lias 12

Lesson 1.

1.1 What is tourism?

Tourism has been one of the major economic and social phenomena of the past century. Total international tourist arrivals grew from a mere 25 million in 1950 to 840 million in 2008.

According to a study by WTO*, the growth of international tourist arrivals is likely to increase by about 4 percent a year, to reach nearly 1600 million by the year 2020 [Fig1.]

[Fig .11] International tourist arrivals, 1950-2020 (million a year )

Tourism is already the largest sector of international trade in service, In 2008, 7,5 percent of the worldwide export value of goods and services came from tourism, surpassing such leading industries as automatic products and chemicals. The world”s top 15 tourism destinations are shown in table 1. france is number one in tourism arrivals, with 73.0 milion. France is followed by

the united states, spain, itali, and china. These five leading. Destinations account for 35.5 percent of the world volume of tourismflows. The top 10 countries account for about 50.0 percent of the flows. While this is a heavy geographical concentration, the trend is toward a gradual diversification with the emergence of new destinations in the asia-pacific regions. China, Poland, and the gzech republic have all made sizable gains in their world ranking. Table 1..

A similar concentration pattern emerges if countries are classified according to their tourism receipts.. Table 1.2. shows the rank of countries by international tourism receipts, with the united states leading, followed by spain, france, Italy, united kingdom, germany, china, Austria, Canada, Greece, mexico, hong kong(china), Thailand, Australia, and the Russian federation. For world tourism statistics, a visit to the world tourism organizations”s web site is a must: http://www.world-tourism.org. Tourism is French word which derives from Tour, Tourisme and means travel.

Tourism can be defined as the science, art, and, business of attracting visitors, transporting them, accommodating them, and graciously catering to their needs

Tourism is alive with dynamic growth, new activities, new destinations, new technology, new markets and rapid changes. Record numbers of tourists are traveling the globe, attracted by an increased variety of tour packages, cruises, adventure experiences and independent itineraries. The tourism industry is global. It is big business and will continue to grow.

When we think of tourism, we think primarily of people who are visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation and having a good time. These visitors use all forms of transportation, from hiking in a wilderness park to flying in a jet to an exciting city.

Any attempt to define tourism and to describe fully must consider the various groups that participate in and are affected by this industry. Their perspectives

are vital to the development of a comprehensive definition. Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified: [Fig.2]

[fig2] Components of tourism.

1. The tourist. The tourist seeks various physical experiences and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed.2.The business providing tourism goods and services. Businesspeople see tourism as on opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist market demands.

3.The government of the host community of area. Politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Politicians also consider the foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as well as the receipts collected from tourism expenditures, either directly or indirectly.

4 The host community. Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between large numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial of harmful, of both.

Tourizm is a activities, servisis, and industries that deliver a travel experriens; transportation, accommondations, eating and drinking establishments, shops, activity facilities, and other hospitality servisis availably for individuals or groups that are traveling away from home. It encompasses all providers of visitor and visitor-related servisis. Tourizm

TouristCommunity

Government Business

Tourism

is the entire world industre of travel, hotels, transportation, and all other components that, including promotion, serve the needs and wants of travelers. Finally, tourism is the sum total of tourist expenditures within the borders of a nation or a political subdivision or a transportation-centered economic area of contiguous states or nations. This economic concept also considers the income multiplier of these tourist expenditures (discussed in the folloving Chapter).One has only to consider the multidimensional aspects of tourism and its interactions with other activities to understand why it is difficult to come up with a meaningful definition that will be universally accepted. Each of the many definitions that have arisen is aimed at fitting a special situation and solving an immediate problem, and the lack of uniform definitions has hampered the study of tourism as a discipline. Development of a field depends on (1) uniform definitions, (2) descriptions, (3) analysis, (4) predictions and (5) control. [ Fig3]

Moderns tourism is a discipline that has only recently attracted the attention of scholars from many fields. the majority of studies have been conducted for special purposes and have used narrow operational definitions to suit particular needs of researchers or government officials; these sduies have not encompassed a systems approach. Consequently, many definitions of tourism and the tourist are based on distance traveled, the length of time spent, and the pupose of the trip. This makes it difficult to gather statistical informations that scholars can use to develop a database, describe the tourism phenomenon.and do analyses. WTO has taken the councept of tourism beyond a stereotypical image of “holiday-making.’’ The officially accepted definition is: “tourism comprises the activities of person traveling to and staying in places outside their environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.” The term usual environment is intended to sxclude trips within the area of usual residence, frequent and regular trips between the domicile and the workplace, and other community trips of a routine character. There are the folloving typs of tourism; 1. International tourism a.Inbound tourism: visits to a contry by nonoresidents b.Outbound tourism: visits by residents of a country to another country

2. Internal tourism: visit by residents of a country to their own country 3. Domestic tourism: internal tourism plus inbound tourism (the tourism market og accommodation facilities and attractions within a country) 4. National tourism: internal tourism plus outbound tourism (the resident tourism market for travel agents and airlines)

Treveler terminology for international tourism Underlying the foregoing conceptualization of tourism is the overall Concept of traveler, defined as “any person on a trip between two or more countries or between two or more localities within his/her country of usual residence.’’ All types of travelers engaged in tourism are described as visitors, a term that constitutes the basic concept of the entire system of tourism statistics. International visitors are persons who travel for a period not exceeding 12 months to a country other than the one in which they generally reside and whose main purpose is other than the are person who travel to a destination within their own country, that is outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months.All visitors are subdivided into two further caterories: 1.Same-day visitors: visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited—for example, a cruise ship passenger spending four hours in a port 2.Tourists: visitors who stay in the country visited for at least one night—for example, a visitor on a two-week vacation

There are many purposes for a visit—notably pleasure, business, and other purposes, such as family reasons, health, and transit. Thus, tourism may be defined as the processes, activities and outcomes arising from the relationship and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.

WTO has the concept of tourism a stereotypical image of “holiday-making”. The officially accepted definition is “Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes”

The main types of travelers are indicated in figure 1.1 shown is the fundamental distinction between residents and visitors and the interest of travel and tourism practitioners in the characteristics of nontravelers as well as travelers. It also reflect the apparent consensus that business and same-day Travel both fall within the scope of travel and tourism. Placed to one side are some other types of travelers generally regarded as being outside The area of interest, although included in some travel surveys. Foremost among these exclusions are commuters, who seem to fall outside the area of interest to all in the travel and tourism community. Other travelers generally excluded from studies on travel and tourism are those who undertake trips within the community, which for convenience are described arbitrarily as trips involving less than a specific one-way distance, such as 100 miles. These ‘other travelers ‘ have been focused on in the Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The board class of travelers categorized as migrants, both international and domestic, is also commonly excluded from tourism and travel research. They are excluded on the grounds that their movement is not temporary, although they use the same facilities as other travelers, albeit in

.

. Tourism definitions

The mean definitions of tourism are:

Tourism – the free-will voluntary and temporary moment of humans from their residences to other places in order to rest or recover, to see historical or cultural monuments, or the movement with other purposes.

Tourist - a person, being out of his or her place of residence at least for 24 hours, in order to rest or recover, to see historical or cultural monuments or with other purpose.

Medical tourism – the use of health resorts for the treatmd medical examination, as well as for other medical services.

Resources of tourism – the unity of Georgia’s infrastructures and natural and domestic resources, meeting demands of tourist.

Natural medical (health resort) resources – mineral waters, medicinal muds, karst caves fit for the treatment, sea, forest, medical climate and other natural resources used for the treatment and prophylaxis.

Area of healthy resorts the territory with natural medical resources fit for target-orients exploitation when there are not appropriate buildings on it.

Health-resort - the area of health-resort, where the medical or rehabilitation or building, or other object of infrastructure is located.

Sanitary zone – the area especially protected under the laws of Georgia, when this area is in need of the prevention of pollution, damage or pre-term exhaustion of natural resources.

Subject of tourism and health-resort activities (subject of the secort) - natural person or legal entry carrying out activities in the field of tourism and health-resorts.

Activities in tourism-services rendered by the subject of the secort in order to inform accommodate, feed transport and recover the tourists, as well as the services for rehabilitation, advertising or tour-operative mesures, also for excursions, entertainment and cultural or sporting event. These services and directed to meet the demands of tourists.

Activities related to the health-resort organizing of the use of natural medical resources, buildings and equipment (drill-hole, pump-room, mud-care-room, gallery, bathroom, beach, climatic pavilion, aerosolarium) and other objects of infrastructure (hotel, resthouse,

sanatorium, holiday hotel, sporting and cultural objects) for the purpose of treatment, rehabilitation, recovery or prophylactics.

Industry of tourism and health-resorts – the aggregate of the subjects and objects of the sector of tourism and health-resorts.

Product of tourism – a complex of services in tourism essential to meet the demands of tourists while traveling or resting.

Voucher – a document confirming the status of a tourist, category of service to be rendered and the guarantee of service according to the category.

Tour – travelling according to the special route, defined purpose and concrete term, provided by the product of tourism.

Unorganized tourist – a tourist traveling independently without the contract, voucher or fixed-route book.

License for the activities in the sector of tourism and health-resorts – a special permission confirming the right of its owner to the mentioned activities.

Certificate of correspondence – a document, confirming the quality of services in the sector of tourism and health-resort, as well as the comliance of these services with the specific standard or with other statutory act

Comprehensive classification of travelers

Lesson 3-4

Passenger transportation

Tourism involves the movement of people from one place to another, both domestically and abroad. Legislation in several European countries (France and Italy) include transportation services to major services provided by the traveler, along with a hosting service.

In the framework of tourism statistics refers to the transport medium, which uses a visitor to travel from his residence in the place visited, however, many transport companies and companies not only to transport tourists, but also provide the transport of ordinary passengers, cargo and mail, is not relevant to tourism. Therefore, the seasonal nature of tourism is creating serious problems for transport companies.

Standard International Classification of transport, for both internal and external tourism consists of 2 x level category (mode) and the discharge, which determines the vehicle.

On air transport aircraft, there are flights operated by scheduled air passenger transportation on the specified routes. Non-scheduled flights (mostly charter, Scheduled passenger air transport) as well as rental of aircraft with crew. In this case, under the charter means any passenger vehicle (air, sea) are fully leased at the carrier's travel agency, to transport tourists.

Water transport includes the marine and coastal and inland waterways. Maritime transport of special interest cruise ships. The main emphasis in the organization of cruises is on the receipt of positive emotions from stay of tourists on board, rather than on the rate of arrival of tourists to the destination.

In some cases, are used to attract tourists and ferry vessels carrying not only the tourists and their vehicles.

Land transport is divided by railway, bus and car (with up to 8 people). Movement of land transport must comply with a schedule of regular traffic, but can carry out transport and non-scheduled (special guided tours). There is also a dedicated road transport, carrying tourists along the routes of the airport-city train station, city (transfer). Widely distributed hire vehicles in the host country.

Tourism is totally dependent on transport, safety, speed and convenience offered by the tourist during the movement.

Understanding the basics of relationships with transportation companies, of rules of interaction with them in ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, maintenance, use of appropriate discounts and benefits for sales is important both for tourists and for the tour. Tourism development is constrained by the fact that the transport system in some countries do not meet world standards in terms of convenience, efficiency and safety, and the projects of construction of new airports, roads and railways require for their implementation of a huge investment and time.

Most turperevozok by interna ¬ ¬ GOVERNMENTAL race and national airlines - carriers that have acronyms - codes (AA American Airlines, AF, BA).

In the world are about 100 international companies.

In practice (depending on rebates and other measures), there are about 20 varieties of classes of service. Depending on the duration of the flight change and shape of food on board (B, L, D, S, X - more then one). Most airlines adhere to the following scheme. During the flight duration of 2 - 2.5 hours - cold snacks from 3-6 hours - hot meals and more than 6 hours - 2 hot food, ultra-long flights over 12 hours - 2 hot food, a cold. Past 10 years, practiced a "special" food, depending on the state of health, habits, or nationality of passengers.

Ticket price depends on the type of airline, range and direction of flight (route), the country and length of stay in it, booking conditions, age of passengers. On class of service depends on the order of registration, meals during the flight and baggage allowance (20 - 40 kg).

For all classes there are the so-called basic rates for flights there and back, which some airlines vary depending on the season.

For this card I-st class business for sale for a year with an open or a fixed date.

While tickets bought on the base rates are exchanged, and when they return the value returned in full. When buying a ticket is a contract of carriage, on his aviation business (carrier) undertake to carry the luggage to your destination, providing a place on an aircraft, flight specified on the ticket, and in the event of the passenger's baggage and deliver it to your destination and give the person authorized to receive. Passengers are obliged to pay extra for sverhnormenny baggage. Every contract of carriage and its conditions of carriage shall be certified document issued by the airline or its authorized organizations or agencies.

Transport documents: a ticket for carriage of persons, baggage check in baggage transportation. Thus, the ticket is a contract of carriage by air.

Each airline defines the rules for moving people and goods on their own - these rules must be consistent with national laws of the country, involving itinerary and international bilateral and multilateral treaties. If they conflict with national legislation, the State's territory, they are valid only to the extent not contrary to law.

Listen

Chapter 1 focus on the operating sectors of the tourism

industry,starting with transportation.

These sectors represent a critical segment of the tourism phenomenon shown in Figure 1.2. It is the operating sectors that deliver the tourism experience and tend to be viewed by the media, public, and visitors as the “tourism industry.”

Turning our attention to the transportation sector, we find since the beginning of time, people have been traveling by various modes – from on foot to riding in a supersonic aircraft.

Tourism and transportation are inextricably linked. As world tourism increases, additional demands will be placed on the transportation sectors (see table.3.1).

Looking at the position occupied by the various modes of passenger transportation, one finds that air travel dominates long-distance and middle-distnce tourism.

The private automobile dominates for shorter trips and is the most popular means of travel for most domestic journeys. The automobile is also very important in regional and international tourism.

Rail travel now plays amore limited role than it did in the past. The development of high-speed trains and the opening of the Channel Tunnel will increase rail traffic. Motorcoach transportation reaches many communiies that are not served by any other public mode.

An increase in traffic due to world tourism growth pyts pressre on trans portation facilities, and this can have adverse effects.Situations in the world vary widely within regions,countries,states, and provinces.Those needing the urgent attention of policymakers are so follows:

1. Congestion. Serious congestion affects most passenger transportation modes, particularly on roads and at airports during peak periods.In major cities there is danger of reaching gridlock.Congesion means delays that are a serious waste ot time and anergy.

2. Safety and security. Ensuring safety and security in transportation is a basic requirement for tourism.

3. Environment. An increase in traffic may harm the environment if an area does not have the carrying capacity for additional tourists.Transportation planning must take economic, social, cultural, and natural resources cost into account when designing expanded gacilitise.

4. seasonality. Seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at certain times. Conversely, low occupancies and load factors will occur at other periods. At peak travel periods the problems of congestion, security, and the environment become much more server.

All of problems are challenges

THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY

In the span of fifty years the airline industry has grown from infant to giant. The world’s airline industry now carries over 1.4 billion passengers per year.

There are about eight hundred air carries in the world. They range from huge companies such as British Airways with hundreds of planes to small one-plane airlins.

According to THE TRAVELL INDUSTRY YEARBOOK, the worlds airlines employ more than three million people and fly from 14,000 airports.Airlines all over the world are currently showing strong growth in both traffic and profits because of a passenger boom, lower distribution cost, and increased cooperation through alliances.

In 2000 the U.S. airline industry launched iver 24,600 flights a day, employed more than 679,967 people, carried 1.6 million people each day, and recorded $129.5 billion in revenues.Fortunately,these numbers hav resulted in positive financial results as the airlines achieved profits of $2.6 billion in 2000.

The airlines have revolutionized travel, and the range and speed of travel have greatly expanded what tourists or business travelers could once accomplish with the equivalent time and funds at their disposal.Today, for example, it is possible to fly aound the globe in less time than t takes to drive across the United States.

The logistics than make it happen are complex, but the system works well. For example, United Airlines offers over 2200 flights a day to 139 destinations in 30 countries and combine to make a total system that blankets the world.

Deregulation and Alliances

Under deregulation, the airlie industy has undergone dramatic change. It is hard to believe that the twentieth anniversary of U.S. airline deregulation has come and gone(Octobe 1998). Looking back we can see that it has ked to significant consolidation, hub systems, low airfares in competitive situations, and airfares where competition is lacking.

The future holds more concentration as a wave of alliances has taken place and more are proposed.

Are more alliances the wave the future of the aviation industry? Will alliances benefit the consumer through greater choise, more seamless travel, lower fares, greater convenience, and frequent-flyer miles? Or will alliances create oligopoly and monopoly, higher fares, and a noncompetitive situation?Only time and govermment action will answer these questions.

The expectation is that the alliance trend will continue for several uears unless regulatory agencies stop it. Authorities in both the United States and European Union are analyzing how to deal with major airline alliances. The decisions made will shape the future of airlines around the world.

U.S. air cariers providing scheduled service have an enviable safety record. Table 5.1. shows accident statistics and indicates that being in the air is one of the safest places you can be.

World and U.S. air transportation is expected to grow at a steady rate in the future. The stronger the world economy, the greater will be the rate of growth.

Becauze of the aftermath of the events of September 11,2001, the FAA is revising its forecasts to show slower growth in the near term. The FAA is projecting a return to normal rates of growth in fiscal year 2004. From that year forward, the FAA is projeqting traffic to grow at an average annual rate of 4.0 percent.

Air Transport Association of America

The airline industry is supported by three major organizations.IATA and ICAO have alredy been discussed under international organizations; they are two key assotiations controlling air travel.There major U.S. organization is the Air Transport Association of America.

In 1936, 14 fledgind airlines met in Chicago to form the Air Transport Association (ATA) “to do all things tending to promote the betterment of airline business, and in general, to do everything in its power to best serve the interest and welfare of the members of this association and the public at large.”

ATA is the meeting place where the airlines cooperate in noncompetitive areas to improve airline service, safety, and effecienc. The mission of the ATA is to support positions, conducting designated industrywide programs, and ensuring public understanding.

Thus while the carriers are intensely competitive among themselves and with other forms of transportation in their individual promotion of airline service for the travelingand sshipping public,they are equally intense in their mutual cooperation on matters of industrywide importance, such as safety, teqnological progress, and passenger service improvement.

While ATA’s agenda of issues continuously changes, its major priorities remain unchanged.They include:

Assisting the airline industry in continuing to provie the world’s safest system of transportation

Advicating the modernization of the Federal Aviation Administrarion’s air traffic control system, in order to improve service for airline customers and ato benefit the environment.

Increasing the security of airline passengers and cargo against treats directed at the United States

Seeking to prevent legislative and regulatory actions that would penalize airlines and their customers by imposing rate, rute, service, or schedule controls on the industry

Endeavoring to reduce the disproportionate share of taxes and fees paid by airlines and their customers at the federal, state, and lical levels

Improving the industry’s ability to attract capital

Helping to share international aviation policy, to ensure that U.S. and foreign carriers can compete on equal terms

During its more than sexty years of existence , the ATA has seen the airline industry grow from the small, pioneering companies of the 1930s into key players in the world’s economy. ATA members continue to play a major role in shaping the future of air transportation.

THE RAIL INDUSTRY

Rail passenger transportation, once the major mode of travel in the United States, reached its peak volume in 1920. Major railroads wished to rid themselves of the passenger business, and today the survival of service (other than commuter service) depends largery on Amtrak. In Canada the situation has been similar and future rail travel depends on VIA Rail Canada.

Outside North America, where passenger rail service is less limited, rail transportation assumes a more important role. Ultramodern railway systems with high-speed trains operated in many countries, handling passenger traffic in an economical and efficient manner and providing an alternative to air travel. France and Japan are well known for their high-speed trains. France has been willing to subsidze its rail system. The French government has taken responsibility for rail infrastructure of the state-owned SNCF rail company. Japan continues to improve and expand its famous “bullet train.” Some of the largest railways in the world are found in the former Soviet Union, India, and China.

THE MOTORCOACH INDUSTRY

The American Bus Association (ABA) reports that there are about 44,000 commercial motorcoachs in use for charters, tours, regular route service, and special operations in North America. The buses carry about 800 million passengers a year. Carriers involved in the regular-route part of the industry operate approximately 8,000 to 10,000 over-the-road intercity coaches.

As reported at the 1993 White Hous Conference on Global Climate Change, tercity bus service is the most energy-efficient passenger transportation mode. In 1991, it was twice as efficient as Amtrak service three times as efficient as automobiles and mass transit, and four times as efficient as commercial aviation. In comparing data from large bus companies, the carriers consume 997 Btu per passenger mile, compared to 1995 for Amtrak, 3325 for passenger cars, and 4457 for certificated air carriers domestic iperations.

Charters and Tours

Both domestic and international trevelers are heavy users of motorcoaches because coache trevel gives them time to see and experience sights with a group of friends without having to deal with traffic and road maps. About one-third of U.S. motorcoach and tour operators polled by ABA report an increase in overseas visitors.

The National Tour Association’s NTA 2000 Packaged Travel in North America study provides information that enables tourism professionals to determine the economic impact of a motor coach visiting a destination.

The impact to the local economy is $192 per paseenger, per day, or $7,680 per day, if the motorcoach has forty passengers. Expenditures include such items as meals, lodging, shopping, admission fees, souvenirs, and local taxes.

Motorcoach Organizations

The AMERICAN BUS ASSOCIATION (ABA) is the national organization of the intercity bus industry and serves as the prime sourse of industry

statistics. ABA represents approximately seven hundred motorcoach and tour companies in the United States and Canada.

The United Motorcoach Association (UMA), founded as the United Bus Owners of America in 1971, is a trade association with nearly a thousand motorcoach company members and motorcoach industry manufacturers, suppliers, and vendors spread across North America.UMA member companies provide a broad variety of charter motorcoach services, much of it for preformed groups. Other member services include tours,schools, intercity transit, and shuttle or commuter lines.

THE AUTOMOBILE

Most of the travel in the world takes place in the automobile. In the United States, the TIA, using full-year results from the Natioal travel survey, reports that about 80 percent of the person-trips are made by auto (includes rental cars, truks, and RVs) compeard to 17 percent by air, 1 percent by bus, and 1 percent by train.Afforbadility, flexibility, and convenience make auto travel the most popular mode of transportation all over the world.Because passenger car registrations continue to increase worldwide, motor vehicles will continue to be the dominant mode of transportation for decades to come.

Taxi and Limousine Service

Taxi and Limousine companies play an exceedingly important part in tourism. Local transportation companies perform vitalservices for bus, rail, and shipping lines. Businesspersons and tourists alike would have a difficult time getting from place to place if these services were not available.Inclines andaerial trams serve as a form of taxi service and are of a special interest to visitors in scenic tourist destination areas as a form of recreation and sight-seeing.

THE CRUISE INDUSTRY

Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) states that cruising is currently the fastest-growing segment of the travel industry. It is experiencing a surge of growth in passengers, sheps, and ship passenger capagity.Cruise lines are expanding their fleets and adding new amenities and mwe ports of call. As with other sectors of travel suppliers, a great deal of consolidation is taking place.

Scince 1980, the industry has had an average annual growth rate of 8.4 percent. In 1980, 1.43 million passengers cruised; in 1997, a new record was set with 5.05 million passengers (see Table 5.5). every year since, a new record has been set,with 6.88 million passengers in 2000. The average length of a cruise in 2000 was 6.5 days.

LESSON 5-6

Key indicators of the hoteland models of organization. Food services.

It is hard to underestimate the tremendous role of infrastructure that the economy is the services sector in the form of transportation, communication, and health care, education, recreation, etc. As the economy develops, the role of the service sector even stronger and more people are involved in its various industry.Foreign scholars studying the role of the service sector in the development of world economy, build a variety of experimental models in which they concurred. The economic activities of the society starts from agriculture and then through the industrialization of the economy is moving towards services. Last, they divide into 3 groups:

1. Business services - consulting, finance, bank;2. Commercial services - retail trade, repair support;3. Infrastructure services - communications, transportation, social, personal service, and education. In industrialized societies, produc ¬ nye firms often involve different specialized firms for some, the so-called business services (marketing, advertising, financial services, etc.), which costs them less than if they engaged in them, and banking industry provides a modern translation tools, providing consulting services.The hospitality industry covers a variety of organizations, including hotels, motels, guesthouses, restaurants, cafes, shops, tourist goods, theme parks, clubs and other areas related to tourism and recreation that provide social and personal services.The hotel industry - the kind of economic activity, which includes the provision of hotel services and the organization reward short-term accommodation in hotels, campgrounds, motels, schools and student hostels, guesthouses, etc. These activities include services and restaurants. In international practice the standard classification of tourist accommodation. According to her all the accommodation facilities are divided into two categories: collective and individual.For accommodation facilities include hotels and similar accommodation specialists exist ¬ ¬ doped institutions and other enterprises.Hotels have the following characteristics:1) consist of numbers, which number exceeds a certain minimum (in Italy - 7 rooms, in Russia - 10) have a unified leadership, offer different accommodation services, which list is not limited to daily dressing the bed, clean rooms and toilets are grouped into classes and categories according to the services provided, existing equipment and standards of the country;2) do not fall into the category of special schools. Similar establishments include boarding houses, furnished apartments, tourist residences and other accommodation facilities, which consist of numbers and provide limited hotel services including daily bed, dressing, cleaning rooms and bathrooms.Special companies - in addition to providing accommodation services to perform any other special features.Among the enterprises of this type include: health, holiday camps, convention centers and others. Other accommodation facilities provide limited services hotel, except for daily dressing rooms and household cleaning. They can not take place in rooms, and is a unit of type "housing area for camping," or "collective dormitories.All accommodation facilities are classified in separate groups:Group - hotels and similar businesses, including hotels apartment, motels,

roadside and beach hotels, clubs with accommodation, boarding houses, rooming

rooms, tourist hostel.Group of "special business" consists of resorts, holiday camps, etc.The group "Other collective accommodation facilities" includes complexes of houses arranged as housing, recreation rooms, enclosed areas for tents, caravans, motor homes, harbor for small vessels, as well as youth hostels, etc. to the individual accommodation facilities are own homes, apartments, villas, mansions, cottages used by visitors, residents (including timeshare), rooms rented by private individuals or agencies, facilities provided by relatives or acquaintances.

OPERATING SECTORS

Accommodations

For successful tourism, accommodations must be available in sufficient quaintly to match the demand of the travelers who arrive at the destination. Given access to the destination, accommodations should precede any other type of development their importance cannot be overemphasized.

The hotels must provide the physical facilities, price ranges, locations, and services that meet the expectations, wants and needs of the travelers. Should the quality of facilities and services drop, demand will fall off a serious blow to the tourism industry in the area.

Types of Accommodations

Hotels are of several types: commercial, resort, motor, airport and residential. In relation to tourism, residential hotels are probably not important, although there are usually some rooms available to tourists in most residential hotels. The primary type is the resort hotel situated in attractive surroundings and usually accompanied by a large mix of services, including entertainment and recreational activities for the traveler and vacationer. The commercial hotel is usually a downtown structure located conveniently for the business traveler, convention attendee and vacationer.

The motor hotel is of primary importance for tourists traveling by car and is of major importance in the United States, Canada and Mexico. Suitable accommodations should be available for all segments of the market.

Condominium Apartments

Individual buyers of condominium units typically use the apartment for their own enjoyment, or they rent it to tourists for all or part of the year. This from of accommodation has become increasingly important and in some resort areas, constitutes considerable competition to the resort hotels.

Timesharing

Timesharing is a technique for the multiple ownership and/or use of resort and recreational properties. Timesharing has been applied to hotels, motels, condominiums, town houses, single-family detached homes, campgrounds and even boats and yachts.

The attraction of timesharing is simple: it permits purchasers to own or have occupancy rights at a resort accommodation for a period of time each year for a fraction of the purchasing price of the entire unit.

Hotel Management

The management of a hotel should ideally be the same group that was involved in the planning construction of the hotel.

All decisions pertaining to the management of the hotel should begin with the customers and guests. What is the likely reaction to each management decision implementation of such a policy favors success for the hotel as the policy is most likely to produce a high measure of guest satisfaction.

