LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS KAZAKHSTAN PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
Jan 02, 2016
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
KAZAKHSTANPART 1: FLOODS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTANDISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTAN
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTANDISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTAN
FLOODS
DUST STORMS
EARTHQUAKES
WILDFIRES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions cause:
FLOODS
KAZAKHSTAN
Kazakhstan has many communities that are at risk from flooding from its 8,500
small and large rivers (e.g., the Ural, Emba, Syr Darya, Irtysh,
Ischim and Tobol—the largest).
ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED
WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE
• EROSION
• SCOUR
• MUDFLOWS
EACH FLOOD HAZARD
IS A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH
KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH
KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMUNITIES
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, earthquakes,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
FLOODS IN SOUTH-KAZAKHSTAN OBLAST
FEBRUARY 2012
SPRING RUNOFF AFTER A HARSH WINTER EXACERBATED THE FLOOD
RISKS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Early warming and heavy rainfall caused snow melt to flood
12 regions and 226 villages.
FLOODING IN SOUTH- KAZAKHSTAN OBLAST: FEBRUARY 2012
The South-Kazakhstan oblast asked the Government for help.
1,100 people were evacuated.
IMPACTS
• According to reports, restoration of the function of all the impacted infrastructure required 1.2 billion tenge ($8 million).
• Construction of 4 major bridges required 350 million tenge ($2.3 million).
IMPACTS (continued)
• 90 million tenge ($609 thousand) were needed for 30 smaller roadway passes made of pipes.
• 15 million tenge ($101 thousand) were needed for restoration of roads.
Flood damage in South- Kazakhstan oblast exceeded
1 billion tenge ($8 million)
FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTANMARCH 2010
SPRING RUNOFF AFTER A HARSH WINTER INCREASED FLOOD RISKS
30+ people died in floods in the south of Kazakhstan as
heavy rains and melting snow resulted in the undercutting and bursting of the Kyzyl-
Agash reservoir dam in the Alma-Ata region
As a result of high water in the region, railway travel
ground to a halt, highways were sealed off, and search and rescue operations were
accelerated.
FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTAN
FLOODING SOUTH OF KAZAKHSTAN
FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTAN
Kazakhstan’s President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, ordered a government commission to be set up, and initiated actions to clean up the damage and provide support for the flood victims.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS
FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS
FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
KAZAKHSTAN’S KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMINITIESCOMMINITIES
KAZAKHSTAN’S KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMINITIESCOMMINITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• FLOOD HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
FLOOD RISK FLOOD RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
FLOOD DISASTER FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR FLOODS
DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR FLOODS
• PURPOSE
• PROTECTION
• THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND WARNING
• PURPOSE
• PROTECTION
• THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND WARNING
• TECHNIQUE
• WETLANDS, RESERVOIRS, LEVEES, DAMS
• REMOTE SENSING;
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
• TECHNIQUE
• WETLANDS, RESERVOIRS, LEVEES, DAMS
• REMOTE SENSING;
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTI-FICATION FOR SMART COUNTER-MEASURES IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
EXAMPLE OF FLOOD PROTECTION: A DAM
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS PREPAREDNESS FOR
ALL THE LIKELY FLOOD HAZARDS (E.G., HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR FLOODS
DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR FLOODS
• PURPOSE
• DO NOT BUILD IN THE FLOODPLAIN
• FACILITATE RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
• PURPOSE
• DO NOT BUILD IN THE FLOODPLAIN
• FACILITATE RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
• TECHNIQUE
• URBAN PLANNING
• A FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAMME
• TECHNIQUE
• URBAN PLANNING
• A FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAMME