Lessons 15 – 30 Review. a cappella: Without instrumental accompaniment (adjective & adverb)

Lessons 15 – 30 Review

a cappella:

Without instrumental accompaniment (adjective & adverb)

Adhere: (verb)

1. To stick tightly to a surface

2. To be loyal or devoted to something

3. To carry out a plan or program without straying from it

Aggregate:

1. Total; amounting to a whole (adjective)

2. A total composed of different parts (noun)

3. To add up; to gether into a mass, sum, or whole (verb)

Adulterate

To make pure by adding improper, inferior, or unnecessary ingredients

Bane: (noun)1. The cause of great harm, ruin, or

death2. A source of constant annoyance and

frustration

From old English bana, “destroyer”

Boon: (noun)A benefit or blessing, especially one that is timely.

From Old Norse bon, “prayer”

Inimical: (adjective)

1. harmful; injurious

2. Unfriendly, hostile

Malevolent: (adjective)1. Having or showing ill will; wishing harm to

others; malicious2. Having evil or harmful influence

From Latin mal-, “bad” + velle, “to wish”

Panacea: (noun)

From Greek pan-, “all” + akos, “true”

A remedy for all diseases, evils, or difficulties; a cure-all

Pernicious: (adjective)

Tending to cause death or harm

From Latin pernicies, “destruction”

Salutary: (adjective)

1. Helpful or designed to be helpful; remedial2. Favorable to health; wholesome

Toxic: (adjective)

Poisonous; capable of causing injury or death by chemical means

From old Persian taxsa, “arrow”

Vitiate: (verb)

To reduce the value, quality, or effectiveness of

Auspices: (noun)

Sponsorship, support, or protection

Auspicious: (adjective)

1. favorable; promising success

2. Marked by success; prosperous

From Latin avis, “bird” + spec,

“look”

Circumspect: (adjective)

Cautious; prudent; mindful of circumstances and potential consequences

Despicable: (adjective)

Deserving of scorn, contempt, or a low opinion

Introspective: (adjective)

Contemplating ones own thoughts and feelings; self-examining

Perspicuous: (adjective)

Clearly expressed; easy to understand

Specious: (adjective)

Seemingly true, but actually false

From Latin species, basedon spek, based on “look”

Spectacle: (noun)

1. An impressive public performance or display

2. A public display of bad behavior

Specter: (noun)

1. A ghost or spirit

2. A haunting or disturbing image or possibility

Spectrum: (noun)

1. A band of color or sound, within its wavelength arrange in order

2. A broad range of related qualities or ideas

Apocryphal: (adjective)

1. Doubtful; of questionable origin, authorship, or authenticity

2. False; fictitious or erroneous

Bona fide: (adjective)1. Authentic; genuine; not counterfeit or copied2. Done in good faith without any attempt to deceive;

sincere

From Latin bonus, “good” + fides, “faith”

Candor: (noun)Honesty; frankness, or

sincerity of expression

From Latin candere, “to shine”

Cant: (noun)1. Hypocritically moralistic language

2. Monotonous talk filled with platitudes

3. The special vocabulary of a sect, group, or profession, jargon

Charlatan: (noun)A person who claims to have special knowledge or

ability;a quack or a fraud.

From Italian ciarlare, “to prattle” + cerratano, “an inhabit of Italy known for its

quacks”

Chicanery: (noun)Deception by trickery; a trick

Feign: (verb)

1. To present or represent falsely

From Latin fingere, “toshape or from”

Insidious: (adjective) 1. Working or spreading in harmfully or subtle or stealthy way

2. Beguiling or alluring but secretfully harmful; treacherous

From Latin in-, + sedere, “to sit”

Rectitude: (noun)Moral uprightness;righteousness

From Latin rectus, “straight”

Veritable: (adjective)

Real or genuine; actual

Accrue: (verb)

To increase, accumulate, or come about as a result of growth.