Success in hotel management also depends on organization and the functioning of each department. Each of his or her own department.

Hotel Classification

Hotels are classified using a number of different systems. Then, too many tourist countries have no classification system whatsoever. Many in the industry prefer the five-star rating system, which grades hotels according to specific Criteria (usually by the national tourist organization) from the highest (five stars) to the most modest accommodations (one star) suitable for travelers. Countries such as Spain also classify nonhotel accommodations, such as pensions. Criteria used for star ratings are public rooms, bathrooms, climatization, telephone, bar, dining rooms and other characteristics.

Other classifications are deluxe, superior and good; or superdeluxe and first-class reasonable. Still another classification is A, B, C, D or E. because many classification schemes are confusing or not useful, a uniform worldwide classification truly indicative of the grades of hotels in any country would be a real plus to tourism. Of course, differences in general standards of development in various countries would be understood. A five-star hotel in a highly developed country would likely be more deluxe than would a five-star hotel in a less developed area.

Promotion through Referral and Franchise groups

Accommodations firms can also hold a franchise, such as Holiday inns or Hilton Hotels. All members of the franchise encourage their guests to make free reservations at another property in the group. Franchise companies operate sales offices (called hotel rep firms) in major cities and also provide national and international reservations services. All of this effort is aimed at increasing members annual volume of reservations.

Activities of the company placing ¬ characterized by the following indicators: number of rooms (seats), klassnosti (categorization), load factor, a set of services and their cost.Distinguish big and small hotels. WTO (World Tourism Organization) recommends that a small number of hotels with rooms to 30. Another view is that a small hotel - this is who can be serviced and administered by members of one family. Small hotels, mostly independent, ie not part of the hotel chain.Based on international experience can distinguish the following types of accommodation: a high-class, middle class, Aparthotels and Hotels in economy

class.City Hotel-class is characterized by a large number of staff and a very high level of service.Typical characteristics of the hotel include the size (small to medium number of rooms), location in the city center, highly skilled personnel, expensive furnishing, high technology and equipment. Operated hotel management company. Consumers of hotel services - business leaders, the conference, workshops, individual tourists.Another type of Hotels - the middle class with a wide range of services and tariffs at the level of average prices in the region.Apart-Hotel - hotel with service apartments, equipped with a set of dishes, household appliances.Economy class hotel - a hotel with a limited set of services, location, usually on the outskirts of the city, on highways, allowing easy enough to reach the city center. Price for 25% -50% below the average for the region, with well equipped room. Meals - breakfast only. This type of hotels designed for tourists with average incomes. Basically, the hotel industry, the following concepts.Rental - property complex (building, part of the building, equipment), which provide food and accommodation to any person.Place (bed) - the area with a bed designed and suitable for use by one person.Room - the room consisting of one or more persons (the identity element of booking). Size and number notation is made in the tourist tour.Key financial indicators:1. general revenues of hotels - income from exploitation;2. costs of operation. Development of recreational network has always been closely linked with political and economic situation. Past recent dramatic changes in these environments have a direct impact on the modern development of the hospitality industry in Georgia. Organized recreation is becoming increasingly accessible only to wealthy segment of the population, which prefers to foreign countries. For the majority of people it becomes more and more inaccessible.A significant role in reducing the demand is constantly increasing cost of hospitality services (accommodation and meals), as well as higher prices of transport. One of the main conditions for lifting the hotel industry - the revival of domestic tourism.Exploring the state of Georgia, the hotel industry should note the insufficient number of hotels that meet international standards, poorly trained staff, outdated infrastructure and complexity with the means of communication.In the hotel management to distinguish between the reception guests, maid service and technical service, service, marketing and supply. Recently, much

attention is paid to the security service.The organizational structure of management of hotels worldwide hospitality industry with a 50-s approval of the two main models of Hospitality Management.Ritz model is associated with the name of a Swiss businessman Cesar Ritz. Many prestigious hotels in the world bear his name. The basic rate of these hotels was made to the European tradition of elegance and gentility. Currently, this model is in crisis. Over the past 25 years with the global market descended more than 2 million hotel rooms in the style of "Palace". This model is associated with the name of an American businessman Kemonsa Wilson (chain of hotels "Holliday Inn"). In this model relies on a lot of flexibility to meet customer (regardless of what country the hotel is located). Combined with the high standard of service, much attention is paid to the interior, from the hall. The basic requirements are organized on this model, converge to the following:• unity of style of architecture, interior design, unity of notation and the external into;• spacious and functional hall quick registration of the client;• Rooms are provided for regular customers, breakfast / buffet;• availability of a conference hall, a flexible system of tariffs• unified management of marketing and service communications.Under the supervision of hotel chains, constructed from the second model, there are about 50% of the rooms in the world. Such circuits, controlled by one owner, the chief holding company, are essentially financial and economic empires. There is a third model of organizations - the so-called "voluntary hotel chain" type "Romantic Hotel". In this case, under a single brand hotels combine for some - or homogeneous characteristics to withstand certain standards and a set of services, regardless of country of domicile. Hotels that are members of the chain to pay in a single fund, which diverges on advertising and marketing activities, promotes the product. In this case, is completely preserved their financial - economic and administrative autonomy. In essence, these goals represent something like the association of hotels, united by a common agreement. Perhaps a combination of II and model III. An example of this chain of hotels, "Accor". When joining the hotel chain does not necessarily become its property. In this case, under a contract entered into by large hotel chains (the franchisor) and enters into a chain of independent hotels, the latter shall be entitled to use the commercial logo chain, technical and commercial information, information systems, reservations, technical assistance, training and other opportunities, available to the franchisor. Franchise company pays for a contract governing compensation. System frashiiznyh contracts received a large spread in the world. Statistics show that members of the chain hotels have 60% more contracts and 8% higher occupancy

than the enterprises themselves. Under the contract the user is granted the right to borrow the brand name of the business into, and the trademark owner for a fee (one-time or periodic).Western Europe remains the bastion of the Ritz model. In early 1995, 50 operating in Europe chains combined 3,000 hotels and more than 400,000 rooms. However, in Europe ceased to dominate the traditional hotels, which would rather the creation of voluntary chains than on the occurrence of a major hotel empire. At the bottom are ten global hotel chains, which are classified by number of rooms:1. Hospitality Franchise System Blanstone pant., USA -                490000;2. Holiday Inn World Wide, Argentina - 386,323;3. Best Western Interhotel, USA - 295 305;4. Accor, France - 279,145;5. Choice Hotel International, USA - 271 812;6. Marriott International, USA, 251,425;7. ITT Sheraton Corp, USA - 170 528;8. Promus Corp, USA - 105 930;9. Hilton Hotel Corp, USA - 101 000;10. Carlson Hospitality World Wide, U.S. - 91 177.IAH - International Association of Hotels. According to MAG, the income of the world gost industry in 1994 amounted to $ 247 billion in the world completely, there are about 307,683 hotel rooms with the number 11333909, the greatest concentration is in Europe and North America (70%). At every hotel room has an employee, just 11.2 million. More than 4 million people are employed in the hospitality industry of the USA, the average employment numbers of the hotels of the world amounted to 67,7%, average revenues of $ 84.4 million decisive in determining the income of hotels are indicators of the load level and the tariff value of 1 day stay.The construction and maintenance of a hotel away from $ 15 thousand to $ 30 thousand hotel industry development world is through increasing specialization and hotel enterprises. Offers traditional hotels with a wide range of services, hotels with a reduced set of services, specialized hotels (Congress - malls, hotels resort-style golf - hotels, etc.).The main terms of marketing is the allowance for local conditions, policy sales and service strategy development revenue management system of continuous service improvement, development of pricing policies. It should be noted that there should be three main indicators: demand, supply and outcome of work.Demand includes the assessment of market prospects for its growth and structure. Proposal - the number of hotels and hotel rooms, the prospects for their

