are )i!) and ')en eit)er of input is )i!)# t)e output is lo'. )en bot) t)einputs are lo'# t)e output is )i!).
TRUTH TABLE INVERTER
"AB 4.2
NAND
"AB 4.3NOR
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 7/
Input ?esistance at in GOutput ?esistance at ;2< G>''@ NANDain G ;4<>in1 G ;4<>in2 GInput ?esistance at in1 GInput ?esistance at in2 GOutput ?esistance at ;4< G>'''@ NOR ain G ;4<>in1 G ;4<>in2 GInput ?esistance at in1 GInput ?esistance at in2 G
Output ?esistance at ;4< GI)!,,!)?!
")us t)e transient c)aracteristics of output volta!e for t)e !iven C,OS inverter# $A$ and $O? is plotted and t)e volta!e !ain# input impedance and output impedance are calculated.
VIVA =UESTIONS
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 74
")e Summin! Amplifier is a very fle:ible circuit based upon t)e standard Invertin! operationalamplifier confi!uration t)at can be used for combinin! multiple inputs. e sa' previously in t)e invertin!amplifier tutorial t)at t)e invertin! amplifier )as a sin!le input volta!e#in applied to t)e invertin! inputterminal. If 'e add more input resistors to t)e input# eac) eual in value to t)e ori!inal input resistor# ?in 'eend up 'it) anot)er operational amplifier circuit called a Summin! Amplifier summin! inverter or even aDolta!e adderD circuit .")e Summin! Amplifier is a very fle:ible circuit indeed# enablin! us to effectivelyDAddD or DSumD to!et)er several individual input si!nals. If t)e inputs resistors# ? 1# ? 2# ? 3 etc# are all eual a
unity !ain invertin! adder can be made. (o'ever# if t)e input resistors are of different values a Dscalin!summin! amplifierD is produced ')ic) !ives a 'ei!)ted sum of t)e input si!nals. ")e
")e !ain of t)e circuit is
ain;A<Gout>inG-?f>?in
A1G1/6>16G-1/
A2G1/6>26G-5
outG;A1:1<=;A2:2<
'e can no' outG;-1/;2m<<=;-5;5m<<G-45mv t)e values of t)e resistors in t)e circuit as follo's#
'e 6no' t)at t)e output volta!e is t)e sum of t)e t'o amplified input si!nals and is calculated asE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAME
TABULATION
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 7%
diode 1 conducts causin! o to !o to positive by one diode drop. (ence diode 2 is reverse biased. ")eoutput volta!e o is @ero because for all practical purposes no current flo's t)rou!) 1 for Fve input# 2conducts and 1 is O99. ")e F ve input i forces t)e Op-Amp output o Fve and causes 2 to conduct. ")ecircuit t)en acts li6e inverter for ?f G ?1 and t)e output o becomes positive. ")e Op-Amp in t)e circuit must be )i!) Op-Amp since it alternates bet'een open loop and closed loop operations. ")e principal limitation oft)is circuit is t)e sle' rate of t)e Op-Amp. As t)e input passes t)rou!) @ero t)e Op-Amp output o mustc)an!e from /.% to -/.%v or vice versa as uic6ly as possible in order to s'itc) over t)e conduction from onediode to anot)er
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMMODEL GRAPH
MODEL GRAPH
EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 7&
PROCEDURE1.Connections are made as per t)e circuit dia!ram2.A sinusoidal si!nal from audio oscillator is applied to t)e invertin! terminal of op-amp3.")e rectified output is t)en obtained on t)e C?O.
RESULT")e (alf ave and 9ull ave 0recision rectifier is constructed and output isobtained.
1 )at are t)e advanta!es of IC s̀ over discrete components2 (o' are IC`s classified3 :plain t)e basic bloc6 dia!ram of an op-amp4 )at is a current mirror5 esi!n a current source to provide an output current of 1//PA.Assume ccG5# B
;O$< G/.%# ZG15/.% efine sensitivity7 S)o' t)at t)e sensitivity of a simple current mirror is unity& )at is t)e use and advanta!e of an active load
* )y is t)e current mirror circuit used in differential amplifier sta!e
1/ )at are t)e ot)er names of clipper circuits11 )at are volta!e references12 efine band !ap reference13 efine temperature co-efficient14 . )at is t)e main advanta!e of an active load15 )at is a differential amplifier1% efine C,??17 )at is 0S??1& efine sle' rate and ')at causes it1* S6etc) t)e open loop response of an op-amp2/ ")e output volta!e of a certain op-amp c)an!es by 2/ in 4 Ps.)at is sle' rate
21 efine !ain band'idt) product22 )at is t)e advanta!e and disadvanta!e of dominant pole compensation tec)niue23 )at is t)e advanta!e of pole F@ero compensation
24 ist t)e c)aracteristics of an ideal op-amp25 )at is t)e type of internal compensation used in op-amp2% ist t)e features of IC74127 :plain t)e si!nificance of virtual !round in an op-amp2& efine offset volta!e2* )at are t)e limitations of open loop confi!uration3/ . $ame all t)e basic terminals of op-amp31 )at is t)ermal drift
32 efine input bias current33 ra' t)e circuit of an invertin! amplifier usin! op-amp and !ive it`s importantc)aracteristics