Arbiter: (noun)

1. A person chosen to judge or decide a disputed issue

2. A person who has the power to judge at will

Audit:

1. To examine, verify, or correct financial accounts (verb)

2. An examination of records (noun)

3. To attend a course without requesting or receiving academic credit

Cartel: (noun)

A group of independent business organizations formed to control production, pricing, and marketing of goods

Collateral:

1. Property that is pledged as security for a loan, so that if the loan is not repaid, the property is taken in its place (noun)

2. Serving to support or corroborate (adjective)

3. Of a secondary nature; subordinate (adjective)

Commodity: (noun)

1. An item of trade or commerce, especially an agricultural or a mining product

2. Something or someone valuable and useful

Conglomerate:

1. A corporation made up of a number of companies that operate in different fields (noun)

2. To form or gather into a mass or whole

Liquidate: (verb)1. To settle a debt, claim, or other obligation by selling property

or goods

2. To convert assets into cash

From Latin liquidare, “to melt”

Security: (noun)

1. A document showing ownership or something owed; a stock or bond

2. Something deposited or given as assurance of the fulfillment of an obligation; a pledge; collateral

Lucrative: (adjective)

Producing wealth; profitable

From Latin lucrum, “profit”

Culminate: 1. To reach the highest point or degree; climax2. To come to completion; to end

From Latin culmen, “summit”

1. To exceed or go beyond; to diminish2. To obscure or darken

Eclipse: (verb)

Epitome: (noun)

An example; a perfect representative of a

Type

From Greek epi-, “into” + temnein, “to cut”

Impeccable: (adjective)

Having no flaws; perfect; incapable of sin or wrongdoing

Inimitable: (adjective)

Impossible to imitate or copy; unique

From Latin in-, “not” + imitari, “to imitate”

Optimum1. Most favorable or advantegeous; best

(adjective)

2. The point at which something is most favorable (noun)

From Latin optimus, “best”

Peerless: (adjective)

Having no match; incomparable

Quintessence: (noun)

The purest essence of something; the most

typical example

Breach1. A break in friendly relations; an estrangement (noun)

2. A violation of the law, an obligation, or a promise (noun)

3. To violate a law, an obligation, or promise (verb)

Sublime: 1. Impressive; awe inspiring; supreme (adjective)

2. Something awe inspiring (noun)

Bellicrose:

Warlike in manner or temprament; eager to

fight; aggressive

Altercation: (noun)

A noisy or intense quarrel

Zenith: (noun)

The peak

Schism:

• (noun) a separation or division into opposing groups or factions; discord or discontent

1. Given to quarrelling; argumentative2. involving or likely to cause argument; controversial

contentious: (adjective)

Dissension: (noun)

Difference of opinion; disagreement; discord

Bitter, long-lasting resentment; deep-seated ill will; enmity

Rancor: (noun)

Retribution: (noun)

1. Something justly deserved

2. Something given or demanded in repayment, especially as punishment

To destroy or kill a large part of a group

Decimate: (verb)

1. To insult intentionally and openly (verb)

2. An open or intentional offense, slight, or insult (noun)

Affront

Cohere: (verb)

1. To stick together in a mass that resists separation

2. To be internally consistent and have logically linked parts

Dissimulate: (verb)

To disguise under a fake appearance; to conceal feelings or intentions

Egregious: (adjective)

Conspicuously bad or offensive

From Latin e-, “out” + greg, “flock”

Ensemble: (noun)

A whole unit or group composed of complimentary or coordinated parts

Facsimile: (noun)

An exact copy or reproduction

Gregarious: (adjective)Sociable; seeking and enjoying the company

of others

From Latin greg, “flock”

Inherent: (adjective)

Inborn; naturally a part of something; intrinsic

Semblance: (noun)

1. An outward or a token appearance

2. A very small amount; the barest trace

Alchemy: (noun)1. The medieval chemical art of trying to change metals to

gold, cure diseases, or give eternal youth

2. a seemingly magical power process of change

Amulet: (noun)An object worn,

usually aroundthe neck, to bring

good luck orprotection; a charm

Capricious: (adjective)

Unpredictable; impulsive; subject to whim

Fatalism: (noun)

The belief that all events are determined in advance by fate or destiny and there for cannot be

changed

Propitious: (adjective)

Presenting favorable

circumstances;

advantageous;

auspicious

Providential: (adjective)

Happening favorably, as

if through divine

intervention

Quirk: (noun)

1. An odd or peculiar behavior or mannerism

2. A strange happening

Serendipity: (noun)The occurrence of lucky, accidental

discoveries

Vagary: (noun)

An unexpected impulse,

whim, or fancy; an

extravagant or erratic

notion or action

Vicissitude: (noun)

1. A change or variation

2. A sudden or unexpected change

3. The quality of being changeable; variability

aria: (noun)