growth.The outcome of the hotel include a load factor and gross profit margins.In recent years the world was widespread and non-commercial accommodation - staying with relatives or friends.Temporary accommodation on a commercial basis is practiced in some countries, youth organizations, educational institutions for the holidays. It provides young people visit different regions of the world with minimal costs.The services provided by tourists on tour often includes food. There are three main forms of service:• food, paid by tourists;• meals not included in the price of tour packages and provided for an additional fee;• self-service.Paid for food means that all charges for meals are included in the cost of a hotel room or tour. This can only be breakfast (continental or full), breakfast and dinner (half board), or 3 meals a day (full ration).Sometimes the cost of meals and drinks included. If food is not included in the tour price, then for him to pay extra in the seat.Self-service means that the tourists themselves or cook their own food (most often in systems timeshare vacation), or eat in restaurants, cafes and other food establishments, as an ordinary visitor.Round trips on the form specified type of food:P (FB), full board (Z.O.U.)PP (HB) - HB (either or)W (BB) - breakfast only.Buffet and snack bar offer a choice of dishes from all the tourist exhibited in the hall in any quantity.Tabloid - a form of tourist service of one type with a limited number of dishes.Alyalyart - free choice of the proposed menu (for individuals or groups).In connection with the development of club-for-service, tourists can combine on vacation all forms of food service for 24 hours a day.

Homework

a) Discussion on the topic: The importance of the tourism industry, socio-economic development. Hotel operations and a model of its organization.b) Test number 1. The tourist industry and its components.c) Homework: The evaluation criteria of tourist potential of the country.

Literature:

1. Mundt, Jorn "Einfuhrung in den Tourismus" Munchen-Wien, 1998;2. Butarova NV "Management and marketing of international tourism." Tutorial - Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 1998.;3. Quarterly VA "Tourism: A Textbook for educational institutions tourist profile. M.;4. Senin, VS "The Organization of International Tourism", Moscow, 1999.

Recreation Vehicles

The recreation vehicle (RV) segment deserves special mention because, according to the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA), there are currently 9.3 million RVs on the road in the United States, enjoyed by some 30 million enthusiasts. One in ten vehicle-owning households has an RV ,with ownership predicted to in crease 21 percent by the year 2010.

Slide-out teqnology introduced during the mid-1990s, has advanced to become available in living rooms, dining rooms, bedrooms, and kitchens. It is a mechanism that, at louch of a button, lets a portion of the room and the objects in it, such as a couch, tables, or refrigerator, slide outward up to about 3 ½ feet. Slide-outs are available in a wide variety of RVs: motor homes, mini-motor homes, travel trailers, fifth-wheel trailers, and even folding camping trailers.

Travel agencies around the world are responding to the demand by including RV rental information in their customer brochures. Also available from some rental dealers are comprehensive tour packages that include services such as airline and railway connections for fly/ dricve and rail/ drive plans, one-way packages, off-season rates, vacation planning, guided escort tours, and campground discounts. The recent surge of foreign visitors has helped increase the RV rental market. Arrivals from Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom are major customers. An estimated half million overseas visitors a year rent RVs.

Visit the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association Web site: http://www.rvia.org.

Taxi and Limousine Service

Taxi and Limousine companies play an exceedingly important part in tourism. Local transportation companies perform vitalservices for bus, rail, and shipping lines. Businesspersons and tourists alike would have a difficult time getting from place to place if these services were not available.Inclines andaerial trams serve as a form of taxi service and are of a

special interest to visitors in scenic tourist destination areas as a form of recreation and sight-seeing.

THE CRUISE INDUSTRY

Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) states that cruising is currently the fastest-growing segment of the travel industry. It is experiencing a surge of growth in passengers, sheps, and ship passenger capagity.Cruise lines are expanding their fleets and adding new amenities and mwe ports of call. As with other sectors of travel suppliers, a great deal of consolidation is taking place.

Scince 1980, the industry has had an average annual growth rate of 8.4 percent. In 1980, 1.43 million passengers cruised; in 1997, a new record was set with 5.05 million passengers (see Table 5.5). every year since, a new record has been set,with 6.88 million passengers in 2000. The average length of a cruise in 2000 was 6.5 days.

Lesson 5-6.

Considering that is a composite of activities, services, and industries that deliver a travel experience, it is important to identify and categorize its supply components. The quality and quantity of these determine tourism’s success in any area.

In Chapter 1 (figure 1.2) you observed that tourism was a complex phenomenon the composite of activities, policies, services, and industries involving. Many players that deliver the travel experience.

Supply components

Tourism supply components are classified into four broad categories for discussion in this chapter.

1. Natural resources and environment. This category constitutes the fundamental measure of supply the natural resources that any area has available for the use and enjoyment of visitors.

2. The built environment. This includes the infrastructure and superstructure discussed in chapter 1. One of the most base elements of the built environment is the infrastructure of the region. The tourism superstructure includes facilities constructed primarily to support visitation and visitor activities. Primary examples are airports, railroads, roads, drives, parking lots, parks, marinas and dock facilities, bus and train station facilities, resorts, hotels, motels, restaurants, shopping centers, places of entertainment, museums, stores, and similar structures.

3. Operating sectors. The operating sectors of the tourism industry represent what many of the general public perceive as ‘‘tourism’’ First and foremost, the transportation sector comprised of airlines, cruise lines, motorcoach companies, taxis, limousines, automobiles, aerial tramways, and so on typify the movement of people in travel.

4. Spirit of hospitality and cultural resources. Pervading all of the foregoing the built infrastructure and superstructures is the social foundation of the destination its culture, which consists of the language, customs and religions of the residents of the region, as well as their work and leisure-related behaviors.

A wide range of tourist resources is created by combining cultural resources. Such examples would be sports events and facilities, traditional or national festivals, games and pageants.

Natural resources

A great variety of combinations of natural resource factors can create environments attractive to tourism development.

Productivity of the natural resources of the area for tourism is a function of the application of labor and management.

Built environment

Another supply component is the built environment that has been created by humans. It includes the infrastructure and superstructure of the destination.

Infrastructure and superstructure

The ground and service installations described as infrastructure are of paramount importance to successful tourism.

Hotel or lodging structures are among the most important of the super structure.

A tourist is often more attracted by a facility designed in conformance with local architecture as a part of the local landscape then by the modernistic hotel that might be found at home. Attention must be given to this subject because people of ten travel to immerse themselves in an environment totally different from their own. Modern amenities such as air-conditioning, central heating and plumbing, how ever, should be used in buildings otherwise characteristic of a particular region.