34 efine "ran`s conductance amplifier35 )at is a "ran`s resistance amplifier3% )at is t)e basic function of a differentiator
37 )at is t)e basic function of capacitor in differentiator and inte!rator 3& )at is t)e basic function of an inte!rator Also dra' its circuit dia!ram3* )at is a volta!e to current converter4/ efine CCS# CS# CCS# CCCS41 ive t)e application of inte!rator and differentiator42 )at is t)e basic principle of a basic lo!arit)mic amplifier43 )at is t)e basic principle of a basic anti lo!arit)mic amplifier circuit
44 )at is a current to volta!e converter45 ra' an op-amp summin! amplifier and obtain t)e e:pression for output volta!e4% )at is an instrumentation amplifier 47 )at is a comparator .ist some applications of it4& )at is a @ero crossin! detector4* )at is )ysteresis5/ )at is a Sc)mitt tri!!er51 )at is a precision diode52 )at are t)e advanta!es of active filters over passive filters53 )at is t)e roll off rate of a first order filter54 efine pass band and stop band of a filter
55 efine uality factor or fi!ure of merit5% ra' t)e freuency response of a notc) filter57 ive t)e condition for oscillation5& )at are multivibrators5* esi!n a ?C p)ase s)ift oscillator for foG3//(@.%/ State t)e reuirements of an instrumentation amplifier%1 ,ention 2 linear and nonlinear operations performed by an op-amp%2 Compare t)e ideal and practical c)aracteristics of op-amp%3 Op-amp )as a !ain of 12 million. :press in dB%4 ra' t)e bloc6 dia!ram of $5%% volta!e controlled oscillator%5 )at is an operational transconductance amplifier ra' t)e sc)ematic
%% )at is a 0%7 )at is a freuency synt)esi@er%& )at is a four uadrant multiplier%* )at is a compander IC nlist its features7/ efine capture ran!e and loc6 ran!e71 An AC si!nal )as !ot a ma!nitude of /.1 pea6 to pea6 .su!!est a suitable (? for t)is
si!nal72 $ame 2 applications of 073 )at is a CO74 )at is amplitude modulation75 )at is a 2 uadrant multiplier
7% )at is t)e most important application of Sc)mitt tri!!er circuit77 ra' t)e sample and )old circuit7& efine volta!eFto-freuency conversion factor of CO7* )y is capture ran!e al'ays smaller t)an t)e loc6 ran!e&/ )ic) is t)e fastest A> converter ive reason&1 )y is t)e ?-2? ladder better t)an 'ei!)ted resistor AC
&2 Calculate t)e number of comparators reuired for reali@in! a 4 bit flas) A> converter
MODEL ANNA UNIVERSITY =UESTION PAPER IS" O9 ]0?I,$"SE
1. ra' an amplifier circuit ')ic) provides a p)ase s)ift of 1&/o bet'een input and output.2. ra' an amplifier circuit an amplifier ')ic) amplifies t)e input 'it)out producin! any p)ase
s)ift bet'een input and output.3. ra' an amplifier circuit ')ose output volta!e is proportional to t)e difference bet'een t'o
input volta!es.4. ra' a circuit ')ose input is suare 'ave and t)e output is trian!ular 'ave.5. ra' a circuit ')ose total output for t)e suare 'ave input is in t)e form of train of impulses.%. ra' a data amplifier 'it) )i!) C,?? + )i!) input impedance.7. ra' a freuency selective 2-pole roll off circuit# ')ic) allo's passin! t)e freuencies# less t)an
/ and reectin! t)e freuency !reater t)an /.
&. ra' a freuency selective 2-pole roll off circuit# ')ic) reect t)e freuency less t)an /and allo's to pass t)e freuencies !reater t)an /.*. ra' a freuency selective 2-pole roll off circuit# ')ic) reect t)e freuency less t)an 1 +
freuency )i!)er t)an 2# ')ile it passes t)e band of freuencies bet'een 1 + 2.1/. ra' a re!enerative comparator# ')ic) is used to avoid un'anted tri!!erin!.11. ra' a delay circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate rectan!ular 'aveform usin! op-amp.12. ra' a free runnin! multivibrator circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate suare 'aveform usin!
Op-amp.13. ra' a delay circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate rectan!ular 'aveform usin! timer.14. ra' a free runnin! multivibrator circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate suare 'aveform usin!
"imer.15. ra' a ripple free circuit ')ic) 6eeps t)e output volta!e constant under variable load and
ariable source.1%. ra' a sine 'ave !enerator# ')ic) uses ladder net'or6 in t)e feedbac6 pat).17. ra' an oscillator circuit in ')ic) no p)ase s)ift is necessary t)rou!) t)e feedbac6 pat).1&. ra' a closed loop system ')ic) is used to loc6 t)e output freuency and p)ase of an input
si!nal.1*. rite a 0spice pro!ram for band pass filter.2/. rite a 0spice pro!ram for ien brid!e oscillator.21. rite a 0spice pro!ram for o' pass filter.22. rite a 0spice pro!ram for ?C 0)ase S)ift Oscillator.23. rite a 0spice pro!ram for (i!) pass filter.24. rite a 0spice pro!ram for ossy Inte!rator.