A solo vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment, as in a opera

Cacophony: (noun)

A harsh, unpleasant, or jarring sound

Cadence: (noun)1. The balance or rhythmic flow of music, speech, poetry, or

movement2. The rhythm or beat3. A progression of chords moving toward a harmonic close

or resolution

From Latin cadere, “to fall”

Crescendo: (noun)

A gradual increase in volume or intensity of soundA buildup of force or intensity

Dissonance: (noun) 1. A harsh, disagreeable combination of sounds

2. A lack of agreement, consistency, or harmony; conflict

From Latin dis-, “apart” + sonare, “to sound”

Complicity: (noun)

Involvement as an accomplice in a crime or wrongdoing

From Latin com-, “together” + plic, “fold”

Deploy: (verb)1. To position troops or

people strategically or systematically

2. To put into use or action

From Latin dis, “apart” + ploy, “fold”

Explicate: (verb)

To explain; to make clear the meaning of something

Explicit: (adjective)

1. Fully and clearly expressed; leaving nothing implied

2. Readily observable

From Latin ex-, “out” + plic, “fold”

Implicate: (verb)

1. To involve or connect intimately or incriminatingly

2. To have as a consequence; to entail

Latin in-, “in” + plic, “fold”

Implicit:(adjective)

1. Implied or understood though not directly expressed

2. Unquestioning; without doubt or reservation

Inexplicable: (adjective)

1. Difficult to explain or account for

Replica: (noun)

1. A copy or reproduction of a work of art, especially one made by the original artist

2. A copy or reproduction, especially one that is smaller than the original

Supple: (adjective)

1. Easily bent; limber; pliant2. Changing or yielding readily; compliant;

adaptable

Supplicant: (noun)

A person who asks, prays, or begs humbly and earnestly

From sub-, “under” + plic, “fold”

Perjure: (verb)

To deliberately lie or

testify falsely under oath

Jurisprudence: (noun)

The philosophy and science of law or a division of the law

From Latin jur, “law” + prudentia, “knowledge”

Fidelity: (noun)

1. Faithfulness to obligations, duties, or vows

2. The degree to which a sound or image is accurately produced

From Latin fid, “faith”

Fiance: (noun)

A man to whom a woman is engaged to be married.

Fealty: (noun)

Faithfulness; allegiance

Conjure: (verb)1. To produce or summon, as if by

magic2. To call to mind an image or a

memory

Infidel: (noun)

A person who does not accept a particular faith or religion

Confidant: (noun)

A person trusted with secrets or private matters

Affidavit: (noun)

A written statement made under oath before an official

Adjudicate: (verb)

1. To hear and settle a case through a judicial procedure

2. To settle a dispute

Libretto: (noun)

The text of a dramatic musical work, such as an opera

Motif: (noun)

1. A short rhythm or melody repeated and evoked many times in a piece of music

2. A recurrent thematic element in art or literature

3. A repeated figure or design in architecture or decoration

From Latin movere, “to move”

Sonata: (noun)

A composition of three or four independent movements, written for one or more solo instruments, one of which a keyboard is usually an

instrument

From Latin sonare, “to sound”

Staccato: (adjective)

Having short, sharp sounds; abrupt and crisp

Arboreal: (adjective)

1. Relating to or resembling a tree

2. Living in trees

From Latin arbor, “tree”

Burgeon: (verb) To put forth new buds, leaves, or

greenery; to sprout; to begin to blossom

Deciduous: (adjective)

Shedding or losing leaves at a particular season or stage of growth

Fauna: (noun)

Animals considered as a group, particularly those of one region or

period

From Latin goddess of fertility, Fauna

Flora: (noun)

Plants considered as a group, particularly those of one region or period

From Latin, after the goddess of flowers, Flora

Germination: (noun)

1. The process of a plan beginning to grow or develop

2. The process of coming into existence

Horticulture: (adjective)

Relating to tending or growing plants

From Latin hortus, “garden” + cultus, “tilled”

Lichen: (noun)A type of fungus that grows in combination with algae

and usually forms a crustlike or branching growth on rocs or tree limbs and trunks

Sylvan: (adjective)

Relating to trees or forests and woodlands; wooded

From Latin silva, “forest”

Verdant: (adjective)

Green with vegetation or plants

Covenant: (noun)