Auto Traveler services

In developed countries, automobile transportation is most common. As the economy of a country develops the usual pattern progresses from walking, to using horses or other working animals, to bicycles, to motorcycles.

Road Planning and Road Signs

In the planning of new roads, long-term consideration must be given to ‘‘tourist’’ or ‘‘scenic routes’’ that present the most impressive scenery. A good example is the scenic Mississippi River route in the Unites States. Such routes should have specially colored

markers and be indicated on road maps as ‘‘scenic tourist routes’’ or same similar designation.

Roadside Parks

Auto tourists use and enjoy roadside parks, picnic tables, rest areas, scenic turnouts, and similar roadside facilities.

OPERATING SECTORS

Accommodations

For successful tourism, accommodations must be available in sufficient quaintly to match the demand of the travelers who arrive at the destination. Given access to the destination, accommodations should precede any other type of development their importance cannot be overemphasized.

The hotels must provide the physical facilities, price ranges, locations, and services that meet the expectations, wants and needs of the travelers. Should the quality of facilities and services drop, demand will fall off a serious blow to the tourism industry in the area.

Types of Accommodations

Hotels are of several types: commercial, resort, motor, airport and residential. In relation to tourism, residential hotels are probably not important, although there are usually some rooms available to tourists in most residential hotels. The primary type is the resort hotel situated in attractive surroundings and usually accompanied by a large mix of services, including entertainment and recreational activities for the traveler and vacationer. The commercial hotel is usually a downtown structure located conveniently for the business traveler, convention attendee and vacationer.

The motor hotel is of primary importance for tourists traveling by car and is of major importance in the United States, Canada and Mexico. Suitable accommodations should be available for all segments of the market.

Condominium Apartments

Individual buyers of condominium units typically use the apartment for their own enjoyment, or they rent it to tourists for all or part of the year. This from of accommodation has become increasingly important and in some resort areas, constitutes considerable competition to the resort hotels.

Timesharing

Timesharing is a technique for the multiple ownership and/or use of resort and recreational properties. Timesharing has been applied to hotels, motels, condominiums, town houses, single-family detached homes, campgrounds and even boats and yachts.

The attraction of timesharing is simple: it permits purchasers to own or have occupancy rights at a resort accommodation for a period of time each year for a fraction of the purchasing price of the entire unit.

Hotel Management

The management of a hotel should ideally be the same group that was involved in the planning construction of the hotel.

All decisions pertaining to the management of the hotel should begin with the customers and guests. What is the likely reaction to each management decision implementation of such a policy favors success for the hotel as the policy is most likely to produce a high measure of guest satisfaction.

Success in hotel management also depends on organization and the functioning of each department. Each of his or her own department.

Hotel Classification

Hotels are classified using a number of different systems. Then, too many tourist countries have no classification system whatsoever. Many in the industry prefer the five-star rating system, which grades hotels according to specific Criteria (usually by the national tourist organization) from the highest (five stars) to the most modest accommodations (one star) suitable for travelers. Countries such as Spain also classify

nonhotel accommodations, such as pensions. Criteria used for star ratings are public rooms, bathrooms, climatization, telephone, bar, dining rooms and other characteristics.

Other classifications are deluxe, superior and good; or superdeluxe and first-class reasonable. Still another classification is A, B, C, D or E. because many classification schemes are confusing or not useful, a uniform worldwide classification truly indicative of the grades of hotels in any country would be a real plus to tourism. Of course, differences in general standards of development in various countries would be understood. A five-star hotel in a highly developed country would likely be more deluxe than would a five-star hotel in a less developed area.

Promotion through Referral and Franchise groups

Accommodations firms can also hold a franchise, such as Holiday inns or Hilton Hotels. All members of the franchise encourage their guests to make free reservations at another property in the group. Franchise companies operate sales offices (called hotel rep firms) in major cities and also provide national and international reservations services. All of this effort is aimed at increasing members annual volume of reservations.

Types of Transportation

All factors concerning transportation should be considered in developing tourism, beginning with taxis, limousines and bus service from the place of lodging to the departure terminals. Such services must be adequate and economical.

Air

Motorcoach

Ship and Boat

Rail

Lesson 6.

Spirit of Hospitality and Cultural Resources

The development of hospitality resources is perhaps the most important factor in tourism. The finest physical facilities will be worthless if the tourist feels unwelcome, for example, we suggest having a welcoming sign and a special reception area for visitors at airports and other entry points. A favorable attitude toward the visitor can be created through programs of public information and propaganda. Public relations and publicity designed to convince local citizens of the importance of tourism are helpful.

Activities Tourists Enjoy Most

One of the most important functions of a tourism promotion organization is to ascertain what activities visitors would enjoy. When substantial data are accumulated, the findings should be reported to those who accommodate and entertain. Thus, they are guided into more successful methods and programs. Table 12.1 shows some tourists favorite things.

The best method of obtaining this information is by interviewing both the visitors and their hosts. Questionnaires can also be placed in guests rooms. Public contact employees can be instructed to inquire politely as to guest’s interests and entertainment preferences.

Shopping

Shopping is an important tourist activity and thus an essential element in the tourism supply because it affects the success of the tourist destination area. The most important single element in shopping is the authenticity of the products offered for sale as they relate to the local area. A product that is supposedly a “native handicraft” should be that. If it is an import, the purchaser may be disappointed if he or she expected an authentic, locally made item.

Tourists who are shopping are particularly interested in handicraft items that are typical or indigenous to the particular locale or region.

Recreation and Other Activities

The recreation and other activities engaged in by tourists at their destination comprise a major component of tourism. Thus, considerable thought and effort should be devoted to the type of activities that visitors are likely to enjoy.

Special Events

Museums and Art Galleries

Sports

Matching Supply With Demand

Infrastructure factors in supply will be determined largely by the number of guest rooms as well as restaurants, stores and similar installations. Infrastructure appropriate to the size of the development is an engineering problem and is readily ascertained as the plans are developed. Transportation equipment is generally supplied by commercial firms as well as publicly owned or quasi-public transportation facilities and services.

Regarding hospitality resources the recruiting and training of staff for the various elements of supply is a critical one.

Task Analysis

The procedure used in matching supply with demand is called a task analysis. Suggested steps are as follows.

1. Identification of the present demanda. By mode of transportation and by seasons of the yearb. For various forms of tourism such as activities, attendance at attractions and

similar categoriesc. For special events such as conventions, celebrations, fairsd. Group and tour visitorse. Family and individual visitorsf. Business visitors

2. A quantitative and qualitative inventory of the existing supply 3. The adequacy of present supply with present demanda. Natural resourcesb. Infrastructurec. Transportation and equipmentd. Hospitality and cultural resources4. Examination of present markets and the socioeconomic trendsa. Geographic market segmentation and orientationb. Demographic market segmentation and orientation

i. Population age, sex, occupation, family life stages, income and similar dataii. Leisure time and work patterns

c. Psychographic market segmentationi. Motivations, interests, hobbies, employment orientation, skills, professional

interestsii. Propensity to travel, responsiveness to advertising

5. Forecast of tourism demanda. Computer systems simulation methodb. Trend analysisc. Simple regression-linear least squaresd. Multiple regression-linear least squarese. Executive judgment or Delphi method6. Matching supply with anticipated demanda. If adequate, no further action necessaryb. If inadequate, inauguration of planning and development procedures.