A binding agreement; a legal contract

From Latin com-, “together” + venire, “to come”

Discretion: (noun)1. The quality of using good

judgment and self-restraint; the quality of acting wisely based on awareness of the potential consequences of one’s actions

2. The ability or power to decide responsibly

Abdicate: (verb)

To formally give up control, authority, or a

high office

From Latin ab-, “away”, + dicare, “toproclaim”

Status quo: (noun)

The existing condition or state of affairs

Impunity: (noun)

Exemption from punishment or injury

Catharsis: (verb)

A purifying or refreshing release of emotional tension, especially as an effect of a tragic drama

From Greek katharos, “pure”

Recoup: (verb)

To regain; to make up

for

Insular: (adjective)

1. Suggestive of the isolated life on an island

2. Having a narrow viewpoint

Countermand: (verb)

To cancel or reverse an order or a policy

Rescind: (verb)

To take back; to make void; to repeal

A person assigned to serve in a specific capacity on a diplomatic mission

Attache: (noun)

1. To clear of guilt or blame2. To relieve from a requirement or obligation

Absolve: (verb)

Waive: (verb)

1. To give up voluntarily; to relinquish

2. To refrain from insisting or enforcing

Machiavellian: (adjective)

Cunning, deceitful, and underhanded in business or politics; aiming to maintain power by whatever means

necessary

From philosopher Niccolo Machievelli’s 1513 work, The Prince

Renounce: (verb)

1. To give up, especially by formal announcement2. To reject; to disown

An official who represents his or her own government’s economic interests in a foreign

country and assists fellow citizens living or traveling there

Consul: (noun)

An understanding or agreement between two or more political powers, providing for a common

course of action or policy

From Old French entendre, “ to understand”Entente: (noun)

Protocol: (noun)

The forms of conduct and ceremony followed by diplomats

The process in which parties involved in a dispute allow an impartial party to settle

their differences

From Latin arbitrari, “to give judgment”Arbitration: (noun)

Also please review lessons 13 and 14; as there will be synonyms from those two lessons on the quiz.

A critical or explanatory note

Annotation: (noun)

A name, title, or designation

Appellation: (noun)

a person whose name is, or is thought to be, the source of something

Eponym: (noun)

the study of the nature, structure, and variation of the language

Linguistics: (noun)

ridiculous misuse of a word, especially by confusing it with one of similar sound

Malapropism: (noun)

a new word, expression, or usage

Neologism: (noun)

a particular manner of speaking

Parlance: (noun)

a regional dialect, especially a nonstandard one that has no written tradition

Patois: (noun)

1. using several language

Polyglot: (adjective)

1. of or related to the language of the common people2. crude; indecent

3. offensively excessive in the display of one’s self one’s wealth

Vulgar: (adjective)

1. conditional; dependent on other things2. (noun) a representative group forming part of a

larger group

Contigent: (adjective)

Something that may occur; a possibility

Eventuality: (noun)

Implausible: (adjective) difficult to believe, not likely or credible

1. impossible to comprehend or grasp fully2. so unlikely as to be thought impossible

Inconceivable: (adjective)

without success, completely ineffective

In vain: (adverb)

perhaps; possibly

Perchance: (adverb)

absurd, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense

Preposterous: (adjective)

a natural inclination; tendency

Proclivity: (noun)

having a tendency; inclined; likely to do or have something

Prone: (adjective)

restricted to ideas; abstract or unproven

Theoretical: (adjective)

to develop or achieve gradually

Evolve: (verb)

unchangeable; not subject or susceptible to change

Immutable: (adjective)

firmly established and having existed for a long time; deep-rooted

Inveterate: (adjective)

capable of being shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure

Malleable: (adjective)

marked change in character; or function; a transformation

Metamorphosis: (noun)

readily taking on different forms, characteristics, or meanings

Protean: (adjective)

scattered; occurring at irregular intervals; having no regular pattern

Sporadic: (adjective)

tending to vary often or widely; as in price; subject to wide variation; inconstant

Volatile: (adjective)

difficult to understand

Abstruse: (adjective)

to discover or determine with certainty; especially through examination or

experimentation

Ascertain: (verb)

of or relating to the brain

Cerebral: (adjective)

to make difficult to understand

Obfuscate: (verb)

to think deeply about; to turn a matter over and over in one’s mind

Ruminate: (verb)

suspension; a condition of being temporarily set aside

Abeyance: (noun)