SUMMARY

Certain broad classifications of supply components must be provided by any area that is attractive to tourists. The components consist of natural resources the built

environment, operating sectors, and the spirit of hospitality and cultural resources. These factors may be combined in many ways to create the environment facilities and services that the planners hope will attract and please the customers.

Creation of supply components necessarily involves financing-a critical element. Ideally, all the supply components perfectly match the demand at any given time. However, this is unrealistic. Too much supply means unused facilities, which is uneconomic. Too little supply results in overcrowding with resultant depreciation of the vacation experience. A moderate supply level is recommended.

Supply can be matched with demand using a mathematical formula. When confronted with a supply problem, the proper level of supply to meet the anticipated demand can be estimated by using the formula provided in this chapter. The process is refined and completed by a six-step task analysis.

KEY CONCEPTS

Accommodations infrastructure sopping

cultural resources multiple use superstructure

entertainment, recreation natural resources supply components

and other activities peaks and valleys of demand task analysis

hospitality resources price differentials timesharing

hotel management seasonality transportation

INTERNET SITES

The internet sites mentioned in this chapter are repeated here for convenience, plus some selected additional sites. For more information, visit these sites. Be aware that Internet addresses change frequently, so if a site cannot be accessed, use a search engine. Also use a search engine to locate many additional sites that are available.

American Automobile Association

http://www.aaa.com

American Hotel and Lodging Association

http://www.ahla.com

American Public Transportation Association

http://www.apta.com

American Resort Development Association

http://www.arda.org

Avis Rent A Car System, Inc.

http://www.avis.com

Cruise Lines International Association

http://www.cruising.org

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION

1. In planning supply components for a development in an entirely new area, which one of the four components should be considered first? Last? Why?

2. When a gorgeous new hotel is opened for business, are the attractive physical facilities more important than the quality and training of the staff?

3. As a resort hotel manager, do you believe your guests need to be educated about environmental protection? Do you need to educate your staff?

4. In a poor, developing country a world-class hotel uses about half of the community’s water supply. this requires rationing of water by the local people, which creates resentment. Suggest a partial solution to this problem.

5. For new developments, should the access roads be supplied by a government agency, the developer or both? If both, who should supply what?

6. What might be appropriate costumes and uniforms for waiters and waitresses in various localities?

7. A motor hotel manager states, “I can’t sell any souvenirs that cost over $5.” How could this situation be improved?

8. The sports director of a large resort hotel has been instructed to upgrade the hotel’s physical fitness program. Provide some suggestions as to how this might be done.

9. Is changing the prices of hotel rooms, meals and entertainment the best way to mitigate fluctuating levels or demand? Are there nonprice methods? Could combinations of methods be used?

SUMMARY

Transportation services and facilities are an integral component of turism.In fact, the success of practically all forms of travel depends on adequate transportation.Transportation services and facilities are the arteries through which the lifeblood of the trevelindustry flows. Travel by air dominantes long-and middle-distance travel in the United States. But private automobiles carry the bulk (about 80 percent) of all travelers on short trips. Automobiles are also very important on long and international trips. Rental cars are popular, because they supplement air travel.Rail travel in the United States has declined substantially since the 1950s but is still important is available at far more places than either air or rail, butt it

constitutes a rather small percentage of total vehicle miles. Vacationing on cruise ships has become the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. travel industry. New and refurbished cruise ships are appearing regularly.

ABOUT THE READING

The reading in this chapter discusses the Sydney, Australia, Olimpic Park Station and rail link. This ground transportation facility served the crowds at the Olimpics, and now transports visitors to this sporting and cultural center because it has been designed as an integral part of the Sydney metropolitan rail system. It is a good example of using a megaevent to improve infrastructure for local citizens.

KEY CONCEPTS

Airline industry

Air Transpot Association

Alliances

American Automobile Association

American Bus Association

Amtrak

Automobile

Cruise lines rental cars

Highways and Scenic safety and security

Byways program taxi and limousine service

Motorcoachse transportation (importance of)

Oil companies United Motorcoach Association

Rail travel

Recreation cehicles

INTERNET SITES

The internet sities mentioned in this chapter are repeated here for convience, plus some additional sities. For more information, visit these sites. Be aware that Internet addresses change frequently, so if a site cannot be accessed, use a search engine. Also use a search engine to local many additional sities that are available.

Airport Council International-

North America

http://www.aci-na.org

Air Transport Association of America

http://www.air-transsport.org

American Automobili Association

http://www.aaa.com

American Bus Association

http://www.buses.org

American Highway users alliance

http://www.highways.org

American Public Transportation

Associatiom

http://www.apta.comion

Civil Aviation Authority, UK

http://www.caa.co.uk

Cruise Lines International Association

http://www.cruising.org

Europe by Eurail

http://www.railpass.com

Federal Aviation Administration

http://www.faa.gov

International Air Transport Association

http://www.iata.org

Internacional Council of Cruise Lines

http://www.iccl.org

National Association of railroad

Passengers

http://www.narprail.org

Recreation Vehicle Industry

Association

http://www.rvia.org

Regional Airline Association

http://www.raa.org

Taxicab,Limusine, and Paratransit

Association

http://www.tlpa.org

Travel Industry Association of America

http://www.tia.org

United Motorcoach Association

http://www.uma.org

Chapter 1 focus on the operating sectors of the tourism industry,starting with transportation. As shown in Figure 5.1, these sectors represent a critical segment of the tourism phenomenon shown in Figure 1.2. It is the operating sectors that deliver the tourism experience and tend to be viewed by the media, public, and visitors as the “tourism industry.” Turning our attention to the transportation sector, we find since the beginning of time, people have been traveling by various modes – from on foot to riding in a supersonic aircraft. Tourism and transportation are inextricably linked. As world tourism increases, additional demands will be placed on the transportation sectors (see Figure 5.2). Looking at the position occupied by the various modes of passenger transportation, one finds that air travel dominates long-distance and middle-distnce tourism. The private automobile dominates for shorter trips and is the most popular means of travel for most domestic journeys. The automobile is also very important in regional and international tourism. Rail travel now plays amore limited role than it did in the past. The development of high-speed trains and the opening of the Channel Tunnel will increase rail traffic. Motorcoach transportation reaches many communiies that are not served by any other public mode. An increase in traffic due to world tourism growth pyts pressre on trans portation facilities, and this can have adverse effects.Situations in the world vary widely within regions,countries,states, and provinces.Those needing the urgent attention of policymakers are so follows: 1. Congrestion. Serious congestion affects most passenger transportation modes, particularly on roads and at airports during peak periods.In major cities there is danger of reaching gridlock.Congesion means delays that are a serious waste ot time and anergy. 2. Safety and security. Ensuring safety and security in transportation is a basic requirement for tourism. 3. Environment. An increase in traffic may harm the environment if an area does not have the carrying capacity for additional tourists.Transportation planning must take economic, social, cultural, and natural resources cost into account when designing expanded gacilitise. 4. seasonality. Seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at certain times. Conversely, low occupancies and load factors will occur at other periods. At peak travel periods the problems of congestion, security, and the environment become much more server. All of problems are challenges facing transportation planners.