Eating or drinking little or in moderation

Abstemious: (adjective)

To avoid or get around by clever maneuvering

Circumvent: (verb)

1. to escape from, usually by daring, cleverness, or skill

2. To escape the graspor understanding of

Elude: (verb)

the act of escaping or avoiding by cleverness or deceit

Evasion: (noun)

to avoid intentionally

Eschew: (verb)

to pretend to be ill or injured in order to avoid duty or work

Malinger: (verb)

to neglect, put off, or avoid a duty or responsibility

Shirk: (verb)

to avoid deliberately; to stay away from

Shun: (verb)

the main, central, or critical point or feature

Crux: (noun)

1. to take the first steps in a process; to begin something

Initiate: (verb)

Being of vital importance; crucial

Pivotal: (adjective)

to replace; to take the place of

Supersede: (verb)

a continuation, something that follows; the next installment of something

Sequel: (noun)

To bring to an end or to a halt

Terminate: (verb)

attacks on a person’s character or honesty; damaging or unfavorable remarks

Aspersions: (noun)

A strong uneasiness caused by a sense of guilt; a sting of conscience or pang of guilt

Compunction: (noun)

Moral disapproval

Disapprobation: (noun)

Hateful or mocking laughter; ridicule

Derision: (noun)

to banish or exclude from a group; to shun

Ostracize: (verb)

to criticize sharply

Rebuke: verb

a sudden, intense feeling of disgust

Revulsion: (noun)

To reject scornfully

Spurn: (verb)

Vulgar, course, or abusive in expression; foul-mouthed

Scurrilous: (adjective)

Intensely and bitterly harsh; stinging

Vitriolic: (adjective)

1. responsible; required to answer for one’s actions

2. explainable

Accountable: (adjective)

giving constant attention; hard-working; conscientious

Assiduous: (adjective)

(noun) failure to complete a task or meet an obligation

(noun) a situtation that remains in effect unless specifically set in some other way

(verb) to fail to meet an obligation

Default

1. imposed as a duty or an obligation

Incumbent: (adjective)

1. a legal responsibility or obligation

Liability: (noun)

neglect; lack of proper care or attention

Negligence: (noun)

required or commanded by authority

Mandatory: (adjective)

Lax or careless in attending to duty

Remiss: (adjective)

Onerous: (adjective) difficult to bear, carry, or do; troublesome, burdensome

From Latin onus, “burden”

Unoriginal and commonplace, trite

Banal: (adjective)

Camouflage

1. (noun) concealment by disguise or by coloring that matches the surrounding environment

2. (verb) to hide by disguising or by blending in with surroundings.

From Old French camoufler, “to disguise alteration”

Emulate: (verb)

1. To strive to equal or excel, especially through imitation

2. To approach or achieve equality with; to compete with successfully

Imitation or copying, especially of expression and gesture.

Mimicry: (noun)

Platitude: (noun)

An overused, dull, unoriginal remark or statement, especially one delivered as if it were original or significant.

Prototype: (noun)1. An original type, form, or instance that serves as a

basis or standard for those that follow, a test or trial model.

2. An early typical example

Redundant: (adjective)

1. Extra; exceeding what is necessary

2. Repetitive or needlessly wordy in expression

Rendition: 1. (noun) An interpretation or a performance of a musical

or dramatic piece

2. (verb) To represent in verbal form or in a drawing or painting

Sham: 1. (noun) something false or empty that is presented as

genuine; a fake

2. (adjective) not genuine; fake

3. (verb) to put on the false appearance; to feign

an imitation, representation, or a reproduction of a situation or experience

Simulation: (noun)

referring to a feeling of avoidance and dislike

Averse: (adjective)

Ingenious: (adjective)

1. Marked by inventive skill and imagination; extremely clever

Unable to deceive; openly straightforward

Ingenuous: (adjective)

Persecute: (verb)

To continuously mistreat or be cruel to someone; to annoy persistently

Prosecute: (verb)

1. To bring action against, in a court of law

2. To continue an activity until it is completed

Quota: (noun)

1. The amount of goods assigned to a person; an allotment

2. A number or percentage, especially of people, that represents an upper limit or a required minimum.

Respectfully: (adverb)

With regard and esteem; politely